Article - ITB Career Center

INNOVATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
ITB TRACER STUDY (2012-2015)
(1)
Bambang Setia Budi , Angga Dinan A
(2)
ITB Career Center, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
Email: [email protected], Telp: (+62-22) 253 0714
ABSTRACT
Organizing and implementing of Tracer Study to be successful has two requirements: that must be
institutionalized and sustained. However, it is not enough if no attempt to continuous improvements in
implementation of the infrastructure, facilities, methodology, communication, publications and others. In
Indonesia, the implementation of Tracer Study generally still limited in the needs, resources and
methodologies of its implementation. Often Tracer Study conducted by universities only because of the need
for accreditation, so that the implementation was not done routinely. In addition, the operator of Tracer Study
generally was still considered inadequate and it was accompanied by difficulty in applying the appropriate
methodology in its implementation. Basically, innovation must continue to be developed to get a successful
implementation. One indicator of success in Tracer Study improvement is the increase in number of
respondents/response rate from year to year. ITB Tracer Study has been conducted since 2012 with a response
rate continues to rise , at 2012 (49%), 2013 (72%), 2014 (80%) and 2015 (92%) respectively.
This paper will discuss the innovation and its implementation at ITB Tracer Study. Moreover, it would also
explained in detail the reasons why these innovations emerged. The innovations developed more emphasis on
implementation of Tracer Study for bachelor degree graduates. Innovations that will be explained, among
others, regarding the use of surveyor, entry of cohort approach as target respondent, online questionnaires,
self-developed IT system, reward system, publication and human resources. Aim to be achived from these
paper was to give alternative to all Tracer Study operator in conducting and developing Tracer Study in
Indonesia. The innovations developed by ITB are also expected to be a reference or alternative method for
other universities which organize Tracer Study in order to obtain an increase of response rate.
Keywords: Tracer Study, Methodology, Implementation, Innovation, Surveyor
Page | 1
INTRODUCTION
One indicator of a good education system was the system used to measure the output quality of education
itself. Things that can be measured to determine the quality of alumni are competence, distribution problems
faced, user response, acceleration career, as well as other things that includes both harmony and disharmony
between the quality of the alumni with the quality expected by universities.
A good education system has a loop system where the responsibility of universities to the student did not end
upon graduation but also related to the sustainability of its alumni careers so that they were prepared to work
in community. Tracer Study is one of methods in education system which is used by several universities,
especially in Indonesia to obtain feedback from alumni. The feedbacks obtained from alumni were required by
universities in its efforts for improvement and development the quality of education system. Even this
feedback could also be useful for universities to map the industry world so that interval between
competencies acquired during studies in universities and the demands of the industry world can be minimized.
Organizing and implementing of Tracer Study to be successful has two requirements: that must be
institutionalized and sustained. However, it is not enough if no attempt to continuous improvements in
implementation of the infrastructure, facilities, methodology, communication, publications and others.
In Indonesia, the implementation of Tracer Study generally still limited in the needs, resources and
methodologies of its implementation. Often Tracer Study conducted by universities only because of the need
for accreditation, so that the implementation was not done routinely. In addition, the operator of Tracer Study
generally was still considered inadequate and it was accompanied by difficulty in applying the appropriate
methodology in its implementation.
ITB, as one of the higher education institutions in Indonesia, has authorized ITB Career Center to conduct
Tracer Study. At the beginning of Tracer Study implementation, ITB Career Center formed a structured and
institutionalized team for conducting Tracer Study so that Tracer Study itself can hold out and progress.
Tracer Study Team held Tracer Study ITB for the first time in 2010. In 2010 and 2011 Tracer Study conducted
initially by study program (Prodi) which was in process of international accreditation. Since year 2012 to 2015
Tracer Study Team has successfully organized Tracer Study thoroughly for all Program in ITB about 4 times.
This success was certainly not instinctive but accompanied with the development and innovation of Tracer
Study itself for each year.
