m07-32mk - European Poultry Science

Transcription

Arch.Geflügelk., 72 (4). S. 157–163, 2008, ISSN 0003-9098. © Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart
The effect of natural zeolite (clinoptilolite) on total bacteria
contamination of ostrich eggshells
Einfluss von natürlichem Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) auf die bakterielle Kontamination der
Schale von Straußeneiern
Anna Dedousi1, Ioanna Georgopoulou2, Efterpi Christaki1, A. Yannakopoulos1 and Angeliki Tserveni-Goussi1
Manuskript eingegangen am 16. Juni 2007, angenommen am 19. Oktober 2007
Introduction
Commercial ostrich farming is an important component of
livestock industry in several countries (COOPER, 2000).
Ostrich egg quality has significant effect on embryonic
development and health status of the newly hatched chick
(DEEMING, 1997; SUPERCHI et al., 2002). The high incidence
of microbial contamination in ostrich eggs (18–36%) is
deemed to be a significant problem, as it results in reduced
hatchability (DEEMING, 1995; 1996; DEEMING and AR, 1999).
Bacterial contamination of the internal egg content could
be the result of the penetration of the shell by bacteria
deposited on the surface of the egg after it has been laid
(QUARLES et al., 1970; SCHOENI et al., 1995). Microbiological findings in ostrich eggs have shown that the organisms
isolated from the interior egg were mainly enterobacteria
(CABASSI et al., 2004). DEEMING (1995) reported that a variety of soil and faecal bacteria, as well as fungal species,
were isolated from the shell membranes, yolk, albumen
and embryo of ostrich eggs.
Studies in poultry have shown that the housing system
may affect the bacterial contamination of the eggshell
(DE REU et al., 2003; PROTAIS et al., 2003; DE REU et al.,
2005). According to the ostrich farming systems practiced
worldwide, breeding ostrich are farmed in outdoor paddocks and the farmer or the male bird digs a nest on the
ground so that females lay their eggs inside (COOPER,
2000). The simplest way to reduce microbial spoilage is to
improve nest hygiene, as well as breeder bird management. For this purpose DEEMING (1995) proposed the
addition of coarse sand as a substrate in the nests.
According to some researchers, the addition of clinoptilolite in poultry litter has resulted in reduced litter moisture (NAKAUE et al., 1981; FOROUDI, 2002; SARICA and DEMIR,
2004). Clinoptilolite is a natural zeolite. Zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates of alkali and alkaline
earth cations, having infinite, three-dimensional structures. They are further characterized by the ability to lose
and gain water reversibly, to absorb molecules of appropriate diameter (adsorption property or acting as molecule
1Dept. of Animal Production, Ichthyology, Ecology and Protection of the Envi-
ronment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki, Greece
of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Avian Pathology and Pathological
Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki, Greece
2Dept.
Arch.Geflügelk. 4/2008
sieves), and to exchange their constituent cations without
major change of their structure (ion-exchange property)
(MUMPTON and FISHMAN, 1977). Zeolites have been used in
animal nutrition since 1960 s because of their physical and
chemical properties. In previous researches, it has been
proved that the addition of clinoptilolite in the diet of
farmed animals like laying hens (YANNAKOPOULOS et al.,
1995; TSERVENI-GOUSI et al., 1997; YANNAKOPOULOS et al.,
1998) and pigs (YANNAKOPOULOS et al., 2000) improved
their performance. Furthermore, due to their action as
toxin binders, zeolites prevent mycotoxicosis and ameliorate the poultry house environment by absorbing ammonia
(MUMPTON, 1999; PAPAIOANNOU et al., 2005). Moreover,
there is evidence in the literature that natural zeolite can
efficiently immobilize some microorganisms (HRENOVIC et
al., 2003 and 2005).
The main objective of this study was to determine
whether the supplementation of clinoptilolite in ostrich
diet or its addition in their nest, has any influence on the
total bacteria contamination of ostrich eggshells as well as
to the hatchability rates of fertile eggs. A complementary
objective of the study was to test the effects of the river
sand, alone or in combination with clinoptilolite, on total
bacteria counts of ostrich eggshells.
