Resource Utilization in Atka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

Transcription

RESOURCEUTILIZATION
IN ATKA, ALEUTIAN ISLANDS, ALASKA
Douglas
W. Veltre,
and
Mary J. Veltre,
Technical
Ph.D.
B.A.
Paper Number 88
Prepared
for
State of Alaska
Department
of Fish and Game
Division
of Subsistence
Contract
83-0496
December 1983
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To the
over
the
possible.
people
years,
go our
A number
and knowledge,
Council,
of Atka,
of
and the
who
assisted
appreciation.
Mr.
helped
place
names,
and these
of
the
Finally,
Division
an earlier
draft
in
many
making
Atkan
contributions
go to Dr.
for
Aleut
are
Linda
her
ii
their
Atka
noted
support
us
report
time
Village
particular
specialist
from
terminology
Ellanna,
who offered
report.
deserve
language
this
of
and the
ways,
an Aleut
individuals
of this
so much with
gave generously
with
of Subsistence,
and to her and other
for
Atxâm Corporation
us
thanks
shared
thanks
individuals
Moses Dirks,
kindly
report.
sincere
us
Atka,
who have
and
throughout
Deputy
for
valuable
this
this
Director
project,
comments
on
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . .
. .
. . . . . .
. . . .
e . .
a . . ii
Chapter
1
INTRODUCTION
. .
. .
. . e . . . .
. . .
Purpose ........................
..................
Research objectives
Research methods
Discussion
of rese~r~h*m~t~odoio~y
..............
Organization
of the report
2
THE NATURAL SETTING
.
. . .
. .
LITERATURE
REVIEW AND HISTORY
. . . .
. .
...........
...........
OF RESEARCH ON ATKA .
.....................
Introduction
Netsvetov
..............
................
Jochelson
and HrdliEka
Bank
.......................
Bergslind
....................................
Veltre
and'Vll;r;!
.......................
Taniisif.
..................
Bilingual
materials
......................
Conclusions
iii
. . . .
.
1
....................
. . . .
Introduction
geog;aih;,'
&d*&oio&’
Location,
Climate
........................
Flora .........................
Terrestrial
fauna ...................
.....................
Marine fauna
Birds
.........................
......................
Conclusions
3
. . .
. .........
. . . 10
10
10
16
22
22
23
31
32
. e . 37
37
37
38
39
. 40
. 41
41
41
42
4
OVERVIEW OF ALEUT RESOURCE UTILIZATION
.
. . . .
.
.
. . 43
43
. 43
. 44
51
51
Introduction
.............
Precontact
Ale;t*d~s;r~b;t~o~
....................
Precontact
resource
use patterAs*
.............
The early postcontact
period
Conclusions
......................
5
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF ATKA .
Introduction
The precontact*plriod
The Russian period
in
The Russian period
on
The American period
.
Atka community profile
Conclusions
. . . o .
6
NON-COMMERCIAL
. e .
. .
. . . . . . . .
.
;h;! illu;iAni
.
Atka
. . . . .
m . . . . . . .
. . e . . . .
. . . . . . . .
UTILIZATION
.
.
.
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.
. 55
.......
.
.
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.
.
.
.
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
OF RESOURCES IN ATKA .
.................
Introduction
...................
Sealions
Harbor seals
..........................
Other marine rn;Aais'
...................
Reindeer
Salmon
................................
Cod and iaiibu;
Other fish
................
Birds and egis'
..........................
Marine invertebritls'
....................
Plants
Fox ......................
............
Livestock
and gardening
7
RESOURCE USE ON ATKA:
DISCUSSION
AND CONCLUSIONS
. ..O
. ..e.......
Introduction
The annual rould'
Variability
in resGu;&
ib;ndalc;!
. . e . . . .
Cooperation
and sharing
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
Division
of labor . .
Maintenance
of culturai
;r~d~t~o~s'
. . . . . .
Camps.....................
Notes regarding
hunting
and fishing
. . . . . .
. . . .
Cost of living
in Atka
Factors
affecting
resourie'u;iiila;iin'
Local concerns relating
to resource
utillzitloi
Future of Atka's
economy
o . . . . . . . . . .
e
iv
.
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.
l
.
.
55
55
57
62
66
68
76
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0
* 79
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. 79
. 80
. 94
103
111
117
126
132
136
142
147
154
159
.
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163
l
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e
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l
163
163
167
169
172
173
176
177
186
186
194
195
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
APPENDIX
A: ATKAN ALEUT RESOURCE AND RESOURCE
PROCUREMENT TERMS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B:
MONTHS OF THE YEAR IN ATKAN ALEUT
.
. .
197
. . .
206
. . .
. . . .
C: RESOURCE PLACE NAMES ON ATKA AND
AMLIAISLANDS..................e.
REFERENCES CITED
. .
.
. . . .
. . . . .
V
. . . . .
208
.
e .
a .
217
LIST
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
2-5
2-6
4-1
5-1
5-2
5-3
6-1
6-2
7-1
7-2
7-3
7-4
A-l
B-l
C-l
c-2
OF TABLES
Meteorological
Data for Selected
Aleutian
Localities
...
Reindeer Population
Estimates
for Selected
Years .....
Marine Mammals of the Atka Island Area ..........
Estimated
Numbers of Harbor Seals for Selected
Aleutian
Islands
and Alaska Peninsula
Areas ......
Steller
Sea Lion Populations
in the Atka
Island
Region .....................
Bird Species of the Atka Island
Area ...........
Major Precontact
Resources and Harvest Techniques
................
in the Aleutian
Islands
..........
Population
of Atka for Selected
Years
Household Size in Atka ..................
Regular Employment in Atka, 1983 .............
.......
Inventory
of Resources Used in Atka
8ei iiAn'
Utilization
of the Steller,
or Northein',
Resources Harvested
by Time of Year
..........
..........
Camps Currently
in Useable Condition
Prices of Selected
Grocery Items in Atka
and Anchorage ....................
Vehicles
and Boats in Atka ...............
Atkan Aleut Resource and
...........
Resource Procurement
Terms
.....
Months of the Year in Atkan Aleit'
Resource Place Names on Atka and Amiii
;siaAdA
...
Atka Island
and Amlia Island
Place Name Locatio&*
on Figures
C-l to C-3 by Resource ..........
vi
17
24
25
26
27
33
46
69
71
74
81
. 83
164
178
187
190
198
206
209
216
LIST
OF FIGURES
..............
The Location
of Atka Island
..............
Atka Island,
Eastern Portion
..............
Atka Island,
Western Portion
.........
Storm Tracks for the Month of February
Maximum Extent of Sea Ice Coverage
in the Bering Sea ..................
2-5 Surface Circulation
of the Ocean in the
Aleutian
Islands
Region ...............
.........
2-6 Sea Lion Hauling Grounds and Rookeries
.........
.........
in 1983 .......
of Atka, Ages Attained
5-1 Population
6-1 Major Sea Lion Hunting Areas and Rookeries
and Hauling
Areas Reported by the Residents
of Atka .......
6-2 Major Harbor Seal Hunting Areas and Known
Hauling Areas ....................
6-3 Coastal Areas from which Most Reindeer
Are Obtained
....................................
6-4 Major Salmon Fishin;
;,;a:
and Cod Fishing'A;eis*
6-5 Major Halibut
6-6 Main Dolly Varden Fishing
Area .............
6-7 Main Hunting Areas for Geese ..............
6-8 Major Duck Hunting Areas ................
6-9 Areas Trapped for Fox in the Last 10 Years .......
6-10 Areas Trapped for Fox in the Last 10 Years .......
.........
Camp Locations
on Western Atka Island
7-l
on Eastern Atka Island
7-2 Camp Locations
and Western Amlia Island
..................
on Eastern Aml~a'I~l~nd
7-3 Camp Locations
7-4 Distribution
of Male Resource Procurement
......
Involvement
by Age and Degree of Activity
Resource Place Name Locations
on
C-l
.................
Western Atka Island
on Eastern Atka
c-2
...........
Island
and Western Amlia Island
on Eastern
c-3
....................
Amlia Island
l-l
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
: 122
. 13
. 19
. 20
.
.
.
.
.
21
28
29
30
70
. 88
. 97
113
119
128
134
138
140
156
157
180
181
182
183
213
214
215
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Purpose
Located
the village
United
of Atka
States
Aleut
villages
lived
until
kind
Paul
and St.
similar
of
George
emphasizing
the
view
and plants,
is
physical
but
also
and has ties
isolated
also
Islands,
communities
one of
the
in the
few
extant
some 12-15,000
contemporary
There
only
largely
have
such
to the
resource
been
Aleuts
in
the
(Veltre
parallel
studies
eastern
format
technoenvironmental,
of St.
has
1981,
1982).
of those
works,
use of resources
is'an
of
Aleutian
and Veltre
the
by
communities
and consumption
utilization
utilization
no detailed
in the Pribilof
subsistence
acquisition
that
Aleutian
ago.
and in Unalaska
that
central
in which
been undertaken
will
a society
Atka.
Atka;
study
the
It
examines
concerning
only
l-l).
225 years
report
research
the
is one of the most
The present
not
in
in an archipelago
91 residents
this
Island
(Figure
only
This
the
on Atka
of
integral
involves
fish,
game,
part
the social,
of
and
\/
n
b
n
2
\
/
b
.
the ideological
It
to
may be noted
address
issues
resources
area.
of
in
come.
that
focus
the
The following
or
in
future
sections
impact
detail
system.
work
impact
is to provide
may be useful
cultural
the present
present
the
turn
of a complex
regarding
specific
Instead,
which
the
components
was not
on
the
undertaken
use
developments
baseline
in
resource
of
local
the
Atka
use data
assessments
in the years
to
the objectives
and methods
of
research.
Research
objectives
The research
resource
the
objectives
utilization
Pribilof
in Atka
which
were
and Unalaska
studies
To establish
which
guided
the
identical
to
referred
investigation
those
of
employed
in
They are as
to above.
follows:
(1)
taken
for
which
each item
of year
local
use.
is obtained;
of procurement;
and the distribution
(2)
category,
investigate
acquisition,
Also
the
by
the
name)
social
distribution,
of plants
to be determined
and animals
were
the
the technology,
methodology,
use(s)
each
of each item
To establish
not
species
to
which
within
which
in
and cultural
and
resources.
3
from
and time
is
put;
the community.
community
engage
resource
area
are
members
subsistence
links
consumption
(by analytic
pursuits
which
exist
of
and
for
subsistence
to
the
(3)
To establish
subsistence
and cash
subsistence
foods
of providing
and
the
resource
use;
the
resource
historical
factors
utilization.
present
contemporary
utilized
this
subsistence
rather
resources
and
of
upon
subsistence
aspects
local
of
resource
the
the
local
harvest
relationship
in
between
use of seasonal
influenced
it
camps)
desgined
contemporary
to focus
and
an appreciation
current
for
use
out
that
patterns
on
will
of resource
the
the
attention
materials
history
various
resource
most
Historical
a comprehensive
place
in which
may be pointed
patterns.
to gain
to
on the manner
regard,
was specifically
not to provide
but
role
perspective
may have
In
study
technology,
activities.
To provide
(6)
cost
members.
(including
procurement
the monetary
has
ideological
to determine
patterning
of
to be considered.
the
specifically,
settlement
Atka,
investigate
the
The proportion
subsistence
employment
factors
use among community
between
of the community,
cash
To determine
economy.
the necessary
which
To
(5)
land
diet
are among the
relationship
of the
and maintaining
(4)
general
sectors
in the
influence
endeavors
the
use in
use of various
in
temporal
the
preceding
perspective.
Research
methods
To
address
the
objectives
4
itemized
in
be
section,
research
Except
this
for
field
time,
research
between
of
for
October,
analysis
surveyed.
As mentioned
devoted
basis
amount
between
methods
for
to background
and an equivalent
preparation
research
place
used
July
and
during
Council
of Atka
village),
of
this
Unalaska
subsistence
and both
regional
to carry
of
the
project.
reports
this
seasons
previous
were
It
in Atka
is
5
the
(the
out
field
the
the
Atka
corporation
research
in Atka
the
located
in Anchorage,
of
Pribilof
may also
found
with
profit
to both
prior
research,
and
both
sent
in Atka:
Corporation
Copies
work
research
to
Aleut
Association,
emphasis
Literature
was maintained
and permission
little
and May, 1983.
of field
Corporation
corporations.
field
January
use was
with
materials.
Atsam
the
relatively
Prior
communication
Islands
apprised
section,
sources,
two periods
Likewise,
Aleutian/Pribilof
several
between
to 19 July.
and the
obtained.
resource
and contemporary
largely
and written
to Aleut
historical
We conducted
Village
Discussion
in the previous
investigating
May and 20 June
telephone
spent
were
pertaining
to recent
took
(2)
were
basic
on a part-time
1983,
report
The literature
instead
research
was
and May,
and
The
was spent
given
9-23
15 days
was conducted.
are as follows:
(1)
time
of methods
we were contracted
January
1983.
project
a variety
Approximately
project.
time
employing
our
village
be noted
and
entities
that
to the
present
in Chapter
3.
we had
study.
(3)
formal
Data
and informal
observation
(4)
community
formal
In Atka,
occasions,
at
concerning
research
Several
research
in
of
areas)
Second,
the
will
interested
above.
formal
were
interviews
paid
in
this
island.
slide
the
entire
to many less
to several
show
Pribilofs,
and
talk
and presented
a
meeting.
on the
be
made
regarding
the
First,
all
persons
who
(usually
including.
an hourly
of each
rate
individual
be maintained
to prospective
Third,
questioning
on our work
may
points
was made by us prior
made clear
use
methodology
anonymity
information
decision
the
the
as
and mapping
In addition
a public
in
itemized
participated
resource
of topics
at a community-wide
additional
methods
of
was made to inform
gave
research
as well
resource
maps of the
of our research.
of the project
of
scale
effort
school,
similar
outline
list
we made a presentation
the
our
Discussion
assist
every
of the nature
classes
formal
large
of
consisted
flexible,
of both
members
observation
though
on special
consisted
community
interviews.generally
a predesigned,
areas
fieldwork
with
participant
Formal
resource
during
interviews
and
activities.
with
collection
from
throughout
for
their
time.
whom we obtained
this
to the startofthis
mapping
This
report,
project
and was
informants.
whole
project.
and gave generously
the
community
Most
individuals
of their
6
was quite
time
were
willing
to
extremely
and knowledge.
An
effort
was
various
made
to
factors
limited
the
relatively
high
of
fieldwork.
In
employment,
temporary
the
time
Finally,
for
of
from
substantially
with
members,
Atka
three
most
others.
essentially
pooled
composites
use
on the
part
or
not
all
draft
the
(spread
especially
In addition
children,
to obtain
This
is
maps
contained
over
the
prior
majority
and
this
added
obtained
a community
in
this
copies
to Atka
for
of
individuals
we
community
greatly
to
individuals
the
was
on resource
understanding
report,
the
which
are
of individuals.
the final
version
community
review.
7
number,
duration
of
perspective
for
old
interviews,
from
important
to writing
and
20 years
the
formal
vast
later
out
time.
Of this
the
especially
were
hours,
knowledgeable
to
Information
a
limited
fieldwork
interviewed.
with
of
effectively
of
on a
construction
non-working
based upon maps done by a number
Fourth,
employed
to be interviewed.
was. spent
or four
part-time
many people
their
included
the period
and
was
Also,
formally
conversations
gathered.
we sent
time
including
resource
basis
during
full-
Such employment
for
were
with
Atka.
in Atka
population
although
These
some 27 men and women (44% of those
information
in
adult
preferred
more
had casual
interviews.
interviewing.
Atka
as possible,
permanent
and part-time
In total,
use
the
a few people
fieldwork)
to
at summer camps during
out
and older)
of
of employment
18 new houses.
of the village
than
of
available
some were
number
addition
full-time
and
the
level
much
new school
as many adults
interview
of this
report,
Each household
in
Atka
as well
Council
were
comment
as the
sent
personal
on the review
was incorporated
letters
copies.
in the
final
report
may be understood
if
qualification
taking
to mean that
that
late
As will
1960s.
of resources
data
information
etc.
"today"
is
to
read
in this
and
manner
place
out
lo-15
it
should
later
in this
report,
year
to year;
hence,
size,
years.
without
be taken
at some time
On the
to June,
of date
last
present"
is described
appropriate.
specifically
data
the
in Atka,
variable
as population
--
Village
"ethnographic
of hunting
be made clear
pertain
the
to comprise
has taken
present
such
community,
place
may be quite
them
received
stated,
kind
activity
ethnographic
certain
otherwise
a particular
as
inviting
Atka
report.
unless
For example,
and the
Information
Fifth,
in this
broad
Atxâm Corporation
1983.
employment,
virtually
since
the
the
use
use of a
other
These
hand,
include
vehicles
in
the
as soon as they
are
published.