Basically, a good system consist innovations and its must continue to be developed to get a successful
implementation. One indicator of success in Tracer Study improvement is the increase in number of
respondents/response rate from year to year. ITB Tracer Study has been conducted since 2012 with a response
rate continues to rise , at 2012 (49%), 2013 (72%), 2014 (80%) and 2015 (92%) respectively.
Page | 2
100%
80%
66%
28%
20%
72%
80%
51%
60%
40%
20%
34%
8%
92%
49%
0%
2012 (Entry 2012 (Entry 2013 (Entry 2014 (Entry 2015 (Entry
Cohort
Cohort
Cohort
Cohort
Cohort
2004)
2005)
2006)
2007)
2008)
complete
not complete
Figure 1. Tracer Study ITB Response Rate (2012-2015)
This paper will discuss the innovation and its implementation at ITB Tracer Study. Moreover, it would also
explained in detail the reasons why these innovations emerged. The innovations developed more emphasis on
implementation of Tracer Study for bachelor degree graduates. Aim to be achived from these paper was to
give alternative to all Tracer Study operator in conducting and developing Tracer Study in Indonesia. The
innovations developed by ITB are also expected to be a reference or alternative method for other universities
which organize Tracer Study in order to obtain an increase of response rate.
ITB TRACER STUDY INNOVATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
ITB has conducted Tracer Study for all Prodi in ITB since year 2012 to 2015. In each implementation, Tracer
Study ITB always make innovations. The reason why these innovations arise due to ITB aware that a major
problem in the implementation of Tracer Study was the low acquisition of response rate. Generally for every
Tracer Study operator, the best response rate able to be obtained was 50%.
The initial idea of innovation to improve response rate was basically to minimize the gap between total
number of alumni respondents, respondents initial database that can be validated and the number of
respondents who filled out questionnaires. The smaller the gap between these three, the chances of getting
high response rate could be acquired.
Page | 3
(sumber: Schomburg, 2011)
Figure 2. How to Obtain Data Respondent in Tracer Study
Based on this initial idea, ITB attempt a different approach in Tracer Study methodology. One of the first steps
in this approach was to try to use entry of cohort approach in target respondent determination. For ITB, the
entry of cohort approach be used due to adapted with the suitability and condition of Indonesian culture.
Beside entry of cohort approach, other innovations used by Tracer Study ITB among other things related to the
role of surveyors, self-depeloved IT (Information Technology), reward systems, publications and human
resources (HR). These innovations will be discussed further in next section.
A. Concept of Innovation
One of the main reasons Tracer Study ITB innovations developed refers to the suitability and condition of
Indonesian culture. Based on this, the concept of innovation which was developed by ITB has both structural
and cultural as well as formal and informal characteristic.
Structural and cultural means that Tracer Study conducted not only based on/in accordance with applicable
regulations, but also pay attention to or take advantage of the prevailing culture. Utilization of the prevailing
culture was very meaningful because it can be a decisive factor in improving the response rate. For example, in
some countries who was quite thick with the privacy acts, the response rate can be ascertained small because
respondents are less likely to fill in a questionnaire which asking something personal. Another example,
Indonesia is a country that does not apply privacy acts and has a great culture of sharing. In Indonesia, sharing
stories/experiences/personal conditions to others was not a taboo but it was something important as part of
personal admiration. Sharing culture if utilized properly it has potential to help increase response rate in Tracer
Study implementation.
Meanwhile, formal and informal meaning that in Tracer Study, procedures for its implementation was not only
adapted to the need to follow the applicable procedures, but also are more flexible/rigid with the intention of
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creating the familiarity conditions. In general, all procedures such as making contact with alumni, sending
letter of application to fiil in questionnaire, evaluation and reporting on implementation of Tracer Study were
often held with formal. These conditions create a rigid environment due to communication that occur therein
were not build intimacy. An informal approach, for example in ITB, occurs because of the role of surveyors in
each procedure of Tracer Study implementation. Surveyor's been said before was a classmate of alumni
themselves so the communication that occurs every time they make contact, either update database, email
blast, request to fill in questionnaires, encourage to filling in questionnaires, SMS blast and contact by
telephone was more to intimacy form. The informal approach makes the request for filling in questionnaire to
alumni avoid any form of enforcement.