Materials and methods
Three experiments were carried out for the purpose of this
study during two breeding seasons. The trials took place in
two different ostrich farms (farm A and farm B). In the first
experiment, which was performed in farm A during the
2004-breeding season, 6 families of African Black ostrich
breeders were used. The families each consisted of 3 birds,
1 male aged 6-7 years and 2 females aged 4-5 years (trio)
were equally divided into 2 groups: Group A (control) was
fed a balanced concentrate ration without clinoptilolite
supplementation and group B was fed the same concentrate
ration supplemented with 1.5% clinoptilolite (Table 1). In
the second experiment that was performed in farm B
during the same breeding season, 6 trios of African Black
ostrich breeders 9 years of age were equally divided into 2
groups: Group A (control) was fed a balanced concentrate
ration without clinoptilolite supplementation and group B
was fed the same concentrate ration supplemented with
2.5% clinoptilolite (Table 2). In both experiments, all
rations were calculated on isonitrogenous and isocaloric
basis. Moreover, in each of the two trials a total of 30 eggs
(15/group) were collected throughout the collection period
(June – August 2004) at a rate of approximately 1 egg/
158
Dedousi et al.: Influence of clinoptilolite on total bacteria counts of ostrich eggshells
Table 1. Composition (%) of the rations used in experiment 1
Zusammensetzung der Futterrationen in Versuch 1
Ingredients
Deh. lucerne
Wheat bran
Maize
Soyameal-48
Soya oil
Limestone
Salt
Clinoptilolite
Vitamin and Mineral Premix1
Group A
(Control)
Group B
(1.5% Clinoptilolite)
50.00
19.29
12.70
8.99
2.31
1.71
0.34
–
5.00
50.00
12.26
18.18
10.07
1.00
1.98
0.34
1.50
5.00
17.00
14.00
5.19
10.60
17.00
13.49
3.86
11.77
1.74
0.75
0.56
2.50
0.97
1.74
0.77
0.57
2.60
0.91
Chemical analysis (%)2
Crude protein
Crude fiber
Fat
Ash
Calculated analysis (%)
Metabolisable energy, (Mcal/kg)
Lysine
Methionine + Cystine
Ca
P
1Supplying per kg of feed: Vitamin A=12,000 I.U., Vitamin D =3,200 I.U., Vitamin E=100 mg, Vitamin K =6 mg, Vitamin B =3 mg, Vitamin
3
3
1
B2=6 mg, Vitamin B6=6 mg, PP=40 mg, Pantothenic acid=15 mg, Vitamin B12=0.025 mg, Folic acid=1.5 mg, Choline Chloride=500 mg,
Manganese=100 mg, Iodine=1.5 mg, Zinc=50 mg, Iron=30 mg, Copper=10 mg, Cobalt=0.3 mg, Selenium=0.25 mg.
2According to AOAC, 1990.
treatment/week. Eggs included in the experiments were
not only the clean ones but also dirty eggs as the egg
collection was performed during all weather conditions
(both sunny and rainy days).
In the third experiment, which was undertaken in
farm A during the 2005-breeding season, 8 trios (8 males
aged 7-8 years and 16 females aged 5-6 years) of African
Black ostrich breeders were used. Each trio was provided
with a nest of approximately 1.5 m diameter and 20 cm
depth, placed on the ground. Trios were equally divided
into 4 groups: Group A, where 60 kg of clinoptilolite was
added in the nest, group B, where 30 kg of clinoptilolite
and 30 kg of river sand was added in the nest, group C,
where 60 kg of river sand was added in the nest and
group D, whose nest was filled with neither clinoptilolite
nor river sand and served as a control. The material from
the nest of all groups, except from group D, was replenished approximately every 20 days. A total of 40 eggs
(10/group) were collected during the three months
studied period (June – August 2005). As in the first two
experiments, the eggs that were included in the third
trial were collected during all weather conditions. In all
experiments the trios were accommodated in outdoor
enclosures of 500 m2 each, separated by wooden fences.
