Cosmopolitan Bargain: Alan Wolfe on Liberalism and Immigration
Transcription
Cosmopolitan Bargain: Alan Wolfe on Liberalism and Immigration
No. 95 Jan. – Jun. 2007 www.iwm.at Newsletter of the INSTITUT FÜR DIE WISSENSCHAFTEN VOM MENSCHEN, Vienna and of the INSTITUTE FOR HUMAN SCIENCES at Boston University Cosmopolitan Bargain: Alan Wolfe on Liberalism and Immigration page 14 Reasons for Getting Scared: David Victor on Russia and the Energy Market page 34 A Child Named… Wie das IWM zu seinem Namen kam page 3 CONTENTS Editorial 25 Years 3 A Child Named IWM … Conferences, Debates, Discussions 4 Promoting Democracy in Post-Communist Countries “We Badly Need the Close Attention” Keynote Speech by Roza Otunbayeva on the Future of Kyrgyztan 8 Political Salon: James Hoge 9 Tischner Debates 10 Jan Patočka 1907 – 1977 11 Islam and Orthodoxy; Boomerang 89?; Citizenship Policies in the New Europe 12 Enlarging Solidarity – Cultural Differences and Social Adjustments “The Cosmopolitan Bargain” Contribution by Alan Wolfe on Liberalism and Immigration Lectures and Lecture Series 16 Monthly Lectures 18 Lecture Series: What Is Public, and What Is Private? / The Decline of the Occident? Seminars and Projects 20 Dioscuri Final Conference; Quing-Workshop; Junior Fellows’ Conference 22 Institute for Human Sciences Boston 24 Fellows and Guests 28 From the Fellows Estonian Impressions by Tiiu Hallap 30 Varia; Travels and Talks 32 Publications 34 Guest Contribution “Three Reasons For Getting Scared” David Victor on Energy Markets 36 Upcoming Events 2 No. 95 January – June 2007 Das Jahr 2007 steht für das IWM ganz im Zeichen seines 25-jährigen Jubiläums; und weil es ein besonderes Jahr für uns ist, auch ein sehr projektreiches, erscheint die IWM Post heuer leicht verändert und ausnahmsweise halbjährlich. In Händen halten Sie eine Übersicht über unsere Aktivitäten der ersten Jahreshälfte, die vor allem durch zwei „Klassiker“ bestimmt war: „Promoting Democracy“ im Januar war die dritte Konferenz in einer Reihe über die Zukunft der Nachfolgestaaten der Sowjetunion, und Sie lesen in diesem Heft unter anderem wie die ehemalige Außenministerin von Kirgistan, Roza Otunbayeva, die politische Lage in ihrem Land einschätzt, oder was der Energieexperte David Victor zum europäischen Umgang mit russischem Öl- und Gasexport zu sagen hat. Auf der Konferenz „Enlarging Solidarity“ im Juni, ebenfalls die dritte Konferenz dieser Art, ging es diesmal um Fragen der institutionellen Integrationspolitik in Nordamerika und Europa. Der Essay von Alan Wolfe gibt einen Einblick in die Diskussion. Zu erwähnen sind ebenfalls zwei neue Vortragsreihen des IWM: „Was ist öffentlich, und was ist privat?“ und „Der Untergang des Abendlandes?“ – was in diesen Reihen bisher stattfand beziehungsweise stattfinden wird, erfahren Sie ebenfalls in diesem Heft. Das ganze Jahr 2007 trägt den Stempel 25, wirklich feiern wird das IWM aber erst vom 9. bis 11. November mit einer großen Jubiläumskonferenz. Über das Programm informieren wir Sie im Verlauf des Jahres per Zusendungen und auf unserer Homepage. Und falls Sie sich wundern, woher der Säugling stammt, den wir passend zu der Geschichte „A Child Named IWM“ für unser Cover gewählt haben: Er ist ein Ausschnitt aus Philipp Otto Runges Bild „Der Morgen“ – Symbol einer wahren Geburtsstunde. Eine gute Lektüre wünscht Andrea Roedig, Public Relations 2007 is the year for celebrating the IWM’s 25th anniversary , and since it is a special year, as well as a very busy one, the IWM Post will be published this time biannually. The IWM’s activities in the first half of the year were mainly characterized by our two “classics”: “Promoting Democracy” in January was the third in a series of conferences on the future of the successor states of the Soviet Union: you will read in this issue about how former foreign minister of Kyrgyzstan Roza Otunbayeva evaluates the political conditions in her country, or what energy expert David Victor thinks of European policies concerning Russian oil and gas export. At “Enlarging Solidarity” in June, similarly the third conference of its kind, social scientists from North America and Europe gathered to discuss and compare institutional strategies of multicultural integration. An essay by Alan Wolfe delivers an insight into the discussion. You can also learn about what has happened so far and what is to come in the IWM’s two new lecture series “What is public and what is private?” and “The Decline of the Occident?” Although the whole year of 2007 is, literally, under the postmark of 25, the main commemoration will take place during November 9-11 with a big Anniversary Conference. We will inform you about the conference program through mailings and on our webpage. And if you happen to wonder where the baby on the cover page comes from, an accompaniment to the story „A Child Named IWM“: it´s a cutout from Philipp Otto Runges „The Morning“ - a veritable symbol of the hour of birth. Enjoy this Newsletter, Andrea Roedig Public Relations | 25 YEARS IWM A Child Named IWM Wie das IWM zu seinem Namen kam „Schreiben Sie doch einfach IWM“ sage ich zu der Dame, die den Namen, den ich zunächst in voller Länge ausgesprochen hatte, in ein Formular eintragen muss; sie nickt erleichtert und sagt: „eben, das geht doch auch einfach!“ – Der Titel Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen lässt manchen stöhnen, und die Mitarbeiter/-innen können ein Lied davon singen, denn wenn man das am Telefon langsam ausspricht, dauert es Ewigkeiten, bis der ganze Satz draußen ist, und am Ende ist der Anfang schon wieder vergessen. Leiert man hingegen „Institutfürdiewissenschaftenvommenschen“ ganz schnell herunter, versteht sowieso niemand etwas. Am Institut existiert eine erkleckliche Sammlung von kuriosen Briefen, die belegen, dass der Name nicht nur zu lang, sondern auch irgendwie kompliziert ist. Das IWM wird gerne als Institut für die Wissenschaften „am Menschen“, „von Menschen“ oder als „Institut für Menschen“ adressiert, oder aber als „Institute Wissenschaft über Leute“, „Institut für die Wirtschaften vom Menschen“ oder „Institut für Wissenschaften von Mönchen“. Und überhaupt: „Wissenschaften vom Menschen“ klingt sympathisch – aber was genau macht eine solche Institution? So kompliziert der Umgang mit dem Namen ist, so einfach und ohne große Diskussion wurde er vor 25 Jahren aus der Taufe gehoben. Das IWM hatte damals ein großes Vorbild und eine zentrale Idee: Das Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton gab das Beispiel vor für einen Ort, an dem frei von unmittelbaren Verwertungszwängen auf hohem Niveau geforscht werden kann. Und die Idee war, über die klassischen Fächergrenzen hinweg Wissenschaften zu versammeln, die Aussagen über den Menschen machen. Das zu gründende Institut wollte ein Ort sein, der Sozial- und Geisteswissenschaften - oder, in amerikanischer Terminologie, „Social Sciences“ und „Humanities“ - unter einem Dach vereint; ganz am Anfang gab es sogar Pläne, eventuell Naturwissenschaften mit aufzunehmen. Das Neue am IWM aber war der Schwerpunkt: es galt vor allem, osteuropäische Wissenschaftler The name of the IWM presents – particuund Wissenschaftlerinnen einzubeziehen – larly in German - some difficulties, since fulalso lange vor der so genannten „Osterwei- ly spoken it is long, complicated and not terung“ gesamteuropäisch zu denken. Wie very precise in specifying what the Institunennt man nun ein wissenschaftliches Insti- te’s concerns and purposes are. The IWM tut, das europäisch über den Menschen has amassed over the years a collection of nachdenken will? Man hatte Kontakte zum peculiar letters which reveals how the InstiMaison des sciences de l’homme in Paris, das tute’s name can be misunderstood. For ebenfalls für die Verbindung verschiedener instance, letters have been addressed to the Wissenschaften stand. „Science de l’hom- “Institute for Humans”, or “Institute for Peome“, ganz einfach übersetzt, heißt „Wissen- ple”, or even “Institute for Monks” due to schaften vom Menschen“, und auch auf Pol- the similar pronounciation of the German nisch, der Muttersprache des Initiators des word for “monks” – “Mönche” – and “MenIWM, klingt „Institut Nauk o Cziowieku“ schen”. How the its name came about, howerecht gut. Also keiver, was quite simple ne Frage – das Instiand was agreed Das IWM wird gerne tut war getauft. upon, 25 years ago, als Institut für die WissenSicher, ein prakwithout much delischaften „am Menschen“, tisch-klarer Name beration or discussiwäre einfacher – on. The name was, „von Menschen“ oder als etwa ZEUS „Zenamong other influ„Institut für Menschen“ trum für europäiences, derived from adressiert. sche Studien“, wie the French Maison einer der Permanent des sciences de Fellows einmal vorschlug – aber wäre das l’homme in Paris which was, aside from the besser? Gerade in seiner Offenheit steht Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, „Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Men- one of the role models of the IWM. “Scienschen“ für eine Vielfalt an Perspektiven und ce de l’homme” literally translated in GerInhalten; vieles ist möglich an diesem Insti- man is “Wissenschaften vom Menschen”, tut und das Offen-Lassen ist Programm. and also in Polish, the mother-tongue of the Zudem gilt, dass Hindernisse oft stark main IWM’s initiator, “Institut Nauk o machen. In dem Lied „A boy named Sue“ Cziowieku“ sounds great. That was how the besingt Johnny Cash einen Cowboy auf der IWM got its name – the broad title “Human mordlustigen Suche nach seinem gehassten Sciences” served to bridge the gap between Vater, den er nie gesehen hat, der ihm aber the humanities and social sciences and to einen Mädchennamen gab. Der Vater, ein- provide space for both. mal gefunden, erklärt, er habe dem Sohn So it might be that the IWM’s name will nichts anderes mitgeben können als genau always lead to some difficulties, but it is also diesen Namen, denn er wusste, wer sich mit true that obstacles can make one stronger. solch einem Label durchsetzen müsse, wer- As Johnny Cash reasons in his song “A boy de ein guter Kämpfer. So I give ya that name named Sue”, which chronicles a cowboy’s and I said goodbye, I knew you’d have to get quest for vengeance on his father who gave tough or die. him a female name: so I give ya that name In diesem Sinn mag man wohl auch die and I said goodbye, I knew you’d have to get These vertreten, dass „a child named IWM“, tough or die. nur das werden konnte, was es heute ist, One could argue that just as a delicate trotz - und vor allem wegen dieses Namens. name makes you fight harder to prove yourself, the Institute for Human Sciences – a child named IWM – could only because of Andrea Roedig its name become what it is today January – June 2007 No. 95 3 CONFERENCE | Promoting Democracy in Post-Communist Countries In continuing its tradition of open scholarly-political debates among academics, experts, politicians and entrepreneurs, the IWM held the conference “Promoting Democracy in PostCommunist Countries” on January 19 to 20 at the Hotel Imperial in Vienna. The foci of interest at this debate were the Caucasus and Central Asian regions, concerning European strategies for promoting democratisation, the interaction between democracy and Islam, as well as democracy and energy markets. About thirty representatives from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and the Ukraine as well as the US, Germany and Poland took part. In der Tradition der offenen wissenschaftlich-politischen Debatte unter Gelehrten, Experten, Politikern und Unternehmern veranstaltete das IWM die Konferenz „Promoting Democracy in Post Communist Countries“ am 19. und 20 Jänner im Hotel Imperial in Wien. Im Zentrum des Interesses standen die Regionen Kaukasus und Vorderasien, diskutiert wurden europäische Strategien zur Förderung der Demokratisierung sowie das Zusammenspiel von Demokratie und Islam und Demokratie und Energiemärkten. Rund dreißig Vertreter aus Armenien, Aserbaidschan, Georgien, Kasachstan, Kirgistan, Russland und der Ukraine, sowie USA, Deutschland und Polen nahmen teil. 4 No. 95 January – June 2007 A. Olechowski; B. Geremek; A. D. Rotfeld E. Nowotny; K. Michalski | CONFERENCE Participants: L. Yunusova L. Shevtsova Emil Brix Stephen Grand Ewald Nowotny Lilia Shevtsova Director General for Foreign Cultural Policy, Ambassador, Vienna Chairman of the Committee for Foreign Affairs of the European Parliament, Brussels/Strasbourg CEO and Chairman of the Managing Board of Bank für Arbeit und Wirtschaft und Österreichische Postsparkasse AG, Vienna Senior Associate at Moscow Carnegie Center Elmar Brok Fellow and Project Director ‘U.S. Relations with the Islamic World’ at The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C. James Hoge Editor of Foreign Affairs magazine, New York Pavol Demes Andrey Kortunov Director of GMF Transatlantic Center for Central and Eastern Europe, Bratislava President of The New Eurasia Foundation, Moscow Caspar Einem Chairman of the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the Austrian Parliament Benita Ferrero-Waldner B. Ferrero-Waldner EU-Commissioner for External Relations and European Neighbourhood Policy, Brussels Michael Fuchs Ministerial Counsellor and Head of Secretariat to the Foreign Affairs Committee, Berlin Jas Gawronski Member of the European Parliament, Rome, Brussels/ Strasbourg P. Zhovnirenko Bronislaw Geremek Member of the European Parliament, Warsaw, Brussels/Strasbourg Janos Matyas Kovacs Andrzej Olechowski Member of the Supervisory Boards of Citibank Handlowy and Vivendi; Director of Euronet; Former Minister for Foreign Affairs of Poland, Warsaw Permanent Fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences, Vienna; Member of the Institute of Economics of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest Co-Chair of the Political Party ASABA, Bishkek; Former Minister for Foreign Affairs of Kyrgyzstan Annette Laborey Director General of the Eurasian Media Forum, Almaty Executive Director of the Open Society Institute, Paris and Vice President of the Open Society Institute, New York Roza Otunbayeva Larissa Pak Ruprecht Polenz Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee to the German Bundestag, Berlin Dariga Nazarbayeva Member of Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan; Co-chair of the Kazakhstan Republican Party „Nur-Otan“, Almaty Boris Nemtsov Member of the Federal Political Council of the Union of Right Forces, Moscow Franz Karl Prüller Program Director Social Responsibility at ERSTE Foundation, Vienna Adam Daniel Rotfeld Chairman of the International Consultative Committee at the Polish Institute of International Affairs; Former Minister for Foreign Affairs of Poland, Warsaw Bernard Snoy Co-ordinator of OSCE Economic and Environmental Activities, Vienna Hannes Swoboda Vice-chairman of The Socialist Group in the European Parliament and Head of the delegation of Austrian social-democratic members in the EP, Brussels/Strasbourg Zurab Tkemaladze Member of the Parliament of Georgia; Chairman of the Faction ‘Industrialists’, Tbilisi David G. Victor Director of the Program on Energy and Sustainable Development at Stanford University Oskar Wawra Director of International Relations, City of Vienna Leyla Yunusova Director of the Institute for Peace and Democracy, Baku Pavlo Zhovnirenko Chairman of the Board of the Center for Strategic Studies, Kyiv Armen Sarkissian President of Eurasia House International, London; Former Prime Minister of Armenia B. Nemtsov January – June 2007 No. 95 5 CONFERENCE | ”We badly need the close attention …” Keynote speech by Roza Otunbayeva, Former Minister for Foreign Affairs of Kyrgyzstan, at the conference “Promoting Democracy …” Dear Madame Commissioner, Mr. Chairman, For thousands of years we in Central Asia have been governed by people and not by laws. All those who rule today also have unlimited and practically uncontrolled power. In March 2005 and in November 2006 the Tulip Revolution took place in Kyrgyzstan in two stages – it was, indeed, a Revolution as it resolved problems which could not be solved in an evolutionary way. We have tried to put an end to authoritarianism and to uninterHowever, we have never experienced, rupted power (in breach of the Constitution) have never tasted the division of power, the of one individual. Why? independence of judges, free and fair elecIn the past the rule in our country tions, public control over the national secuseemed democratic on the surface (you may rity service and the police forces. We do not remember how the phrase Island of Democ- really know what that is! racy in Central Asia was coined). However After centuries of khanates, Russian tsarist in reality, power was established as an offi- rule and Bolshevik authoritarianism, my councial-bureaucratic system try has for the which was nothing else but a first time expeRussia for us is modification of the earlier rienced some and remains the outpost of command-administrative syssort of what Europe, it provides the link tem. The former Central could have Committee of the Commubeen democrato European values. nist Party transformed itself cy during the into the omnipresent Presidifficult past dential Administration; the president became 15 years. Over these years presidential rule has the sole chief. With the demise of the USSR resulted in authoritarianism. Akaev conducta liberalization of public and personal life ed four referendums on Constitutional issues, took place. Whether we like it or not, we owe just in order to concentrate absolute power in it to the leadership of President Akaev that his hands. the Kyrgyz Republic went foot to foot with With their manifestations after March 24 the changes in the European part of the CIS, of 2005, the people of our country managed that in my country the liberalization drowned to rid themselves of Akaev and parts of his authoritarianism and the way to free entre- clan but this proved not to be enough. The preneurship was opened up. We kind of new structures after the former president’s entered the world rankings of freedom of forced departure to Moscow quickly copied speech, meetings and our non-governmental his methods; it happened so that one famisector was developing fast. So we did not get ly has been replaced by another – we have got