B. Implementation
Noted earlier that Tracer Study ITB for each period was always had an increase in response rate. Increased
response rate was certainly due Tracer Study ITB continues to innovate, either in systems, methodologies,
facilities and resources. Next discussion will be discussed for each innovations and its implementation in the
implementation of Tracer Study ITB.
1. Entry of cohort approach
Tracer Study implementation mostly has been conducted in various universities in the world, in Indonesia
particularly, by using cohort as target respondents. From whole Tracer Study implementation, the main issue
that emerged was the lack of response rate number. Currently response rate by 50% was said to be good, but
this number was only depict half of respondents/alumni characteristics and profile. Based on this issue,
Institute Technology of Bandung (ITB) as one of the Tracer Study operator seeks to solve this problem of
improving response rate. One of steps undertaken by ITB was to use entry of cohort as a target respondents.
The main reason to use entry of cohort due to conditions of ITB itself. At ITB, close relationship in class was a
culture that has been established since graduates first entry to university. It was develop and binding while
undergoing orientation and lectures. It was also brought up when they graduate, in work and until today.
Entry of cohort is an approach in the determination of Tracer Study target respondent which based on the
entry class when go to university. The amount of class used in this approach is as much as one class for each
year. Meanwhile, the graduates year which used in the entry of cohort is in the range of 1-3 years after
graduation. 1-3 years span is basically in accordance with the provisions set forth in the General Director of
Higher Education (Dikti) Tracer Study guidelines presented by Mrs. Illah Sailah in 2011.
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(developed from INCHER - Schomburg)
Figure 3. Tracer Study Time
Entry of cohort approach in the implementation of Tracer Study is an innovation which trying to develop by
ITB, given cohort approach so far was very difficult to obtain a response rate greater than 50% (for bachelor
degree). Tracer Study operator who utilize the entry of cohort approach so far only ITB. Main reasons ITB use
and develop the entry of cohort approach in the determination of Tracer Study target respondent, among
others; (i)ITB trying to take advantage of networking that has been formed in the neighborhood of alumni
(bachelor degree) since they enroll to university, (ii) Indonesian culture of sharing, (iii)internet (social media)
used in Indonesia was quite high, (iv )looking for a new breakthrough in the implementation of Tracer Study in
order to overcome the difficulties that arise in improving the response rate.
Figure 4. How to Choose Target Responden with Entry of Cohort
The determination of class in the entry of cohort approach as Tracer Study target respondents required a
careful planning. The first step to determines the class still refers to the range of 1-3 years after graduation.
Supposely Tracer Study conducted in 2013, based on reference of the year of graduation ranges then class
which pick up as a target respondents are class 2006. Class of 2006 graduated from college in 2010 if they on
time. At ITB, alumni 2006 who delayed the graduation generally about 1-2 years. Alumni who are late up to 3
Page | 6
years were rarely and almost zero due to those who are late up to 3 years generally have problems that occur
regarding health reasons or other special case. The deadline for ITB students in study itself was maximum 6
years.
Technique of determining class in the following years conducting Tracer Study is the same. Tracer Study
Implementation in 2014 will used the class of 2007 while in 2015 the class used as a target respondents were
alumni of 2008. The important thing to note here is that any technique used in the determination of this class
remained essentially refers to range. In the previous discussion it can be noted that cohort approach was also
used range in determining target respondents. Its difference just lie in the ranges between them, entry of
cohort using years range while cohort based on month of graduate periode.