A shelter was located at the one side of each enclosure,
under which there was a nest, a wooden sheep trough
and a plastic barrel, that was filled twice daily with fresh
water.
The zeolitic material used in the experiments was
derived from the zeolite deposits of Metaxades (Thrace,
Northeastern Greece). It contained approximately 89%
clinoptilolite, 6% plagioclastes and feldspars, 3% micas
and clay minerals and 2% quartz as determined by X-ray
powder diffraction. The material’s cation exchange capacity was 226 meq 100 g–1 and its chemical composition (%)
was: SiO2: 67.87, TiO2 < 0.01, Al2O3: 12.03, Fe2O3 < 0.01,
MnO < 0.01, MgO: 0.89, CaO: 3.10, Na2O: 0.51, K2O: 2.48,
Total: 86.88, H2O: 13.12, Si/Al: 4.8. Clinoptilolite analysis, took place in the laboratory of the Department of
Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. The zeolitic material used in the
ostrich rations had particle size < 1.5 mm, whereas half of
the amount of zeolite added in ostrich nest had particle
size < 1.5 mm and the other half had particle size 1.5–
4 mm. The river sand that was used in the third experiment
had particle size 1.5–4 mm.
The egg collection started two weeks after the onset of
each experiment. In all the experiments each egg was
collected by hand with a sterile plastic glove of one use
and was immediately put in a sterile plastic bag and was
kept refrigerated until next day. For the determination of
bacteria contamination on the eggshells, eggs were
washed in their sterile plastic bags with phosphate
buffered saline (P.B.S.) (GENTRY and QUARLES, 1972). In
particular, 25 ml of P.B.S. was added in each plastic bag
and the egg was rubbed through the bag for 1 min. The
procedure was repeated after 5 minutes. Then, serial ten
fold dilutions of each original fluid were made, followed by
a spread plate method. 0.1 ml of each dilution was transferred to petri dishes with Tryptose Agar. After 48 hours of
159
Table 2. Composition (%) of the rations used in experiment 2
Zusammensetzung der Futterrationen in Versuch 2
Ingredients
Deh. lucerne
Wheat bran
Maize
Soyameal-48
Soya oil
Limestone
Salt
Clinoptilolite
Vitamin and Mineral Premix1
Group A
(Control)
Group B
(2.5% Clinoptilolite)
50.00
19.29
12.70
8.99
2.31
1.71
0.34
–
5.00
50.00
10.37
18.58
10.57
1.00
1.98
0.34
2.50
5.00
17.00
14.00
5.19
10.60
17.00
13.34
3.81
12.50
1.74
0.75
0.56
2.50
0.97
1.74
0.77
0.57
2.60
0.89
Chemical analysis (%)2
Crude protein
Crude fiber
Fat
Ash
Calculated analysis (%)
Metabolisable energy, (Mcal/kg)
Lysine
Methionine + Cystine
Ca
P
1Supplying per kg of feed: Vitamin A=12,000 I.U., Vitamin D =3,200 I.U., Vitamin E=100 mg, Vitamin K =6 mg, Vitamin B =3 mg, Vitamin
3
3
1
B2=6 mg, Vitamin B6=6 mg, PP=40 mg, Pantothenic acid=15 mg, Vitamin B12=0.025 mg, Folic acid=1.5 mg, Choline Chloride=500 mg,
Manganese=100 mg, Iodine=1.5 mg, Zinc=50 mg, Iron=30 mg, Copper=10 mg, Cobalt=0.3 mg, Selenium=0.25 mg.
2According to AOAC, 1990.
incubation at 37°C, colony counts were made for the
determination of total bacteria concentration on each
eggshell. The results were expressed as log (number of
bacteria/ml).