caught up in the chains of totalitarianism and a clone of Akaev at the helm. People’s diswe did not get burned by the flames of civil appointment was huge: the new masters did wars like some of our neighbors. not live up to their promises. The massive 6 No. 95 January – June 2007 public manifestations of November 2006 resulted in significant changes in the system of government and forced the President to accept the new Constitution which limited his far-reaching powers. From then on, the country kind of entered into its new parliamentarian-presidential way of governance. We were the first in Central Asia, and second after the Ukraine to try and introduce the system of checks and balances, and to subject the executive branch of power to the control of the people through Parliament. However, on 30 December 2006 the propresidential forces in Parliament introduced the amendments to the text of the Constitution that was approved just a month prior to it, whereby they returned all super-authority back to the president. Thus, the uncompromising fight, far from the Sisyphus challenge, is ongoing in our country; the fight for the replacement of the archaic authoritarian regime by democratic procedures, and fight for the demounting of family governance. It is evident that the side effects of such a change, especially in a poor country like mine, can be extremely negative. Kyrgyzstan, during the last 15-20 years, has survived public and political changes that would have been enough for the next two centuries. The democratic development is far ahead of our well-being. The dilemma of democracy and development, democracy and stability, is facing us in its full height. The effort of modernization from the top in my country and in the neighboring countries did not succeed. Only Kazakhstan has demonstrated tangible success in this direction. There is a saying: too many cooks spoil the broth. Indeed in the G8 line we have been under the supervision of Japan, while in the EU, it seems, priority is given to Germany. In the IFIs we are under the watch of the leading western countries, while we are | CONFERENCE constantly patronized by Russia and the USA. We are geographically close to or even bordering three future giants of the world economy; there is no doubt that BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India and China) are on their way up. Meanwhile, Kyrgyzstan is the only country in the CIS that is faced with entering HIPC (Highly Indebted Poor Countries program of the World Bank and IMF)! Russia remains for us the closest country on the European continent. Despite the physical separation and demise, the actual line of contact and – if I may say so – “togetherness” of our people has widened more. Between 300.000 to one million people of nearly every CIS country now work in Russia which thus equals for them European civilization. This trend, which exists because of Russian as lingua franca of this region, because of common educational systems and traditions, will most likely persist, but also because the borders of the EU are completely closed for our migrant labor. But there is also another trend these days that we should all be aware of. The farther away we are from the time when the enormous multinational country USSR collapsed, the more Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, Greeks, and others that we call the people of European nationality leave our countries for good, being replaced by the Chinese, Uighurs, Iranians, Turkish, Afghans, the more we get pulled into the insides of Asia going back to our sources and start to feel close to our Asian roots. However, ballet and opera, choir and music schools, modern visual art and theatres, all sports where women can take part, European (European Neighborhood Policy) Central clothing including the décolleté or mini-skirt Asia is coming closer to EU borders. – all this remains part of our life, and actuWe welcome the new changed principle ally is absent thousands of kilometers from of the EU’s approach, underlined, Madame all our borders in surrounding countries. Comissioner, in your speech today: there is Russia for us is and remains the outpost no one-size-fits-all solution to democracy of Europe – it provides the link to European promotion. To date, an enormous harm is values. A dynamic development of a sound imposed by the EU view of Central Asia as democracy in Russia could mean for all CIS a unified economic and political space. In countries a real breakthrough to democrat- the issues of democratization and human ic development in the entire region. Russia rights this perspective looks even more has been and remains the key country with absurd. All these years diplomats and bureauenormous economic and political influence crats of the European countries in fact assiston our countries. With its economic growth, ed us in every possible way to accept the with the wars of the USA in Iraq and authoritarian longevity and rude violations Afghanistan, and tension in US-Iranian rela- of human rights, freedom of speech and tionships, Russia’s actual grip on the region expression, politely referring to the view that gets ever tighter. democratic developMr. Chairman, ment of my country I am afraid, the presence of is far ahead of its Europe in Kyrgyzsneighbors. But we there is no ground yet to say tan unfortunately simply did not abide that thanks to enlargement remains scarce. We by this approach. Central Asia is coming have only one EuroWe very much closer to EU borders. pean Embassy, the welcomed the German, which repappointment of the resents the EU in its EU Special Repreentirety. The Ambassador of the European sentative, meanwhile one high-ranking Commission, even if he is most efficient like diplomat was replaced by another one, the the current one, handles three countries - renowned Mr. Pierre Morel. Time goes on, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. The yet we did not have a chance to see the low profile of Europe remains one of the progress in developing a EU strategy for burning issues of public and political devel- Central Asia. I do believe we never had and opment as this leaves us, the democratic to date do not have the full-size, deep diaforces, one to one with the sensitive chal- logues between various circles of political, lenges. I am afraid, there is no ground yet to human rights and NGO activists, academsay that thanks to enlargement and the ENP ics, intelligentsia. We know very little about each other. The EU was too busy over the last decade with the enlargement “business”, and Central Asia on her troubled way to Info Kyrgyzstan democracy has not once disappointed the Kyrgyzstan gained its independence from the Soviet Union in August 1991. Askar Akajev EU, or been made fatigued from the failwas elected President in 1990 and later re-elected in 1991 and 1995. A new Constitution ures, slow success and often rejection of which defined the Kyrgyz government as a democratic republic was passed by Parliademocratic values. During all these years, ment in 1993. While Kyrgyzstan was seen as a prime example of the democratisation except for the focused interest on the eneramong the former Soviet-ruled Central Asian countries, there were trends towards gy recourses and the growing travel of Euroautocracy in the late 90s; popular opinion saw President Akajev’s rule as increasingly peans to these exotic destinations on the corrupt and authoritarian. According to observers from the OSCE, the 2005 parliamenGreat Silk Route, the promotion of democtary elections were not up to par with international standards for democratic elections. racy in Central Asia was kept on a very low Political turmoil prevailed in Kyrgyzstan, and nationwide demonstrations culminated into profile. Therefore with great enthusiasm we the Tulip Revolution of 2005. Following attacks by protestors on government buildings in welcome the new European Initiative for the capital city of Bishkek, President Akajev fled to Moscow, where he later agreed Democracy and Human rights, you, to resign as President. In June 2005, former Prime Minister and opposition leader Madam Ferrero-Waldner, announced today. Kurmanbek Bakiyev secured a landslide victory in the presidential elections. It will enforce the potential and work of Demonstrations organised by the political opposition in Bishkek in 2006 resulted in thousands of organizations and individuamendments to the Constitution, which curtailed the powers of the President and gave als in our region in their fight for the more authority to Parliament. However, Bakiyev reinstated some of his powers after the democratization of life and governance. government resigned a few weeks later, and currently still faces pressure to step down. We are going our own way, accumulating a January – June 2007 No. 95 7 CONFERENCE | POLITICAL SALON | democratic experience, new political culture, and changes in our stereotypes despite the significant difficulties and barriers that try to keep our countries in the routine of the traditional lifestyles and governance, conserved economic and cultural backwardness, and our low competitiveness. We are in the initial phases of our democracy. We do not have illusions about problems and difficulties on the next part of the way. In my country the authorities and the opposition, together with people, have learned a lot. Crowded with thousands of people, our meetings of 2006 have shown that we can resolve our sharpest issues through peaceful ways and means. For a week streets of Bishkek were flooded with people, and the government was unable to stop people or to use force. Now we are able to deal even with the most extreme situations as no one else in our region. Yes, democracy is not instant coffee; the steady, large assistance of Europe in the modernization of public institutions would be of very critical significance. An institutional support for the building up of the political parties, the Parliament, and the independent courts is needed. Central Asia, without any doubt, is one of the few areas where there is no multi-party system and parties do not participate in the formation of power. We are behind in party development compared to other CIS countries perhaps almost by one decade. Not a single EU country is helping us in this at this very important point in our lives. The political competition of the parties, their programs, their solutions for the most challenging social and economic problems would leave so much less room for the massive islamisation of the society, and would fill and lead the minds and hearts of millions of young, who are otherwise losing their belief in a better life in their country. We are desperate for the expertise of the Council of Europe that has rich experience and knowledge in the cross-border lives of neighboring people, in cultivating tolerance and peace between ethnic groups in the country, practically realizing the various freedoms, including the freedom of consciousness. We badly need the close attention of the Council of Europe! Political reforms cost dearly! Our people have proved that it can and must decide about its destiny without any mediators. The revolutions of March 2005 and November 2006 – it is the first independent historical choice made by my nation to lead its own way in its post-Soviet history. The Island of Democracy in Central Asia should remain alive much, much stronger! Wahlverwandtschaften Roza Otunbayeva 8 No. 95 January – June 2007 Die Zukunft der transatlantischen Beziehungen war Thema eines Politischen Salons mit James Hoge, dem Chefredakteur von Foreign Affairs, am 18. Jänner im IWM. The future of the transatlantic relationship was the topic of a Political Salon discussion held on January 18th with James Hoge, editor in chief of Foreign Affairs. Hoge maintained that the USA and Europe can be seen as “friends again” and relations are relaxed, but that they have changed under the changed conditions of world politics in general. Nowadays the connection is no longer one of necessity – as it has been in the times of the Cold War –, but is rather a relationship of choice, based on shared values. „Die USA kommen vom Mars – Europa von der Venus.“ Diese These des neokonservativen Politkommentators Robert Kagan hat vor Jahren einigen publizistischen Staub aufgewirbelt. Kriegerisch und voll Tatendrang seien die US-Amerikaner, während der alte Kontinent auf feminine Art den Konsens schätze und eher dazu neige, bedächtig abzuwarten. Damals markierte Kagans Metapher eine klare Kritik der ablehnenden Haltung Europas zum bevorstehenden Irak-Krieg, die verdeutlichte, dass die transatlantischen Beziehungen auf einem historischen Tiefststand angekommen waren. Vier Jahre nach der kleinen diplomatischen Eiszeit scheinen die Zeichen auf Tauwetter zu stehen. James Hoge beschrieb unter dem Titel „USA-Europe: Friends Again?“ das gute Verhältnis als wiederhergestellt, allerdings auch als verändert in einer veränderten Welt. Der „war on terror“ (den die USA anders einschätzen als die Europäer), die Bedrohung durch Nuklearmächte und neu entstehende Großmächte im fernen Osten, sind neue Variablen im Spiel der Weltpolitik, die die Bündnisinteressen der USA anders bestimmen. Für die USA stellt sich die Frage, wie mit neuen Großmächten zu verhandeln sei und wie man agiere in einer multipolaren Welt, in der zunehmend auch nicht-staatliche Akteure auftreten. Die transatlantischen Beziehungen dagegen sind heute nicht mehr - wie zu Zeiten des Kalten Krieges - durch Notwendigkeiten bestimmt, sie sind vielmehr eine “Beziehung der Wahl“ unter Berücksichtigung gemeinsamer Werte. Eine erstaunliche Wendung brachte Hoge in die Diskussion, als er auf Religion zu sprechen kam. Der Islam unterscheide sich nicht so sehr von „unseren Auffassungen“, eine Zusammenarbeit sei möglich; und Hoge betonte, dass in diesem Punkt auch die Europäer am Zug seien. Europa gerate durch Migration zunehmend unter muslimischen Einfluss auch muslimischer Religion – ein Prozess der nicht aufzuhalten sei. „Fürchtet euch, oder lernt damit umzugehen“, war sein Rat. Christian Beck / Andrea Roedig Die Politischen Salons finden in Zusammenarbeit mit „Die Presse“ statt und werden gesponsort von: Investkredit. Diskussionspartner bei der Veranstaltung waren Michael Prüller, stellvertretender Chefredakteur von „Die Presse“ und Krzysztof Michalski. | CONFERENCES, DEBATES, DISCUSSIONS Market and Morals The 8th Tischner Debate in Warsaw This year’s series of Tischner Debates was inaugurated on March 7th in Warsaw with a discussion “On Morality and Market”. The floor was given to Michael Sandel, Professor of Government at Harvard University and the author of books such as “Liberalism and the Limits of Justice” and “Democracy’s Discontent: America in Search of a Public Philosophy”. Sandel challenged the connection between democracy and capitalism, and submitted for further consideration the tension between market values and spiritual and civic virtues. The latter, according to Sandel, are being eroded, corrupted, and degraded by the former. Sandel’s opponents in the discussion were Hanna Gronkiewicz Waltz, Mayor of Warsaw, one of the leaders of the opposition party Platforma Obywatelska (Citizens’ Platform) and Vice-President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development; Jacek Holówka, Professor of Ethics and Ana- lytical Philosophy at Warsaw University; and Wojciech Kostrzewa, former adviser to Leszek Balcerowicz, and now President of the Board of Trustees and Managing Director of the ITI Group, Poland’s leading media and entertainment holding. Gronkiewicz Waltz insisted that the market as it is does not have moral features. She focussed mostly on the positive aspects of the market, and pointed out that nothing triggers human creativity as well as competition. Referring to the downside of the market, she argued that both society and the state are not helpless: the market is a product of man’s hands, she argued, and resembles its author in everything. For Jacek Holówka, the market is as necessary as oxygen. According to him, a ‘thick market’ would enable us to feel safe and thus allow us to focus on the most important things in life. In his final statement, Sandel asserted that the market is only a part of freedom. He referred to Holówka’s metaphor of the market as oxygen and pointed out that too much oxygen can make it impossible to breathe, and, noticing the Poles’ desire to embrace a free market, he expressed his hope that Poland would build a system that uses the market but not celebrate it. Elz̀bieta Ciz̀ewska El z̀bieta Ciz̀ewska is Ph.D. candidate at Political Philosophy at the Institute of Applied Social Sciences, Warsaw University. Further Tischner Debates: Debate 9: Poland and Europe, with Timothy Garton Ash (April 26) Debate 10: Others Among Us with Giuliano Amato (June 4) Debate 11: The Left United with Alfred Gusenbauer (June 11) Invitation to the 25th Anniversary Conference of the IWM Conditions for International Solidarity 9-11 November 2007, Vienna/Austria MAK – Österreichisches Museum für angewandte Kunst / Gegenwartskunst, Wien Lectures and discussions will address international solidarity as a political challenge, the role of international institutions, the effects of markets on global community, and the conditions of intercultural understanding. Due to the generous support by several foundations we are able to offer travel grants to former Junior Visiting Fellows, participants of our Summer Schools, Visiting Fellows and Guests wishing to attend the IWM’s anniversary celebration. Deadline for application: 15 September 2007 Please download the application form from the website: www.iwm.at/anniversary.htm January – June 2007 No. 95 9 CONFERENCES, DEBATES, DISCUSSIONS | Program April 23 April 25 Opening Addresses by Ivan Chvatík (Director of Jan Patočka Archive) and Václav Havel (Former President of the Czech Republic) Miroslav Petrícek (Czech Republic): Jan Patočka: Phenomenological Philosophy Today Krzysztof Michalski (Rector of the Institute for Human Sciences, Vienna); Opening speech: Nihilism and Religion Martin Palouš (Former Ambassador of the Czech Republic in USA): Jan Patočka’s Socratic Message for the 21st Century Pierre Rodrigo (France): Platonisme négatif et existence maximale chez Jan Patočka Emilie Tardivel (France): Europe et soin de l’âme chez Patočka Josef Chytry (USA): Jan Patočka and Central European Polis Thought Evening Lecture in the Senate of the Parliament of the Czech Republic Jan Patočka 1907 - 1977 An international conference in Prague commemorated the Czech philosopher and human rights activist. Jan Patočka is one of the most interesting representatives of the second generation of phenomenologists after Husserl and Heidegger, with whom he studied in Freiburg in the 1930s. He applied his phenomenological thought in an innovative way to problems of politics, history, art, and literature. With a few short exceptions, Patočka was banned from teaching and publishing in communist Czechoslovakia. However, he became an intellectual and moral authority through his legendary underground seminars. Patočka was a cofounder and speaker of the civil rights movement Charter 77. He died after a series of police interrogations on March 13, 1977. The significance of his work 10 No. 95 January – June 2007 for the political idea of Europe is only fully appreciated today. The Prague conference, held in the Carolinum, brought together Patočka scholars from all over the world. The IWM’s participation in this event was part of the two-year project „Responsibility and Freedom: The Idea of Europe in the Political Philosophy of Jan Patočka.“ Supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation through the Council of American Overseas Research Centers. Main organisers of the conference were the Center for Phenomenological Research (CFB), the Institute for Human Sciences (IWM), and the Husserl Circle. Petr Pithart (Vice-President of the Czech Senate): Questioning as a Prerequisite for a Meaningful Protest April 24 Burt Hopkins (USA): Patočka’s Phenomenological Appropriation of Plato Tamas Ullmann (Hungary): The Problem of Negative Platonism Eddo Evink (Netherlands): Patočka and the Metaphysical Tradition James Mensch (Canada): Patočka’s Asubjective Phenomenology, Artificial Intelligence and the Mind-Body Problem Rochus Sowa (Belgium): Wesen und Wesensgesetze in der deskriptiven Eidetik Edmund Husserls Evening Lecture in the French Embassy, Buquoy Palace Marc Crepon (France): La peur, le courage, la colère: la leçon de Socrate Burt Hopkins (USA): On the History of Husserl Circle Carolinum, Aula Magna: Awarding the Honorary Doctorate to Erika Abrams Villa Lanna: Awarding the Patočka Medals of the Academy of Science of the Czech Republic to Ivan Dubský (Czech Republic), Klaus Nellen (Austria) and Jirí Polívka (Czech Republic) Roundtable on Personal Recollections of Jan Patočka: Helmut Kohlenberger (Austria), Jaroslav Kohout (Czech Republic), Radim Palouš (Czech Republic), Jan Vladislav (Czech Republic), Josef Zumr (Czech Republic) Polish Institute Prague: Ewa Fagas and Piotr Mielech (Poland): HERETYK – a film on Jan Patočka April 26 Jean-Francois Courtine (France): L’idée de phénoménologie transcendantale et asubjective chez Jan Patočka Renaud Barbaras (France): Phénoménologie et hénologie chez Jan Patočka Alessandra Pantano (Italy): La Constellation de L’Epoche Ludger Hagedorn (Germany): Jenseits von Mythos und Aufklärung. Religion bei Patočka Sandra Lehmann (Germany): Der Tod des Homo Divinus - Patočka und Derrida Hans Rainer Sepp (Germany): Sprung in die Freiheit. Patočkas Epoché Evening Lecture in the Austrian Culture Forum, Prague: Michael Staudigl (Austria): Entzogene Welt, zerbrochenes Wir. Über Gewalt im Rahmen a-subjektiver Phänomenologie | CONFERENCES, DEBATES, DISCUSSIONS April 27 Filip Karfík (Czech Republic): Vorhaben und Resultate: Patočkas philosophische Entwicklung Balazs Mezei (Hungary): Jan Patočka’s Place in Classical Phenomenology Johann Arnason (Iceland): Negative Platonism: Between the History of Philosophy and the Philosophy of History Participants of “Islam and Orthodoxy” Domenico Jervolino (Italy): Epoché et traduction, une réflexion sur la philosophie de la traduction en partant de Patočka Islam and Orthodoxy: Confrontation, Cohabitation, and Comparison Boomerang 89? Unexpected Calamities in the Political Life of East-Central Europe A conference held on March 12 – 13 at the IWM was devoted to Islam and Christian Orthodoxy, mainly with regards to Russia. In his keynote speech, Canon Michael Bourdeaux described newly developing Christian and Muslim religious ways of life in the Russia of today, and pointed out that the less secular institutions interfere, the better relations between different religions are. Since 1989, the region of East-Central Europe has served as a model for countries in transition. The democratic virtues of these countries were clearly acknowledged by Brussels since the region was the first in Eastern Europe to be invited to join the Union. But today, one witnesses violent demonstrations in the streets of Budapest, a lengthy government crisis in Prague, and a coalition government in Warsaw which challenges important rules/habits of political life in Europe. Throughout the region MPs are being bought off and corruption cases are mushrooming. A panel discussion on March 27, held in cooperation with the Renner Institute, explored the significance of these adverse developments, and questioned whether problems of “instant democracy” might return as a boomerang today. Panel speakers were György Csepeli (Public Policy Director and State Secretary, Hungarian Ministry of Economy and Transport, Budapest), Pavol Demes (The German Marshall Fund of the United States, Bratislava), Lena Kolarska-Bobinska (Director of the Institute for Public Affairs, Warsaw ) and Jacques Rupnik (Directeur de recherche FNSP/CERI, Paris). Nathalie Frogneux (Belgium): Les trois communautés du mouvement de la vie humaine chez Jan Patočka Steven Crowell (USA): „Idealities of Nature“: Patočka on Reflection and the Three Movements of Human Life Evening Lecture in the Goethe-Institute Prague: Ilja Srubar (Germany): Patočkas Sicht der Ethik April 28 James Dodd (USA): The 20th Century as War Marcia Schuback (Sweden): Sacrifice and Salvation – Patočka and Heidegger on the Question of Technique Lubica Ucník (Australia): Patočka on Techno-Power and the Sacrificial Victim Kwok-ying Lau (Hong Kong): Patočka’s Concept of Europe: an Intercultural Consideration Josef Moural (Czech Republic): Time and Responsibility Martin Matustik (USA): More Than All the Others: Meditation on Responsibility City Gallery Prague, House at the Stone Bell: Closing Concert with Peter Schuback, Composer and Cellist (Sweden) The conference was sponsored by the Institute on Culture, Religion, and World Affairs, Boston University, and the J. M. Dawson Institute of Church-State Studies, Baylor University, with funding provided by the Harry and Lynde Bradley Foundation. Participants of the conference: Alexander Agadjanian, Russian State University of the Humanities Michael Bourdeaux, Keston Institute Ingeborg Gabriel, University of Vienna Daniela Kalkandjieva, St. Kliment Ohridsky University Vyacheslav Karpov, Western Michigan University János M. Kovács, IWM Elena Lisovskaya, Western Michigan University Christopher Marsh, Baylor University Charles McDaniel, Baylor University Norton Mezvinsky, Central Connecticut State University Paul Mojzes, Rosemont College Jerry Pankhurst, Wittenberg University Daniel Payne, Baylor University Sebastien Peyrouse, Kennan Institute Victor Roudometof, University of Cyprus Alexander Verkhovsky, SOVA Center James W. Warhola, University of Maine Andrei Zolotov, Russia Profile Citizenship Policies in the New Europe The EU-Enlargement in May 2004 has greatly increased the diversity of historic experiences and contemporary conceptions of statehood, nation-building and citizenship within the European Union. In contrast with the older member states, most new ones have not existed as independent states within their present borders for more than two generations. At a panel discussion on May 4, experts and authors of the new book “Citizenship Policies in the New Europe” (Amsterdam University Press, spring 2007) compared Western and Eastern European citizenship policies and discussed the prospects for common European standards. The discussants were: Rainer Bauböck (European University Institute ), Andrea Barsova (Human Rights Department, Prague), Ivan Halasz (Hungarian Academy of Sciences) , Andre Liebich (University of Geneva) and Janos M.Kovacs (IWM, Vienna). January – June 2007 No. 95 11 CONFERENCE | Enlarging Solidarity Cultural Differences and Institutional Adjustments A working conference on June 1 and 2 gathered specialists from Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and the US to discuss how liberal societies should deal with cultural religious, and ethnic diversity as an effect of immigration. The topic was related to very specific areas of public affairs, including schooling, housing, and employment. To compare experiences and perspectives from the different continents, was the main interest of the discussion, which, for example, contrasted the US’ open labour market as “integrationmachine” to Europe’s reliance on the welfare state. “You Europeans have got this cosy welfare state, but you can’t deal with immigrants” was one of the quotations. Another topic was the different approach to the question (and the term) of “race” in the US and Europe as well as the ongoing “dilemma of recognition”: When and under which circumstances does it make sense to segregate groups to treat them differently? Once you refer to differences you create and fix them too. Counting people based on race aspects seems sen- 12 No. 95 January – June 2007 sible, “but only for the time being”. Also the impact of neighborhood and schooling on life quality was broadly discussed (“the reproduction of class runs through schools”), and the immense significance of “second chance education”. Further themes to be covered in a subsequent discussion could be “membership” (who gets to be a member of liberal polity?), “transformation” (how long is an immigrant population an immigrant population?) and “fear” (which is the non-rational part of political discourse), concluded Ira Katznelson from Columbia Universitiy in his summary. The conference included a special section on the Netherlands and on the evening June 1, a public Debate on Solidarity with contributions from the Mayor of Amsterdam, Job Cohen, the Austrian Minister of Social Affairs, Erwin Buchinger, and Alan Wolfe from Boston College. “Enlarging Solidarity” was organized in collaboration with the Duitsland Instituut (Amsterdam) and the Renner Institute (Vienna). Die Konferenz „Enlarging Solidarity“ am 1. und 2. Juni verknüpfte die Themen „Solidarität“ und Integrationspolitik. Wie gehen moderne, liberale Staaten politisch (und ethisch) mit kultureller, ethnischer und religiöser Vielfalt um? Eingeladen waren Fachleute aus den USA, Deutschland, Österreich und den Niederlanden, die Fragen des sozialen Zusammenhaltes konkret auf Bildungswesen, Stadtplanung, Wohnungs- und Arbeitsmarkt bezogen und im Vergleich Europa/USA diskutierten. So wurde beispielsweise das offene Arbeitsmarktkonzept der USA als „Integrationsmaschine“ dem europäischen Wohlfahrtsstaat entgegengesetzt. Weitere Themen waren das „Dilemma der Anerkennung“ (wann ist es sinnvoll, Gruppen als solche gesondert zu behandeln?), der unterschiedliche Gebrauch des Begriffs „Rasse“ in Europa und den USA. Diskutiert wurde ebenfalls der Einfluss von Wohnumfeld und Schulwesen auf die Lebensqualität und die immense Bedeutung von „zweiten Chancen“ auf Bildung und speziell die Integrationspolitik der Niederlande. Teil der Konferenz war eine öffentliche Debatte über Solidarität am Abend des 1. Juni mit Beiträgen des Amsterdamer Bürgermeisters Job Cohen, des Österreichischen Sozialministers Erwin Buchinger und Professor Alan Wolfe vom Boston College. Das IWM hat „Enlarging Solidarity“ in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Duitsland Instituut (Amsterdam) und dem Renner Institut (Wien) veranstaltet. | CONFERENCE Participants: Jutta Allmendinger, President of the Social Science Research Center Berlin; Professor of Sociology, HumboldtUniversity of Berlin Jennifer L. Hochschild, Henry LaBarre Jayne Professor of Government, and Professor of African and African American Studies, Harvard University Paul Attewell, Professor of Sociology, Graduate Center, City University of New York. Ira Katznelson, Professor of Political Science and History, Columbia University, New York; Vice-Chairman of the IWM’s Academic Advisory Board Miroslaw Bieniecki, Expert, Migration and Eastern Policy Programme, Institute of Public Affairs, Warsaw D. Clayton J. Allmendinger Gudrun Biffl, Senior Research Fellow, Austrian Institute of Economic Research (WIFO), Vienna Erwin Buchinger, Austrian Minister for Social Affairs, Vienna Dimitria Clayton, Ministry for Inter-Generation and Family Affairs, Women and Integration in North RhineWestphalia, Düsseldorf Job Cohen, Mayor of Amsterdam, former Dutch Deputy Minister for Justice I. Katznelson; P. v. Parijs; K. Prewitt Maria Cuartas, Head of Cabinet of Mayor Cohen, Amsterdam Karl Duffek, Director, Renner Institute, Vienna Han Entzinger, Professor of Migration and Integration Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam H. Entzinger; A. Hemerijck H. Häußermann Georg Fischer, Head of Unit, Social Protection, Pensions and Health; Directorate General for Employment Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities, European Commission, Brussels Erich Fröschl, Head of the Academy for International Politics, Renner Institute, Vienna Hartmut Häußermann Chair, Department of Urban and Regional Sociology, Institute of Social Sciences, Humboldt-University of Berlin K. S. Newman; J. L. Hochschild Anton Hemerijck, Deputy Director of the Netherlands Council for Government Policy, Amsterdam; and Senior Lecturer, Leiden University Janos M. Kovacs, Permanent Fellow, IWM, Vienna Robert C. Lieberman, Professor of Political Science and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York Krzysztof Michalski, Rector, IWM, Vienna Rainer Münz, Head of Research, Erste Bank der oesterreichischen Sparkassen AG, Vienna Katherine S. Newman, Professor of Sociology and Public Affairs, Princeton University Ton Nijhuis, Director, Duitsland Instituut Amsterdam Philippe van Parijs, Professor of Economic, Social and Political Sciences, Catholic University of Louvain; Hoover Chair of Economic and Social Ethics; Visiting Professor of Philosophy, Harvard University Rinus Penninx, Professor of Ethnic Studies and Director of the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies (IMES), University of Amsterdam Ken Prewitt, Carnegie Professor of Public Affairs, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia University, New York Jelle Visser, Professor of Sociology, University of Amsterdam Alan Wolfe, Professor of Political Science, Boston College; Director of The Boisi Center for Religion and American Public Life, Boston January – June 2007 No. 95 13 CONFERENCE | The Cosmopolitan Bargain Contribution by Alan Wolfe at the Conference “Enlarging Solidarity” […] Immigration is now an issue facing all liberal societies, not just the United States, and Europeans are just as uncertain as Americans about how to react to it. They have welcomed guest workers to take lowpaying jobs, but they have also been generally unwilling to grant the benefits of citizenship to them – or even to their children and grandchildren. As much as the leaders of these societies protest those who carry out acts of genocide, people whose conditions of life have been difthey are not especially generous in granting ficult in the extreme; no heart-warming asylum within their countries to genocide’s accounts of their courage in leaving one land victims. As they have opened themselves up to try and achieve success in another; no sense to each other through the European Union, that all cultures have something to value; no they have grown increasingly closed within, appreciation of the underlying universality of rediscovering their Christian identity in the all people whatever their national differences; face of Muslim immigration or reasserting the no recognition of the fact that peace among uniqueness of their individual national cul- cultures is a worthier objective than war tures. When it comes to time-tested policy between them; and no acknowledgement that considerations such as how and whether to the society being protected, far from being regulate the economy, European societies have flawless, could use an injection of new ideas a history of liberal theory upon which they and entrepreneurial energy. Nowhere do concan rely. But the same is not true when it servatives of this particular inclination – there comes to dealing with are other conimmigrants; in this espeservatives who Xenophobia may offer an cially contentious arena of are strong supilliberal way of thinking public debate, there is not porters of about immigration from the all that much in the liberimmigration – al tradition to which they seem more deright, but multiculturalism can turn. serving of the offers much the same thing As a result of this libepithet “reacfrom the left. eral vacuum, a substantial tionary” than part of the public debate when it comes over immigration has been dominated by to immigration; mobility of people around illiberal voices. The most insistent of such the globe is a fact of life, and they react to it voices in both Europe and the United States out of anger and fear. belong to those politicians who promise to Xenophobia may offer an illiberal way of protect the presumed cultural integrity of the thinking about immigration from the right, homeland against the presumed degeneracy but multiculturalism offers much the same of the alien. There can be little doubt the bulk thing from the left. To be sure, multiculturof the messages conveyed by right-wing alism has more in common with historically Republicans in the United States, a Jean Marie liberal values than xenophobia; there is someLePen in France, or a Filip Dewinter in Bel- thing decidedly open-minded about welcomgium are illiberal through and through. One ing people whose beliefs, customs, and attifinds in them no generosity of spirit toward tudes differ, sometimes widely, from the coun- 14 No. 95 January – June 2007 try they make