The entry of cohort approach as a target respondents in conducting Tracer Study provides an opportunity for
operators to analyze the profile of entry of cohort and also cohort. This condition is possible when conducting
Tracer Study with entry of cohort approach has been done 3 times (ITB Case). For ITB, analysis based on cohort
can be done due it consists three entry of cohort that already been research before. ITB case study; in 2015 ITB
analyzed Tracer Study result for entry of cohort 2008 and cohort 2012. In previous years, ITB has conducted an
analysis for the entry of cohort 2006 (in 2013) and entry of cohort 2007 (in 2014). Cohort 2012 itself is a
combination of entry of cohort 2006, 2007 and 2008 so that the analysis is feasible because the respondent
data from these three entry of cohort existing. At the end of the analysis, ITB Tracer Study Team found that
data analysis results for cohort 2012 was not much different/almost similar with data analysis result for entry
of cohort 2006, 2007 and 2008.
The ability to analyze both cohort and entry of cohort is one of the advantages for entry of cohort approach.
These advantage can always give a chance that data obtained are always comparable, especially after data
been comparable its result was not much different/almost similar between them. However, it should be
emphasized that the main advantages of entry of cohort approach is the ability to increase the response rate
in the Tracer Study implementation (for bachelor degree). This was proved in every implementation of Tracer
Study ITB, ITB always obtain a high response rate and increasing for each year.
2. Role of Surveyor
Surveyor is one of the innovations implemented in Tracer Study ITB. Surveyors also an important part of the
entry of cohort approach. Since Tracer Study ITB began to be held, the role of surveyor was always included in
the process. In the course of Tracer Study ITB, the roles of surveyors were developing for each period both in
terms of quantity, responsibility or reward given.
Surveyor is an alumni from class of Tracer Study ITB target respondents. Surveyor is a representative of each
Study Program (Prodi) at ITB. Number of surveyors from each Prodi generally is one person, except for some
Prodi who had number of alumni more than one hundred, surveyors needed was two.
Page | 7
Tracer Study ITB Team has a criteria in determining prospective surveyors to assist in the implementation of
Tracer Study ITB. The criteria that are generally used among other things: (i)Surveyor chosen was a
recommendation from their classmate in each Prodi, (ii)Surveyors have good communication with their
classmates, (iii)Surveyor is expert in motivating their classmates, (iv)Surveyor easily accessible either by their
classmates or by Tracer Study ITB Team, (v)Surveyor has a complete database of their classmates, (vi) Surveyor
have time to play an active role in Tracer Study ITB, (vii)Surveyor live in an area that was easy to
contacted/reached.
Complete and update database
(email and HP number)
Give explanation about Tracer
Study to their classmates
Roles of
Surveyor
Ask and motivated their
classmates to fill in questionnaire
Coordinate regularly with Tracer
Study ITB Secretariat
Figure 5. Roles of Surveyor
Surveyor is basically a bridge/connection between Tracer Study ITB Team with alumni in each Prodi. Surveyor
play an important role in complement deficiencies/update database of their classmates. Surveyor always
reminding their classmates to fill in the questionnaire in Tracer Study ITB. Surveyors can also provide
recommendations or input to the implementation of Tracer Study ITB.
The importance roles of surveyors made them need to have a stock of knowledge, information and sufficient
understanding of Tracer Study importance itself. Tracer Study ITB Team debriefing surveyor for knowledge,
information and understanding of Tracer Study through regular meetings which held three times (in three
months). The purpose of the debriefing of knowledge, information and understanding of the Tracer Study is so
that surveyors can inform their classmates about the importance of Tracer Study.
3. Self-developed IT
In Tracer Study ITB, IT systems also get innovation. Innovation in IT systems was divided into two parts, online
questionnaire system and website of Tracer Study. Related questionnaire system, at the beginning of Tracer
Study ITB implementation, ITB Tracer Study Team only distributing questionnaire via email attachment sent to
all alumni of the target respondents. Due to the lack of practical models and high potentially of questionnaire
not returning, it is then replaced with online questionnaire. The use of this online questionnaire itself initially
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ITB Tracer Study Team attempted to use QTAFI as a base software. However, in the preparation it often give
problem in terms of system application and require third party to handle it. As a solution for this condition, ITB
Tracer Study Team had initiative to develop a self-developed online questionnaire (created by alumni of ITB).