In all trials an estimation of hatchability rates for each
group was performed. For this purpose the number of
fertile eggs that were put in the incubator, as well as the
number of chicks hatched was recorded for each group. In
the first experiment 96 fertile eggs were put in the incubator (44 from group A and 52 from group B). In the second
experiment 132 fertile eggs were used (58 from group A
and 74 from group B) and in the third experiment 188
fertile eggs were put in the incubator (87 from group A, 43
from group B, 37 from group C and 21 from group D). The
collected eggs were disinfected (apart from those used for
the determination of eggshell microflora) using Vircon®
solution in a spray form and were stored at a temperature
of 18°C and 45% relative humidity for approximately 7
days. They were incubated for 39 days at a temperature of
36°C and 18% relative humidity. Fertility was estimated by
candling eggs at the 15th day of incubation. At day 39 of
incubation, eggs were transferred to the hatchery machine
where they remained for 3-4 days (at a temperature of
35.5°C and 30% relative humidity).
For the analysis of the data the statistical program
STATISTIX® version 7 for Windows was used. The normality of the data in all experiments was tested with ShapiroWilk normality test. At the first and second experiment, the
effect of clinoptilolite supplementation was evaluated
using Wilcoxon rank sum test. At the third experiment,
Kruskal-Wallis one-way nonparametric analysis of variance was run to determine the statistical significance of the
differences among the experimental groups. Chi-square
test was run to test the significance of the differences for
hatchability rates between groups in each one of the three
trials. A significance level of P ≤ 0.05 was used in all comparisons. Results are expressed as means ± SEM.
Results
The results of the first and second experiment regarding
eggshell microflora are presented in Table 3. As it was
revealed the supplementation of clinoptilolite, at the level
of 1.5%, or 2.5% in ostrich diet had no significant
(P > 0.05) effect on total bacteria counts of ostrich eggshells. Results of the third experiment considering eggshell
microflora are presented in Table 4. Eggs from group C
(river sand) were the most heavily contaminated followed
by eggs from group B (clinoptilolite + river sand), D (control) and A (clinoptilolite), but the differences among the
4 groups were not significant (P = 0.07). Results concerning hatchability rates between groups in the three experiments performed are presented in Table 5. As it was
revealed, the addition of clinoptilolite in birds diet at the
different amounts tested had no significant (P > 0.05)
effect on hatchability rates between groups A and B. Furthermore, it seems that % hatchability between groups A,
B, C and D in the third experiment was not significantly
(P > 0.05) affected by the nest materials that were used.
160
Table 3. Bacteria contamination of the eggshells from eggs
collected in experiments 1 and 2 [log (number of bacteria/ml)]
Bakterielle Kontamination der Schalen der in den Versuchen 1
und 2 gesammelten Eier [log (Anzahl der Bakterien/ml)]
Table 4. Bacteria contamination of the eggshells from eggs
collected in experiment 3 [log (number of bacteria/ml)]
Bakterielle Kontamination der Schalen der in Versuchen 3 gesammelten Eier [log (Anzahl der Bakterien/ml)]
Log (total flora) mean ± SEM
Group
Experiment 1
Log (total flora) mean ± SEM
Group
A (control)
B (clinoptilolite)
P
6.78
7.52
0.94
± 0.56
± 0.86
Experiment 2
6.81
7.22
0.37
± 0.35
± 0.28
A (clinoptilolite)
B (clinoptilolite + river sand)
C (river sand)
D (control)
P
Experiment 3
5.45
6.81
8.84
6.01
0.07
±
±
±
±
0.72
0.75
1.03
0.21
Discussion
According to the findings of the present study, total bacteria counts of ostrich eggshells were not significantly affected by the addition of clinoptilolite in ostrich diet. Even
though microbes can deposit inside eggs in the oviduct,
eggshell contamination usually takes place at the passage
of the egg through hen’s cloaca (SMITH, 1993) or when the
egg is laid into an environment contaminated by faecal
matter (BRUCE and DRYSDALE, 1991). Natural zeolite has
been accepted as a promising material for the immobilization of microorganisms due to its high porosity and large
surface area (BARTKO et al., 1995; SHINDO et al., 2001;
CHANG et al., 2002; TSITSISHVILI et al., 2002; HRENOVIC et al.,
2003 and 2005). Moreover, in vitro studies by RAMU et al.