Organization
of
This
natural
the
the
report
report
is organized
environment
history
of the Atka
of relevant
literature
on which
provides
an overview
Aleutian
Islands,
as follows:
Island
research
of Aleut
from
the
resource
period.
The
contemporary
community
profile,
history
are
of
Atka
is the subject
8
most
important
Chapter
throughout
through
Island,
the
3 reviews
based.
utilization
period
2 details
Chapter
and the
chapters
precontact
postcontact
area.
on Atka
subsequent
Chapter
the
4
the
early
including
of Chapter
5, while
a
Chapter
Atka
6 presents
in
the
conclusions,
resource
supplementary
past
and
use
a detailed
and
data
today.
discussion
on Atka.
relevant
examination
Chapter
of
Finally,
to this
particular
three
report.
of
resources
7 offers
topics
appendices
used
on
a summary,
relating
provide
to
.
CHAPTER 2
THE NATURAL SETTING
Introduction
Central
residents
of Atka
Island.
This
biological
Atka
Island
military
Alaska
located
Islands.
chapter
presents
of
geoqraphy,
and
174015'
West
westernmost
at
knowledge
of resource
of
the
natural
geographical,
the
utilization
by the
environment
of
climatological,
Aleutian
Islands
the
and
generally
and
specifically.
At
And,
is
characteristics
Location,
village
to an understanding
geolow
longitude,
non-military
52O12'
North
community
Peninsula
latitude,
and 1,250
The nearest
of Nikolski,
and the Naval
community
in Alaska.
approximately
Station
the
midway
village
in
Atka
the
is
entire
the
Some 550 miles
miles
from
some 225 miles
on Adak Island,
10
mile
to Atka
Atka
United
is
from
Atka
arc
tip
nonof
the
Island
is
of the Aleutian
today
to the east
the
the
States.
southernmost
Anchorage,
in the 1,100
communities
of
are
the
Aleut
on Umnak Island,
100 to the west.
With
1973:16),
261,905
Atka
comprising
is the
the
Andreanof
acres
the
Islands
largest
of the
more
and it
of
west,
Four
Amlia,
Adak,
Kanaga,
Tanaga,
Atka,
Islands.
Gareloi,
islets,
Ogliuga,
of
are often
the
east
are
islands
and the
(from
Tanaga,
Kavalga,
Skagul,
islands,
referred
of the
those
Little
these
also
70 islands
member
of
of which
Sitkin,
six
largest
to
(Sekora
than
consist
islands
Great
The last
smaller
the
Mountains
the major
Seguam,
is
The Andreanofs
Islands
west)
numerous
of coastline
archipelago,
to the
Amatignak
miles
fou-rth
Islands.group.
between
and 294.7
Rat
east
to
Kagalaska,
Ilak,
and
in addition
to
to as the Delarof
Islands.
The
volcanic
Aleutian
archipelago,
Movement
Plate
entire
of
not
Aleutians
the
but
a product
Pacific
only
Islands
has
Plate
under
resulted
also
has
of
in
the
is
earth
plate
extreme
Aleutian
Trench,
Ocean floor
paralleling
miles
the
Islands
depths
of
over
process
is
the
additional
strong
manifestation
earthquakes
of
throughout
Geographically,
nearly
separate,
Atka
parts
width.
and varying
This
part
long
from
of
the
the
of
the
a narrow
by approximately
20,000
high
100
ft.
An
frequency
of
region.
Island
(Figures
southwestward-trending
length
this
American
vulcanism
in the Pacific
at
tectonics.
North
valley
Aleutian
a curvilineal
the stationary
the
created
chain
consists
2-l
axis
of
approximately
Island
is
11
of
and 2-2).
the
Island,
two distinct,
First
the
west-
some 57 miles
3 to 7 miles
characterized
is
and
in north-south
by convoluted
in
Shaw
I
c----
5
HWH
Figure
2-1.
Atka
Island,
12
0
eastern
5
portion.
KILOMETERS
Cape
(igun
-~-_-__
--------.------I___
Figure
Mllf
2-2.
Atka
t
Island,
western
_____
portion.
~.
Pacific
Ocean
separated
and Bering
by a backbone
Island.
Rising
the
source
of sharp
to heights
of
characteristic
Sea coastlines,
many
of
small
short,
portion
of‘ Atka
consisting
of
sedimentary
lakes
"interbedded
low-lying
volcanically
active
Volcano,
four
this
major
Atka's
appears
the
1950:38),
"active
Sergief,
Korovin
The
markedly
island.
narrow
western
coastline
neck
major
from
by cliffs
however,
Tertiary
segment
of which
the
part
Dominated
materials
of
in
that
of
Of the
occur,
rising
a narrow
14
possesses
northern
volcanoes
on
(Coats
1950:Table
part
of
southern
portion
and beaches
are
to the volcanic
tombolo
1741)
and Sarichef
(Coats
connects
as
of activity
Sarichef
and 1844,
the
Korovin
(since
four
and
the
ft.
--
was active
period
1818"
this
Atka
Island
Volcano
Kliuchef,
extent
the
The degree
1976.
however.
areas
the
Korovin
1830,
of
by 5,030
postcontact
around
sheltered
and backed
side,
by a narrow
smoked in 1829,
different
Few
of Atka
portion
Korovin,
to an unspecified
The southern
island.
and
end.
to have been minimal,
island,
are also
deposits,
1974 and July,
in
There
are
pyroclastic
circular
volcanoes
which
streams
the
are
flows,
second
peaks,
as August,
mountains
1976:70).
the
roughly
these
of the
of
lava
north
volcanic
recently
for
is
length
in general.
of
bays,
primarily
southern
land
many deep
the
ft,
steep,
portion
(Selkregg
rocks”
extending
Islands
composed
Attachedtothis
of
but
on this
is
peaks
up to 2,275
of the Aleutian
numerous
with
slopes.
was
2).
Atka
is
of
the
short
and
On the
an otherwise
insular
portion
process
one of
(Vernon
Byrd,
as
of Atka,
the
its
to
Sarana
the
Military
activity
to describe
of
north
this
and
about
suitable
harbor
on the
is
being
other
especially
vessel
areas
To the
Unlike
the
large
coves
especially
east
south
immediately
in its
within
feet.
area
by
The
15
To the
wide
the
shore
only
several
for
1964:211).
is
Nazan
Bay.
Bay possesses
numerous
and southeast
of
Korovin
convenient
lowland
Nazan
of
with
Cove,
from
shore
cliffs,
of Commerce
to the east
impossible
north
coastline,
However,
ponds.
completely.
steep
Bay,
it
some 5 miles
the
and
smaller
The south
of
consists
elevation
has rendered
and Sarana
it.
of Atka
lowest
long.
Lagoon.
Korovin
invertebrates)
as several
Bay,
10 miles
and southeast
or bays
1,455
are absent.
of this
(U.S. Dept.
of
marine
two portions
War II
Harbor
shore
of
coast),
for
is an irregular
Martin
anchorage
a maximum
Sarychev
extensive
fronted
hand,
the
north
the
Korovin
Korovin
on
report
on
these
generally
to in this
Bay on the
condition
lies
Islands
by us (Explorer
World
lowland
south
Bay
small
to
Lake as well
during
the pre-war
to
areas,
Korovin
Aleutian
occur
Umnak Island
separating
large
Korovin
Bay,
peaks
of sand dune accumulation
contains
entire
in the
observed
Cove
on southwestern
forming
to be referred
procurement
The lowland
primarily
the
rising
of Atka
(important
such as those
west
ridges
Peninsula,
in
No volcanic
portion
coast
strandflats
lagoons
central
On the eastern
Sarychev
comm. 1975),
Lagoon.
Peninsula,
south
few
pers.
Korovin
the
small
no
islands,
of the village
of
Atka,
provide
some protection
to small
craft
from
winds
and ocean
swells.
Climate
Few climatological
Atka,
but
the
pattern
island
(Table
temperatures
mean
low
minimum
fits
2-l).
data
are
available
specifically
into
the
"typical"
Aleutian
Summers
around
Winters
55OF.
temperatures
of
temperatures,
of
are
are
around
relatively
29OF.
course,
Seasonal
often
of 77OF and l2OF have been reported
1976:14).
Perhaps
Aleutians
of calm
mph.
is
the
Hulten
Aleutian
aspects
cloud
or drizzle
cover
with
its
for
high
"warm,"
with
these
from
Atka
of weather
Aleutians,
the
drying
wind
speed
means;
in the
percentage
averages
and chilling
communities
and
(Selkregg
aspect
the
plant
mean
15
effects,
(Bank 1952:26-
1960:40-41).
locations,
(Selkregg
from
(Selkregg
and poor
is present
15-26
about
1976:13-14,
on Atka
of the climate
cover,
fog
averages
equivalent)
snow
wind,
the
5, while
consequences
precipitation,
Sky
roughly
Such constant
Additional
rain
Throughout
days averages
has substantial
28;
wind.
significant
weather
maximum
exceed
recordings
the most
with
cool,
for
percent,
8.5
17).
is
from
about
16
visibilty.
14-35
for
annual
60 inches,
1976:13).
are the frequent
For
percent
and snow from
tenths
Average
of Atka
these
of the
5-16
same
precipitation
including
selected
time,
percent.
locations
(water
60 inches
of
TABLE 2-1
METEOROLOGICAL DATA FOR SELECTED ALEUTIAN LOCALITIES
-
Unalaska
Mean Annual
cipitation
(inches)
Nikolski
Adak
Shemya
Attu
68.1
27.3
-a
PreMB
61.6
Mean Annual Percentage,
Frequency of Occurrence of Rain
and/or Drizzle
24.0
15.5
27.0
20.6
25.7
Mean Annual Sky
Cover (tenths)
8-6
8.2
8.7
8.7
8.6
Mean Annual Percentage of Occurrence of Fog
8.3
34,9
14.1
25-7
15.0
3 May
7 May
9 May
Mean Date of Last
Spring Occurrence
of 32O~
Mean Date of First
Fall Occurrence
of 32OF
6 May
30
SOURCE: Selkregg
--
Ott
--
1976:16-20.
17
23 Ott
30
Ott
13
Ott
The Pacific
in determining
relatively
the
small
directly
from
follows
another
present
"Aleutian
range
of
in rapid
sunshine,
winter
of winter
sea ice
or coves
during
in
the
surface
rain,
of
region
the
The
are
maritime
generally
One low
giving
day often
move
pressure
rise
area
to the ever-
experiences
a wide
wind,
sleet,
snow,
dangerous
reefs.
summer.
Atka
2-4),
(U.S.
noteworthy,
of the
seas
near
wide
junction
tidal
10 knots
hazardous
flow
current
to
can extend
(U.S. Dept.
the
calm,
Commerce
the
types
of
Ocean and the
with
most
shallow
speeds
Navigation
is
vessels,
as swirls
or south
of
1964:209).
most
is Amlia
or ebbs south,
all
The
is shown in
of Atka
is beset
recorded.
18
is 3.3
and one of the
been
of Commerce
in bays
1978).
region
have
the
limit
range
the Pacific
north
north
freezes
and certainly
Islands,
miles
of the
tidal
narrowest
floods
38OF in
south
village
between
Aleutian
rips
of
most
entire
tide
from
sea never
the
in the
particularly
well
Dept.
one of the
as
lies
The mean diurnal
pass,
much
range
and the
This
When the
Atka
of the seas in the Aleutian
the one mile
Sea.
around
Bay area
aspect
maximum
A single
winter.
Perhaps
dramatic,
heavy
the
Nazan
2-5.
as
thus
(Figure
circulation
Bering
this
succession,
temperatures
to 48OF in the
Pass,
Islands.
etc.
Ocean
Figure
in
factors
variations
effect
2-3).
phenomena:
dominant
temperature
(Figure
Low."
the
the Aleutian
moderating
systems
to east
weather
of
and diurnal
to the
west
Sea are
patterns
annual
Weather
quickly
of
weather
attributable
environment.
ft.
Ocean and Bering
the
pass
and
at
;
5.
.
bo.
bc.I
$4
0
u-l
\
c3
z
-\
a
w
m
VI
4
k.
.
L2
19
I \
t LJ
,’
1” k
ul
0
=
d
J
VI
-1
20
f
-
Figure 2-5.
the Aleutian
Surface
Islands
IR-
I
-_
.
164.
circulation
of the ocean in
region
(Selkregg
1976:29).
166’
Flora
In
general,
all
coastal
margins
Alpine
tundra
is
ridges,
with
major
(Empetrum
of Atka
tundra,
floral
Its
lanatum),
I_----
angelica
(1952)
general
around
and low
on upland
hills
and
Coastal
areas
and the
lowland
divide
called
heath.
This
found
species
include
(Dicranum
and variable
in wetter
areas
of low
sedge
(Carex
cow
lucida),
---mosses,
Salix
parsnip
and
herbs,
sp.)
consist
a complex
crowberry,
sp.),
(Anzelica
-- -----
are
(Heracleum -
reindeer
lichen
and dwarf
often
provide
further
the
native
dwarf
willows
during
World
War II,
Atka
for
are treeless.
coast
details
shrubs
(in
Bank
present.
of Aleutian
plant
and
Sitka
Finally,
of Atka
there
and the
is abundant
kelp
a few
Aleutians
in
and seaweed
Island.
fauna
Only
three
species
are mammals which
initial
norvegicus),
laqopus),
vegetation.
and distribution.
Terrestrial
and all
tundra
alpine
and crowberry
(1960)
introduced
the
immediate
lichens
willow,
and Hulten
Except
spruce
sparse
In addition,
dwarf
communities
of
and the
various
moss
sp.).
area
being
major
hair
particular
composed
and is generally
saxatilis),
(Cladonia
lowland
species
also
community
altitude.
is
the
generally
nigrum).
of moist
but
Russian
contact.
the blue
and the
fox
reindeer
of
terrestrial
animals
have been introduced
They
(a color
(Rangifer
22
are
the
to the
Norway
phase of the arctic
tarandus).
live
on Atka,
island
rat
fox,
since
(Rattus
-----Alopex
Although
were
the dates
certainly
foreign
introduced
contact
Commander
and to Attu
Aleutians.
in fur-bearing
the blue
were
Peninsula.
the
fox
Island,
appears
rat
Russian
blue
and the blue
period.
were
while
native
that
were
with
fox
Prior
only
red fox were
likely
the Russians
were
introduced
to
to the
native
their
responsible
on Atka
brought
to
the
island
The size
of
the
herd
estimate,
given
presents
reindeer
to
interest
for
bringing
the
mountainous
population
Island
from
Ugashik
been
nature
of
Island.
for
selected
the
when 40
on the
always
data
has
in 1914,
Alaska
difficult
to
Table
2-2
years.
fauna
Marine
Mammals.
---mammals
the
the
to Atka.
Reindeer
animals
It
animals,
fox
during
in the Aleutians,
Islands
the eastern
are uncertain,
which
species
dolphin,
are
listed
and the
in Aleutian
the numbers
in Atka,
hauling
2-3
itemizes
present
in
(e.g.,
the
bowhead
waters,
been reported
2-5,
Table
are
by Collins,
respectively.
grounds
Fishes.
seal
The
locations
are shown in Figures
Anadromous
fish
area.
dolphin,
the
most
2-6
(1945).
sea
for
they
rare
have
for
subsistence
in Tables
lion
of
whale
quite
Estimates
important
rookeries
2-4 and
and
to 2-8.
of the Atka
23
right
although
are given
of
of marine
Several
actually
(1978),
et al.
and sea lion,
variety
Island
probably
to Haley
of the ,two sea mammals
the harbor
Atka
common
whale)
according
to occur
the
the wide
Island
region
include
TABLE 2-2
REINDEER POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR SELECTED YEARS
Year
Population
Estimate
1914
40a
1918
60b
1921
115b
1926
228b,
272'
1928
340b
1929
570b
1930
218gb
1931
2250b
1973
2500-3500d
aYear
animals
first
brought
to Atka.
bTeacher's
1931.
records,
School,
Bureau
of
Education,
Atka
School,
CTeacher's
1927(?).
records,
Bureau
of
Education,
Atka
dSekora
1973:169.