One of the advantages in using a questionnaire self-designed was Tracer Study ITB Team can always develop
this system without to rely on other parties (labor more flexible and easier to adjustment). Until now Tracer
Study ITB always use online questionnaire in any implementation of Tracer Study ITB.
Figure 6. Tracer Study ITB Online Questionnaire
Tracer Study ITB Implementation using online questionnaire system. As a container of this online
questionnaire, Tracer Study ITB Team develop a website for Tracer Study only. Tracer Study ITB website from
year to year always get routine maintenance due in the initial build of this website and in any implementation
of Tracer Study ITB often found bugs in the system. Beside routine maintenance for each year, the website was
developed (additional features) as needed. Currently the website and Tracer Study ITB questionnaire can be
accessed from a variety of browsers including mobile browsers. It is very important due to easier access for
alumni will help them to quickly fill in questionnaire, especially there was a fact told that internet use among
graduates today was something commonly used.
Figure 7. Website Tracer Study ITB
Page | 9
4. Reward
The target respondents for each Tracer Study implementation are alumni of the university. Alumni participated
in this Tracer Study research by completing a questionnaire. In the process of course need to avoid
enforcement that could result with the data validation. Many things can be done so that data obtained from
alumni due to their active role in Tracer Study and not from enforcement of some people.
ITB in any implementation of Tracer Study, give a special approach to alumni so that data obtained are valid. At
the beginning of the implementation of Tracer Study ITB, ITB Tracer Study Team only made an approach from
the roles of surveyor only. But since year 2013, Tracer Study ITB Team provide additional approaches, namely
through a form of reward to alumni.
Reward is a token of appreciation to a particular achievement given, both by and from individuals or an
institution that is usually given in the form of material or greeting. Procurement reward system for the
respondent would be an interesting thing for alumni. Reward for the respondents was hope to strengthen
their motivation to participates in Tracer Study survey.
Reward system which had been applied was in the form of souvenir/gadget and hopefully it will attract the
attention of alumni who became the target respondents to fill in Tracer Study ITB questionnaires voluntarily.
Reward is basically using the sponsor in its implementation. Given Tracer Study ITB Team established by ITB
Career Center, sponsor of this reward system were company who became member at ITB Career Center.
Reward given to alumni basically very limited in quantity so that in the process of implementation, Tracer
Study ITB Team using a drawing system in granting rewards to alumni. The use of reward system itself was
found to motivate alumni to be able to play an active role in filling Tracer Study ITB questionnaire. This was
proved by increase number of response rate in the implementation of Tracer Study ITB.
5. Publications
Good research results would need to be published disseminated to the public, not least Tracer Study as one of
research on alumni. It was said early that Tracer Study was very useful as feedback from alumni to repair the
system and quality of university education. Based on these explanations, Tracer Study interest to be published
are things that need to be done.
ITB as one of universities that have conducted Tracer Study regularly, every year always gave report and/or
publication to the position holders at ITB about Tracer Study results. Report and publication is not only
presents Tracer Study results, but also provides an explanation/understanding about the importance of Tracer
Study implementation for university, primarily related to the improvement of the system and quality of
education.
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Form of publication for Tracer Study implementation may vary. ITB since the beginning of Tracer Study ITB
implementation gives publication about Tracer Study ITB results in form of book report. As progress and
development of Tracer Study ITB, publication for Tracer Study was limited only at books report alone, but
Tracer Study ITB Team also had made a video which explains the importance of Tracer Study. This video was
made as one of reference that can be accessed by those who need in conducting Tracer Study.