(1997) have shown that clinoptilolite can adsorb cholera
toxin (CT) and heat-labile (LT) Escherichia coli enterotoxin. CLARK et al. (1998) have also proved that clinoptilolite
has an excellent capability of adsorbing bovine rotavirus
and coronavirus in vitro.
Taking into consideration the above information, it was
believed that clinoptilolite could decrease the bacteria
counts on ostrich eggshell either by adhering intestinal
bacteria and restricting the microbial population in cloaca,
or by reducing faecal moisture. SMITH et al. (2000) reported that high excreta moisture could directly increase the
microbial contamination of the shell. Unfortunately, there
are no relative references considering the dietary effect of
clinoptilolite on bacteria eggshell contamination, neither
in the ostrich, nor in other poultry. Although the effectiveness of zeolites and especially clinoptilolite on the adsorption and adherence of bacteria is well documented, clinoptilolite administration via feed at the rate of 1.5% or 2.5%
was proved to be ineffective. A possible explanation might
be that the rate of clinoptilolite inclusion in the diet was
low. It has been proved in wastewater treatment, that
higher concentrations of natural zeolites (15 g/L instead of
5 g/L) provided larger surface area for the adsorption of
bacteria (HRENOVIC et al., 2003).
In the third experiment, eggs from group C were the
most heavily contaminated followed by eggs from group B,
D and A but the differences among the 4 groups were not
significant (P = 0.07). However, the results imply that the
addition of clinoptilolite in ostrich nests, tend to reduce
total bacteria counts on the eggshells, especially in comparison with the addition of river sand. This finding is
probably attributed to the fact that clinoptilolite adsorbed
and immobilized the bacteria from the nest environment,
resulting in a net reduction of their number. As a consequence, the number of free microorganisms able to infect
the eggs laid in nests of group A, were less than those in the
nests of the rest of the groups. Previous studies have
proved that the dimensions of bacteria are comparable to
the sizes of zeolite crystallites, as well as to the corresponding inter-crystalline pores (TSITSISHVILI et al., 2002; HRENOVIC et al., 2003). Furthermore, natural zeolites provide a
large surface area where microbes are strongly adsorbed
and adhering to one another by exrtacellular substances
(BARTKO et al., 1995; TSITSISHVILI et al., 2002; HRENOVIC et
al., 2003 and 2005). The results of the present study, indicate that the number of bacteria that were immobilized
onto clinoptilolite were higher than those immobilized
onto river sand. This is consistent with the findings of
CHANG et al. (2002) who reported that the numbers of
nitrifying bacteria were greater in biofilm grown on natural zeolite than sand. Similarly, in studies with wastewater
treatment, HRENOVIC et al. (2005) found that carriers with
natural zeolite adsorbed greater number of bacteria than
those with sand, a finding that was attributed to the predominantly smooth surface of sand and the rough surface
Table 5. Mean of the hatchability rates (%) of the groups A and B (experiments 1 and 2) and of the groups A, B, C and D
(experiment 3)
Mittlere Schlupfraten (%) der Behandlungen A und B (Versuche 1 und 2) sowie der Behandlungen A, B, C und D (Versuch 3)
Group
A
B
C
D
P
Experiment 1
1.5% zeolite via feed
54.54
63.46
–
–
0.37
Hatchability %
Experiment 2
2.5% zeolite via feed
60.34
55.40
–
–
0.56
Experiment 3
Zeolite in the nest
65.51
69.76
64.86
76.19
0.77
of clinoptilolite particles, which therefore provides a better
microenvironment for the adsorption of bacteria. The
intermediate number of bacteria eggshell counts found in
group B compared to those of groups A and C appears to be
reasonable because the nests of this group were filed with
both clinoptilolite and river sand in equal percentages.