their adopted home. Multiculturalists are right about one important thing: the benefits immigrants bring to their new country are cultural as well as economic. Because they represent so many different faiths, immigrants expand the religious pluralism that serves as the best protection of religious liberty. And because they bring with them a different perspective on such matters as family, friendship, and community, immigrants frequently rejuvenate the literary, musical, and artistic sensibilities of the countries to which they move; one way of knowing when immigration has been successful is when novels written by immigrants on their children win literary prizes or dominate bestseller lists. Immigration does not guarantee that a society will be open. But no society can be considered open unless it welcomes newcomers, frequently and enthusiastically. Unfortunately, a considerable number of multicultural theorists, although committed to openness toward immigrants, are not committed to the openness of immigrants to their new home. It is axiomatic among many of them that newcomers, living in an environment hostile to their way of life, need to preserve many of the cultural practices they bring with them, even if some of those practices – arranged marriages, gender segregation, religious indoctrination, to name three – can stand in conflict with liberal principles. Group survival counts more than individual rights in the moral accounting of many multiculturalists, and while at least one important theorist in this tradition, the Canadian political philosopher Will Kymlicka, has tried to make the case that considerations of group solidarity are not inherently illiberal, his arguments are not especially persuasive. If John Stuart Mill’s emphasis on the importance of determining one’s own life plan means anything, it is that we not only get to choose for ourselves the best way to live, but that such choices frequently bring us into conflict with the ways of life into which we were born. Because multiculturalists welcome immigrants, it is generally believed that their most effective critics can be found among conservatives. But given their tendency to privilege groups over individuals, the most scathing | CONFERENCE criticisms of multiculturalism come from life in an open society is bound to be selfthinkers strongly influenced by the liberal tra- defeating and not something that a liberal dition, especially the British-American polit- society should encourage. ical philosopher Brian Barry. A particularly instructive example of cosCan liberals maintain a commitment to mopolitanism’s two-way street came to pubopenness when dealing with the vexing ques- lic attention in 2006 when Great Britain’s fortion of national borders? One way to do so mer foreign minister, Jack Straw, raised conis to recognize that cosmopolitanism is a two- cerns about the bhurka, the full-body coverway street. Immanuel Kant is a helpful guide ing worn by some Muslim women. (As here. Kant teaches us that the circumstances Home Secretary in 1997, Straw had launched in which we find ourselves always have to be the Runnymede Trust’s report on Islamophojudged against the circumstances in which, bia). Straw made clear in his remarks that he but for an arbitrary role of the dice, we might defended the right of any woman to wear less have found ourselves. From this perspective, intrusive headscarves and that he was conit is inherently unfair that someone who hap- scious of the fact that men ought not to tell pens to be born in the women what to United States is likely wear. Yet he also felt One way of knowing to live longer and betthat something is when immigration has been ter than someone born seriously wrong successful is when novels in Kenya. This does when, in conversanot mean that the tion with another written by immigrants win United States has to person, he cannot literary prizes. open its borders to engage in face-toeveryone from Kenya face interaction. who wishes to come. But it does mean that Without explicitly using the term, Straw was a New Yorker should recognize that any saying that a decision to wear the bhurka is advantages he may have over the Nairobian a decision to close yourself off from everyone are as much due to an accident of birth as they around you. He was not, like a xenophobe, are to any notion that he may be a more saying that Muslims do not belong in Great deserving person. No system of perfect jus- Britain. He was not saying, as many multitice is ever possible, but, from the perspective culturalists do, that Muslims should be of Kantian cosmopolitanism, the least an allowed to wear whatever traditional garb they American can do is to welcome a certain believe best expressed their cultural and reliamount of immigration from Africa. Not gious sensibilities. Nor was he asking for the only will such actions make the world a bit full assimilation of immigrants to British cusmore fair, but the intermingling of one cul- toms. Straw was instead, though a carefully ture with the other will work to the benefit of chosen example, illustrating what it means to both. open to others while expecting a certain openIf cosmopolitanism is something we val- ness in return. ue in one direction, however, it is also someStraw’s comment nonetheless provoked thing we must value in the other; once a soci- considerable controversy, and one of the ety admits new members, those members are points made against him was that, in suggestalso under an obligation to open themselves ing to Muslim women what they should wear, to their new society. This second phase of the he was interfering with their freedom of relicosmopolitan bargain is what multicultural- gion. There are, in fact, times when liberal ists are reluctant to endorse but what liber- values will contradict each other; Islam has als must. Liberalism must be contagious. If historically permitted certain forms of a willingness to expose oneself to strangers is polygamy, but no liberal society is under an not met on one side with an equal willingness obligation to extend freedom of religion in on the other, there will never exist the kind of ways that so conspicuously undermine its pluralist promise multiculturalism offers. One commitments to gender equality. Fortunatecan understand why, living in a foreign coun- ly, the Straw illustration does not pose such a try they may perceive as hostile, immigrants sharp dilemma, for, as Straw himself pointed may opt to close themselves off from others, out, the decision to wear the bhurka is not and some host countries, especially France, commanded by any text or authority and repmay be too hasty in demanding from immi- resents a cultural choice rather than a religious grants an acceptance of new ways of life. But duty. So long as other ways are available for it also the case that attempting to live a closed Muslim women to cover their heads, agree- ing not to wear the bhurka is a way of signifying one’s membership in a liberal society at minimal cost to one’s own religious commitments. Liberals believe that the freedom to live as one chooses, especially if one grows and matures in the exercise of that right, ought to be available to all people wherever they happen to live. But they also know that rights mean little or nothing unless they are enforced by nation states which, by their very nature, allow citizenship only to some of the world’s people and perforce must deny it to others. Liberalism is simultaneously suspicious of national borders in the name of cosmopolitanism and welcoming of them in the name of rights. For liberals, caught between these two inclinations, the question is never whether borders should be completely open or completely closed; a society open to all would have no rights worth protecting, while a society closed to all would have no rights worth emulating. If one is looking for an abstract principle to follow on questions of immigration, liberalism cannot provide it. But liberals can offer other things. One is a guideline: a liberal society will allow people in and make exceptions for conditions under which they must be kept out rather than keeping people out and making an occasional exception for when they ought to be allowed in. Another is a willingness to view the world as teeming with potential that, however threatening to ways of life taken for granted, forces people to adopt to new challenges rather than trying to protect themselves against the foreign and unknown. And the third is a focus, not on what we can offer immigrants, but on what they can offer us. Immigration has overall been good for immigrants, offering them opportunities to enrich themselves both economically and culturally. Fortunately, it has also been good by the societies that welcome them, bringing new ideas, new cultures, new foods, new music, new forms of worship, new explorations of experience. Immigration may not follow the usual left-right lines that divide liberal societies, and it also frustrates those looking for clear and unambiguous rules that can resolve the tensions immigration brings. But the goal immigration seeks –openness – is a goal worth preserving, especially if both the demands it makes and the promises it offers apply across the board. Alan Wolfe Alan Wolfe is professor at Boston College January – June 2007 No. 95 15 LECTURES | Monthly Lectures / Monatsvorträge January 16 Nicolas Baverez Du ‘declin français’ à la ‘panne de l´Europe’ – que faire? L’histoire n’est pas linéaire mais connaît de brutales accélérations au rythme des mutations du capitalisme, de la démocratie et du système international. La géopolitique du chaos et la mondialisation sont ainsi à l’origine d’une nouvelle donne qui déstabilise toutes les sociétés et les nations, mais qui met particulièrement en difficulté l’Europe, et au sein de l’Europe, une France qui décroche. Afin de pouvoir agir, il est indispensable de dresser un constat parallèle du déclin de la France et de la panne de l’Europe et d’en analyser les causes profondes. letztlich entzogen ist. Der Vortrag zeigte, wie die sehr unterschiedlich strukturierten Pragmatismen von Rorty und Dewey, von James, Peirce und Royce diese Facetten des Zukunftsbezugs auf sehr differente Weisen gewichten. Ludwig Nagl ist Professor für Philosophie an der Universität Wien. Der Veranstaltung vorangestellt war eine Präsentation des Buches Glauben und Wissen. Ein Symposium mit Jürgen Habermas Herausgegeben von Rudolf Langthaler und Herta Nagl-Docekal (Oldenbourg-Verlag 2007) March 20 Rosi Braidotti Bio-Power and Necro-Politics: New Ways of Dying Nicolas Baverez, parallèlement à une activité d’avocat, poursuit des travaux d’historien et d’économiste. En cooperation avec L’ Institut Français de Vienne February 27 Ludwig Nagl Pragmatismus – Philosophie der Zukunft? Eine der wesentlichen Pointen des Pragmatismus besteht in seiner emphatischen Zuwendung zur Zukunft. Diese Zuwendung hat mindestens drei Dimensionen: eine technisch-instrumentelle, eine, die sich auf praktisch institutionelle Reformen bezieht, und eine, die dem Umgang mit dem Auf-unsZukommenden gilt, das der Gestaltbarkeit 16 No. 95 January – June 2007 In her lecture Rosi Braidotti looked at developments in social and political theories of ‘bio-power’ since Foucault’s ground-breaking work. Braidotti explored the implications of the politics of ‘Life itself ’, stressing the many paradoxical ways in which post-postmodern vital politics blurs and redesigns the boundaries with death and processes of dying. She expressed a critical, but not fatalist attitude towards biotechnologies and argued for a “post anthropocentric” and neovitalist conception of understanding life. In the discussion, she mentioned that it is fine to mourn for loss, but that we “need a memory that is in love with the future.” Rosi Braidotti is Distinguished Professor in “The Humanities in a Globalised World“ at the Arts Faculty of Utrecht University. In cooperation with the Royal Netherlands Embassy March 22 Dacia Maraini The Writer Witness, Reporter or Accuser? Much has been demanded from writers: to be a warrior in the name of his people, a realistic painter, depicting in detail her time; to be a peasant on a small field where he grows the fruits of collective fantasy; to become an ascetic prisoner of herself and, separated from mortal human beings, turn into an impressive prophet of her time. In her lecture, Dacia Maraini reflected upon how a writer feels in the light of such expectations. Maraini referred in particular to women’s writing and the value of sincere and honest description. “Details”, she said, “are the basis of the comprehension of reality.” Dacia Maraini is author of many novels, plays, poetry and literary criticism. She was awarded a number of literary prizes, among others the Premio Strega for her collection of short stories “Buio” (1999). In cooperation with the Istituto Italiano di Cultura April 17 Thomas Angerer Politische Kultur und Europäische Integration. Unterschiede zwischen Frankreich und Österreich Einige Schwierigkeiten, die Frankreich und Österreich im Europäischen Integrationsprozess miteinander haben, stammen weniger aus Interessengegensätzen als aus den Unterschieden der politischen Kultur. Angerer verglich Frankreich und Österreich hinsichtlich | LECTURES vier solcher Aspekte: der geopolitischen Kultur, der Integrationskultur, der Staatskultur und der Sicherheitskultur. Er zeigte auf, wie diese Unterschiede zu einer jeweils anderen Haltung beider Länder zum europäischen Integrationsprozess führen, und umgekehrt wie eine andere historische Stellung im Integrationsprozess Rückwirkungen auf die politische Kultur hat, etwa auf das Grundverständnis von Europa, von Integration und von nationaler Unabhängigkeit. Mit kontrastiven Vergleichen nationaler politischer Kulturen, so das Plädoyer des Vortrags, kann man einige Grundprobleme Europäischer Integrationspolitik in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart besser verstehen. se en cause, l’Etat/nation est relativisé par le renouveau du local et le développement de la mondialisation. Les religions retrouvent un poids politique important. Pourtant certains demandent l’instauration d’un „pacte laïque international“. Dans ca conférence Jean Baubérot se demandait quel est l’avenir des religions et de la laïcité dans des sociétés post-sécularisées et, notamment, s’il est possible d’envisager une laïcité européenne. Europäische Geschichtsschreibung – zwischen Nationalstaatlichkeit und globaler Herausforderung En cooperation avec l’ Institut Français de Vienne Mai 8 Jean Baubérot Religion et laïcité dans la société post-secularisee devant la loi. On peut dire que beaucoup de pays, en Occident, sans forcément utiliser le terme de „laïcité“ se sont plus ou moins laïcisés. D’ailleurs John Locke peut être considéré comme le premier théoricien de la laïcité („Lettre sur la tolérance“, 1689) Aujourd’hui, les idéaux de la modernité sont en crise, la distinction privé/public se trouve remi- Christoph Conrad Jean Baubérot est directeur d’études de la chaire „Histoire et sociologie de la laïcité“ à L’Ecole Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Section des Sciences religieuses, à Paris. Thomas Angerer ist Assistenzprofessor für Neuere Geschichte an der Universität Wien. La laïcité a impliqué que la religion, „affaire privée“, était séparée du politique, à un moment de développement historique des Etats/nations. Cela permettait l’exercice de la liberté de conscience, de la liberté de religion et de conviction et l’égalité de tous June 12 Mai 31 Philippe van Parijs Linguistic and Global Justice The fast spreading of English as a global lingua franca raises unprecedented problems of justice between the members of the thousands of linguistic communities that make up mankind today. Linguistic justice, so understood, forms a significant dimension of global justice, whether interpreted as fair cooperation, as equal opportunity or as equal dignity. Addressing linguistic injustice headon is also arguably a condition for global justice itself to make ethical and political sense. Wie soll und kann europäische Geschichte der Moderne geschrieben werden? Trotz einiger exemplarischer und breit diskutierter Gesamtdarstellungen aus den letzten Jahren wird diese Frage zumeist programmatisch, das heißt als noch zu realisierende Aufgabe oder ideologiekritisch, das heißt in Abgrenzung gegen eine EU-offizielle Identitätspolitik behandelt. Christoph Conrad dagegen näherte sich dem Thema von der Seite der Historiographiegeschichte um zu skizzieren, welchen Konjunkturen und Determinanten die Geschichtsschreibung Europas im 20. Jahrhundert unterlag. Darüber hinaus diskutierte er, wie sich gesamteuropäische historische Forschungen und Darstellungen im Verhältnis zu gegenläufigen Trends in den Humanwissenschaften positionieren können. Was wird aus der europäischen Geschichte, wenn sich 1. nationale „Meistererzählungen“ behaupten, 2. einflussreiche methodische und thematische Orientierungen den Ansätzen zu großflächigen Synthesen eher feindlich gegenüber stehen, 3. die innovative Forschung sich transnationalen oder sogar globalen Problemstellungen zuwendet? Christoph Conrad ist Professor für Geschichte an der Universität Genf, von März bis August 2007 ist er Körber Visiting Fellow am IWM Philippe van Parijs is Professor of Economic, Social and Political Sciences at the Université Catholique de Louvain and Visiting Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University In cooperation with the Renner Institut January – June 2007 No. 95 17 LECTURE SERIES | In addition to monthly lectures held at the Institute’s library by fellows, guests and invited speakers, two lecture series - “What Is Public, and What Is Private?” and “The Decline of the Occident?” - have been organized in 2007 to elaborate on broader general themes which are approached from different disciplines and research perspectives. Zusätzlich zu regelmäßigen Vorträgen, die einmal im Monat in der Institutsbibliothek von Fellows, Gästen und eingeladenen Vortragenden gehalten werden, organisiert das IWM in diesem Jahr zwei Vortragsreihen - „Was ist öffentlich und was ist privat?“ und „Der Untergang des Abendlandes?