Figure 8. Tracer Study ITB Books of Report
Tracer Study ITB publication through books report and video basically can be accessed by the public. Tracer
Study Team ITB provide access to public to dig up on this information in hope that the importance of Tracer
Study implementation can be understand. These publications even turned out to be very helpful for Tracer
Study ITB Team in an effort to provide insight about the importance of Tracer Study ITB to alumni so that in its
implementation helps increasing the response rate number.
6. Dedicated Human Resources
Another innovations in Tracer Study ITB which so important is human resources (HR) for operating Tracer
Study ITB itself. Innovations made by ITB in human resources was to provide staff whom specialized in Tracer
Study with fulltime basis contracted. The aim was to create a dedication in work of the Tracer Study
implementation. This dedication was especially important as part of the improvement and development being
done in any implementation of Tracer Study.
Tracer Study ITB Team initially employ their students to work part-time as admins. However, students were
sometimes difficult to standby in the secretariat. Due to this condition, Tracer Study ITB Team hired 2 admin
staff who work fulltime. Beside these, Tracer Study ITB Team also hired two research assistants who work
fulltime. Things that need to be noted here is that of from total of 4 people working as part of Tracer Study ITB
Team, all of them are alumni from ITB. This thing becomes important in view of ITB alumni who became the
target respondents. Generally they were reluctance when people who requested their data to fill in
questionnaires were others. Alumni feel more comfortable to give their personal data when people who
requesting is a friend or one of their almamater.
Page | 11
Protector
Vice Rector for Academic and Student Affairs
Vice Rector of Communications, Partnerships and Alumni
Person in Charge
Head of Student Organizations
Main Coordinator / Researcher
Head of ITB Career Center
Additional Researcher
Finance
Adminitration of ITB Career Center
Assistant Researcher
IT Team
Assistant Researcher
Assistant Researcher
Technical and Secretariat Team
Logistic Team
Surveyor Team
Figure 9. Tracer Study ITB Organization Chart
In general, Tracer Study ITB staff currently consists of 4 experts who are divided into two categories of work,
namely 2 research assistants and 2 admin. In Tracer Study ITB, these four experts was part in the Tracer Study
ITB organizational structure, hereinafter known as Tracer Study ITB Team. Tracer Study ITB team was led by
the Head of ITB Career Center and under the responsibility of the Head of Student Affairs. Tracer Study ITB was
also under the protection of two vice-rector, which are the Vice Chancellor for Academic and Student Affairs
and Vice Chancellor for Communication, Partnerships and Alumni.
CONCLUSION
The innovations developed by ITB in conducting Tracer Study ITB were proved to increase the acquisition of a
high response rate. Innovations that help increase the response rate were the entry of cohort approach as a
target respondents, the roles of surveyor, self-developed IT system, publication about Tracer Study results and
dedicated human resources. These innovations in the implementation had characterized concept as structural
and cultural as well as formal and informal so it was very appropriate to the culture and conditions in
Indonesia.
Related to entry of cohort approach as one of innovations in Tracer Study ITB, it was able to provide two
analysis, both cohort and entry of cohort, if the implementation had been conducting at least 3 times (ITB
case). The data results obtained from the analysis even gives results that were not much different/almost
similar, so generally it can remain comparable.