24
TABLE 2-3
MARINE MAMMALS OF THE ATKA ISLAND AREA
Common Name
Scientific
Sea otter
Harbor (or hair)
seal
Steller
sea lion
Northern
fur seal
Long-nosed
(or spinner)
dolphin
Rough-toothed
dolphin
Common dolphin
Bottlenose
dolphin
Right whale dolphin
Striped
porpoise
Killer
whale
Grampus (or Risso's
dolphin)
False killer
whale
Pilot
whale
Harbor porpoise
Dali's
porpoise
Belukha whale
Baird's
beaked whale (or
giant bottlenose
whale)
Stejneger's
(or Bering Sea)
beaked whale
Cuvier's
beaked (or
goosebeak)
whale
Sperm whale
Pygmy sperm whale
California
gray whale
Finback whale
Sei whale
Little
piked
(or minke) whale
Blue whale
Humpback whale
Pacific
right
whale
Bowhead whale
Enhydra lutris
Phoca vitulina
Eumetopias
jubatus
- -_
Callorhinus
ursinus
SOURCE: Collins,
.
Stenella
longirostris
Steno bredanensis
Delphinus
delphis
Tursiops
truncatus
Lissodelphis
borealis
Stenella
coeruleoalba
Orcinus orca
Grampus griesus
Pseudorca crassidens
Globicephala
macrorhynchus
Phocoena phocoena
Phocoenoides
dalli
Delphinapterus
leucas
Berardius
Mesoplodon
bairdii
stejnegeri
Ziphius
cavirostris
Physeter
macrocephalus
Kogia breviceps
Eschrichtius
robustus
-Balaenoptera
.
pnysalus
Balaenoptera
borealis
Balaenoptera
acutorostrata
Balaenoptera
musculus
Megaptera novaeangliae
Balaena glacialis
Balaena mysticetus
et al.
25
Name
1945:75-76
and Haley
1978.
TABLE 2-4
ESTIMATED NUMBERS OF HARBOR SEALS FOR SELECTED ALEUTIAN ISLANDS
AND ALASKA PENINSULA AREAS
---
Estimated
Total
Date
Location
19 May 1959
Near Islands
2,000
19 May 1962
Amchitka
1,200
19 May 1959
All
19 May 1959
Delarof
19 May 1959
Andreanof
3 March 1960
Islands
3-4 Mar 1960
Fox Islands
PO Apr 1962
Sanak-Sandman
July
Izembek
1964
other
June 1960
Simeonof
April
1962
Remainder
Total
Estimate
Kenyon.
SOURCE:
Island
1,600
Rat Islands
1,000
Islands
7,000
Islands
1,000
of Four Mountains
10,000
and Amak Island
5,000
Reef area
700
Bay
Island
(Shumagin
of the Shumagin
Islands)
1,500
Islands
3,000
34,000
Sekora
1973:191,
26
based
on data
from
Karl
W.
TABLE 2-5
STELLER SEA LION POPULATIONS IN THE ATKA ISLAND REGION
Location
of Haulipg
or Rookery
1. Koniuji
point)
Ground
Island
Estimated
(a)
Numbers of Sea Lions
lb)
(cl
(northern
15
2. Atka
Island
(North
Cape)
3. Atka
Island
(Cape Korovin)
4. Salt
Island
550
-
100
_
4,900
5. Sagchudak
6. Amtagis
7, Amlia
100
Island
1,200
800
Island
Island
(Cape Misty)
8. Amlia Island
(rocks
Sviechnikof
Harbor)
9.. Amlia
Point)
Island
360
750
in
-
800
3,700
(Agligadak
700
10. Sagigik
Island
100
11. Tanadak
Island
20
260
250
120
12. Agligadak
Island
Total
5,370
SOURCE: Sekora
1 Location
1973:179,
numbers
from
correspond
NC
sources
below:
to those
used
in Figures
to 2-8.
(a) Survey
done in 1959,
Kenyon and Rice
1961.
(b) Survey
done in 1965,
Kenyon and King
1965.
(c)
done by Sekora
Survey
NC = Not calculated
in 1969-72.
due to insufficient
27
data.
NC
2-6
(igun
Cape
Figure
2-6.
Sea lion
hauling
grounds
and rookeries
(see Table
2-5).
Korovin
+
5
k---i
0
5
t--+-H
Figure
2-7.
Sea lion
hauling
grounds
29
5
-
-
0
and rookeries
5
I
MILES
KILOMETERS
(see Table
2-5).
Figure
2-8.
Sea lion
hauling
i
grounds
and rookeries
(see Table
2-5).
-+
Dolly
Varden
(humpback),
as well
as the
chum (dog),
coho
(king).
Pinks
streams
of Atka,
being
"one
1982:8).
than
are by far
of
with
the
pinks,
"Atka
Unalaska
[in
numerous,
the
on Atka
the
Atka
include
Atka
mackerel,
of
red
cod,
pogy
salmon:
(red),
of the
salmon
in the
side
of the
island
Unalaska"
salmon
is
substantially
in
red
salmon
(greenling
west
of
not
was recorded
to the
or
less
while
Aleutians
important
(Holmes
run
Likewise,
the
pink
and chinook
of
1982:8).
chums
of
west
largest
Ocean fish
rock
residents
cod),
of
sculpin,
and herring.
As in
zone on Atka
important
chitons,
of
1982:8).
Invertebrates.
most
numerous
systems
(Holmes
run
sockeye
on the north
. . . had the
halibut,
intertidal
most
number
largest
(Holmes
the
pink
19821"
species
(silver),
one stream
best
Although
following
the entire
is rich
to the Aleuts
limpets,
mussels,
Aleutian
in marine
of the
clams,
archipelago,
the
invertebrates.
Island
include
sea cucumbers,
Those
sea urchins,
and octopus.
Birds
pelagic
from
The Aleutian
Islands
birds
which
(those
shore),
although
constitute
feed
other
substantial
numbers.
Terrestrial
a few
relatively
small
with
many bird
populations
changes
due
islands;
hence,
to
the
in
breeding
on the open sea beyond
waterfowl
species
the Aleutians
of
bird
31
area
are generally
It
for
two miles
and shorebirds
populations.
introduction
contemporary
a major
exist
in
limited
to
may be noted
that
have undergone
substantial
rats
to
distributions
and
fox
various
and populations
do
not
necessarily
reflect
accurately
those
of
the
pre-Russian
period.
Determination
populations,
of
a difficult
difficult
in
conditions.
the
Aleutian
While
recent
much of the archipelago
for
the
Atka
studies
Island
(e.g.,
including
Atka.
species
which
In
and
task
in
itself,
of
made
isolation
even
et al.
1982),
older,
less
Table
lists
those
2-6
in the central
to
those
or accidental
more
and weather
come from
regularly
bird
have been conducted
Nysewander
1973).
are casual
is
surveys
must
addition
distribution
due to
accurate
(e.g.,
Sekora
as occurring
size
Islands
region
documented
the
Aleutian
itemized,
for
bird
data
complete
species
Islands,
there
are
59
that
of
in the Aleutians.
Conclusions
The natural
most
of the Aleutian
flora,
potential
markedly
and
to
fauna
support
different
environment
Islands.
are
of Atka
The Island's
other
Aleutian
32
is
landforms,
characteristically
human residents
from
Island
Aleutian,
today
does
localities.
not
like
climate,
and
appear
its
to
be
TABLE 2-6
BIRD SPECIES OF THE ATKA ISLAND AREA
Scientific
Common Name
Name
Loons
Common loon
Arctic
loon
Red-throated
loon
Grebes
Podiceps
Podiceps
Red-necked grebe
Horned grebe
grisegena
auritus
Tubenoses
Diomedea nigripes
Diomedea immutabilis
Fulmarus glacialis
Puffinus
griseus
Puffinus
tenuirostris
Pterodroma
inexpectata
Oceanodroma furcata
Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Black-footed
albatross
Laysan albatross
Northern
fulmar
Sooty shearwater
Short-tailed
shearwater
Scaled petrel
Fork-tailed
storm petrel
Leach's
storm petrel
Cormorants
Phalacrocorax
Phalacrocorax
Pelagic
cormorant
Red-faced
cormorant
pelagicus
urile
Swans
Olor
Whooper swan
Cygnus
Geese
Branta bernicla
Philacte
canagica
Black brant
Emperor goose
Ducks
Anas
Anas
Anas
Anas
Anas
Anas
Mallard
Gadwall
Pintail
Green-winged
teal
European wigeon
America wigeon
33
platyrhynchos
strepera
acuta
crecca
penelope
americana
TABLE 2-6
(Continued)
Common Name
Scientific
Northern
shoveler
Canvasback
Greater
scaup
Tufted duck
Common goldeneye
Bufflehead
Oldsquaw
Harlequin
duck
Steller's
eider
Common eider
King eider
White-winged
scoter
Surf scoter
Black scoter
Smew
Common merganser
Red-breasted
merganser
Anas clypeata
Aythya valisineria
Aythya marila
Aythya fuligula
Buceohala
clanaula
Bucephala albeola
Clanqula
hyemalis
Histrionicus
histrioni
Polysticta
stelleri
Somateria
mollissima
Somateria
spectabilis
Melanitta
deqlandi
Melanitta
perspicilla
Melanitta
nigra
Merqus albellus
Merqus merganser
Mergus serrator
Hawks
and
Name
falcons
Buteo lagopus
Haliaeetus
leucocephalus
Circus cyaneus
Falco rusticolus
Falco peregrinus
Falco columbarius
Rough-legged
hawk
Bald eagle
Marsh hawk
Gyrfalcon
Peregrine
falcon
Merlin
Ptarmigan
Lagopus
Rock ptarmigan
mutus
Cranes
Sandhill
Grus canadensis
crane
Shorebirds
Haematopus bachmani
Pluvialis
dominica
Pluvialis
squatarola
Arenaria
interpres
Numenius phaeopus
Tringa glareola
Heteroscelus
incanus
Tringa flavipes
Calidris
otilocnemis
Black oystercatcher
American golden plover
Black-bellied
plover
Ruddy turnstone
Whimbrel
Wood sandpiper
Wandering tattler
Lesser yellowlegs
Rock sandpiper
34
TABLE 2-6
(Continued)
Common Name
Scientific
Sharp-tailed
sandpiper
Pectoral
sandpiper
Baird's
sandpiper
Dunlin
Western sandpiper
Bar-tailed
godwit
Sanderling
Calidris
Calidris
Calidris
Calidris
Calidris
Limosa
Calidris
Name
acuminata
melanotos
bairdii
alpina
mauri
lapponica
alba
Phalaropes
Phalaropus
fulicarius
Lobipes lobatus
Red phalarope
Northern
phalarope
Jaeqers
Stercorarius
Stercorarius
Stercorarius
Pomarine jaeger
Parasitic
jaeger
Long-tailed
jaeger
Gulls
and
pomarinus
parasiticus
longicaudus
terns
Larus hyperboreus
Larus glaucescens
Larus schistisagus
Larus argentatus
Larus canus
Larus ridibundus
Rissa tridactyla
Xema sabina
Sterna paradisaea
Sterna aleutica
Glaucous gull
Glaucous-winged
gull
Slaty-blacked
gull
Herring
gull
Mew gull
Black-headed
gull
Black-legged
kittiwake
Sabine's
gull
Arctic
tern
Aleutian
tern
Alcids
Uria aalge
Uris lomvia
Cepphus columba
Brachyramphus
marmoratus
Brachyramphus
brevirostre
Synthliboramphus
antiquus
Ptychoramphus
aleuticus
Cyclorrhynchus
psittacula
Aethia cristatella
Aethia pusilla
Aethia pygmaea
Common murre
Thick-billed
murre
Pigeon guillemot
Marbled murrelet
Kittlitz's
murrelet
Ancient
murrelet
Cassin's
auklet
Parakeet
auklet
Crested auklet
Least auklet
Whiskered
auklet
35
TABLE 2-6
(Continued)
Common Name
Scientific
Horned
Tufted
puffin
puffin
Fratercula
corniculata
Lunda cirrhata
owl
Nyctea
scandiaca
Corvus
corax
Name
Owls
Snowly
Corbids
Common raven
Wrens
Winter
wren
Troglodytes
troglodytes
Pipits
Water
pipit
Anthus
spinoletta
Lanius
excubitor
Shrikes
Northern
Finches
shrike
and
sparrows
Gray-crowned
Song sparrow
Longspurs
and
rosy
finch
Leucosticte
Melospiza
tephrocotis
melodia
buntings
Lapland longspur
Snow bunting
SOURCE: U.S.
Calcaris
lapponicus
Plectrophenax
nivalis
Fish
and Wildlife
36
Service
1974.
CHAPTER 3
LITERATURE
HISTORY
REVIEW
OF RESEARCH ON ATKA
Introduction
The bulk
information
number
of written
efforts
6,
is
based.
While
a host
focuses
in establishing
It
Island.
resultant
the
comes
from
of minor
following
sections
on those
publications
offers
documentary
of resource
on these
sources
chapters,
that
a limited
works
the history
is primarily
in the
In
and archaeological
to Atka
chapter
background
and their
chronological
this
importance
historical
Chapter
sources.
on the
linguistic,
specifically
data,
of major
utilization
the
ethnographic,
pertaining
some valuable
items
of
that
especially
follow,
are discussed
research
in general
order.
Netsvetov
From 1829 to 1844,
the Russian
Orthodox
Church
Iakov
Netsvetov
on Atka.
37
served
Netsvetov,
as a priest
whose
father
of
was
a Russian
very
employed
likely
western
the
from
in the
Atka,
1828
supplementary
Aleutian
to
1842
Aleut
In addition
births,
life
fishing,
Aleuts,
culture
As Black
pointing
of
the
written
Jochelson
the
from
which
information
of his
parish.
.into
hunting,
residents
of
the
Atkan
and
and
Aleut
of the
in
the
Although
. .."
in a modern
the
Netsvetov
ethnography
Aleuts.
of
details
some differences
Central
perspective
of
anthropological
Russian
missionary
ability
to
provide
a
much may be learned.
and'HrdliEka
extensive
Aleutian
mentioned.
sketch
observer"
with
1980).
notes,
works
parentage
record
Neither
the
him
198O:xxi-xxii)
and
Russian-Aleut
gave
often
of the Aleut
in a brief
a "trained
translated,
islands
to Veniaminov's
Eastern
not
was
his
out
for
such as the numbers
Netsvetov
and sacred
journals
a wealth
other
was
in the entire
(Netsvetov
statistics,
Netsvetov
and he "contributed
education
valuable
and the
etc.,
secular
been
Black
activities
(in
various
Netsvetov
sense,
marriages,
mother
Netsvetov's
provides
church
and gathering
translated
dialect,
on Atka
to important
islands.
work
Aleut
serve
recently
by Lydia
lengthy
deaths,
and whose
Islands.
have
materials,
Netsvetov's
regarding
trade
was the firstpriestto
and central
years
fur
Waldemar
research
on Atka,
Islands
Jochelson
of the anthropological
Jochelson
but both
nor
Alex
were prominent
and Aleuts,
and their
visited
briefly
division
Atka
HrdliEka
Atka
in
specialists
work
on
should
1909 as the
of the Aleut-Kamchatka
38
conducted
be
leader
Expedition,
which
was under
the
auspices
The results
Society.
of
Island
have been published
work,
particularly
Jochelson
states
studied
the
work.
to
Atka.
In
1936
archaeological
in 1938 he worked
concerning
valuable
but
faces
on the
much of his
remains
in
his
records,
of the
Geographical
other
archives.
stay
on Atka:
took
photographed,
in plaster
of Paris,
I had a phonograph
"I
as well
to record
texts
of
(1912:337).
and
of
a
spent
1937
again
in
on the
Island,
the
only
he
although
some
a brief
his
context
because
it
War II,
Ted P. Bank,
years
major
Atka
brings
on
minimal
in those
His
of
time
conducted
archipelago.
incorporates
Institution
Smithsonian
likewise
throughout
in the present
historical
made
Aleutians,
(1945)
1925),
following
research
publication
(Jochelson
director
the
Russian
investigations
data,
and songs"
expedition
Imperial
archaeological
In one tent
Hrdligka,
the
linguistic
and models
traditions
his
language,
measurements
as other
the
of
and
research
data
and
together
is
many
sources.
Bank
Following
years
of
World
research
of the University
in
the Aleutian
of Michigan,
investigations
1951
and,
Institute
more
recent
in
for
1954,
Exploration,
years.
conducted
Under
the
Bank and others
and anthropological
and
Islands.
II
on several
under
the
sponsorship
Bank pursued
Bank and his
39
wife
also
sponsorship
undertook
islands
of
several
botanical
from
the
1948 to
American
additional
research
in
served
as teachers
in
Atka
during
the
1948-1949
While
Bank's
(e.g.,
Bank
detail
anthropological
largely
botanical
some of his
in
is
throws
some doubt
work
form
concerning
an unfortunate,
(Bank
et
account
ethnocentric
on the
integrity
al.
is
life
1950).