The addition of clinoptilolite in ostrich diet at the rate of
1.5% or 2.5% had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the
hatchability of fertile eggs. Moreover, as it was revealed
from the third experiment hatchability of fertile eggs was
not significantly (P > 0.05) different between the groups A,
B, C and D. These findings were, somehow, expected given
that no significant differences were recorded on total
bacteria counts among groups in all experiments. Unfortunately, there are no relative references considering the
dietary effect of clinoptilolite or its effect as nest material
on hatchability neither in the ostrich, nor in other poultry.
The hatchability rates of fertile eggs found in all three
experiments is in agreement with that reported in other
studies carried out in ostriches (MORE, 1996; DEEMING and
AR, 1999; RIZZI et al., 2002; IPEK and SAHAN, 2004; WIERCINSKA and SZCZERBINSKA, 2005), suggesting that clinoptilolite
had no adverse effect on the evaluated parameter.
Based on these findings, it may be concluded that the
supplementation of ostrich diet with 1.5% and 2.5%
clinoptilolite had no significant effect on bacteria contamination on ostrich eggshells, whereas the addition of
clinoptilolite in ostrich nests tended to reduce total bacteria counts on the eggshells. Furthermore, hatchability rates
were not affected by the addition of clinoptilolite in ostrich
ratio or by its addition in their nest. The results of the third
experiment present practical interest as they imply a positive effect on reducing eggshell bacteria counts, but further
investigation is required. Moreover, from the materials
tested in the same experiment, it was shown that river sand
enhances bacteria growth on the ostrich eggshells.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the help of Professor Anestis Filippidis
and his colleagues from the Department of MineralogyPetrology-Economic Geology of Aristotle University of
Thessaloniki, who performed the analysis of clinoptilolite.
Summary
The objective of the present study was to determine
whether the supplementation of clinoptilolite in ostrich
diet or its addition in their nest, has any influence on total
bacteria contamination of ostrich eggshells and on hatchability of fertile eggs. Three experiments were carried out.
In each of the first two experiments 18 African Black
ostrich breeders were equally divided into 2 groups: Group
A (control) was fed a balanced concentrate ration without
clinoptilolite supplementation and group B was fed the
same concentrate ration supplemented with 1.5% or 2.5%
clinoptilolite. In the third experiment, 24 African Black
ostrich breeders were equally divided into 4 groups: Group
A, where only clinoptilolite was added in their nest, group
B, where equal parts of clinoptilolite and river sand were
added in their nest, group C, where only river sand was
added in their nest and group D (control) whose nest was
filled with neither clinoptilolite nor river sand. In each
experiment, equal numbers of eggs were collected from all
groups during collection period. Egg collection was performed using sterile plastic gloves of one use. For the
determination of bacteria contamination on the eggshells,
161
eggs were washed with phosphate buffered saline (P.B.S.).
The results from the first and second experiment regarding
eggshell microflora revealed that there were no significant
differences (P > 0.05) between the total bacteria counts in
the 2 groups (A, B). In the third experiment however, eggs
from group C were the most heavily contaminated, with
bacteria counts of 8.84log (number of bacteria/ml) followed by eggs from group B, D and A with bacteria counts
of 6.81og (number of bacteria/ml), 6.01log (number of
bacteria/ml) and 5.45log (number of bacteria/ml), respectively. The numerical differences among the 4 groups,
although not statistical (P = 0.07), present practical interest as they imply that the addition of clinoptilolite in
ostrich nests tended to reduce total bacteria counts on the
eggshells. Moreover, it was shown that river sand enhances
bacteria growth on the ostrich eggshells. Finally, this study
showed that the addition of clinoptilolite in ostrich ratio in
the levels tested or its use as nest material alone or in combination with sand has no negative effect on hatchability of
fertile eggs.