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APPENDIX
I. Table of Data Analysis Comparison between Cohort and Entry of Cohort
No
1
2
3
4
5
Data
Cohort
2012
2006
Entry of Cohort
2007
2008
Total
responden
Complete
80%
72%
80%
92%
68%
70%
66%
66%
5%
6%
5%
5%
Job status
Work
Work and selfemployed
Not
working/continuin
g study
Entrepreneur
21%
19%
22%
22%
6%
5%
7%
7%
Suitable
72%
75%
70%
74%
3,99
2,65
3,65
4,38
17%
41%
42%
B (23%)
4,38
2,27
2,93
3,85
17%
47%
36%
B (22%)
4,3
2,4
3,27
4,21
17%
39%
44%
B (21%)
4,22
2,78
3,62
4,37
18%
43%
39%
B (20%)
M (12%)
M (13%)
M (12%)
M (12%)
C (10%)
C (10%)
C (12 %)
C (11%)
J (9%)
F (9%)
22%
K (10%)
F (9%)
25%
F (9%)
J (8%)
20%
F (10%)
J (10%)
23%
2%
1%
2%
2%
66%
9%
1%
6%
5%
86%
2%
9,2 millions
65%
9%
2%
5%
6%
86%
1%
12,4 millions
67%
11%
2%
7%
6%
83%
2%
8,8 millions
65%
10%
2%
7%
6%
84%
2%
9,1 millions
8,7 millions
7,4 millions
6,6 millions
8,6 millions
6,9 millions
8,3 millions
8,3 millions
7,7 millions
Suitability of
lecture with
work
Time looking
for work
Time needed
for getting a job
6
Category of
company
7
Category of
business
8
Keterangan
Company work
type
9
Position
10
Average income
Before graduate
After graduate
Before graduate
After graduate
Local
National
Multinational
B = Mining
M = Profesional
services
C = Processing
industry
J = Information
F = Construction
Government (NGO)
Non-profit
organizations
Private company
Own company
Director
Owner
Manager
Staff
Apprentice
Work
Work and selfemployed
Entrepreneur
Page | 13
II. Data Analysis Chart between Cohort and Entry of Cohort
Current Job(Cohort 2012)
Current Job(Entry of Cohort 2008)
6%
7%
21%
22%
68%
66%
5%
5%
bekerja (1463)
bekerja dan wiraswasta (104)
tdk bekerja/melanjutkan studi (462)
wirausaha (132)
bekerja (1714)
tdk bekerja/melanjutkan studi (593)
Current Job(Entry of Cohort 2007)
bekerja dan wiraswasta (126)
wirausaha (179)
Current Job(Entry of Cohort 2006)
7.05%
19.37%
5.89%
22.21%
69.47%
65.93%
5.26%
4.80%
bekerja (1496)
tdk bekerja/melanjutkan studi (504)
Tidak Bekerja/Melanjutkan Studi (368)
Bekerja dan Wiraswasta (100)
bekerja dan wiraswasta (109)
wirausaha (160)
Waiting Time Getting a Job (2012)
4.5
3.65
4
Waiting Time Getting a Job (2008)
4.38
4.5
Total
3.5
Mean
(month)
3
Before
graduate
2.5
3.62
4
4.37
3.65
Total
Mean
(month)
Before
graduate
433
3.62
After
graduate
1436
4.37
3.5
3
378
Wirausaha (112)
Bekerja (1320)
2.5
2
2
After
graduate
1.5
1
1240
4.38
1.5
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
Sebelum lulus
(378)
Sebelum lulus
(433)
Setelah lulus
(1240)
Waiting Time Getting a Job (2007)
Setelah lulus
(1436)
Waiting Time Getting a Job (2006)
4.00
4.21
3.27
Total
Mean
(month)
436
3.27
Total
Mean
(month)
Before
graduate
372
2.93
After
graduate
1159
3.85
3.50
3.00
Before
graduate
2.50
3.85
2.00
After
graduate
1326
4.21
1.50
2.93
1.00
0.50
0.00
Sebelum lulus
(436)
Setelah lulus
(1326)
Sebelum lulus
Setelah lulus
Page | 14
Average Income / Month (2012)
Rp9,163,440
Rp8,648,717
Average Income / Month (2008)
Rp9,060,249
Rp6,918,898
Rp8,571,600
Rp7,659,249
bekerja (1448)
bekerja dan
wiraswasta (104)
wirausaha (127)
Average Income / Month (2007)
Rp8,771,630
Rp8,301,287
bekerja (1694)
bekerja dan
wiraswasta (125)
wirausaha (173)
Average Income / Month (2006)
Rp12,348,148
Rp6,616,696
Rp7,362,000
bekerja (1474)
bekerja dan
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