Although
of his
on Atka
in
piece
of
other
his
available
utilization
of
in some
concerning
on Atka
resource
popularized
(1956)
information
1953b),
unpublished
Bank's
has been published
archaeological
material
valuable,
year.
research
1953a,
and
only
school
that
is
village
writing
which
works.
Bergsland
The scholar
is
the
Norwegian
Bergsland
with
linguist
has
collecting
traditions.
His
which,
for
Bergsland
obtained
village
than
generally
more
is
with
valuable
responsible
for
for
us),
to
names,
place
of
Atka
the
data
many bilingual
from
them
(and from
publications,
40
1950,
Aleut
folklore,
and
monograph
names and
islands.
As
a generation
whose
farther
their
from
a generation
he collected
purposes.
below.
other
provides
and neighboring
which
ethnohistoric
names,
interest,
took
today
(and
in
in a detailed
information
excursions
in Atka
Beginning
times
on Atka
true
of research
Bergsland.
items
much of his
trapping
history
has resulted
many locations
and fox
no longer
proper
research
hunting
is
many
among other
functions
longest
Knut
traveled
communities),
(1959),
the
are
Bergsland
which
are
which
all
is
the
also
discussed
Veltre
and Veltre
From
1974
Veltre,
conducted
research
project
Korovinski
delineate
this
historical
in Aleut
research
1977
heritage
and
projects
Aleutian
Region
the
from
culture
(Veltre
for
for
the
School
on the
integrated
short
U.S.
in
of
together
to
The
much of the
returned
archaeological
and
Health
and
contact.
The Veltres
Public
site
an effort
by Russian
to Atka.
Mary
historical
archaeology
caused
by
archaeological
1979) brought
relating
1979
assisted
primarily
study
those
information
in
Focused
Bay,
with
Veltre,
ethnohistorical
on Atka.
data
of
Douglas
a three-year
changes
report
1976,
on Korovin
ethnographic
Atka
to
to
cultural
Service
and
the
District.
Taniisig
the Aleutian
In 1980,
first
"to
issue
shine
Under
the
of Taniisix^,
on"
the
students
issue
of Sherry
to
life
and
excellent
publication
the
of Aleut
means
"to
District
Ruberg
(nee Spitler)
most
various
communities
are
appeared;
culture,
of the
three
past
shed
the
light"
1981;
or
1982a).
and written
topics
with
volumes
comprise
by
in each
and to
supplemented
they
published
1980;
schools,
To date,
have
District
School
photographs.
to the study
Bilingual
in
School
in Aleut
Articles
heritage.
drawings
aid
Region
in the District's
pertain
cultural
which
(Aleutian
direction
Region
Aleut
numerous
of
this
an invaluable
and present.
materials
Over
the
last
a number
decade,
41
of
works
have
been
published
in
the
age children
Bilingual
over
Aleut
and published
Materials
twodozen
book-length
Development
short
the
booklets
result
of
and Moses Dirks,
1981;
Bergsland
resource
to
use
the
in
place.
primarily
of
of Atka
(e.g.,
These
range
Atka,
for
they
derived
National
they
include
as well
works
the
conducting
research
important
solely
are
1978,
(especially
of
as
discussed
and Dirks
identification
A is
the
Aleut
Bergsland
in
school-
Bergsland,
provided
more precise
Appendix
Knut
for
of topics
The Atkan
works
asset
with
in Anchorage,
wide
efforts
a valuable
and enabled
take
ona
1980).
were
Center
and grammars.
above,
dictionary)
Designed
by or in conjunction
dictionaries
chiefly
inquiry
language.
Atkan
leads
food
from
on
for
resources
Bergsland
(1980).
Conclusions
This
much of the
chapter
data
contained
information
relating
it
uneven
is
also
specifically,
but
together.
in
depth.
of
the
instead
That
a perspective
in this
to Atka,
none
information,
brought
has provided
past
literature
the
resource
to view
available
varied,
utilization
an abundance
and pieces
the aim of Chapter
which
is quite
provides
bits
42
While
and present,
Regarding
offers
is
report.
from
6.
which
must
of
be
CHAPTER 4
OVERVIEW OF ALEUT RESOURCE UTILIZATION
Introduction
This
Aleut
chapter
resource
perspective
which
subsistence
economy
in
6 more
their
history
Precontact
Prior
the
Islands
detailed
and
to
Russian
the
tip
certain,
it
is
years
Aleuts
review
both
of
will
in Atka.
specifically,
a general
and contemporary
It
of
precontact
offer
historic
treatment
contact,
Aleutian
Island
(see Figure
present,
overview
should
certain
will
be noted
that
resources
and
be presented.'
distribution
to Unimak
4,000
view
adaptations
westward
from
to
of the entire
west
brief
This
of use in Atka,
Aleut
consisting
a
use patterns.
from
Chapter
provides
of
l-l).
apparent
ago,
in
the
Aleuts
archipelago,
the
Alaska
Although
from
occupied
east,
from
as well
Peninsula
and likely
the more distant
have been the sole
43
from
data
8,500
occupants
Attu
Island
as the
from
archaeological
a territory
years
of this
in
Shumagin
Port
Moller
past
is
that
ago,
area
at
less
least
to
the
and they
have,
over
this
adaptation
that
provider
mainland
were most
of
known
(Veniaminov
It
Laughlin
this
limited
cultural
stability
to
residence
with
resource
use
the
artifactual,
very
rich
the
historic
travellers,
obvious
over
Pribilof
Islands
islands
most
period,
were,
in
the
Aleutian
the
in fact,
late
1700s
a relatively
cul
scholars
Aleutians
and uniform
other
neighbors
in the precontact
the
that
have
long
exhibited
time,
environment
de sac,
(e.g.,
much of
as well
which
as
effectively
people.
and early
comes
archaeological
limitations
agree
primarily
and settlement
and
the
the
patterns
Aleutians
and
that
of precontact
faunal,
were
onto
1881:146).
in a geographic
Knowledge
in
Elliott
a stable
interactions
and continuing
'rediscovery"
out
1975)
Precontact
use
in
and Aigner
attributable
to Aleut
their
may be pointed
remarkable
that
or indirect
life.
groups
by anyone
maintains
quoted
of
of the Aleutians,
inhabited
prior.to
1840,
Eskimo
cultural
direct
Peninsula
various
legend
exist
necessities
Alaska
To the north
Aleut
to
on the
not
a fundamental
on the sea as the
basic
Alaska,
likely
although
all
east
of the Aleuts.
maintained
was focused
of virtually
To the
the
period,
sites
obtained
throughout
accounts
Each
missionaries.
in
from
data
ethnographic
providing
44
postcontact
of
accurate
the
of
these
resource
two
from
sources:
the usually
archipelago,
early
two
insight
and
hunters,
sources
into
has
Aleut
resource
use
quantified,
are
identifying
food
vagaries
on.
limited
fabricational
sites
the
early
because
such
data
were
information
In sum,
but
necessarily
difficulty
fauna1
have been dug and in what
writers
manner.
the
use of
likewise.are
not
has rarely
we may reliably
when,.
by
manner,
what
whom,
primarily
and also
in a quantified
was being
where,
the
and so
observers,
been recorded
itemize
in
remains,
biased,
trained
easily
though
data,
preservation,
and ethnographic
because
not
by
versus
of which
Historic
Archaeological
patterns.
how,
utilized,
in
or
what
quantity.
Thus,
general
which
the
were
Consideration
particular
and the
social
Only
will
will
rough
first
related
aspects
of
to
to
itself
Aleut
estimates
be given
technology
of
items
food
and economic
concern
characteristics
pan-Aleutian.
of
resources
outline
those
patterning:
importance
the
following
resource
of
the
be
will
possible.
of
food
Next,
acquisition.
subsistence
use
relative
an inventory
their
with
economies
will
be
discussed.2
Table
4-l
presents
the means by which
items
for
food
important
knives,
items
purposes.
particularly
they
an inventory
were
This
for
although
listed
were
point
in the
Included
obtained.
exclusively
etc.),
of the major
it
fabricational
must
will
discussion
be reiterated
of sea lions.
45
in this
use
be realized
additionally
resources
utilized
again
table
(such
that
and
are
as stone
many of the
for
in
non-food
Chapter
6,
TABLE 4-1
MAJOR PRECONTACT RESOURCES AND HARVEST TECHNIQUES
IN THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS
Hunting/Gathering
Techniques
and Implements
Resource
off1. Sea mammal huntina
shore (includes
whales,
hair seals,
sea lions,
sea otters,
fur seals)
2.
Sea mammal hunting
shore
(includes
seals,
sea lions,
sea otters)
Sight and surround
animals
with bidarkas
or baidars;
use of harpoon,
spear, and/
or club except for large
whales which wash ashore when
dead; possible
use of aconite
poison for whales.
Surprise
animals
on mainland
shore or on islets;
approach
by foot or boat; kill
by
spear, harpoon,
and/or club;
possible
use of nets.
hair
and
3.
Bird hunting
on water
(includes
allspecies
of ducks)
Stalk birds on water surface;
capture with bird spear or
arrow; net birds on lakes
from blind.
4.
Bird huntinq
at nesting
sites
(includes
all
species of nesting
birds)
Bird cliffs
approached
by
boat from below or by rope
from above; birds caught with
snares,
bolas,
handnets,
leisters,
clubs,
or by hand
at nests as well as away from
nesting
areas.
5.
Fishing
marily
From boats
or leister.
6.
Fishing
onshore (primarily
salmon and Dolly
Varden, but also otherfish,
including
halibut
and cod)
Hook and line from shore; use
weirs,
and
of nets, leisters,
hands at stream mouths and in
streams.
7.
Intertidal
and beach
collecting
(various
marine invertebrates,
including
sea urchins,
clams, periwinkles,
and algae;
also
etc.,
Combing the beach and intertidal
zone for these items;
use of prying
tool to loosen
items from rocks and use of
grass collection
baskets or
gut or skin containers.
offshore
(prihalibut
and cod)
46
with
hook and line
TABLE 4-l
(Continued)
Hunting/Gathering
Techniques
and Implements
Resource
washed up fish,
sea mammals, birds and driftwood)
8. Onshore collecting
(terrestrial
plants,
raw
materials
such as stone
for fabricational
use)
Techniques
and implements:
travel
to areas of resource
availability;
use of wedges,
digging
tools,
etc.,
to extract
materials;
grass,
gut,
or skin containers
to carry
collected
items.
See
SOURCE: Adapted
from McCartney
(1977:81-82).
that
source
for detailed
citations
concerning
specific
items,
techniques,
and implements.
47
Although
precontact
quantification
of
food
towards
suggest
the
listed
general
of Ashishik
the
of
marine
Point
Denniston
on the
relative
food
figures
reflection
of
authors
619771,
McCartney
to
resources,
likely
of
those
the
major
site
order
and,
that
suggested
by the
also
McCartney
[1975:293-2951
evidence
of
eggs.
most
likely
of
lacking
Laughlin's
based
in
(1980:49)
however.
[19721,
exist
with
virtually
of
all
of Aleut
ratios
food
As
Yesner
as "typical"
very
importance
points
out,
the
Aleut
diet
than
the
(1977:82).
however,
proportions
as well
48
of
(See
regard.)
sites,
on ethnographic
are
as an accurate
literature"
in this
archaeological
precision
as McCartney
ethnographic
literature,
The
of
of
site
site
mammals
Denniston's
estimate
that
sea
variations
magnitude
items
the
at
Denniston
may be taken
to
Her figures
Aleutians,
abundance
"a more precise
The ethnographic
the
Nevertheless,
correct
food
from
interpreted
(e.g.,
local
categories,
constitute
and
substantial
and
data
has been
only
various
(1972:208).
out
[1977]),
use patterning.
portray
ratios
have pointed
the
fish,
use thoughout
seasonal
is possible
by remains
be mistakenly
and no single
resource
represented
birds,
resource
various
respect
values
not
it
end of Umnak Island.
respectively
should
research
of
to
and determination
has presented
north
invertebrates,
1:1.75:35.88:51.74,
these
importance
well
little
Therefore;
ends.
themselves
remains
relatively
relative
4-l.
lend
fauna1
values,
these
in Table
for
sites
of archaeological
corresponding
directed
Aleut
supplies
such
as
of basic
the
valuable
importance
food
as archaeological
items,
data,
are less
precise,
but perhaps
archaeological
have
data
varied
marine
bir.ds
plants,
mammals,
and eggs,
estimates
those
(which
over
30 percent
20 percent;
many
individual
effort,
Aleut
procurement.
time
of
provided
he states
and space)
the
by
may
are as
fish,
diet;
invertebrates,
food
collecting,
and fishing
surprising,
then,
such
extended
30
15 percent;
food
family
the
of
only
some fish
does
infrequently
examples
all
divides
he not
take
he gets
regarding
instances
theme
were
less
sharing
of food
required
as
nets
and weirs).
was shared
within
exist,
exchange
egg
not
at all
certainly
an entire
time
immemorial
it
has been
is
a shortage
of
food,
is obtained.
For example,
among all
share
the
together,
is
and perhaps
that
than
It
Aleuts,
there
a larger
in much of
hunting,
among
when
them
through
to work
mammal
sea
"From
Aleuts,
among themselves
has caught
was an important
households
Veniaminovstates:
divide
obtained
(with
that
the
be
activities
community.
custom
could
Aleuts
for
within
resources
cooperation
especially
most
than
5 percent.
Although
not
His
alone.
by as much as 10 percent
follows:
percent;
more accurate
and it
a system
he who
who are
in need and
the
but
than
others"
to
rest,
not
(1840:56).
Similar
may be assumed
that
of general
in
reciprocity
was followed.
Aleut
than
features
that
religion
of
many
pertaining
and ceremonialism,
other
to
Alaska
resource
49
although
Natives,
use
common
less
well
known
certainly
included
to
northern
many
cultures:
of
the
placating
success,
in
shared
it
with
bones
all
were
endeavors.
returned
assure
to him,
the
necessity
continued
hunting
too,
as though
demise
(Veniaminov
Unalaska
around
1790 that
for
sea
village.
was
to influence
example,
lion
of
them
the
season
wounding
1840:133-134).
into
by
a whale,
sick,
all
back
surrounded
he were
reports
Afterwards,
and he threw
a man, after
whale's
first
of his
Whaling,
and behave
to
Sarychev,
the
the members
by spirits:
seclusion
order
who obtained
(1807:57-58).
governed
in
spirits,
of shamans and human mummies
hunting
person
human and animal
spirits
and the ability
that,the
sea
in
animal
and assist
the
belief
of
the
behavior
would
go into
thus
hastening
Merck
reports
the
from
During
the first
six months the Aleuts
hang a piece of
anything
they kill
on the infant's
cradle.
Birds
they
attach
whole to the cradle.
Of sea lions,
fur seals and
harbor seals they attach
only the muzzle,
and also pieces
of fish.
This is done by the closest
relatives
so that
the mother and child
might have food (1980:72).
Laughlin
that
describes
the use of charms
was carefully
known
only
to
customs,
were
Laughlin
also
possessed
figurine
could
speak
important
precontact
all
wrapped
in
a waterproof
hunter,
in
addition
necessary
discusses
souls
"This
(1980:52).
the
parts
the
was suspended
him before
Numerous
Aleut
from
going
culture
component
of
many
of
a. ceiling
out
that
exist
was
(1980:40).
names
carved
beam where
and report
charm
precautionary
animal
powerful
of hunting
50
and
open sea hunting"
examples
(see Lantis
"A powerful
pouch
to
use
and
additional
ideological
of
Aleut
(1980:113-114)
with
by hunters:
images:
the hunter
on his
which
and fishing
that
return"
exemplify
pursuits
1947 and Ransom 1946).
the
in
The early,
postcontact
The
clearly
early
forced
to
labor
specific
changes
at
ethnohistory,
portion
in
dependent
early
flour,
resources
with
period,
to hunt
or other
activities,
would
First,
sea otters
from
items
have
since
did
done
their
dietary
changed.
introduced
foreign
not
assume a
they
were
expensive
continued
to
be highly
obtained,
traditional
and
of sea mammal hunting
removed
Aleuts
the
can only
can be made.
these
or
of archaeology
gradually
Thus;
were
Although
were
diet
Aleuts.
activities
likely
etc.),
was
companies
tribute.
males
males
of the Aleut
quantity.
trading
points
items
for
--
and Aleuts
knowledge
the amount
on traditional
Russian
fur
of Aleut
Russians
tea,
the
hunting
1800
change
subsistence
Aleut
to
relocated,
general
if
1741
required
in
food
the
(sugar,
limited
the
Russians
various
although
significant
for
following
Second,
of
foodstuffs
were
in our
non-subsistence
proportions
and
stage
have limited
use.
for
Third,
this
by the
well
local
villages
occurred
from
cultural
directly
that
the
utilization
--
settlements
them to produce
be suggested
very
period
profound
either
for
could
of
declined,
indirectly
for
Russian
a period
Population
the
period
especially
in this
technology.