Key words
Ostrich, nutrition, clinoptilolite, nest, bacteria contamination, eggshell
Zusammenfassung
Einfluss von natürlichem Zeolite (Clinoptilolite) auf
die bakterielle Kontamination der Schale von
Straußeneiern
Das Ziel der Studie war die Untersuchung des Einflusses
einer Zulage von Clinoptilolite entweder zum Futter oder
zur Nesteinstreu auf die bakterielle Kontamination der
Schalen von Straußen-Eiern und auf die Schlupfrate der
befruchteten Eier. Hierzu wurden drei Versuche durchgeführt. In den ersten beiden Versuchen wurden jeweils 18
African Black Zuchttiere verwendet und in je zwei Gruppen eingeteilt: Gruppe A (Kontrolle) wurde mit einer ausgewogenen Futterration ohne Zusatz von Clinoptilolite
gefüttert und Gruppe B erhielt dieselbe Futterration mit
einem Zusatz von 1,5 bzw. 2,5% Clinoptilolite. In Versuch
3 wurden 24 African Black Zuchtstrauße verwendet und
gleichmäßig auf 4 Gruppen verteilt: in Gruppe A wurde
nur Clinoptilolite dem Nest zugegeben, in Gruppe wurden
gleiche Teile Clinoptilolite und Flusssand dem Nest zugegeben, während dem Nest in Gruppe C nur Flusssand
zugegeben wurde. Gruppe D erhielt keine Zulagen und
diente als Kontrolle. In allen Versuchen wurden gleiche
Anzahlen an Eiern während der Versuchsperiode gesammelt. Die Eiersammlung erfolgte mit sterilen Einmalhandschuhen. Zur Bestimmung der bakteriellen Belastung der
Eischalen wurden die Eier mit Phosphat-gepufferter Salzlösung (PBS) gewaschen.
Die Ergebnisse der ersten beiden Versuche deuteten auf
keine Unterschiede zwischen den Gruppen A und B in der
Belastung der Schalen mit Bakterien hin (P > 0,05). Im
dritten Versuch waren die Eischalen der Gruppe C dagegen
am stärksten mit Bakterien belastet [8,84 log(Anzahl der
Bakterien/ml)], gefolgt von den Gruppen B (6,81), D
(6,01) und A (5,45). Die numerischen Differenzen zwischen den vier Gruppen erscheinen, obwohl diese nicht
statistisch gesichert werden konnten (P = 0,07), von praktischem Interesse, da sie auf eine Bakterien reduzierende
Wirkung von Clinoptilolite hindeuten. Demgegenüber
konnte gezeigt werden, dass Flusssand zu einer Erhöhung
162
der bakteriellen Belastung der Eischale führte. Generell
wurde auch festgestellt, dass weder die getestete Zulage
von Clinoptilolite zum Futter noch zum Nestmaterial
(alleine oder in Kombination mit Flusssand) die Schlupfrate der befruchteten Eier ungünstig beeinflusst hat.
Stichworte
Strauß, Fütterung, Clinoptilolite, Nest, bakterielle Kontamination, Eischale
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Buchbesprechung
Poultry Production in Hot Climates
Nuhad J. Daghir, Editor, Poultry Production in Hot Climates,
CABI, Zweite erweiterte Auflage unter Mitwirkung mehrerer Autoren, 56 Tabellen und 58 Abbildungen, 387 Seiten.
Preis 135 EUR, ISBN 9781845932589
Wer selbst Tiere hält oder in der Beratung tätig ist, sollte
die Grundbedürfnisse der Tiere hinsichtlich der optimalen
Temperatur kennen und die Stalltechnik und Fütterung so
planen, dass die Anpassungsfähigkeit der Tiere nicht unnötig strapaziert wird. Das ist aus eigenem betriebswirtschaftlichem Interesse ebenso geboten wie aus Sicht des
Tierschutzes. In weiten Teilen der Welt werden Legehennen und Mastgeflügel an Standorten gehalten, an denen
die Temperaturen regelmäßig das Optimum überschreiten. Mit entsprechender Stalltechnik kann überall ein
angenehmes Stallklima erzeugt werden, aber dafür fehlt
häufig das nötige Kapital bzw. die Einsicht, dass Investitionen in Stallklimatisierung sich rechnen. Umso wichtiger ist
es zu wissen, wie mit einfachen Mitteln und Anpassung der
Futterzusammensetzung negative Auswirkungen von Temperaturspitzen minimieren werden können.