“ - zu thematischen Schwerpunkten aus der Perspektive verschiedener Disziplinen und Forschungsinteressen. What Is Public, and What Is Private? Was ist öffentlich und was ist privat? January 23 January 30 Cornelia Klinger Kurt Imhof Übergriffe: Zum Verhältnis von Privatsphäre und öffentlichem Raum Das Intime im Öffentlichen. Scham und Schamlosigkeit in der Moderne In ihrem Einführungsvortrag zur Reihe wies Cornelia Klinger auf die fehlende Aufmerksamkeit verschiedener gesellschaftstheoretischer Ansätze für die Einteilung des sozialen Raums in öffentliche und private Sektoren hin. Ihre These war, dass die Integrationsleistung, die gerade moderne Gesellschaften dem Individuum abverlangen, Eigenschaften und Fähigkeiten vor- Der Beitrag ging aus von Trennung der zwei „Seinsordnungen“ Öffentlichkeit und Privatheit im perikleischen Athen sowie in der Aufklärungsbewegung. Mit der Aufklärung wurde der Bereich des Privaten in die bürgerliche Intimsphäre einerseits und die private Verkehrswirtschaft andererseits aufgeteilt; und bereits zuvor, in der frühen Neuzeit, wurde das Intime mit jenem Schamge- Cornelia Klinger aussetzt, die die Individuen nur in ihrer Privatsphäre erwerben können. Zwischen Öffentlichkeit und Privatheit bestehen Unterschiede, die für das Funktionieren von Gesellschaft notwendig erscheinen. Diese Unterschiede verdecken allerdings das wechselseitige Abhängigkeitsverhältnis, in dem die beiden Sektoren zu einander stehen. Kommentator: Karl Öllinger, Sozialsprecher und stellvertretender Klubobmann der Grünen im Nationalrat Kurt Imhof fühl besetzt, das es zum peinlichen Geheimnis macht und dadurch mit mit Spannung auflädt. Diese Spannung ist Voraussetzung für das, was Imhof als „spätmoderne Durchdringung des Öffentlichen mit dem Intimen“ bezeichnet. „Gerade weil wir gehemmt sind, haben Massenmedien eine Chance, das Intime als Ventil zu nutzen.“ Öffentliche Kommunikation sei mittlerweile intimer geworden als die private, sagte Imhof – „in Fernsehsendungen werden Dinge diskutiert, die wir mit unseren besten Freunden nicht besprechen würden.“ Das Intime erreicht den höchsten Nachrichtenwert und wird zum Geschäft der Medien. Kommentator: Wolfgang Zinggl, Kultursprecher der Grünen im Nationalrat In Kooperation mit der Grünen Bildungswerkstatt 18 No. 95 January – June 2007 Kurt Imhof ist Professor für Soziologie und Publizistik an der Universität Zürich und Leiter des Forschungsbereichs Öffentlichkeit und Gesellschaft | LECTURE SERIES The Decline of the Occident? Der Untergang des Abendlandes? Mai 24 June 5 Charles S. Maier Beate Roessler Impossible Cities? The Search for Public-Private Reciprocity in 1989 Der Wert des Privaten und die Kritik der Gesellschaft. Überlegungen zur Funktion des Privaten in der spätmodernen Gesellschaft What were the implications for the balance between the private and the public in the ideas of the Eastern European movements at the end of the Communist era? The lecture proposed that these movements were not just attempts to reassert the validity of the private sphere versus the Party-permeated public sphere, but to achieve a new, authentic In der politiktheoretischen und philosophischen Diskussion der letzten 20 Jahre gab es unterschiedliche Versuche, das Private normativ zu fassen. In diesen Versuchen wird der „Wert“ des Privaten jeweils verschieden bestimmt und begründet. Es lässt sich aber February 13 Harold James Europe and the Legacy of the Holy Roman Empire The lecture considered ways in which modern Europeans have tried to build a European identity as opposed to national identities. In particular, it examined Europe as a „postmodern state“, as an alternative to market economics, as a peaceful answer to security dilemmas, and as a cultural alternative to other ways of seeing and organizing the world. It Charles S. Maier Beate Roessler balance of private and public. It was the idea of “civil society” which became a hope and a promise then to bridge both spheres; civil society as a new imagination of community played a key role at the end of socialism. However, this ideal could not last: once the old regimes disappeared, conventional forms of political participation reemerged. “If civil society still plays a useful role, it is increasingly on the international level where we see the limits of nation-states in international action,” Maier maintained. Charles S. Maier is Leverett Saltonstall Professor of European History at Harvard University. auch, neben diesen theoretischen Bemühungen, eine eher diagnostisch orientierte Analyse darüber erstellen, wie sich das, was gesellschaftlich als privat begriffen wird, in den letzten Jahren geändert und verschoben hat: Unter dem Einfluss neuer Technologien ebenso wie mit den rechtsstaatlichen Entwicklungen nach 9/11 scheint der Wert des Privaten eine zunehmend geringere Rolle zu spielen. Der Vortrag zeichnete sowohl die theoretischen wie die gesellschaftlich-diagnostischen Linien nach und ging der Frage nach, wie sich - und ob überhaupt - eine normative Konzeption des Privaten übertragen und übersetzen lässt in eine Kritik an gesellschaftlichen Verhältnissen, in denen das Private offenbar zunehmend weniger relevant wird. Beate Roessler ist Professorin für Philosophie an der Universität Amsterdam; Socrates Professorin. Harold James concluded with an examination of the links and tensions between European identities and religious conceptions of world politics. Harold James is professor of History at Princeton University. He is an expert on economic and financial history, with a focus on German history during and between the two world wars. In Zusammenarbeit mit dem January – June 2007 No. 95 19 SEMINARS AND PROJECTS | DIOSCURI Final Conference There is still much talk about Eastern-Enlargement – but what about the other side of the coin, the Western enlargement of Eastern European societies? Since 2004 the IWM and its partners have been investigating ways of Program: 20 April 2007 Opening remarks by Viola Zentai and Janos Matyas Kovacs Keynote speech: David Stark, Department of Sociology, Columbia University Politicized business ties: Party affiliations and corporate networks in Hungary 21 April 2007 Research Field 1: Entrepreneurship J. M. Kovács; D. Stark cohabitation between the twin economic cultures of the „East“ and the „West“. The project whose name DIOSCURI invokes the mythological twin figures of Castor and Pollux, has explored the development of entrepreneurship, governance and economic knowledge in four East-Central European countries (the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia) and in four countries of SouthEastern Europe (Bulgaria, Croatia, Romania and Serbia). At a final conference on April 20 – 22 the researchers of the project presented their findings at the IWM. January – June 2007 Viola Zentai: The rise of a banking empire in Central and Eastern Europe. The Raiffeisen Bank International 22 April 2007 Research Field 3: Economic Knowledge Ulrich Brinkmann: Intrapreneurship: promises, ambiguities and limitations. The case of East-Germany Roumen Avramov: Think tanks in the world of applied economics. A comparative view across Eastern Europe Research Field 2: Governance Drago Cengic: Raiffeisen Bank in Croatia: are there limits to growth? Ildiko Erdei & Kamil Mares: From local to international and vice versa. Comparing five case studies of privatization in food and beverage industry Petya Kabakchieva & Katalin Kovacs: Transmitting Western norms to the East: The Sapard program as a tool for adjustment or as a hybrid Irena Kasparova: Zivnostenska Bank in the Czech Republic: reason, charisma and the legacy of the past Mladen Lazic: Becoming European – hard lessons from Serbia. The Topola Rural Development program Mikolaj Lewicki: “Lost in transformation”. Cultural encounters in multinational corporations investing in Central and Eastern Europe Slobodan Naumovic: Muddles in the model: Who gained what, how and from whom in an agricultural twinning project? Davor Topolcic: Successful rural entrepreneurs in the transition to capitalism: Hungary, Croatia and Bulgaria From May 12-14, 2007, fifty-two members of the QUING research team gathered in Vienna for the second workshop within the research project QUING – Quality in Gender+ Equality Policies – to evaluate the work done so far by all team members and to plan the steps ahead. The main objective of this workshop was to discuss current theoretical and methodological issues, such concepts seeking to address various forms of inequalities (intersectionality). A second focus was to familiarize researchers with the methodology that will be used for the five activities of QUING and to discuss how to develop it further in order to accommodate the ambitious goals of the project. No. 95 Ines Hofbauer: From ‘AustroKeynesianism’ to ‘Austro-Neoliberalism’. Austria’s adaptation to European economic cultures Tamas Dombos & Alice Navratilova: The European Parliament from a Central European perspective: MEPs narratives QUING-Workshop 20 Vesna Vucinic: Intercultural experiences of Hauzmajstor: A case study of repatriate entrepreneurship in Serbia Florian Nitu: SAPARD in Romania Matevz Tomsic: Slovenian members of the European Parliament: between the national and the European political space Vojmir Franicevic: New institutionalism in Croatia: An essay on its reception Jacek Kochanowicz: A bumpy road to the West: Reforming economic education in Eastern Europe Janos Matyas Kovács: Beyond the basic instinct? On the reception of new institutional economics in Eastern Europe Balazs Varadi: Marx Károly learns Microeconomics Media Zsuzsa Vidra: The press representation of multinational companies in Eastern Europe - a comparative study. The object of collective desire? The images of the EU in Eastern Europe during the pre-accession period | SEMINARS AND PROJECTS At the end of each term, the Junior Visiting Fellows present the results of their work. The conference on June 13 was entitled „Time, Memory, and Cultural Change“ Junior Visiting Fellows Conference Program Session I Andreas Gémes: American Intelligence Organizations in Post-War Austria Viktoria Sereda: Politics of Memory and Urban Landscape: the Case of Lviv after World War II The final difference between Kafka and Nietzsche shown by Shai Biderman Session II Sean Dempsey: The Genesis of Responsibility: Aesthetic Education and the Neighbor Vern Walker: Precarious Poverty and Other Words Without Delicacies: Building a Lexicon for a Poetics of Pacifism Thomas Carroll: Wittgenstein and Method in the Study of Religion The party´s motto: Being a pirate Session III Shai Biderman: The Metaphysics of Self: K and the Overman David Nichols: Antigone’s Autochthonous Voice: Echoes in Sophocles, Hölderlin, and Heidegger“ Session IV Christina Kleiser: Avishai Margalit’s Idea of an ‘Ethics of Memory’ and its Relevance for a Multicultural Europe Svetla Kazalarska: Contemporary Art as ars memoriae: Curatorial Strategies for Challenging the Post-Communist Condition Roundtable Discussion and Party Eurozine Editorial Board Meeting, Vienna, 9-11 March 2007 The spring meeting of the Editorial Board of Eurozine was hosted by IWM whose journal Transit – Europäische Revue is a founding member of this network of European cultural journals, currently linking up 70 partner journals and many associated magazines and institutions from nearly all European countries. Eurozine (www.eurozine.com) is also a netmagazine which publishes outstanding articles from its partner journals with additional translations into the major European languages. A selection of articles feeds into thematical debates like “Changing Europe: Fifty Years of European Integration”; “Postsecular Europe”; and “European Histories: Towards a Grand Narrative?” The agenda of the meeting included discussion on new partners and associates, further cooperations, fundraising and prospective focal points, as well as on the next annual conference. After Istanbul (2005) and London (2006) the 20th meeting of European cultural journals will take place in September 2007 in Sibiu, Romania. January – June 2007 No. 95 21 IHS BOSTON | EU Member States in Focus During the spring of 2007, the Institute for Human Sciences at Boston University organized seven events – a photo-documentary on the Roma of Slovakia by Milena Jesenská fellow Julie Denesha, a lecture on global healthcare challenges by Dr. Stefan Winter, Professor of Medicine and Secretary of State for Labor, Health, and Social Affairs in the government of North Rhine-Westphalia, poetry readings by Adam Zagajewski and Hans Magnus Enzensberger, two panel discussions on the European Union at 50 featuring members of the local diplomatic corps, and a Europe Day lecture by Germany’s former foreign minister Joschka Fischer. Julie Denesha’s February 13 presentation, “The Outcasts of Europe: Life Among the Roma of Slovakia,” provided a window into the lives of Roma people, whose plight Denesha revealed with journalistic acumen and caring sensitivity. As the European Union expands eastward, the haunting images of Europe’s forgotten citizens present a dilemma to a polity that requires candidate countries to demonstrate institutions guaranteeing human rights and respect for and protection of minorities. Stefan Winter’s March 6 lecture on “Global Health Care Challenges in the 21st Century,” moderated by Professor Mark Allan, Faculty Director of Boston University’s Health Sector Management program, focused on the changes in health care practice and management in the United States and Europe and raised such questions as: What is the price we are willing to bear, as a society, to maintain social cohesion? Winter, whose research interests include applied health pol- 22 No. 95 January – June 2007 H. M. Enzensberger; I. Gross icy, prevention and health promotion, international biomedical ethics, and global development of new technologies in health care, stressed the role of prevention in mitigating the economic challenges. As part of its popular “Poetry and Politics” series, the Institute hosted renowned poets Adam Zagajewski and Hans Magnus Enzensberger. Zagajewski spoke on March 19, Enzensberger on April 17; both discussions were led by Institute director Irena Grudzinska Gross. On March 28, in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Treaties of Rome, the Institute organized a panel discussion entitled “The European Union: United in Diversity” featuring the local consuls of England, Ireland, France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece. A follow-up discussion on “East Central Europe and the European Union” featuring the honorary consuls of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia was held on April 26. Alan Berger, Senior Editorial Page Editor at the Boston Globe, moderated both discussions. Finally, on Europe Day, May 9, Joschka Fischer delivered the Max Kade Lecture at Boston University on “Germany and the Future of Europe.” Looking at the ordinary The March 28 and April 26 panel discussions took place as part of a larger project of the Boston Institute entitled “Getting to Know the European Union: Member States in Focus.” The goal of the project, which is generously supported by the European Commission Delegation in Washington DC, is to generate knowledge of everyday life in the member states of the European Union, to analyze the various ways European Union membership has influenced life in those countries and to raise local awareness in the US of the European Union’s growing economic and political importance, in particular as partner to the United States. The panel discussions will be followed, during the fall, by a series of public debates with the Ambassadors of France, Germany, Spain, Portugal, Bulgaria and Romania. The debates will center on the question: “What does it mean, in practice, to be a member of the European Union?” While many of the Institute’s previous activities, including lectures by European Commissioners, have addressed this question from the vantage point of Brussels, these debates, in an effort to engage ordinary citizens and to highlight | IHS BOSTON local economic, social, and cultural connections to Europe, bring individual member state perspectives into focus. In addition to the public forums, the project will involve the creation of a new website (www.euforyou.org), featuring an audio archive of IHS events, interviews, podcasts, and stories from Europe. During the first year, stories will be selected according to the following themes: borders, forgotten citizens, and solidarity. The website will also have an interactive component, including a blog and a virtual forum, in order to facilitate ongoing discussion of the EU on the part of the public, both in the United States and in Europe. The new European story In a column written immediately following the January 1 accession of Romania and Bulgaria into the European Union, IHS Board member Timothy Garton Ash described the European Union as “27 states in search of a story.” In subsequent columns, he has pursued the issue, suggesting Europe can construct a political narrative in terms of shared goals of freedom, peace, and pros- perity. According to Garton Ash, the EU at 50 is in a state of malaise, and the remedy he proposes is a new narrative, even though it cannot be a single one. He understands the new European story will be characterized by local and particular elements, by diversity, and he appreciates what the Slovene poet Ales Debeljak has referred to as Europe’s “multicultural competence.” The new narrative will have common threads and common values. Deeper meanings of citizenship Our goal in the program “Getting to Know the European Union” is to look at the changes in the every day lives of European citizens. In this way, we hope to engage the public in a serious debate on the European Union that goes beyond its political and structural aspects and considers instead the deeper meanings of “citizenship” in a community, nation, and beyond. The emphasis on the local, the particular, is a deliberate attempt to find one of the meanings, not to impose it from above. That meaning could not be found in the repetition of the old narrative from the pre-European Union past, but by allowing citizens to tell their new story, the story of living in and constructing a new European reality. The individual stories will also allow Americans to understand, anecdotally, the European