Conclusions
From
use,
the
following
(1)
mirrors
the
foregoing
outline
conclusions
An inventory
an inventory
Aleut
resource
may be offered:
of food
of
of precontact
edible
51
items
utilized
foodstuffs
by Aleuts
in
the
closely
Aleutian
archipelago.
Stated
of almost
all
varying
Aleut
exclusively
little
available
that
sources
Aleuts
(albeit,
made use
of course,
the
notion
for
precontact
of total
economic
hunting
to
In other
of people,
food
use uniformity
acquisition
of edible
enabled
most
by the able-bodied
the
younger
and participated
The early
shifts
in
traditional
people,
reduction
over
degree
of
the
males,
as well
Russian
in
space
and time
the specific
food
social
and
especially
an Aleut
all
than
the
community
acquisition
of
to a single
category
of the
food.
provided
sea mammal
activities.
was characterized
pursuits
52
supports
was undoubtedly
who did
etc.)
of
limited
food
period
of population,
record
and the
the
in other
economic
in
foodstuffs,
members
was not
bulk
very
and use.
variety
getting
food
in the presence
archaeological
technology,
although
(5)
the
to an important
words,
provided
do exist
and gathering
invertebrates,
of
intake.
is evident
The wide
almost
source
resources
Uniformity
of food
directed
indirect
differences
resource
Aleuts.
to participate
or
Land
of some species,
aspects
(4)
direct
dietary
local
of basic
the
use was by necessity
materials.
Although
and abundance
hunting
appears
food
sea as the
fabricational
(3)
marine
edible
resource
to the
in terms
items,
it
degrees).
(2)
and of
differently,
(through
by the
more
movement
introduction
by
of
of
new resource
harvest
(6)
food
within
continued
be viewed
or reliance
Cooperation
in hunting
a community,
were
into
the
historic
social,
from
precontact
system
and
the precontact
53
cultural
Subsistence
of
adaptation
ideological
period
on imported
and fishing,
period.
as an economic
technological,
continued
endeavors
into
foodstuffs.
and sharing
patterns
for
which
Aleuts
which
of
must
involved
components,
and
the Russian
period.
which
NOTES
1.
The material
that
Veltre
and Veltre
follows
is taken,
(1981:13-26).
2.
Discussion
will
be limited
to traditional
Aleut subsistence
as
revealed
by precontact
and early
postcontact
sources as well
Only a few studies
of Aleut subsistence
in
as by archaeology.
more recent
times
exist
(e.g.,
Ransom 1946 and Veltre
and
Veltre
1981, 1982), but these do.not
deal directly
with Atka;
hence, they will
not be dealt with in the present
study.
54
with
some changes,
from
CHAPTER 5
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND OF ATKA
Introduction
This
Russian,
chapter
and
foundation
offers
American
subsequent
utilization
profile
on the
describing
the
outline
on Atka
periods
upon which
resource
a concise
of
the precontact,
in
order
to
discussions
of
the
Island
may be based.
contemporary
village
of
provide
a
history
of
A community
Atka
is
also
presented.
The precontact
period
Based
Veltre
(as discussed
occupied
by Aleuts
large-scale
those
at
the
work
of
in Chapter
for
at
the
dated
(1979:262-265).
site
midden
to
of
3),
it
the
Korovinski,
last
of
there
55
not
Atka
and
has been
years.
The only
on the
Island
have been
Veltre
"typical"
1,9302100
have
that
Bank,
2,000
where
containing
a maximum
Hrdlicka,
is clear
excavations
deposits
While
Jochelson,
least
and well-reported
precontact
types
upon
found
Aleut
radiocarbon
been
any
that
artifact
years
older
B.P.
sites
documented
work
the
on the
which
Aleut
There
those
49
all,
the
major
site,
the
Veltre
most
to determine,
population
population
Laughlin
of 16,000,
The 49 sites
on Atka
Aleutians,
according
and by Veltre
(i.e.,
Atka's
share
solely
on proportion
"villages"
limited
or
for
it
estimate
is
of
in
Veniaminov
1840:202-203).
camps,
central
all
known
of
of
presented
sites)
the
49
1 was a
of
those
order
of
a total
in
Aleut
Aleutians.
the
central
by McCartney
(1972)
of Laughlin's
4-5,000
population,
based
for
to a maximum
of
each
16
derived
interesting
difficult
central
amounts
Although
very
of
Aleutian
60 persons
56
are
the
19 percent
the
correct
16 of
The function
that
lived
nevertheless
the
Atka
estimates
Therefore,
data,
is
sites.
data
above.
been
concerning
that
period
to survey
mentioned
Island,
have not
statements
fishing
19 percent
an average
Atka
based on archaeological,
represent
of
most
5 were
numbers
some 4-5,000
of
Since
B.P.
not be determined.
(1972)
(1979).
960 persons,
could
for
to 3-4,000
estimates
locations,
of the sites
be unexpected
on
general
data,
of the limited
sites
(1979:157-159),
village
Precontact
not
to extend
existence.
and 5 were postcontact
remainder
would
on Atka
and ethnographic
were
burial
It
a function
archaeological
only
them may be made.
likely
there.
of uncertain
at
linguistic,
is
occupation
are
investigated
sites
this
has been done
earliest
including
island,
to
magnitude
of
the
from
the
most
note
that
this
(e.g.,
see
Regarding
may be stated
Aleuts
period
4).
Their
in
general
aspect
event,
Korovinski
Atka
Russian
Vitus
Bering
from
the
Although
in
Basov
journeyed
an equal
journeyed
anticipating
very
again
voyages,
those
of
is
the
the
This
site
the
of
eastern
significant
patterns.
the
skins
the
again
dozens
fox
As early
in 1745,
to
of
57
the
other
the
of
of
(Berkh
Aleutians,
of
Russian
the
with
crews
to
and foxes
Russian
contact
as 1743,
Emelian
there
returning
sea otters,
pelts
of
of sea otters
hunting
of 1,600
1741 voyages
return
future
Island,
again
the
and encounters
the
eastward.
blue
with
landings
insured
a cargo
and
The most
1,400.
had
and subsistence
brief
Bering
of
likely
made on behalf
these
number
in Chapter
much of
Chirikof,
He sailed
in 1746 with
over
began
and farther
year.
of
in Alaska
Islands
to
occupation
same
Aleutians'
only
during
Commander
Aleutians
Island
thus
1741 and 1742 with
in the
following
the
contact
occurred
Kamchatka
in
A.D.
was felt
settlement
and Alexei
government.
Natives
and
of the
on Atka
about
the
of artifact
similar.
record
ash fall
1979:253ff),
period
were
simply
that
(as described
likewise
precontact
on Aleut
The Russian
as Aleuts
volcanic
Island
ramifications
etc.)
archipelago
it
indicates
burials,
archaeological
terminated
(Veltre
record
same range
the
the
on Atka,
the
patterns
of a major
which
of
in
of
adaptations
possessed
(houses,
elsewhere
occurrence
Aleut
archaeological
subsistence
"unusual"
and
the
and features
time
end
that
of Atka
types
precontact
2,600
until
from
Bering
fur
seals,
1974:2).
his
promyshlenniki,
the
Basov
ventures
or
fur
hunters.
By
expeditions
the
had
promyshlenniki
early
successfully
pushing
the sometimes
elusive,
stopovers
exterminated
the
had been easily
Agattu,
and Shemya)
pushing
to
1750,
the
made during
these
usually
profitable
ruthless
half
of the
18th
Standard
procedure
promyshlenniki
rather
the
and to
insure
took
hostages
From the
Island
from
first
relations
to
until
a
The promyshlenniki
the
with
latter
exploitation,
of
in
the
the
islands.
collection
the
form
the
Natives,
of
of
sea
the
among the Aleuts.
between
(Rancroft
1886:102-105),
than
exception,
58
by
1799 --
returning
residents
usually
from
until
brought
A-leuts,
interaction
the
--
and over
included
"good"
archipelago
The voyages
fortune,
hunters
(Attu,
by 1763.
had been amassed.
the
and
by 1759,
not
the Aleut
there
Aleutians
duration,
to many of
had
Islands
Aleutian
contact
activities
crews
thepromyshlenniki
of Russian
their
for
of
frequent
found
The Near
central
of
the
pursuit
became
were
and to Kodiak
pursuit
century
or tribute,
skins,
skins
their
and by 1768 the
of the eastern
years'
in their
and death
rule
of
in
by 1745,
the
years
of several
disease,
Agattu
of
hunting
Aleutians,
and Copper)
food.
discovered
by 1761,
early
number
were
otter
for
to Umnak and Unalaska
Peninsula
yasak,
were
the
sea cows which
hunted
31 fur
sea otters.
voyages,
the
Andreanofs
the Alaska
were
of
to
eastward
(Bering
these
than
made
fewer,
Islands
last
fewer
farther
and ever
for
which
no
been
ever
The Commander
wintering
177Os,
Russians
violence
and
the
and Aleuts
seemed
precontact
to
on
be the
Aleut
population
first
dwindled
75 years
and
Glotov
of contact
were
thousands
of
Veniaminov
were
Aleut
from
the
neighboring
Native
while
accompanying
perished
defending
few
Russians
there
In
between
for
decade,
dropping
than
from
the
at
settlements
1778-1788,
to about
225 by 1799
in
of
1977:188;
at the hands
of
face
of hostilities
(Fedorova
the Russian
and again
in
1802
at
New Archangel
Similar
never
59
when
130
posed
a serious
threat
there
were
relatively
and what
population
small
settlements.
462
and these
1973:116-117).
population
and 15
abound.
approximately
Sound,
killed
examples
time,
(Fedorova
1976:7).
in southeastern
were
among various
William
to
Aleuts
any given
were
by the
homes and forced
the
although
400 by 1794
(Gibson
murders
hardships
their
1978:33).
there
and Prince
died
the
Soloviev
(Davydov
new settlement
scattered
example,
Unalaska
among eight
often
the Aleuts
Alaska
the
Such was the case
(Tikhmenev
was was always
1778,
from
promyshlenniki,
in
Aleuts
Baranov
firearms,
to the advancing
1760s
when in 1793 nine
day Sitka)
Lacking
taken
groups.
wounded
example,
within
islands.
eastward,
for
(present
the
size
for
to extraordinary
men were
Alaska,
Aleuts
in
the
its
Men like
responsible
subjected
Russians
of
1970:277).
and many other
throughout
hunters.
accompany
(Lantis
Aleuts
1840:194),
Aleuts
20 percent
personally
eastern
promyshlenniki
fur
to perhaps
were
In the
never
1973:124)
Russians
divided
following
exceeded
500,
and to no more
The 1780s and 1790s saw the
number
of trading
Shelikov
and
merger
of
American
companies,
Ivan
Company
of the
among them
Golikov
companies
in
as well
by these
1797 that
led
monopolistic
rights
north
of
55O and
Russian
military
While
(Fedorova
based
enough
officer
payment
the
difficult
to undertake
observed
of
its
Aleut
pursuits,
It
the
the
United
1799 formation
company
was given
hunting
the
was the
activities
support
of
the
navy.
by Natives
to maintain
hunting
to
of a
by Grigorii
men into
authorized
Russian-American
availability
was it
three
commercial
including
of tribute
1975:16),
on the
Not only
forces,
owned
The latter
to all
was
ones
directly
Company.
legal
and elaboration
as by Mylnikov.
owned
Russian-American
latitude
formation
was eliminated
Company's
and other
a Russian
but,
in 1795
success
indigenous
was
labor.
population
as one Russian
large
naval
in 1820,
"If the company should somehow lose the Aleuts,
then
it will
completely
forfeit
the hunting
of sea animals,
because not one Russian
knows how to hunt the animals,
and none of our settlers
has learned
how in all the time
that the company has had its possessions
here" (quoted in
Gibson 1976:8).
and they
Thus,
Aleuts
were
were
forced
to work
a valuable
for
labor
pool
for
the Company,
it:
As a result
of a need for competent
hunters
and the
availability
of Aleuts
for service,
the company compelled
Aleut men to catch primarily
sea otter,
fur seal and sea
lion.
In effect,
it turned
Aleut
men into
serfs,
for
compulsory
hunting
for the company was similar
to forced
labor
. . . by Russian
serfs
on a lord's
land.
Thus,
the Company followed
the
very practice
;h*idh
promyshlenniki
had begun and the government
knew that the
60
company was forcing
Aleut
men to hunt sea mammals,
but
permitted
this practice
apparently
because the company
was unable
to obtain
the sea otter
fur wealth
of the
North Pacific
Ocean in any other way (Sarafian
1970:155).
Over
the
the
years,
Company changed.
Plagued
activities
of
by various
(Gibson
1976:13-15),
by the
down
to more
conservative
administration.
(British
exploration
and expansion
attended
to,
service
in
earlier
were
with
the
so that
down,
years
had settled
foreign
encouraged
northward
humanitarian
needs
was down
and alternate
but
so
were
its
1976:25).
Attempts
mining,
Company,
stability
to
operations
the
and
in order
were
and these
directed
demand
activities
however,
Not only
success.
world
made at
yielded
slowly
was on the
interest
of the Russian-American
financial
diversif-ied
sale
rose
early
were
brought
into
sharply
from
sources
of income
sought.
of diminishing
debt
production
prices
its
Increasing
and teachers
priests,
fur
during
the Company
by the Company;
colonies;
years,
1830s
American)
doctors,
The later
coal
and
Russian-American
misfortunes
years
competition
the
Treasury.
to the'united
to spread
such
enterprises
certain
financial
In
and
its
government
at the
time,
and the
1867,
the
unprofitable
of Alaska
prices,
The Russian
to Europe
was the
supply
of furs
the
Company
risks
(Gibson
as whaling
1860s
had its
Company
61
its
own
was in
American
Company came to an end with
States.
and
The
rewards.
ground , and by the early
lost
wane.
Company were times
the
The Russian
period
on Atka
The postcontact
1753,
during
hunted
year
in
which
various
record
time
it
Trapeznikov
discovered
accompanying
Cossack
1974:lO;
that
the
islands
is uncertain,
Russian
of
Atka,
whose
Shevyrin
in
named
Khalunasan
from
between
1750
1752,
"in
to
initial
the
appears
that
hunting
parties
reasons,
throughout
blatant
population
tribute
Atka
an
(Berkh
Jochelson
reports
by Trapeznikov,
during
teach
life
of
frequently
to
the
furs.
a voyage
him
the
Russian
the years
that
followed
east
it
may safely
be assumed
loss
archipelago,
179Os,
on Atka
the
main
was at Kigun
their
--
sending
of
for
for
It
several
the
latter
a number
Aleuts,
of
as Aleuts
greatly.
Forced
settlement
relocation,
labor,
and
toll.
and perhaps
Bay near
62
a period
the Atka
diseases,
took
is available.
at Atka,
unreliable
that
information
figures
suffered
introduced
certainly
over
population
are
there
themselves
and west
Although
detailed
Aleuts
based
century
brutality,
little
the
eighteenth
the
over
but
the
By the
remaining
continued
of Atka,
way of
ships
to gather
of
voyages
discovery
concerning
half
that
(1933:3).
Fur hunting
years
expedition
residents
owned
an Aleut
the
precise
collected
a ship
order
the
Aleut
Coxe 1780:39-40).
1749 to
Trapeznikov
Although
captured
language"
Nikifor
four-year
from
Nakvashin,
and
in the years
merchant
this
named Sila
navigator
begins
the Aleutians.
was during
Bancroft1886:112;
the
of Atka
only
the western
--
settlement
tip
of Atka.
Gavriil
1791,
of
a member of the Billings
Sarychev,
reports
that
30 taxable
the village
men and
there,
seven
Expeditions
Atxamica,
---
other
male
of 1790 and
had a population
inhabitants
(Sarychev
1802:table).
In
business
1795
venture
westward,
the
Grigorii
designed
as well
Atka
merged
Northern
United
American
some
41 Russian
to
as in the
Company
the American
Shelikov
the
to
the
Andreanof
operations
on Atka
(Fedorova
main
Siberia).
was
for
Company
office
This
this
was formed
remained
than
of the American
By the
Company,
was
Atka
on the
water's
time
Island's
north
edge near
control
formation
the
the base
the
were
from
main
the
base
of
of
of a steep
in addition
and Okhotsk
the Atka
the
the
office,
(in
and it
Russian-American
American
Korovin
63
offices,
Kodiak,
when
permanent
of
there
parties
with
United
of
shore
Company,
By 1798
hunting
1799,
office
sole
later,
Company to form
1973:127).
colonial
the
Islands
Northeastern
Unalaska,
the
the
Andreanof
a
1973:126-127).
in
from
under
American
administered
that
Company,
Two years
Company had three
office
reason
the
Atka
Islands.
various
in Irkutsk:
last
from
Islands,
American
office
the
and the Irkutsk
(Fedorova
Commander
to its
the
Company,
men in
The United
trade
Pribilof
with
Company
founded
Company,
Okhotsk
the
office
Atka.
rather
of the Company.
of
Russian
Bay.
bluff,
the
Russian-American
and Aleut
First
the
settlement
located
settlement
at
the
was
moved
to its
mile
final
location
at the
away by the
mid-1820s.