Die erste Ausgabe dieses Buches erschien 1995, gegliedert in 10 Kapitel. Nach allgemeiner Einführung in die
regionale Bedeutung wurden die Schwerpunkte Züchtung,
Physiologie, Stalltechnik, Futter und Fütterung auf der
Basis umfangreicher internationaler Literatur dargestellt.
Die meisten Kapitel der vorliegenden zweiten Auflage wurden aktualisiert und durch neuere Literatur ergänzt. Zwei
neue Kapitel befassen sich mit züchterischen Fragen der
Broilerzucht für heiße Standorte und der Haltung von
Wassergeflügel.
163
U. LUTAT, 2000: Effects of dietary clinoptilolite rich tuff on
the performance of growing-finishing pigs. In: C. COLLELA,
F.A. MUMPTON (Eds), in Proceedings of Natural Zeolites for
the Third Millennium. De Frede Editore, Napoli, Italy,
471-481.
YANNAKOPOULOS, A.L., A.S. TSERVENI-GOUSI, N.K. KATSAOUNIS,
A. KASSOLI-FOURNARAKI, A. FILIPPIDIS and A. TSOLAKIDOU,
1995: The influence of Greek clinoptilolite –bearing rocks
on the performance of laying hens, in the early stage of
laying, in Proceedings of International Symposium and
Exhibition of Natural Zeolites, Sofia, Bulgaria, 120-121.
Correspondence: Prof. Dr. Angeliki Tserveni-Goussi, Department of Animal
Production, Ichthyology, Ecology and Protection of the Environment, Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki
541 24, Greece; e-mail: [email protected]
In erster Linie als Lehrbuch für fortgeschrittene Studenten und Doktoranden im Fachgebiet Geflügelproduktion
gedacht, enthält dieses Buch neben den Grundlagen der
Züchtung, Haltung und Ernährung auch viele Literaturhinweise. Praktikern, die in Gebieten mit hohen Temperaturen selbst Geflügel halten oder als Berater tätig sind,
ist diese Neuauflage zu empfehlen, um den Stand ihres
Wissens mit Ergebnissen aus der jüngeren Literatur und
daraus abgeleiteten Empfehlungen zu vergleichen.
Neben den beiden Schwerpunkten Stalltechnik und
Ernährung verdienen die Kapitel über die Züchtung von
Broilern und Legehennen für Standorte mit heißem Klima
besondere Beachtung. Mehrere Majorgene wurden hinsichtlich ihres möglichen Beitrags zur Adaptation an hohe
Stalltemperatur untersucht. Bisher hat vor allem das
Nackthalsgen eine positive Wirkung auf die Überlebensrate und Mastleistung von Broilern an heißen Standorten
gezeigt. Ausführlich diskutiert wird das Gen für Federlosigkeit, das als Modell zur Untersuchung physiologischer
Reaktionen bei extremen Temperaturen nützlich, aber für
die Praxis der Broilermast kaum von Interesse ist.
Zwei Wünsche für die nächste Ausgabe seien hier vermerkt: mehr Beispiele aus der Praxis, wie auch bei Temperaturen über 40°C mit entsprechend angepasster Stalltechnik und Fütterung zufriedenstellende Leistungen mit
vertretbaren Verlustraten erzielt werden können und eine
wissenschaftlich fundierte Überprüfung der Hypothese,
dass die Selektion auf günstigere Futterverwertung dazu
beigetragen hat, die Adaptationsfähigkeit von Legehybriden
(allgemein und insbesondere von braunen im Vergleich zu
Weißen Leghorn) an hohe Stalltemperaturen zu verbessern.
Aus betriebswirtschaftlicher Sicht muss regelmäßig
überprüft werden, welche Konsequenzen sich aus den
aktuellen Energie- und Futterpreisen für die Standortwahl
und Investitionen in die Klimatechnik ergeben. Dazu kann
dieses Buch nur allgemeine Grundlagen bieten.
D.K. Flock

m07-32mk - European Poultry Science

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