Union and the principles that underlie it. For all its shortcomings, the European Union presents Americans with an alternative model of citizenship – albeit still in formation – that is both local and regional. We hope that in the encounter with Europe, Americans will gain additional tools with which to evaluate their own place in the world. Although focused on Europe, the project envisions the emergence of a global non-confrontational culture with a revitalized transatlantic partnership at its core. Americans are connected to Europe in myriad ways – culturally, economically, and historically – and Americans value these connections. Yet, while there have been some signs of convergence recently, public opinion on both sides of the Atlantic remains deeply divided. Facing the promises and threats of the future will require deeper understanding on both sides. Elizabeth Amrien "`iÀ `V \ V iÃi] >à `ii V ° 7i > ià >ÕV `Ài Ì Õ` Üi`iÌ° >Ì LiLÌ\ , -/ , ÃÌ `i <iÌÕ} vØÀ iÃiÀ° 1` `i LiÜiÃi >ÌÕ}° i ii Õ` iÀÃÌ ÀiV Ì Li iÃi° V `ii] >à iÃi V ° { 7V i }À>Ìà iÃi\ `iÀ-Ì>`>À`°>ÌÉL `iÀ än£ä ÉÓä Îä {ä i <iÌÕ} vØÀ iÃiÀ FELLOWS & GUESTS | Visiting Fellows Gudrun Ankele Doktorandin in Germanistik und Kunstgeschichte, Universität Graz; Akademie der Bildenden Künste, Wien, ÖAW DOC-Team-Stipendiatin stra as the self which overcomes the absurdity and affirms life. In both cases, however, the discussion of selfhood and identity is that of an ongoing metamorphosis, which corresponds to questionably-rooted metaphysical dispositions, or their lack of. Junior Visiting Fellow (September 2006 - June 2007) Manifeste und Feminismen. Politische Potenziale einer Text-Geste Meine Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Manifesten, in denen Geschlechterkonzepte angegriffen und neu entworfen werden. Feministische Manifeste markieren politische Prozesse der Subjektivierung. Wie kann die Text-Geste „Manifest“ für diese Prozesse produktiv werden? Die Dissertation ist Teil eines von der ÖAW geförderten DocTeam Projektes, das nach feministischen Praktiken und deren Wirksamkeit fragt. Shai Biderman Ph.D. candidate in Philosophy, Boston University Junior Visiting Fellow (February - June 2007) Nietzsche and Kafka on Self, Language and Art Friedrich Nietzsche and Franz Kafka are both commonly identified with the philosophical current of Existentialism, which deals with questions of personal identity. Kafka presents the protagonist K as an archetypal model of the incomprehensible self; Nietzsche, on the other hand, creates the image of Zarathu- 24 No. 94 Fall 2006 Anselm Böhmer Lehrbeauftragter der Pädagogischen Hochschule Freiburg Guest (February 2007) Asubjektivität bei Jan Patočka Jan Patočka’s concept of asubjectivity deals with the problem of appearance as itself. He emphasizes a “field of appearance” which opens an area of phenomenality before subjectivity as well as objectivity can occur. The project asks for asubjective perspectives of polyvalent connections between ego and responsive forms of ethics and alternative relationships of politics and history. Stefanie Bolzen Editor of Die WELT, Berlin Milena Jesenská Fellow (March May 2007) The Generation Transit: Youth in Central and South Eastern Europe in a reuniting Continent The last three years have witnessed a significant expansion of the European Union to 10 new countries of Central and Eastern Europe. This has led to much media comment about a „Generation €“ of young ambitious Europeans from „the East“ eager to conquer the „old Europe“. The research focuses on three countries - Slovakia, Romania and Kosovo - at different stages of European integration in order to explore the European identity of a generation that is set to mould the future shape of the EU. Thomas Carroll Ph.D. candidate in Religion, Boston University Junior Visiting Fellow (January – June 2007) Isolation, Trust and Identity: Themes in Reading Wittgenstein on Religion At IWM I am studying Ludwig Wittgenstein’s remarks on religion. To better appreciate Wittgenstein’s religious context, I am researching the history of Viennese Jewish culture and the social conditions under which some families converted to Catholicism. A second part of my research concerns the concept of social trust, a precondition for linguistic communication in Wittgenstein’s philosophy. Christoph Conrad Professor of Contemporary History, University of Geneva Körber Visiting Fellow (March – August 2007) A Trans-National Focus on national historiographies: Europe in the 20th century Historians transform the past into a mostly national history. How can these various historiographies be compared and related? I am attempting to define some perspectives for such a transnational study: the functions of historians in the service of the state and civil society constitute one such axis, the spread of schools or “paradigms” is another. Finally, I will consider the tensions between methodological nationalism and Europeanization empirically. Sean Dempsey Ph.D. candidate in Religion, Boston University Junior Visiting Fellow (January - June 2007) „A Neighbor Within the House“: The State of Emergency and the Emergence of Political Consciousness Building upon recent articulations of the “neighbor” as a political category that shifts the political topography away from an inside / outside dynamic of friends and enemies, this project investigates how modern political consciousn- | FELLOWS & GUESTS ess emerged out of the logic of the sovereign exception, and how a more neighborly political world may require the reformulation of traditional concepts about tolerance, secularization, and belief. Julie Denesha Photojournalist Milena Jesenská Visiting Fellow (June – August 2007) Outcasts: The Roma of Slovakia Of Slovakia’s half million Roma, one quarter live in ghettoes lacking safe drinking water and basic sanitation. In the summer of 2003, I spent four months living with families in four different Roma communities both urban and rural, documenting daily life in the isolated settlements of Slovakia. I intend to return to continue my documentation with an interest in some of the changes since Slovakia joined the European Union. James Dodd Assistant Professor of Philosophy, New School for Social Research / Eugene Lang College, New York Guest (May 2007) Towards a Phenomenology of War While at the IWM I will be researching the historical and theoretical contributions of phenomenological philosophy to an understanding of war. The focus of the project will be part historical, tracing the influence of the experience of war in the 20th century on the phenomenological movement, and part theoretical, evaluating the potential contributions of phenomenology towards formulating a viable philosophical perspective on the problems of violence. Andreas Gémes Doktorand in Geschichte, Universität Graz, ÖAW DOCStipendiat Junior Visiting Fellow (March – August 2007) Entlang des Eisernen Vorhanges. My dissertation project deals with the evolution of the relation between the two neighboring states Austria and Hungary from 1955 to 1958 and focuses on the Hungarian revolution of 1956. The intention of my project is to thoroughly analyze Austria’s role before, during and after the Hungarian revolution on the basis of Austrian and Hungarian primary sources. Special attention is given to border issues and the role of secret services. Saskia Haag Doktorandin in Germanistik, Universität Wien, ÖAW DOCStipendiatin Junior Visiting Fellow (September 2006 – March 2007) The Poetics of Private Space. Investigating a Narrative Paradigm of Nineteenth Century’s German Literature. From around 1800 on the disintegration of the classical episteme can be typically traced in literary notions of the house, the home and the private. Most prominently, the writings of Adalbert Stifter (1805-1868) deal with the aporetic status of private space in early modernity. By focusing on Stifter’s novels, my project investigates in what way the poetics of private space are not only related to but also effective in nineteenth century’s literary discourse. Martin Hala Freelance journalist, Prague Milena Jesenská Fellow (March – June 2007) Modernity and its Discontents. CounterEnlightenment in Europe’s Intellectual History se influenced later critics of the Enlightenment tradition, like Immanuel Wallerstein or Michel Foucault. The aim is to achieve better understanding of intellectual processes that shaped the identity of modern, secular and democratic Europe, now seemingly again confronted with some of the previously disputed issues, such as the role of religion(s) and limits to free expression. Tiiu Hallap Lecturer in Philosophy of Science, Tartu University Paul Celan Fellow (January – June 2007) David Hume: Treatise of Human Nature (English > Estonian) During my stay at the IWM I will work on the Estonian translation of David Hume’s (1711-1776) Treatise of human nature. Hume’s Treatise is one of the great works in the history of philosophy which influenced, among others, Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham and Charles Darwin. Contemporary thinkers recognize Hume as one of the most thoroughgoing exponents of philosophical naturalism. My project is to explore the negative conceptual reactions contemporaneous with the onset of European Enlightenment and Modernity as described by Isaiah Berlin and others, and to see how this counter-current discourNo. 94 Fall 2006 25 FELLOWS & GUESTS | Daniela Kalkandjieva Scientific Secretary, Center for Interreligious Dialogue and Conflict Prevention, St. Kliment Ohridsky University of Sofia Andrew W. Mellon Visiting Fellow (January – March 2007) The Impact of Orthodoxy on the Euro-Integration Process The project analyzes the impact of Orthodox Christianity on the Eurointegration. It is aimed at identifying the ways in which Orthodoxy could enhance or block this process. Its first part analyzes the structure and specific features of the Orthodox Church that makes her an important factor in international affairs, while the second part is focused on her teaching and practice and discusses the compatibility of Orthodoxy with European values. Kristina Kallert Freelance translator and lecturer in Czech language, University of Regensburg Paul Celan Fellow (February – May 2007) dokumentiert jedoch auch den „westlichen“ Versuch einer symbiotischen Alternative. Nicht zuletzt darüber will die erste vollständige Übersetzung das Gespräch anregen. Svetla Kazalarska Teaching Assistant of Cultural Anthropology and Cultural Heritage, St. Kliment Ohridsky University of Sofia Körber Junior Visiting Fellow (January – June 2007) Contemporary Art as ars memoriae. Curatorial Strategies for Challenging the “Postcommunist Condition” The project looks at thematic group exhibitions of contemporary visual art from Central and Eastern Europe, set up both in the East and the West after 1989, as a possible medium carrying the memories of the communist past. I am interested in the specific curatorial strategies and artistic practices for re-inventing the past and negotiating post-communist identities, mapping the new geographies of art and re-positioning the “former East”. Jirí Langer: Devet bran (Czech > German) Jirí Langer (Prag 1894, Tel Aviv 1943) steht an der Schnittstelle zwischen lateinischer und jüdisch-orientalischer Tradition. Die neun Tore gehen zurück auf seine Studienjahre bei den Chassiden in Belz (1913-1918), die durch ihre Berührung mit der italienischen Renaissance (Luzzatto) eine Sondergemeinde bildeten. Das Werk versammelt religionsgeschichtlich einzigartige Zeugnisse, 26 No. 94 Fall 2006 Christina Kleiser Ph.D. candidate in history, University of Vienna Junior Visiting Fello (January – June 2007) Constitutive Conditions of a Culture of Memory in the European Context My project aims at initiating a critical discussion about the relevance of memory work that is motivated by the historical experiences in the 20th century as a century of wars, genocides, mass extermination, and expulsions. For this purpose I focus on two main dimensions of the concept of memory work: the ethical and the political, by examining their significance in the philosophical and literary works of Avishai Margalit, Paul Ricœur and Jorge Semprún. Sandra Lehmann Habilitandin (Philosophie), Franz Rosenzweig Minerva Research Center Jerusalem, ÖAW APART-Stipendiatin Visiting Fellow (August – January 2007) Grundlagen einer Ontologie aus dem Glauben Ich versuche in meinem Projekt zu zeigen, dass die Ebene der menschlichen Welterschließung vorprädikativ liegt. Der Umgang mit dem, was in der Welt begegnet, ist also primär ein solcher unmittelbarer Seinsgewissheit, die noch vor sachlichem Verstehen oder begrifflichem Wissen liegt. Die Strukturen dieser Seinsgewissheit oder dieses Seinsglaubens, insbesondere seines Verhältnisses zum Zeitlichkeitscharakter der weltlichen Erfahrung, gilt es auszulegen. Die Bezugspunkte dafür sind eine existentiell ansetzende Philosophie (später Schelling, Kierkegaard, Rosenzweig) sowie die Phänomenologien Husserls und Heideggers. David Nichols Ph.D. candidate in Religious and Theological Studies, Boston University Junior Visiting Fellow (January – June 2007) Antigone’s Autochthonous Voice: Echoes in Sophocles, Hölderlin, and Heidegger Martin Heidegger’s 1942 lecture course, Hölderlins Hymne »Der Ister«, facilitated a confrontation with Greek tragedy by way of Friedrich Hölderlin. Heidegger draws upon Sophocles’ theme of autochthony in order to „ground“ western philosophy in the Greeks. He also roots human identity in poetry as a primordial experience of language. I challenge whether Heidegger’s encounter with Greek tragedy, centered upon the poet, provides an adequate alternative to the dislocation of modern subjectivity. Astrid Peterle Doktorandin in Geschichte, Universität Wien, ÖAW DOC-TeamStipendiatin Junior Visiting Fellow (September 2006 - February 2007) Subversiv? Körperinszenierungen von Künstlerinnen im 20. und 21. Jahrhundert. My dissertation project is part of a DOC-Team sponsored by the Austrian Academy of Sciences (DOC-Team: „Viel versucht, nichts erreicht? Körper und Sprache als Medium der Subversion. Eine Genealogie feministischer Interventionen im 20. Jahrhundert.“). I analyze the stagings of bodies by three artists: the French | FELLOWS & GUESTS multidisciplinary artist Claude Cahun (1894 – 1954), the New York-based performanceartist Karen Finley (*1956), and the Danish/Brussels-based choreographer and dancer Mette Ingvartsen (*1980). Martin Reisigl Habilitand in Sprachwissenschaft, Universität Wien, ÖAW APART-Stipendiat Visiting Fellow (January - June 2007) Diskurs, Diskurstheorie und Diskursanalyse. Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme und Weiterentwicklung The first principal aim of my project is to elaborate a historically, (meta)theoretically and methodologically reflected synopsis of selected discourse theoretical and discourse analytical approaches in linguistics, sociology, philosophy, history, political science, psychology and literary studies. The second goal is the integrative further development of the linguistically grounded Viennese approach of Critical Discourse Analysis on the basis of the evaluation. Dirk Rupnow Habilitand, Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Universität Wien, ÖAW APARTStipendiat Visiting Fellow (April – September 2007) „Judenforschung“ im „Dritten Reich“: Wissenschaft – Propaganda – Ideologie – Politik Antisemitic research on Jewish history and culture (“Judenforschung”) established itself in the Nazi state as a transdisciplinary but distinct scholarly field. This project will examine antiJewish scholarship in the Third Reich, its institutions and actors, as well as its goals, themes, and methods in a concentrated and exhaustive manner. It will also analyze its function and practices within the coordinates of scholarship, propaganda, ideology and politics, and consider both, the beginning of “Judenforschung” as well as its repercussions and reception after 1945. Alexandra Starr NPR correspondent, contributor to Slate Milena Jesenská Visiting Fellow (April – July 2007) Reconfiguring European Identity: Immigration in Austria, Ireland, and Spain During my stay at the IWM, I will be studying the impact of immigration in Austria, Ireland, and Spain. These three countries have adopted quite different federal responses to the migration of foreigners into their borders, and I will compare and contrast the various policies. In addition to analyzing these federal prescriptions, I will also provide an on-theground look at the impact immigration is having on communities, and how it is affecting countries’ historical identities. Meline Toumani Freelance journalist, (contributor to The New York Times, The Nation, Salon.com, n+1 and others) Milena Jesenská Visiting Fellow (February – March 2007) Reform and Backlash in Turkey, and the Role of the European Union During my stay at the IWM, I’m studying Turkey’s membership negotiations with the European Union, and how the EU’s demands for changes to Turkish laws on minority rights and freedom of expression have contributed to a cycle of reform and backlash in Turkey, as groups with starkly different ideologies struggle to define the country’s future. My research here is part of a larger project, a book that will be published by Random House, about Turkey and Armenia. Vern Walker Ph.D. candidate in Comparative Literature, Binghamton University, New York Fulbright Visiting Fellow (October 2006 – June 2007) Poetics of Pacifism: A Literary Development Toward the Necessary Problem of Pacifist Thought – Wittgenstein, Bachmann, Blanchot Outside the rhetoric of political and religious justifications of historical and present day pacifist movements, this project seeks to develop the concept of pacifism through the study of language and literature. Its intention is to construct the problem inherent in the thought of pacifism as it is akin to the uses and limits of language. More specifically, it focuses on the literary works of Ingeborg Bachmann who wrote of post World War II Austria, as well as how her thought was influenced by the philosophical writings on Wittgenstein, Simone Weil, and related to that of Maurice Blanchot. Andrzej Waskiewicz Associate Professor of Political Philosophy, University of Warsaw Andrew