Called
today,
the
former
by residents
settlement
of Atka,
main
continued
of
office
manage
fur
in
Aleutian
Islands,
date
Russian
exploitation
the
majoreconomic
at
least
at the ends of
were most
Most
likely
the
of
population
Island
settlement
changed
locations
from
Russian-American
Company personnel
manager
Beginning
priest.
of a large
in
one
Harbor"
there'.
was transferred
The Atka
office
entire
central
the
by this
relatively
Atka
late
was no longer
with
the
Structures
barabara,
Russian
than
of
during
the
over
early
only
operations
included
which
and
but
the
This
was finally
following
at
picture
at Korovinski
Russians,
with
a clerk
a community
64
at a
and mid-1800s.
of Netsvetov,
was under
lived
Island.
journals,
a few
in what
settlements.
Islands
the years,
end of the
1829 arrival
some Aleuts
permanent
and Amlia
Company settlement
of
period,
Bay to Nazan Bay portage
Netsvetov's
numbered
charge
the
of Atka
bay at the western
Primarily
the
in
of furs,
camps rather
on Amlia
of
operations
Korovin
seasonal
of the Aleut
small
once lived
1823.
although
part
settlement
the
to as "Old
office
in
about
importance.
During
lived
the Atka
spit
on maps published
referred
Sitka
hunting
and western
in
Korovinski
is also
control
colonial
to
of a long
many of whose ancestors
Administrative
to the
base
Atka
store
the
to
control
emerges.
an officer-
assist
him.
had a resident
house
of
in
the
the
form
office
manager.
Aleuts
supplies
the
from
there,
summer,
younger
especially
while
Aleuts
collected
who
retail
for
for
by the
i.e.,
in service
not
kept
about
seven
houses.
Korovinski
by the
producing
--
Aleuts
subsistence
during
for
the remainder
to working
and
cycle,
Amlia
obtained
resource
related
gathering
to
two
of
Company,
returned
over
important
food
the
course
of
the
fish
65
it
and a
Atka
amount
year
appears
Company --
in
a seasonal
seasonal
and edible
However,
camps
plants
much of
Aleuts
much
First,
items
the
storage
In addition,
period,
of
time
factors.
a certain
and
vegetables
part
was done.
and fabricational
although
baths.
took
of
a reserve
cattle,
the Russian-American
activities
not
wheat.
which
and some hunting
a
Aleuts,"
warehouses,
of utilization
during
"free
for
and other
Islands
consisting
procurement
a barn
of the Russian
for
a church,
Company),
and steam
imported
burning.
and to Aleuts
were
various
potatoes
from
the summer months,
were
the
sheds,
school
for
school,
Aleuts
also
during
and fishing,
and fuel
to employees
manager,
tool
flour
in addition
on Atka
0ffic.e
stock
company-run
food
Amlia
were
skins,
Throughout
that
the
a boarding
There
had gardens
for
including
(the
to
Also
hunting
to the Russian-American
house
for
off
at
goods both
Company
store
buildings
were
included
employed
summer months.
students
it,
selling
employed
mill
were
were
the
families
buildings
store
settlement
during
Aleut
provisions
Other
the
the
was likely
hunting
and
was done expressly
for
of
was
(food
that
produced
primarily
in
the
winter)
to the
bodied
men during
subsistence
upon
(which
times
of
of
or early
the
dependent
men
traditionally
and gathered
of many of the able-
year
likely
upon
sea mammal
made seasonal
and bird
obtained)
plants
and
and animals,
more easily
procure).
the sale
of Alaska
the
Korovinski
more
including
186Os,
to the
but may include
to the United
settlement,
location
on Nazan Bay was completed.
clear,
absence
less
following
relocation
Atka
fish
the
period
Shortly
1850s
the
women could
The American
the
various
(which
dependent
Second,
activities
resources
eggs
Aleuts.
begun
of the
Reasons
depletion
present
for
of resources
in
the
States,
the
late
village
of
move are
not
at Korovinski:
[A] few years ago, when both fish
and drift-wood
in order to better
themselves,
they
were becoming scare,
removed [from Korovinskil
to their
present
village-site
[at Nazan Bay].
Where they are now the Alaska mackerel
is quite
abundant,
and quantities
of this palatable
fish
are salted
in barrels
and shipped
to California
(Petroff
1884:21-22).
0
Also,
.
.
residents
people
at
explode,
that
the
Island
the
settlement,
at
this
to us that
the
volcano
settlement
and that
settlement
reported
Korovinski
that
destroyed,
Amlia
of Atka
move
which
time,
there
to
Nazan
was also
had reportedly
the
Russians
on Atka
was
in
was
danger
told
the
going
to
of
Bay was necessary.
being
The
moved to the new Nazan Bay
been partially
destroyed
by an earthquake.
For
whatever
reasons,
therefore,
66
by the
mid-1870s
the
Korovinski
sole
Bay.
settlement
village
It
on Atka
Island
may be noted
settlement
east,
was finally
between
and the
285 miles
that
Nikolski
the
well
as
has been the
village
by that
Atka
time
settlement
at Constantine
that
time,
of Atka
was the
only
Aleut
some 225 miles.
Harbor
Russian
most
American
other
to the
on Amchitka
Aleutians.
control,
was
fox
resources,
including
over
remained
villages,
however.
trapping
The villagers
Company took
Company had been conducting.
Aleutian
government
industry
Commercial
By the
on the
Island,
.
remained
heavily
which
reindeer,
trade
Atka,
the
of
reliant
were brought
the
isolated
192Os,
islands
the
on Nazan
to the west.
without
cash
Since
on Umnak Island,
In 1870 the Alaska
that
abandoned.
as
and
principal
the
central
on subsistence
to the
island
in
1914.
In
evacuated
church
used
1942
from
and most
by the
west.
1945.
World
the
At that
the
II,
village
by American
of
the houses
to prevent
who occupi.ed
to
bring
people
time
along
were
they,
prisoners
of war from
community
was rebuilt.
Following
War
their
Japanese,
Unable
belongings,
during
the
Attu,
war,
along
with
were
fox
them
in
were
the
of
hastily
who burned
from
any
possibly
islands
their
Southestern
resettled
in Atka,
continued
the
being
to
the
personal
Alaska
some of the returning
trapping
67
troops,
some of
virtually
interned
Atkans
where
until
Aleut
their
on a reduced
scale
due to lower
continued
the
seasonal
Pribilof
various
and
prices
furs.
employment
with
Islands,
fishing
while
Hunting,
sustenance
for
community
the
the
being
include
the
school
building
the
in
year
for
Kodiak,
continued
an increasing
to
variety
store.
for
two
a number
the
the
Aleut
for
Orthodox
shop
(which
also
Village
Council
and a pumphouse,
office
school's
which
for
Language
also
use,
is associated
68
meetings
office
apartment
with
a
school
(the
an office
Associate,
building;
the
of
sheds;
Corporation
and
a small
and a youth
a generator
contains
number
an older
telephone,
community
an age
and small
Atsam
village
and a two-bedroom
which
the
the
in the community
boathouses
of
of
household
the
buildings
two
of the 22
average
documents
community
Church;
used
the
teacherage;
corporation),
a Russian
building,
of
neighboring
room;
clinic
Other
population
Twenty-one
with
5-2
only
5-1 presents
population.
Table
the
the
Figure
occupied,
sizes.
freezers
is
while
are
persons.
and
of 91 individuals,
itemizes
the current
following:
profit
classroom
laundry,
for
now housing
village
although
5-l
century,
of various
building,
of
gathering
community's
Table
community
4.33
households
operations
in Una.laska,
and
has a population
past
and sex breakdown
size
part
enterprises
in the
Atka
over
in
sealing
worked
fishing,
of whom are non-Native.
houses
fur
of Atka
profile
Today,
village
the
the people,
of goods was available
Atka
Some of the residents
others
and processin'g
elsewhere.
provide
for
activity
a carpentry
and bingo);
of
the
a
Atka
run by the Council;
the
community's
water
TABLE 5-1
POPULATION OF ATKA FOR SELECTED YEARS
Population
Year
1890
132
1900
128
1920
56
1930
103
1940
89
1950
85
1960
119
1970
88
1980
93
1983
91
from various
Bureau of
SOURCES: Jones (1973:8),
The 1980 population
is from U.S.
Census publications.
The 1983 population
is
Department
of Commerce (1981).
from
Atka
Village
records
for
69
June.
70-74
65-69
11
Males
n = 51
(56.0%)
Females
n = 40
(44.0%)
ir
2
60-64
3
55-59
3
50-54
3
45-49
8
2
40-44
2
3
4
2
%I
35-39
30-34
25-29
20-24
15-19
7
10-14
5-9
8
o-4
Figure 5-l.
ages attained
Population
of Atka,
in 1983 (as of 6/l/83).
70
TABLE 5--2
HOUSEHOLD SIZE IN ATKA
Household
Size
Number of
Households
2
Total
Mean Size
71
system
and which
Officers
and the
also
is
fire
engine.
In addition
to
and 18 new houses
outside
of
buildings
the
have
the
over
lo-14
hour
on weather
only
and other
two
needed
nights,
the
house
to the
of
the
of
above,
the
island
about
with
late
of
Atka
197Os,
every
these
time,
has become
a Navy tug
2-4 weeks,
usually
difficult
school
one mile
Use
for
residents
the
only
at Atka
to conduct
means
radio
teacher,
made
depending
remained
was a tempermental
non-Native
a new school
village.
The tug
same
Safety
1983.
Adak to Atka
it
Public
completed
the
the
factors.
At
communication
been
Until
making
business.
listed
and communication
years.
from
the Village
and September,
to
trip
for
buildings
recently
in August
recent
center
portion
Transportation
easier
the
older
began
the
of
voice
located
who controlled
in
its
use.
In
service
which
the
landed
flying
in
dish
telephone
million
197Os,
was replaced
satellite
control
late
it
of
the
bay
was
erected
village
paved airstrip
a two-engine
week every
other
things
by commercial
provided
the
however,
flights
directly
in
began
from
in
front
the
of
village,
in the
old
school
council.
In
the
fall
Chieftain
between
week.
72
with
improve.
Adak with
was located
was completed,
to
a Goose,
the
village.
and
the
Peninsula
Adak and Atka
building
of
Tug
A
single
under
1982,
a $6
Airlines
now
4 or 5 days
a
In 1939 Atka
Indian
wide
established
Reorganization
range
Native
Act.
of village
Store,
the
of
1971,
the
of Atka
entity
holdings
the
which
were
part
of the
Andreanof
for
Electric
residents
and organizations
job
time.
It
and
Likewise,
only
common
left
the
be noted
teaching
village
years,
for
Voluntary
Russian
care
Atka.
that
of church-related
Church
year
services
in the
only
seasonal
in
are
by lay
it
full-
such
as
table.
was more
one resident
Atka
no resident
readers
31
resident
and Brotherhood,
is
the
the
While
included.
job.
conducted
services
by individuals
organizations
the
jobs,
in
fishing
73
The Atxâm
eight
included
There
elsewhere
Of
of 1983 only
activities.
land
include
electric
summer
Sisterhood
are
5-3,
held
are not
lands
part-time.
not
positions
a seasonal
Church
island.
are
village
corporation,
on the
of
a profit-
Peninsula.
temporary
Atka
Act
as lands
provides
largely
the
a
department.
the
subsidiary
in Table
community
Orthodox
as well
which
is
listed
teaching
in recent
the
Atka
construction,
three
during
in
positions
should
fishing
one
Corporation,
Employment
regular
owns
with
Settlement
Village
and on the Alaska
currently
fire
to manage
Island
involved
Corporation,
1971 Act.
of Atka
Aleutians
Corporation
Claims
in part,
of the
including
Native
the Atjiam
provisions
is
volunteer
formed
much of the easternhalf
in the eastern
council
and the
Alaska
established,
under
and services,
telephone,
provisions
making
this
Today,
activities
Under
village
a council
include
the
which
take
priest
and a small
in
TABLE 5-3
REGULAR EMPLOYMENT IN ATKA, JUNE 1983
Employers
and Positions
Part-Time
Atjiam Corporation
President
Land Manager
Secretary
1
1
Andreanof
Electric
Corporation2
President
Secretary/Treasurer
General Operator
1
1
1
Atka
School3
Aleut Language Associate
Title
I Aide
Pre-School
Aide
Maintenance
Atka
Village
Council
Secretary
Phone Attendant
Janitor
Handyman
Recreation
Summer Youth Supervisor
Administrator
Atka
Native
Manager
Helper
Industries
Full-Time1
1
1
1
1
Cooperative
Store
2
Aleutian/Pribilof
Islands
Association
Health Aide
Health Aide Alternate
Community Health Representative
Village
Public
Safety Officer
74
1
1
1
2
TABLE 5-3
(Continued)
Employers
and Positions
Island
Store (privately
Owners/Workers
owned)
3
Alaska Department
of Transportation
Runway Maintenance
1
8
23
Total
SOURCE: Atka
NOTE: Figures
'Full-time
2A subsidiary
during
Full-Time'
Part-Time
Village
Council.
do not
include
= 30 or more hours
seasonal
construction
jobs.
per week.
of the Atjiam Corporation.
3Not included
are
the school year.
3 non-Native
75
teachers
resident
only
choir.
From
time
to
Unalaska
comes
visits.
A volunteer
is
now fully
slowly
over
to Atka,
fire
out
Native
Store
which
Native
Industries
open
three
World
are three
is
each
by far
week
electricity
the
village)
variety
of
the
store's
Affairs'
supplies
ship
semimonthly
plane
the village
sell
in Atka
years
his
ago
chief
was
Council
took
of
(following
frozen
today,
it
is
Part
of
the
largest.
that
the
flights
as well.
a limited
range
food
10 hours.
It
the start
of full
has
items
store
been
Bureau
are
Two smaller
time
able
to
Some of
of Indian
received
private
and sundry
is
has only
foods.
on the
of food
Alaska
the
and refrigerated
most
the Atka
(ANICA),
store
once a year,
but
or five
as the Village
a total
of years
Star,
from
between
traditional
Association
arrive
North
months
four
of
priest
individual.
the
for
couple
in
begun
stores
Cooperative
days
a wide
that
Orthodox
is often
War II,
of
been in the last
provide
it
The position
responsibilities
there
Russian
department
after
While
the
although
organized.
phased
the
time,
on the
stores
in
items.
Conclusions
Atka
in Alaska
the Alaska
Naval
is
today.
stopover
extremely
and Unalaska,
Although
enthusiastic
point
for
The roundtrip
$980.
particularly
one of the most remote
Except
Peninsula
Station.
currently
truly
for
costly
Atka
airfare
is
the Atkans
its
(or,
76
charter
reachable
between
accommodating,
about
and isolated
Atka
the
flights
only
from
via
about
Adak
and Anchorage
Navy has never
Adak facility
formerly,
villages
being
the
is
been
used as a
tug service
which
it
provided).
There
village
7).
is considering
Nevertheless,
subsistence
maintain
is currently
economy
the well-being
no local
various
options
existing
(to
industry
the
residents
77
in
chapter
there.
although
future
and
employment
be discussed
of the
for
in Atka,
the
(see Chapter
the
on-going
6) combine
to
NOTES
1. This section
taken,
with
on the Russian period
in the Aleutian
some revision,
from Veltre
(1979:64-67).
78
Islands
is
CHAPTER 6
NON-COMMERCIAL
UTILIZATION
OF RESOURCES
IN ATKA
Introduction
In this
the
residents
pertaining
to
contemporary
concerning
patterns
chapter,
the
of
is
Atka
is
utilization
both
over
In
Atka
non-commercial
detailed.
incorporated
to
persistence
in
provide
additional
as well
as change
discussion
of
perspective
in
resource
use
fishing,
and
time.
details
gathering
activities
and
the
food
resources
on Atka
the
last
century
documents
the
by
information
Historical
general,
scarce.
use of resources
Aside
from
discussed
chapter
was obtained
applies
at most
for
concerning
hunting,
and
fabricational
and a half
information
provided
in Chapter
3, the bulk
from
to the
last
residents
of Atka
50 or 60 years.
79
by a few
uses
are extremely
key historical
of the material
today
of
and,
in this
therefore,
Table
this
6-1
chapter.
itemizes
This
significance
to
resources
the
in Chapter
Three
various
Appendix
A presents
and resource
and Amlia
Sea
generally
the
table
in single
are
numbered
Discussion
and cultural
of
to
these
significance
supplemental
resource
Aleut
will
which
for
Appendix
and AppendixC
pertain
information
on
utilization
words
activities.
are
waters
and
found
various
to resource
Atka.
resources
B gives
itemizes
less
since
they
on a year-round
adult
males
Females
throughout
than
measuring
are
the
place
months
names on
use.
in some cases
the
2 for
non-migratory,
basis.
smaller,
precontact
even more
recently),
80
are
Sea lions
up to 13 ft,
Aleutian
Islands,
They maintain
in Chapter
are significantly
of
the
50 fathoms.
as discussed
For Aleuts
(and
of
Aleut,
and rookeries,
Aleutians
weight.
lions
in
region,
with
resources
resources
text.
provide
the Atkan
Islands
in which
and no
lions
Sea
areas
the
dietary
aspects
in Atkan
order
only,
in
7.
procurement
of the year
in
presented
convenience
of various
in
appendices
regarding
for
categories
of their
categories
to the
grouping
inventory
in terms
be undertaken
1.
be attached
The resource
correspond
resource
is organized
or to the
categories.
Atka
list
should
are presented
the
the Atka
Island
present
in
large
animals,
are
in length
at 6 ft.
and early
hauling
and 2200 lb.
in
and 800 lb.
postcontact
sea lions
the
provided
period
much
TABLE 6-1
INVENTORY OF RESOURCES USED IN ATKA
Chapter
Resource
Section*
Sea lions
1
Harbor
2
Other
seals
marine
3
mammals
Reindeer
4
Salmon
5
Cod and halibut
6
Other
fish
7
Birds
and eggs
8
Marine
9
invertebrates
Plants
10
Fox
11
Livestock
resource
12
and gardening
*Numbers
correspond
discussion
sections
81
to those used in
in this chapter.
the
more
than
just
these
animals
their
food
the
sea,
put.
6-2 details
the
people
who derived
virtually
materials
directly
or indirectly
For
complete
use of a resource
but was characteristic
numbers
are
Table
and fabricational
In
in
causes
were
such
sea lion
food.
the
the
Aleutians
and magnitude
not
known.
George
lions
(Veniaminov
in
the
1840:387),
apparently
Commander
Islands,
plentiful
Netsvetov
found
decline
in
the
at this
lions
Commander
firearms
(old
(Netsvetov
1980:35).
early
boat.
harpooning
Islands,
animals)
1800s describes
It
says
in part
these
or
Commander
the
contact
especially
on St.
were
Islands
Writing
time.
methods
by
animals
about
the
were
with
large
Russian
"killed
(the
Aleuts
District
Islands],
abundance
as can be
in various
(Netsvetov
hunting
the
clubbing
sea lions
(Veniaminov
for
during
A song of the Atka
hunting
substantial
says the following:
gave way to the use of firearms
In the
to the
initial
These islands
are unique
in the entire
Atkha
[i.e.,
the central
and western
Aleutian
food resources
in
offering
the inhabitants
anywhere
in other
islands,
. . . not matched
attested
when observing
subsistence
activities
localities,
as I had the occasion
to do
1980:35).
Use of precontact
of
from
although
since
Islands,
and in
all
generally.
not
Pribilof
to which
limited
1840:387-388),
of the presumed
Only
sea lions
were
(Veniaminov
uses
was not
of resources
sea
183Os,
various
period.
either
young
collected
a harpoon
from
by
ones)"
in the
a skin
1840:20-21):
As it is done by the timid
that I might do likewise,
I
hid and departed.
And when I rode, gazing
about,
I saw the beast sea lion,
that he adroitly
dives and come up;
82
sea
TABLE 6-2
UTILIZATION
Part
of Animal
OF THE STELLER, OR NORTHERN, SEA LION
Partial
List
for
of Uses
1. Hide
Cover
bidarka
2. Flesh
Food
3. Blubber
Food (eaten
4. Organs
Food
5. Bones
Ribs for
root
diggers;
baculum for flaker
6. Teeth
Decorative
pendants;
7. Whiskers
Decoration
on wood hunting
8. Sinew
Cord and thread
9. Flippers
for
boot
soles;
Soles
used
gelatinized
in flipper
and eaten
with
and baidar;
general
10.
Pericardium
Water
11.
Esophagus
Parka,
pants,
leggings
12.
Intestines
Parka,
pants,
pouches
SOURCE: Laughlin
bottle;
1968:40.
83
also
meat;
for
line
for
rendered
humerus
harpoon
for
for
oil)
club;
fishhooks
hats
lashing
purpose
and visors
and sewing
contents
container
of boots,
pouches
Stopping
opposite
him, I begin to think:
Even for the timid
one it seems possible
to do with him
one's will;
that
in my undertakings
even I have had
And thinking,
I took from the stern
of the baidarka
a
success,
javelin,
stripped
the sheath
(from
the point)
and
placed
(the javelin)
before me.
I rode and drawing
near to him, I shot at him, but did
not place the javelin
in him.
He became enraged and dived.
I rode after
him and shot at him, but could do nothing
with him, but only spoiled
the points
on my javelins.
During
the
the
settlements
Kasatochi
of Atka
the
eastern
Island
tip
(in
and
to
oil
hunter
from
surf.
beach.
boat,
through
stake
hunting
was sometimes
northwest
Seguam and Amukta
Island,
1980).
settlement
the
brought
on Atka
from
salted
the
northeast
coast
two occasions
a ship
done near
of the western
Islands,
and around
On at least
by men from
of
of Amlia
between
1828
sea lion
meat
Pribilof
Islands
1980).
from
World
War II,
dories,
but
who was fox
the
island
1841 and 1842),
Before
primarily
volcanic
of Amlia
the
(Netsvetov
Islands
near
(Netsvetov
and 1842
and Amlia
a small
Island,
sea lion
and 184Os,
on Atka
Island,
tip
1830s
shore
sea lions
same hunter
a barrel
without
to search
device
that
Used by a person
for
hunting
occasionally
trapping
When one was hit,
This
sea lion
from
on Amchitka
which
it
were
ends
sunken
that
was
in
on shore
help
84
a hunter
shooting
right
in
the
water
was also
but
in
moveable
a boat
the
up to the
sea lions
There
two attached
One
and gliding
when hunting
had at least
was done
shoreline.
to glide
placed
Atka
described
playing
sea lions.
to
the
Island
continued
said
in
from
to
a
view
a wooden
pieces.
locate
a
sunken
sea
location
the
lion,
of the
last
In the
moveable
sighting
of
sea lion
meat
past,
the
either
dried
or salted.
In addition,
were
used for
utilitarian
purposes.
lion
was prepared
to
the
for
taking
it
sand.
This
inside
of
beach,
stream
and washed
water
and sand from
stomach.
and blown
up,
outside.
Finally,
primarily
for
each
salmon.
of
Further
are found
lion
before
following
manner:
like
gut
a spoon,
taking
until
inside
care
it
animal
etc.
rid
of
of all
the
from
fresh
carefully
out,
in
to a nearby
was turned
sea
inside
on it
worms,
to get
it
it
by walking
taken
the
the
water
the
right
salt
side
scraped
off
out
of the
manner
the years
in
as cod,
following
the
use of
dried
fish.
Atka
to
The
was soaked
not
to be used,
World
red
II.
out
continued
such
used
War
first
was
of such stomachs,
describing
was
fresh
have a number
concerning
World
was turned
this
fish,
details
sometime
it
in
normally
dried
the
to dry.
fish,
in the section
Sea
Next,
dried
would
kind
was left
with
of the bull
by turning
it
Next,
was very
of
The stomach
well
prepared
parts
any slime,
the beach.
it
to store
was n'ot eaten
other
was then
and the meat
A family
II.
It
and rinsed
Stomachs
which
and washing
to remove
aligned
animal.
use as a container
was done
the
were
pieces
gut
in salt
and scraped
to poke
85
with
any holes
one
salmon,
and pink
sea lion
stomachs
make
was
War
raingear
prepared
water
until
in
the
overnight.
a blunt
object,
in
Then
it.
it
.
was dried
outside
on a day that
the conditions
To dry
it
clear
were not
circling
at
When dried,
strip
some 3-4
It
was then
inches
Sewn with
the
stitch,
garments,
a complete
leakage
could
was made into
gut rain
toe
stitched
heel
in
finished
out,
so
boot.
and sea lion
like
of
out
and
on sticks
to
to
form
a
leggings
to be oiled
Aleut
harbor
seal
All
uppers
were
86
with
together,
only
is claimed
uliigix,
some
that
before
these
were crimped
proper
skin
one
shape
from
as their
boots
had
near
and
the
were
the hair
was done with
the boot
be on the
were
World
which
about
sewn to the
were as high
at the openings
sea lion
sewing
would
and smoked
in such an outfit.
from
the
These
and tucked
It
face.
a cork
waterproof
jackets.
waterproof,
produce
seams
skin
in a special
The soles
short.
the
which
the
flipper.
to
The seal
men wore leggings
lengthwise
had drawstrings
in Atkan
very
that
throat
cut
be overlapped
for
made from
off
ground
needed
manufactured
order
to uppers
on an area
the
and hooded
was totally
opening
sea lion
had been shaved
inside
garment
Called
made from
and
they
could
product
was boots.
If
change.
stretching
sinew
seems,
in the water
Another
off
pants
Because
the
bob around
soles
the
and jackets
around
War II
hung
would
the gut
would‘begin
or whale
and especially
pants
through
cold.
wide.
to keep them supple.
and the
it
of the gut
was skillfully
sea lion
gut
blow
time
the gut
too warm or too
the color
which
around.
dry.
right,
one would
properly,
ground,
was not
5-6
tops
thighs,
inside
of
inches
of them.
although
the
high,
Some
the
height
depended
on individual
folded
and tucked
with
The throat
for
Leggings
preference.
the
gut
rainpant
legs.
for
could
be
a watertight
seal.
inside
the
soaked
out,
leg.
length
Stretching
the halves
tapered
shape.
could
were
repairs,
area
Also,
to let
and then
and right
be switched
"socks"
not
oiled
inside
could
between
the
on long
feet
the
ear
on long
and sew new boots
to be ready
along
the
coast
known
rookeries
their
efforts.'
sea lion
of
the
shoulder
Figure
6-1
a
although
The completed
identical
process
so that
even
plant
to
a spare
they
wear.
Grass
For
section).
skin
use
taken
from
as a patch.
pair
women would
trips,
may take
and Amlia
and hauling
sun,
this
sea lion
carry
up with
of
stay
boots.
at home
when the men returned.
hunting
Atka
(see
forced
brown.
extended,
of
hunting
the
much.
turned
were
a rounded
ended
a little;
a piece
and
When men were out
Today,
too
boots
carry
in
just
for
a man might
trips,
tan
boots
over
which
it
to fit
Wedges were
dried
smoked
stretched
throat
end.
throat,
it
sea lion
a hunter
the
and the boots
between
worn
the
by turning
and then
atone
was then
a few times,
Left
was prepared
of days,
to stretch
The throat
were
was repeated
a couple
had been split
had to be taken
new boots
leggings
was done by placing
between
the
for
of wood that
care
the
areas
shows
87
place
Islands,
where
those
almost
although
hunters
areas
often
most
anywhere
there
are
concentrate
frequently
Figure
6-l.
Major
sea lion hunting
areas (dashed lines)
(circled)
reported
by the residents
and rookeries
of Atka.
and hauling
areas
hunted.
Although
lion
hunting,
time
constraints
skiffs
in the
today
recent
--
for
imposed
There
are
fiberglass
safety
used
in
sea
hunting
and fishing
13 homemade
wooden
boats,
most
of
engines
recent
men often
took
is less
frequent
although
this
the ocean
environment
new in the
suits
last
more
food
than
was taken
There
or
gasoline.
rifles,
a single
equipment
common calibers
One person
mentioned
preference
as enabling
with
his
a rifle
rifle
using
him
up to three
sea lion
are of various
are
25-
with
in
in
length.
for
In the
their
Equipment
includes,
and 3
and 35-hp.
them
all
kinds.
skiffs,
14 feet
boats,
effect
of
for
boating
some men,
survival
for
safety,
some men are
taking
along
with
them on boating
trips
ago.
hunting
partnerships
skiff
go hunting
will
for
being
among the men of
together.
often
sea lions
.243,
split
.22-250,
a .44 magnum hand gun,
to keep both
When a sea lion
89
is
The two
the
includes
cost
of
high-powered
.30-06,
and .222.
explaining
this
eyes on a sea lion,
while
he had to keep one eye on the sea lion
scope.
as in
now due to the damaging
Also
or four
together.
as well
about
CB radios
or ten years
Hunting
the
are
some men frequently
men in
for
go sea
as due to the
9 aluminum
boats
equipment
are no formal
although
three
these
flares.
five
--
hunting,
skiffs,
would
-as well
on such equipment.
and cooking
boats
pursuits,
one or two years
and distress
Atka,
for
hunt
lion
which
Common size
past,
reasons
men per boat
The boats
marine
individual
by wage employment
withusuallytwo
other
past
spotted,
and one eye on
a hunter
may signal
this
to other
diving
boats
motion
behavior
with
of
straight
nearby
sea
his
down indicates
so that
beach.
near,
not
This
also
obtaining
Since
at,
for
the
to
If
retrieved
to
downward.
it
their
hauling
lion
is
catches
thrown
the
areas
landing.
Also,
dangerous
to the
into
because
a wounded
a skiff
may be butchered
lion
certain
is
hunters
--
they
beach
the
prevent
are shot,
dives.
they
may be
retrieving
which
has
a float
and
pointed
surface
Sea lions
are rarely
lion
is usually
falling
from
it
and sea
the water
it
killed,
one
the
beach.
and lengthy
of a weighted
at
and the
may shoot
nearer
to
a
and
shot
too
into
may
jerked
while
rough
the water
be
at
for
could
a
be
below.
water
into
--
sea lion
may be towed
in the
the animal
the
and past
sea lion
large
to be brought
that
over
water
deep
but
hook
animal.
An especially
bring
single
shallow
being
device,
it
positioning
and
after
diving
and bringing
to move it
by means
the
involves
toward
after
a forward
has been spotted.
sustain
floats
the
arm
towards
animal
to
water
a similar
It
until
the
sink
shallow
keep
seal
in order
frequently
with
the
a sea lion
tire
imitates
sea lions
are driven
breath
a sea
signal
harbor
hunting
sea lion
serves
from
attached
raising
pursuing
sea lions
hook.
while
that-a
sufficient
retrieved
This
the animals
Hunters
one arm and making
hand.
lions,
One strategy
boat
by raising
to shore
at the
a boat,
is actually
90
one that
side
special
dead,
for
is
butchering,
of the
care
and,
impossible
boat.
is
taken
to
or it
If
a sea
to make
once in a boat,
the
head is the
first
A sea
head
and
part
lion
most
of the animal
is
of
butchered
the
kidneys
this
is
frequently
boats
experience
It
per boat
enough
Today,
the
in Atka
that
would
if
four
boats
For
butchered
the
21 households
in
quite
informal.
The
man who killed
he considers
most desirable.
which
next
to
families
some.
wanting
Sometimes
and shares
radio
choose.
it
with
announcing
and interrelated
portions
the
each,
boats
meat may simply
meat is taken
others.
that
meat
as Atka,
(although
sea
skins
lion
an older,
enough
if
there
meat,
The other
the
for
meat
may take
hunters
the
is
the
are the
village,
any
receive
home by someone who in turn
divides
may also
available.
everyone
means.
91
beach
if
animals
20 portions
sea lion
go down to the
animals.
four
of
to
more
one sea lion
example,
returned
is
When several
of sea lion
then
also
to
Hunters
is
(with
are
hunting,
the
two
and heart
Distribution
village.