W. Mellon Visiting Fellow (April - June 2007) Living Aside. A Study in the History of A-Social Philosophy The project pursued at the IWM is part of the whole book which develops the Simmelian concept of strangeness. The strangers presented in the subsequent chapters live ‘aside’, that is neither inside the community, nor apart from other people. They have steady, established relationships with community members and get along with them on friendly terms, without being strongly bound to them or by them. Physically, they live close to other people, their neighbors, but spiritually they are rather far away from them. Strangeness of this kind, represented also by a Stoic Philosopher, a Christian Pilgrim, a Man of Nature, and a Natural Scientist, is shown in the book as a specific social condition. No. 94 Fall 2006 27 FROM THE FELLOWS | A Certain “also hier” Experience Estonian impressions from Vienna. By Tiiu Hallap When you travel to a new country or city, your perception of the place will depend on many things. Some of them have nothing to do with the place itself. For instance, your impressions will depend not only on who you yourself are and what your current situation is, but also on how much you have travelled elsewhere and on what you know. With this trivial but necessary introductory remark I will describe some features of my experience in Vienna. Chronologically, the almost ubiquitous presence of the Balkans was one of my first impressions. My previous notion of Vienna contained the usual ingredients: the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the opera, Strauss, psychoanalysis, “the Viennese Circle” etc. It also included an almost self-evident idea that people speak German in this city. So it was a surprise to notice that in some districts, instead of German, some Southern Slavonic language – Serbian or Slovenian – prevails. At the visual level, on the contrary, the streets look more homogenous than I expected, except for those many women with long robes and headscarfs which seem to be worn on every occasion, even when jogging. Balkan and Bones The Balkans are also there on a more intellectual level. In a bookshop I happened to skim through a collection of reflections by Serbian architect and writer Bogdan Bog- 28 No. 95 January – June 2007 danovic entitled “Die grüne Schachtel” which immediately seemed interesting. Several newspapers discussed the latest book by Bosnian writer and philosopher Dzevad Karahasan “Berichte aus der dunklen Welt”. Then, there have been seminars at the IWM devoted to topics concerning South-Eastern Europe, and some fellows and guests of the institute come from this region as well. Alongside the presence of the Balkans, there is the presence of all kinds of great names. There is an old Jesuit joke. Someone claims to have found the bones of Jesus. High priests gather around the alleged grave to watch the excavations. One of the Jesuits, secretly, whispers to another: “Also hat er doch gelebt!” A similar thought often occurred to me during my first weeks in Vienna – when walking around, looking at the monuments and memorial plates, and, especially, when studying the city map to find a walking route and noticing an abundance of streets carrying all kinds of famous names. So they all did indeed exist ... “Also hier haben sie gelebt!” This feeling is of course a bit irrational. When I started to reflect on which of the celebrities “cartographically” present in Vienna have an actual connection to the place, it became evident that many of them may have none. I am not sure whether Dürer, Rembrandt, Goethe or Spinoza have ever set foot in Vienna. Some others, however, undoubtedly have. In retrospect, this initial feeling and a quite literal interpretation of the names on the map seem to me comical but nevertheless the “also hier!”-experience retains some of its charm. You may almost forget the sea Then there is the Danube. The Danube is important. For someone who has grown up by the sea getting used to the inland is difficult. The sea gives you a feeling of breadth and freedom. It has specific sounds and smells which are hard, if not impossible, to imitate elsewhere. But still! On the banks of the Danube – especially when you ride a bicycle along Donauinsel – you may almost forget that you are far from the sea. This river, too, is capable of arousing those feelings of breadth and freedom; the fresh wind, the thought of its two-thousand-kilometre-length and of the Black Sea into which the river finally flows … And of course, the Danube is large in another sense. On a Sunday ride, I stopped for a while on the Steinspernbrücke, near the rowing centre, to watch a boat. There was a man sitting in the boat, motionlessly, waiting for something, or thinking a thought. I waited with him, and a comparison came to mind. In Tartu, where I live, there is also a river running through the town. It is one of the biggest in Estonia, and it has a rowing centre on one of its banks as well. So in Tartu I also sometimes stand on a bridge and watch a boat. But | FROM THE FELLOWS the proportions of the river and the boat are entirely different. From the Steinspernbrücke, this boat in the middle of the Danube looked really tiny, even frighteningly small. It was only at this moment of comparison that I became completely aware of the grandeur of the river. Finally philosophy Finally, there is the presence of philosophy. In general, I think I encounter philosophy more often in the media than I am used to. In a weekly newspaper supplement you may find the reflections of a cultural philosopher, an educational debate contains an overview of a philosopher’s latest theory, and a review of new fiction informs you that an author has a degree in philosophy. Here again, questions arise. Can this perception be reduced to the mere fact that in the Estonian culture the philosophical tradition is quite young and, accordingly, the impact of philosophers on society is insignificant? Is the apparent presence of philosophy in general discourse char- acteristic of the Austrian cultural tradition? Naturally, one also comes to ask whether, in the end, this is not all just an illusion. On the day of the marathon, when I was watching the first echelon of runners cross the Friedensbrücke, an elderly Viennese lady engaged me in conversation. It turned out that she had also studied physics, as I had myself. The name of David Hume on whose “Treatise of Human Nature” I have been working at the IWM was familiar to her as well. Forty years ago, when she had attended university, philosophy had been an inevitable part of a physicist’s education. The way she said this made me think it is probably not so anymore. How do I perceive the general atmosphere of Vienna, the style of this city? I would sum it up by saying that Vienna seems a good place for peaceful existence. It may not be a city stormed by young people in pursuit of intensity or success. There is a lack of aspiration in the air. People do not aspire to be anywhere because they are already there. They diepresse.com Für die, die selbst entscheiden. have achieved the goal. They already live, and indulge in pleasures – in some quiet, moderate, Aristotelian way. And indeed: the harmonious architectural environment, the great blue river with excellent picnic areas on its banks, the parks and promenades for walking and jogging, all those concert halls, museums and cafés – maybe it really would be foolish to strive for more in a place like this? Just be. Live. Tiiu Hallap is Lecturer in Philosophy of Science at Tartu University, Estonia. From January to June she was Paul-Celan Fellow at the IWM working on a translation of Davie Hume’s “Treatise of Human Nature” from English to Estonian. The Paul Celan fellowship-program is dedicated to the exchange of relevant literature from East- to WestEurope and vice versa. We especially thank the Erste Foundation for supporting this fellowship-program. VARIA | Varia I Behind the scenes nothing but skulls – on May 23 a group of IWM fellows was given the opportunity to visit a non-public part of the Natural History Museum. Dr. Margit Berner, who works as a curator at the NHM, led a “behind the scenes” tour through the anthropological collection. The impressive and somehow disturbing depot raises que- stions about the ways of collecting and exhibiting human remains – especially since the involvement of the museum’s anthropological department with the Nazi racial policy after 1938. ■ At times gory was the collection of films shown by Junior Visiting Fellow Shai Biderman at the Institute’s library. During his stay Biderman established a philosophical film-club; the screenings, among them Ingmar Bergman’s “Cries and Whispers”, Francis Ford Coppola’s “Rumble Fish”, and – due to its setting in Vienna – “The Third Man” with Orson Welles, were followed by intense discussions, and the Institute hopes to find a successor for this picture-driven initiative. Varia II Wien ist eine Räuberhöhle: Im vergangenen Jahr sind Diebe in die Wohnung des IWM Direktors eingebrochen, und sie nahmen als Wertgegenstände fast ausschließlich seine Orden mit. Für den Orde pour le Merite kamen sie allerdings zu früh: Diese Auszeichnung für Verdienste um den österreichisch-französichen Kulturaustausch erhielt Krzysztof Michalski in diesem Jahr; am 22. Februar überreichte der französischen Botschafter in Wien, Pierre Viaux, den renommierten Orden. - Ebenfalls ausgezeichnet wurde Klaus Nellen; er erhielt (zusammen mit Ivan Dubsky and Jiri Polivka) die „Patočka Medaille“ der Akademie der Wissenschaften der Tschechischen Republik. ■ Dank einer großzügigen Spende kann das IWM in diesem Jahr ein journalistisches Stipendium mehr als gewohnt ausschreiben. Gerfried Sperl, Chefredakteur der Tageszeitung „Der Standard“, erhielt den Kurt Vorhofer Preis und spendete das Preisgeld für ein zusätzliches Milena Jesenská Fellowship; eine weitere (anonyme) Spende ermöglicht, dass die Schriftstellerin und Journalistin Slavenka Drakulic ein zweites Mal für längere Zeit am IWM arbeiten und schreiben kann. ■ Im ersten Halbjahr 2007 sind Persönlichkeiten verstorben, die mit dem Institut verbunden waren, Carl-Friedrich von Weizsäcker († 28. April 2007) war Mitglied des wissenschaftlichen Beirats des IWM und langjähriger Unterstützer; Richard Rorty († 8. Juni 2007) war 1993 Gast-Fellow am Institut, aus seinen IWM-Vorlesungen zur modernen Philosophie entstand das Buch „Hoffnung statt Erkenntnis“ (Passagen-Verlag, 1994); Ryszard Kapuscinski († 23. Januar 2007) gehörte zu den wichtigen Beitragenden der IWM Vorlesungen zu den Wissenschaften vom Menschen. 30 No. 95 January – June 2007 | TRAVELS AND TALKS Travels and Talks Christoph Conrad Cornelia Klinger Körber Visiting Fellow Permanent Fellow Vorträge: „Ein historiographischer Sonderfall? Die nationalgeschichtliche Tradition der Schweiz in vergleichender Perspektive“ und „Das Robotbild der Konsument/inn/en: Marktforschung in den ersten Nachkriegsjahrzehnten“, sowie Leitung des Panels „Schlüsselphasen schweizerischer Sozialpolitik im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert“ beim Kongress 1. Schweizerische Geschichtstage, Universität Bern (15.17. März 2007) Vortrag: „Vom Interieur via Innerlichkeit zum Eigenheim. Eine Besichtigung privater Innenräume in Begleitung von Walter Benjamin“, im Rahmen der Ringvorlesung Öffentlichkeit/Privatheit/Geschlecht. Alte Kategorien - neue Verhältnisse?, Gender Kolleg der Universität Wien (11. Januar 2007) Vortrag: „Wenden in der jüngeren Geschichtsschreibung“, Institut für Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte, Universität Wien (17. April 2007) Participation in workshop “Studying Historical Audiences’ Reception,” European University Institute, Florenz (14.-16. Juni 2007) Ludger Hagedorn Patočka Project Vortrag: „Jan Patočkas (Nach-)Europa“, Workshop des Collegium Carolinum, München (26. März 2007) Vortrag: „Jenseits von Mythos und Aufklärung. Religion bei Patočka“, auf der Konferenz Jan Patočka 1907 – 1977, Prag (26. April 2007) Vortrag: „Geschlecht als prominentes Beispiel für binäre Kategorien im abendländischen Denken“, im Rahmen der Ringvorlesung Geschlecht in Wissenskulturen, Graduiertenkolleg der Humboldt Universität Berlin (13. Februar 2007) Vortrag: „Achsen der Ungleichheit“, im Institutscolloquium der Berlin Graduate School of Social Sciences, Institut für Sozialwissenschaften, HumboldtUniversität zu Berlin (14. Februar 2007) Vortrag: „Science Talk“, Neue Galerie Graz (1. März 2007) Teilnahme an der Diskussion Geisteswissenschaften – „Schlüsselqualifikationen für demokratische Gesellschaften?“, 9. Ernst Mach Forum im Wiener Rathaus (18. April 2007) Kommentar zur Wiener Vorlesung von Eric Kandel zum Thema „Biologie und Kultur der Erinnerung“ im Wiener Rathaus (30. Mai 2007) Vortrag: „Maskulinität und Subjektivität“, interdisziplinäres Forschungssymposium Maskulinität als performative Praxis, Universität Hamburg (16. Juni 2007) Kompaktseminar: „Figurationen des Anderen im Denken der Moderne: Orientalismus - Primitivismus - Exotismus – Erotik“, am philosophischen Seminar der Universität Tübingen (28. - 30. Juni 2007) Sandra Lehmann Klaus Nellen Permanent Fellow Participation in the conference Jan Patočka 1907 – 1977, Prague (22.-28. April 2007) Dirk Rupnow Visiting Fellow Vortrag: „Judenforschung. Die nationalsozialistische Aneignung jüdischer Geschichte“, im Rahmen der Ringvorlesung Wissen – Macht – Wissensmacht, Universität Wien (Mai 2007) Visiting Fellow Vortrag: „Theologische Denkfiguren in der Philosophie“, Universität Wien (25. Januar 2007) Krzysztof Michalski Permanent Fellow Interview: „Inny Punkt Widzenia” (Another Point of View) with Polish TV channel TVN24 (8. April 2007) Interview: „Plomien Wiecznosci” with Pawel Dybel, in: Nowe Ksiazki (Mai 2007) Discussion: „Czy Nietzsche by religijny“ (War Nietzsche ein religiöser Denker?) with Leszek Kolakowski and Jan Andrzej Kloczowski; in: EUROPA (DZIENNIK), 9 June 2007, no. 23 (166) Discussion: „Co Po Śmierci Boga“ (Nach dem Tod Gottes) with Krystian Lupa in Cracow Theatre, published in: Gazeta Wyborcza, 12/13 May 2007 Michael Staudigl Visiting Fellow Vortrag: „Gewalt: Begriffe – Formen – Genese“, Pädagogisches Institut der Stadt Wien (29. März 2007) Vortrag: „Zerstörter Sinn – Entzogene Welt – Zerbrochenes Wir. Über Gewalt im Rahmen einer a-subjektiven Phänomenologie“, auf der Konferenz Jan Patočka. 1907-1977, Prag (26. April 2007) Vortrag: “Sur la violence dans le cadre d’une phénoménologie a-subjective”, at the conference Monde et existence humaine. En hommage à Jan Patočka, Centre d’anthropologie philosophique, Université Louvain la Neuve, Belgien (26. Mai 2007). Lecture: “The Subject and the Frontiers of Sense”, at the workshop Investigating Subjectivity, Charles University Prague (21. Juni 2007) January – June 2007 No. 95 31 TRAVELS AND TALKS | PUBLICATIONS Karin Tertinegg QUING Project Präsentation: „Die Bedeutung der UN-Konvention zur Beseitigung jeder Form von Diskriminierung der Frau für Österreich“ auf der Präsentation des CEDAWBerichts, im Parlament, Wien (13. März 2007). Participation in the research workshop “Contesting multiculturalism: Gender, Culture and Sexuality”, Vienna University (4. Mai 2007) Mieke Verloo Permanent Fellow Lecture: “Policy, quality and gender equality: using a QUING-lens on ‘Frauen in die EU-Forschung’ ”, bei Das 7. EU-Forschungsrahmenprogramm - Europa auf dem Weg zur Spitze. Nationale Auftaktveranstaltung, Bonn (15 – 16 Januar 2007) Lecture: “Lessons from a former EU gender-project”, at the FEMCIT Kick-Off Meeting, Bergen (9-11 February 2007) Lecture: “Politique, Qualité et égalité des genres” Enseignements du 6ème PCRD – Regard sur le 7ème, à la conférence Femmes scientifiques dans l’espace européen de la recherche de 2007 à 2012, Nouveaux programmes et projets européens, Paris (20 March 2007) Lecture: “Changing Institutions through Gender Mainstreaming: Lessons from the Netherlands”, at the EU Symposium European Year of Equal Opportunities for All, Berlin (20 April 2007) 32 No. 95 January – June 2007 Lecture: “The Politics of Expertise: Questions for a European Gender Institute”, at the EUSA Conference, Montreal (16-20 May 2007) Publications Lecture: “Missing Opportunities: A Critical Perspective of the European Union’s Initiative to Address Multiple Inequalities”, at the ATHENA3 Annual Meeting, Budapest (1 June 2007) Shai Biderman Christina Kleiser Junior Visiting Fellow Junior Visiting Fellow Rope: Nietzsche and the Art of Murder, (with Eliana Jacobowitz) in: David Baggett & William A. Drumin (Eds.), Hitchcock and Philosophy, Dial M for Metaphysics, Chicago & La Salle, Illinois: Open Court, 2007 Zur Rede vom ‘europäischen Gedächtnis’ – oder wer spricht? Eine Erörterung, ausgehend von der politischen Essayistik Jorge Semprúns, in: Carola Sachse, Edgar Wolfrum, Regina Fritz (Hg.), (Re-)Formulierung nationaler Selbstbilder. Postdiktatorische Gesellschaften in Europa, Göttingen: Wallstein, 2007 Stan’s Future Self and Evil Cartman, Personal Identity in South Park, in: Robert Arp (Ed.), South Park and Philosophy, You Know, I Learned Something Today. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2007 Thomas Carroll Junior Visiting Fellow The Traditions of Fideism, in: Religious Studies, forthcoming Erinnerungspolitik durch Erinnerungsarbeit. Weimar-Buchenwald als ‘Erinnerungsort’ in den Reden und literarischen Texten von Jorge Semprún, in: Benoît Majerus, Sonja Kmec, Michel Margue, Pit Peporte (Hg.), Nationale „Erinnerungsorte“ hinterfragt. Neue methodische, interdisziplinäre und transnationale Ansätze, Brüssel: Lang, 2007 Christoph Conrad Körber Visiting Fellow Die Dynamik der Wenden. Von der neuen Sozialgeschichte zum cultural turn, in: J. Osterhammel, D. Langewiesche, P. Nolte (Hg.), Wege der Gesellschaftsgeschichte (=Geschichte und Gesellschaft. Sonderheft 22), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 2006 Cornelia Klinger Permanent Fellow Auf ’s Ganze Gehen. Bescheidene Nachgedanken und Vorüberlegungen zum unbescheidenen Projekt der Philosophie, in: Ludger Heidbrink, Harald Welzer (Hg.), Das Ende der Bescheidenheit. Zur Verbesserung der Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaft, München: Beck, 2007 Tymofiy Havryliv Literary scholar and writer from Lviv, and a former Celan Fellow Where is your Home, Odysseus? (in Ukrainian), Lviv: Piramida 2007. A German translation is forthcoming in 2008 with Ammann Verlag, Zurich Krzysztof Michalski Permanent Fellow Plomien Wiecznosci. Eseje o myslach Fryderyka Nietzschego (Die Flamme der Ewigkeit. Essays über das Denken Nietzsches), Krakau: Znak, 2007 | PUBLICATIONS Woran glaubt Europa? Religion und politische Kultur im neuen Europa (Hg.), Wien: Passagen Verlag, 2007 Plomien Wiecznosci. Nietzsche o czasie, śmierci i milości, in: Europa (Dziennik), 21 no. 159 (April 2007) Wola Mocy, in: Zeszyty Literackie, no. 1(97) (2007) Nienasycone pragnienie kolejnych chwil, in: Tygodnik Powszechny, no. 53(2998), no. 54(2999) (2006); no. 1(3000) Dirk Rupnow Le sujet violent. Contribution à une phénoménologie de la violence, in: Annales de Phénoménologie, 6 (2007) 33 Tod in der modernen Gesellschaft Andrzej Waśkiewicz Andrew W. Mellon Visiting Fellow Polityka dla doroslych (Politics for Adults), Warszawa: Scholar, 2007 Oksana Zabuzhko former Milena Jesenská Fellow Notre Dame d’Ukraine: Ukrainka in the Clash of Mythologies (in Ukrainian); Kyiv: Fakt, 2007 Cornelia Klinger Die Bedeutung des Todes in der heutigen Gesellschaft. Zur Einführung Alois Hahn und Der Tod und das Sterben als soziales Ereignis Matthias Hoffmann Hans-Ludwig Schreiber Tod und Recht: Hirntod und Verfügungsrecht über das Leben Hanfried Helmchen Krankheitsbedingtes Leiden, Sterben und Tod und Hans Lauter aus ärztlicher Sicht Ulrike Brunotte Martyrium, Vaterland und der Kult der toten Krieger. Männlichkeit und Soteriologie im Krieg Oliver Krüger Die Vervollkommnung des Menschen. Tod und Unsterblichkeit im Posthumanismus und Transhumanismus Philosophie und Dissidenz Jan Patočka zum 100. Geburtstag Visiting Fellow Alan E. Steinweis, Studying the Jew. Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi-Germany,“ Rezension in: sehepunkte 7, Nr. 5 (15. 5. 2007) http://www.sehepunkte.de/ 2007/05/11904.html Michael Staudigl Visiting Fellow Lebenswelt und Politik. Perspektiven der Phänomenologie nach Husserl (Hg., mit G. Leghissa), Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2007 Über Zivilisation und Differenz. Beiträge zu einer politischen Phänomenologie Europas (Hg., mit L. Hagedorn), Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 2007 Toward a Phenomenological Theory of Violence: Reflections following Merleau-Ponty and Schutz, in: Human Studies, Dordrecht: Springer, forthcoming IWM-Publications Jan Patočka Nachdenken über Europa Transit 32 (Winter 2006/2007), Über Solidarität. Mit Beiträgen von Ira Katznelson, Earl Black and Merle Black, Claus Offe, Janos M. Kovacs, Marek Rymsza, Paul Pierson, Joakim Palme, Jane Lewis, Kurt Biedenkopf. Photographien von Julie Denesha. On Solidarity: Cultural and Political Conditions for the Reform of Social Models in Europe and the U.S., Austrian Federal Ministry of Economics and Labour, 2007 Vorlesungen zu den Wissenschaften vom Menschen: Bauman, Zygmunt, Leben in der flüchtigen Moderne. edition suhrkamp, Frankfurt a. M., 2007 Václav Havel Das Erbe der Charta 77 Jan Sokol Jan Patočka und die Charta 77 Jacques Rupnik Das Erbe der Charta 77 und die Entstehung einer europäischen Öffentlichkeit Nathanaël Dupré la Tour „Rückkehr nach Europa“ Rudolf Stamm Zwei Dissidenten-Porträts Ivan Chvatík Geschichte und Vorgeschichte des Prager Jan Patočka-Archivs Populismus Jacques Rupnik Populismus in Ostmitteleuropa Jacek Kochanowicz Rechtsruck. Die politische Landschaft Polens am Anfang des 21. Jahrhunderts Ivan Krastev Die Heraufkunft des Populismus Krzysztof Michalski Nihilismus und Religion Jan Werner Mueller Europäische Erinnerungspolitik Revisited Herausgegeben am Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen Verlag neue kritik Kettenhofweg 53 D – 60325 Frankfurt Tel. 0049 (69) 72 75 76 Bestellungen auch übers Web: Preis: Abo € 24,- (D) Zwei Hefte pro Jahr Einzelheft € 14,- (D) www.iwm.at/transit.htm January – June 2007 No. 95 33 GUEST CONTRIBUTION | Three Reasons for Getting Scared Energy markets and the tremendous lack of political strategies. By David G. Victor Let me apologize at the beginning for the pes- twice the gas as it is actually able to produce. simistic nature of my analysis, but seriousness The Turkmen clock will stop some time in the about gas supply in the Russian and European not distant future, and that will magnify the context requires a large measure of pessimism. troubles as Russia tries to live up to its gas sales There is an enormous amount of gas in the obligations at home and abroad. world, particularly in Russia, but a crisis in It is important to watch the internal effects gas supply is building, I believe, for three basic from the gas crisis. Within the next two to four reasons. The first is the unusual nature of years, there could be significant shortages of Gazprom. It is not a gas company; it is a natural gas inside Russia. There is already evipolitical colossus that happens to be in the gas dence of this from the power sector; new powbusiness, but does not behave like a business er plants, even in St. Petersburg, are unable to or a normal gas company. The second reason get the gas supply that they need. is that the EU, like America, does not actualI think it is an open question how Russia ly have an energy will respond to this policy or energy stratcrisis. They can Gazprom is not a gas egy that is coherent respond by strengthcompany; it is a political in any respect. And ening the hand of colossus that happens to be the third reason is Gazprom; or, at the that the post comother extreme, they in the gas business. munist countries can liberalize it comthemselves have no pletely. My hunch is energy strategy, and their difficulties in ener- that so long as the internal gas crisis does not gy and in achieving political independence cause widespread and systemic economic are made much worse by the lack of an EU trouble that the outcome will leave Gazprom energy strategy. stronger—national champions always find Let me address each of these three parts in special new roles for national champions in turn. It was mentioned that Gazprom is a times of crisis. I don’t know what is going to political animal that exists because of its happen, but I do know that most of the large monopoly position and is organised complete- gas consumers in Western Europe will probly to preserve its monopoly. In particular, it ably have no influence whatsoever on the has a monopoly on gas exports, but its invest- outcome. This is largely an internal Russian ment pattern reveals a much wider reach. affair. Data show very clearly that only one quarter I would like to make one last point about of Gazprom’s capital investments, from 2000 Gazprom that is particularly critical for the to 2006, was in new gas production. The longer term. If you look at the engineering majority of their investments were in activi- costs of new gas supplies, it is not clear that ties outside the gas sector completely, includ- Russia (ie, Gazprom) is in a good position ing media companies and banks. to be the largest gas supplier to Europe in This is a company that despite large rev- the distant future. The actual engineering enues from gas production does not actually costs of developing the new gas fields in Rusgo out and find and produce more gas. The sia (notably the fields in Sthokman and result is the brewing natural gas crisis that, ever Yamal Peninsula) are perhaps twice the costs since a year ago, has been the talk of the town. of developing new gas fields in North Africa Gazprom is unable to produce sufficient quan- and in the Middle East. The market is tities of gas to meet its internal demand and already responding. Over the long term, I export obligations. So far that crisis has been think this is potentially enormously dangerforestalled because of Turkmenistan, but our ous for Russia. Russia, by allowing the gas group at Stanford has calculated that Turk- crisis to fester, is putting itself out of the gas menistan has already sold perhaps as much as business. 34 No. 95 January – June 2007 The second thing I want to talk about is European energy policy. I am very sceptical that the EU is on any track to develop its own energy policy, and one clear sign that they do not have an energy policy is the constant and increasing supply of white papers coming from Brussels about this subject. When you look at the details of these white papers and compare them to what has to be done, there is often no connection whatsoever. The EU has no coordinated strategy on gas and they don’t really have a viable strategy on climate change. The goal of reducing the carbon content of fuels is extremely important as we all know, but if you look at what people are really doing in the EU, and the projects they are putting in place, they are not going to deliver on their goals. Let me apologise for being very negative about this. The US also has no energy policy, so you are in very good company. Let me take the example of Germany, which has the largest economy in the EU. If you look at the power plants the German utilities are actually building, it is still coal and in particular, it is the dirtiest and most inefficient form of coal, brown coal. There are now some new natural gas power plants being built, but there is no strategy that links this construction with the EU concern about the large and growing dependence on imported gas from Russia. Nuclear power is now being discussed, but if you look at real nuclear power plants that are being built there is again little connection between statements and action. So far, there is one new reactor being built in Finland, and one new reactor being planned in France. The scale of planning and building is not commensurate with the need for new supplies. Even if there were a large building program of nuclear power, it would take between 10 to 15 years before we have a significant number of new reactors on the way. Renewable power is playing a larger role, but it is still small and faces serious limits because of cost and intermittency. In terms of gas, if you again consider not what the EU is saying but real actions, the | GUEST CONTRIBUTION absence of a coherent garia and Romania into strategy becomes clear. the European market Let’s look at contracts. A through Austria. The year after the gas crisis problem with Nabucco is (almost to the day), EON that it has no gas supply. and Ruhrgas were off to Gazprom, by expanding sign their own new speits capacity on the Blue cial contracts with Russia. Stream Project which goes Similarly, Gas de France across the Black Sea into was off to sign a new spethe same market, is poised cial contract with Russia, to undercut the Nabucco and ENI and Italy were Project. I am now very off to sign their own new sceptical that Nabucco – special contracts with which is one of those great Russia. And so at the theoretical ideas – will David Victor is Director of very moment when comactually serve to improve the Program on Energy and mon market Europe energy security in Europe. Sustainable Development at should best behave like a The third and final area Stanford University. His guest single entity, in fact all the of my remarks concerns contribution is based on a individual major players the energy strategies in the speech given at the IWMhave proceeded separatepost communist countries. Conference “Promoting ly to develop their own Their continued ties to Democracy”. special relationship with Russian energy suppliers Russia. In doing so, they hinder their own indehave undercut their abilpendent policy developity to speak with a single voice. ment. And I think the lack of the European Let’s look at what Gazprom is actually energy policy contributes to this problem doing downstream in the gas markets of because it makes it much harder for them to Western Europe. What they are doing is develop the autonomy that they need for gathering large amounts of market intelli- democratisation, for market reforms and for gence, and establishing a large presence in their own energy strategies. the gas markets that will make it nearly I think we need to do a better job workimpossible for the EU to actually create a ing with these countries to help them. In truly competitive, liberalized gas market. principal, the job is not that hard. Let me The European authorities claim that they are use the example of the Ukraine. The Ukraine creating a competitive could over time develop a market, but they have litmuch more sound energy Turkmenistan has tle capacity to gather the policy. It would involve already sold perhaps information they need to energy efficiency. The twice the gas as it is understand this market or Ukraine, by our calculathe forces that control it tions at Stanford, is one of actually able to – in the jargon, they have the most inefficient of the produce. no way to spot and large energy economies in enforce against the abuse the world. The natural gas of “market power.” (I am from California, the Ukraine consumes right now is used disand what undid our electricity market was proportionally for heat. We think that 25 % exactly such abuse.) of the energy that goes to the Ukraine heatIn theory, there are some very interesting ing system is lost. That’s even more than is projects to bring gas and oil around the lost in Russia. And if you look at the techUkraine, around Belarus, and around Rus- nologies involved right now, the inefficiensia—to transport them directly to Europe, cy in the Ukraine is extraordinary. which could multiply Europe’s energy We estimate that over the period of one options and improve its energy security. But generation Ukraine could cut its consumpwhat is really happening? Let’s look at the tion of gas and heating by perhaps half— most important of these new projects, the maybe more. That would be enough to comso-called “Nabucco Project”, which is pletely offset dependency on the Russian designed to bring gas from central Asia and supply. Looking at the Ukrainian electricity Middle East directly through Turkey, Bul- system, there is much greater potential for improving the diversity of supply in both gas and coal. The EU would be upset about that because they are worried about global warming—and conventional coal is the worst offender from its emissions of CO2, which are about double those of advanced gas power plants—but I think there is no better way to get the attention of the EU than to start planning to build coal plants. It would force the EU to be serious about whether it is going to help improve the energy strategy in the Ukraine. There are very few examples where the West has actually been extraordinarily helpful. One of them might be the new power plants in Moldova. I think Moldova is a very special case. It is a very small country and if I can put it cynically, the EU has to be successful in Moldova because if it is not, then the extension of the EU, to include Romania, would be a complete disaster. The last thing I want to talk about is oil. First, oil is fundamentally different from gas because oil is liquid at normal temperatures it is a much more fungible commodity. Natural gas is much more infrastructure-dependent and the infrastructure is fundamentally connected to the ground and to the geography. The second is the question of oil prices. Whenever oil prices are high the people in the oil business publicly talk about how oil prices are going to be still higher in the future. And everybody becomes focused on the impact of high oil prices on global, regional and local economies, and on democracy. This may be misguided. For years or so I have been talking about lower oil prices, and I think we need to focus increasingly on the geopolitical consequences of lower prices. By low I don’t mean $20 a barrel, which seems unlikely. I mean in the $40 range, which is particularly low given the rising costs of production, which have risen substantially in the last few years – by a factor of two in much of the world. I think we need to anticipate what will happen if oil prices stay low, at least relatively low, in Russia and possibly Azerbaijan. This could be the big, unexpected shock to the systems of the oil exporting nations. It is going to be unexpected, because we have come to assume that the oil prices are going to be high and continue to climb. But I don’t see any fundamental reason why oil prices should remain permanently as high as they have been for the last 3 years. January – June 2007 No. 95 35 FUTURE | Upcoming Events Lectures Paul Scheffer: The Land of Arrival: How Migration is Changing Europe September 25 Giuliana Limiti: Historischer und immerwährender Humanismus. Bildung als Fundament der Demokratie. October 2 Krzysztof Pomian: European History and European Identity November 13 Wim van de Donk: Die Trennung von Kirche und Staat: Plädoyer für einen entspannteren Umgang December 18 Lecture Series: The Decline of the Occinent Meinhard Miegel: Epochenwende – gewinnt der Westen die Zukunft? October 9 Yongnian Zheng: Opening, Learning and Transformation of the Chinese Civilization Herfried Münkler: Der Zerfall der großen Reiche October 16 November 7 Conferences / Workshops Alfred Schütz und die Hermeneutik September 18 – 21 25th Anniversary Conference of the IWM: Conditions for International Solidarity The Future of Environmental Politics: International Workshop November 9 – 11 November 29 – December 1 Please visit our homepage for detailed informations: www.iwm.at INSTITUT FÜR DIE WISSENSCHAFTEN VOM MENSCHEN, Spittelauer Lände 3, 1090 Wien, AUSTRIA IMPRINT: Responsible for the contents of the IWM Post: Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen (IWM), Spittelauer Lände 3, 1090 Wien, AUSTRIA, Phone (+43 1) 313 58 0, Fax (+43 1) 313 58 30, [email protected], http: //www.iwm.at; Editor/Production Management: Andrea Roedig; Editorial Assistance: Lindsay Kua; Layout: Franz Ruep, www.ruep.at; Photos: Johannes Novohradsky, BU Photo Services; In 2007 the IWM Post is published two times a year. Current circulation: 6.200, printed by Rema Print, Vienna. © IWM 2007. An online archive of the IWM Post is available at the Institute‘s website, www.iwm.at; all newsletters, dating back to No. 57 (summer 1997), can be downloaded in pdf format. 36 No. 95 January – June 2007 GZ: 05Z036175 M – P.b.b. Verlagspostamt 1090 Wien