When the
section
often
Sharing
the
sections
have killed
take.
village-wide.
five
is
after
removed:
leg
of
go out
are
part
into
is
parts
successful.
there
when they
be a sufficient
taken,
use
are
together,
man who decides
are
only
hunts
hunting
hind
The liver
sea lion
was explained
are
backbone
behind).
homemade skis.
go sea lion
organs
two
to cover
Most
main
and a single
left
saved.
occasionally
five
sections,
attached),
sometimes
into
internal
foreleg/shoulder/chest/rib
the
removed.
send a message
In a community
is provided
with
meat
via
CB
as small
by these
Sea lions
medium
to
large
desirable
since
Sea
pups
lion
reported
not
estimated
killed
hunted
bulls
are
are
by the
that
hunters
sea
also
actually
affects
also
to taste
less
lions
often
estimate
that
village
sink
of
60 percent
15-25
meat
was
It
sea lions
Because
after
of all
meat.
animals.
each year.
quickly
less
chest
their
larger
of
are
the
since
from
Generally,
females
taste
an average
to the
year.
is
are
of
the
being
shot,
the
sea lions
killed
are
retrieved.
salt
use.
Although
fresh
the
or other
still
meat
Today,
with
meat,
in barrels
freezing
done
became
meat
may
can be hung outside
Flippers
peel.
prepared
Potatoes,
were
onions,
with
the
dish
was allowed
eaten
with
The
It
main
of
then
a bit
salted
fat
cooking
and gell,
pepper,
be dried.
is
front
a few weeks,
other
future
this
Sea lion
cooked
for
can
although
to
until
they
vegetables
until
the
preserve
it.
In the
came
were
apart.
often
was cooked,
and pieces
were
not
and rear
and are soft.
When everything
salt,
meat
and aged for
sometimes
cool
it
with
was more common before
frozen,
way are mostly
flippers.
bread,
is
and other
to
salting
be
can be salted
to preserve
of the village.
this
flippers
past,
in,
Strips
also
flippers
to
containers
possible.
at camps outside
begins
bone left
today,
possible
along
the
desirable
that
back
the
while
as good as that
hunters
Sea lion
skin
throughout
preferred,
lactation
and brought
fact
rock
are
cooked
the
entire
sliced
and
and mustard.
methods
92
for
sea
lion
meat
include
roasting,
frying,
boiling,
sometimes
ground
for
five
about
or dried
for
cooking
days
meat
can often
boiled,
fried,
dried
and frozen
to store
Sea lion
blubber,
with
liver
fish.
beans.
eaten
with
dried
oil
from
rendered
into
used for
making
While
referred
herself.
Atka
There
also
or ten
be
sometimes
in this
along
chunks
at
keeps
somewhat
blubber
least
several
longer
blubber
this
can
kind
into
can be
of sea lion
for
heat;
and put
the blubber
place
of
of fat
can be boiled
pieces
manner,
oil,
low
and eaten
such as a source
small
Chunks
discussion
of sea lion
it
hunters,
residing
Three
other
young
on hunting
in
hunting
should
in Atka
who has,
to
can
than
also
of oil
be
may be
bread.
and
appears
as fresh
is
of blubber
into
which
hunts
went
also
Salted
tongues
cooked
ways,
be cut
a direct
and
pancreas
pieces
seals.
cooking.
same manner
often
oil,
to men as the
lion
is
render
one woman currently
sea
which
is
cooking.
a cool
fried
this
future
in
over
the
meat
meat can be aged
before
hearts
For making
harbor
oil
in
and left
The chunks
does
for
Prepared
fish.
a jar
flavor
Sea lion
can also
some salt.
weeks.
the
be fried;
Eight
Blubber
in
ways.
be used in other
with
put
Fresh
or potroasted.
a jar
are
can
can also
when boiling
various
be cooked
Sea lion
meat,
Sea lion
to improve
meat.
with
and stewing.
has consistently
be noted
there
is
who has gone on a number
of
killed
fact,
that
three
women who are now living
trips
when they
be no prohibitions
93
or
lived
restrictions
in
sea
lions
outside
the
of
village.
on women
hunting,
although
hunters
the
remains.
woman hunter
traditional
Aleut
role
The following
story
was written
mentioned
of men as sea mammal
by the
young
above:
we have to get dressed
When we go hunting
for sea lion,
We have to get everything
ready like
rifle,
up warm.
retrieving
hook, shotgun and coffee.
Then it's
time to go.
We can go toward
the Range [Cape
We travel
Kudugnak].or
we can go toward
Amlia
Pass.
When
close to shore where we can look for the sea lion.
we spot the sea lion,
we try to trap it between
the land
Once
and us.
That makes it easier
for us to shoot it.
we shoot it, we take the retrieving
hook and fish for the
sea lion.
Sometimes
it is hard and we have to wait for
the blood to clear from the water.
When we finally
catch
Then we
the sea lion,
we take it ashore to butcher
it.
take it home and divide
it with the other people
in the
village
(Aleutian
Region School District
1980:33).
2.
Harbor
seals
Like
found
throughout
often
haul
rookeries,
feetin
the
up
at
25 percent
specific
and weigh
lighter
harbor
Detailed
Male
males.
the
information
in the precontact
be assumed
that
interesting
early
seals
earliest
in
rituals
known
is
entire
animals
seals
may reach
1756-1762)
reference
which
Black
of
there
may
area.
seal
hunting
although
food
6 l/2
are about
that
Islands
a regular
representation
94
indicated
harbor
may
maintain
Females
is minimal,
were
they
do not
Andreanof
period
in a drawing,
pictorial
2-4
concerning
use on Atka
(circa
they
harbor
Table
sea mammals
Although
Islands.
locations,
in
these
are non-migratory
as much as 260 pounds.
than
seals
seals
Aleutian
as do sea lions.
length
be 7,000
harbor
sea lions,
and
it
source.
may
One
to the use of harbor
describes
the
Aleut
as "[tlhe
people.
. ..
This
drawing
hairdos,
the
illustrates
the manner
shapes
women"
of
[seal]
in
seal
lavishly
decorated
meat was sent
to
in
by men and
skin
Black
decoys,
also
the
food
supply
the
living
perhaps
Islands
of
the
of
not
seal
of
kind
referred
some harbor
to the settlement
Aleuts
any
describes
the
that
skin
mention
(1982:133)
mentions
the Commander
use
he does
itself.
Netsvetov
supplement
dancing
the
although
hunting,
seal
from
and differences
in
describes
hunting
by Netsvetov.
used
men and women,
pages).
sea otter
of
of
and drumming,
(1980:45ff)
details
and hats
bladders
(1982:preliminary
decoys
dress
of dancing
the
Netsvetov
to
ritual
seal
on Atka
and Russians
there
(1980:37).
Within
of harbor
Skin,
seals
preferably
flipper
under
the
were
the
Skins
seal,
wooden
prepared
in
stomachs,
were used as containers
harbor
seal
while
at
harbor
blubber,
clean
sea.
seal
same manner
blubber.
were
utilized
and internal
of
its
fur,
organs,
cut
into
fabricational
of
boots
(see
were
food.
even the
strips
95
with
and to cover
described
for
sea lion
oil
from
chunks
used to carry
virtually
skin
description
stomachs,
also
In
sea lion
seal
rendering
decades,
for
with
Harbor
snow skis.
for
parts
purposes.
used to make pants
as already
recent
of Atka,
was used along
Such stomachs
Until
of
construction
were also
of homemade
the
of some residents
a number
a large
in
sea lions).
bottoms
used for
from
and throat
memory
addition
all
water
parts
of
the
meat,
to
was sometimes
some fat
of
attached,
scraped
cooked,
a
and eaten.
As with
sea lion
done almost
exclusively
the
coast
entire
certain
Atka
at
6-2),
and hunters
hunters
would
sometimes
seaward
side,
factors
serve
areas.
For
protected
the
hunting
described
close
It
of
for
harbor
land
rocks
or on Atka
for
more
straight
by hunters
down,
seals
surface
signal
other
seals
boats
is
may be shot
who have
itself
shooting.
that
to
is
seals
than
arm
manner
used
driven
not
are
their.boats
sometimes
already
sea lions
the
96
that
they
Raising
seal
there
strategy,
generally
to provide
a harbor
near
sometimes
in order
is
to
Reportedly,
are
of the vertical
submerge,
travel
may congregate
wherever
beached
up from
in specific
may
similar
this
shot,
years,
Certain
and fundamental
very
up
congregate.
sea lions
are
in imitation
and
sometimes
more harbor
Island
of seals
seals
are
haul
sneak
seals
is
along
there
seals.
are present,
While
they
that
spots,
weather
fish
today
In former
of surprised
of equipment
which
accurate
frequently
in terms
before
from
animals
Likewise,
sea lions.
likely
although
seals
seals,
is also
Islands,
in which
harbor
to shore
with
rough
when anadromous
Especially
hunting
may be hunted
the distribution
and bays.
sea caves
seals
hauling
a number
in
example,
seal
seek them there.
go to these
to concentrate
mouths
are also
these
often
and kill
lagoons
stream
and Amlia
which
(Figure
the
Harbor
by men.
of
locations
harbor
hunting,
done
sighted.
are
shot
on offshore
firmer
and
footing
bringing
in which
it
harbor
by a hunter
has been seen.
It
to
is best
Figure
6-2.
Major harbor seal hunting
areas
known hauling
areas (circled).
(dashed
lines)
and
to shoot
a seal
just
surfaces,
since
its
Retrieving
them
hooks
from
before
lungs
are
shallow
lion,
harbor
skiff
at sea after
While
will
used
water
seals
are
they
if
of
harbor
percent
These
they
for
rarely
begin
it
In
his
first
better.
lift
a large
directly
sea
into
a
they
be‘a
tend
to
estimate
shot
killed
seals
are
fatter
that
not
than
sea
obscures
lost
they
have
food
resource,
young
teens.
10
retrieved.
kelp
dependable
sea
about
when thick
after
about
than
only
are
and
average
harbor
seals
are
seals
their
been shot,
especially
at summer camp.
seal,
hunting
old
first
seal
though
ice
kill.
in
water
with
hunting,
pride
people
One older
After
could
pellets
their
of great
days,
seal.
line
in
in seal
is a source
the
retreiving
the
to
to participating
killed
it
or to
Unlike
harbor
fewer
that
are
family.
his
seals
seals
Boys
first
of
The hunters
Since
forward
sunk.
since
lost
families
after
to shore
to be pulled
far
often
considered
have
that
are
are
animals
enough
10 percent
location.
float
they
due to sinking,
the
will
vary,
claim
better.
and it
year
in Atka
and float
be full
number
30.
lions
just
the
per
lost
than
of
retrieved
are
rather
have been killed.
successfully
lions
dives,
to bring
small
estimates
Hunters
it
not
would
reach
were
falling,
his
retrieving
the
the
for
have
seal
carcass
he took
hook,
98
and when they
man described
he shot
They
his
both
look
kill
their
the boy and his
a party
the
from
when a boy
excitement
the
shore,
in the
water.
clothes
off,
and managed
of
his
Even
jumped
to get
the
seal.
If
of it
a harbor
seal
to
a nearby
is shot
in
butchering
a seal
skin
is
is then
side
cut
ventral
on the
and
opened,
usually
left
other.
attached
since
butchering,
it
seal
from
they
which
if
back
fist
a
to the
step
in
is discarded.
If
laid
on its
back,
and a cut
the
neck
to the
tail.
The skin
the
the back,
chest
organs
are
on one
cavity
The
removed.
liver,
from
but
removed,
cut
first
and stomach
(especially
the
Care
must
to a bile
duct
carcass.
an accidental
Only
is
Next,
to the
may be brought
The
towards
are
butchering
be brought
head,
and intestines
as
a seal
there.
the
internal
lungs,
may be saved
will
the blubber
the
pancreas,
seal)
the
side
away from
and then
heart,
is to remove
initial
to be butchered.
butchered
to be saved,
is made on the
islet
village
and
the
land,
Otherwise,
or
to the
Atka
from
site.
beach
close
beachfront
are
is shot
is done at the kill
by boat
the
seal
a young
kidneys
are
be taken
when
may taint
the
meat.
A cut
another
is
cut
is
then
made down each
made on each side
this
butchered,
foreleg/shoulder/chest/rib
the
backbone.
prepared
for
Further
below
side
the
of
the
and
right
the
sections,
two hind
is
with
As when a sea lion
ribs.
yields
butchering
backbone,
done
leg
when
left
sections,
the
meat
and
is
cooking.
In Atka
today,
few seal
skins
99
are saved.
One hunter
said
that
the
skins
are
not
always
pulls
out
easily,
for
example,
when
the
blubber
is
scraped
Those
good.
which
are
oblong
scrape
the
the tail
skin
so that
skins
were
skin
in his
up from
clean
of fat,
the hair
would
in the
teeth,
underneath,
does not
is
cleaned
of
not
from
not fall
out.
days:
he held
the
skin
the
the
with
they
could
and cover
in only
of their
to the
the
sides
skin
Once dried,
cover
skins
Atka
sewn from
making
seal
while
Three
factors
different
than
harbor
tanned
skins
around
that
Once
their
of space are
between
the
for
tanning.
skins
are usually
in the village
edges
to dry
or Seattle
seal
left
are
left
Occasionally,
value.
and one person
He said
knife.
so skilled
to circulate
to Anchorage
esthetic
skins,
from
air
the skin
15 minutes.
tautly
inches
untanned
their
clothing
somewhat
smaller
are sent
today,
for
l-2
shed to allow
homemade skis,
appreciated
are nailed
About
of sheds.
and the
In
skins
fat,
how
head end of the
his
who were
cleaned
to
He demonstrated
he saw hunters
skis
over
head end towards
when he was young
a seal
fat.
knife
the back of one hand holding
he scraped
bluish
particularly
hunting
that
skin
look
sidedown,
a sharp
working
the hair
any remaining
had itlaid,hair
old
with
and,
skin
He used
float.
If
keeping.
skin
the
are
a skin
for
the
off,
rubber
prepared
or if
saved
One man who was preparing
a large
suitable
skin.
used
to
whole
and
items
are
is considering
them.
make the
than
sea lions,
distribution
that
of sea lion.
and,
with
100
about
of harbor
First,
30 seals
seal
harbor
seals
killed
per
meat
are
year,
there
is
less
people
prefer
harbor
seal
available
sea lion
meat
residents.
least
meat
is
to
while
several
large
seals
most
are
numbers,
efforts.
relatively
fewer
food.
from
village,
the
old
desirable
per
is,
preferences
to
of
several
the
whose
portions
at
Atkans.
back
from
in
a
harbor
boats,
frequently
is distributed
older
the
village
not
does
although
of course,
may be brought
back
meat
seal,
by many
year
has involved
hunting
may also
generally
smaller
involve
by the hunter
to
may be too
small
to
of the harbor
seal
are
were then put
the blubber
over
away
Liver
from
in other
night
that
perhaps
with
onions
and bacon.
by roasting
called
from
or
and blubber
overnight
in the lungs
is made.
be prepared
raw by the hunters
things
soaked
A dish
eaten
best
of a lung
were
sometimes
the
prepared
preparation
parts
may be soaked
one of
be fried,
various
above,
The liver,
seal
reportedly
how it
harbor
many
further.
used for
seal
very
animals
Thus,
As indicated
a year
of
food
brought
people,
than
killed
the
that
their
cooperative
subdivide
hunt
often
since
over
seals
related
sea lion
old
of
Second,
distribution.
considered
The number
successful
also
meat
partly
Third,
for
in
fresh
seal.
The intestine,
An older
which
101
then
eaten'raw,
Liver
may
organs
are
shown
the
can be eaten.
Other
We were
The lungs
the
from
a two year
Chunks
water.
to keep them moist
--ama? is made from
a young
and
boiling.
dish.
ways.
of blubber
while
they
small
intestine
man demonstrated
was cut
into
two
cooked.
and
for
lengths,
us
was soaked
although
over
in
the
The blubber
cross
cut
cleaned
it
would
into
and the
After
lengths
on the
braid
stove
to
a stream.
inch
on his
square
strip
boil
around
for
each
in a cooking
for
about
in
were
fingers
was completed
were put
to
taken
in a sink,
and blubber
was woven
they
water
about3/4
intestine
intestine
intestine,
and placed
been
strips
such a woven
of
in running
have
long
The ends of the
the blubber.
water
days
was then
together,
two
and then
old
section.
tied
the
night
of
pan with
two
to
three
over
night
hours.
Harbor
before
it
seal
meat
is cooked
is
in order
often
small
cooking,
hard
out
which
which
and not
of
the
place
for
five
enhances
its
some
occur
especially
cooked
with
should
be cut
glands
may impart
a bad taste.
potatoes,
and
greens
is
prepared.
Meat which
is
eaten
local
water
warmed
a process
nodules
in
to remove
Meat can be aged in a slightly
before
soaked
not
seal
a common
fresh
way
Glands,
the
meat
in
it.
to seven days
neck area,
Otherwise,
meat.
Boiling
from
flavor.
around
the
blood
with
which
may be dried,
these
onions,
seal
is
salted,
or
frozen.
Harbor
processes
seal
are
identical
blubber
to
is
those
mostoilbeing
made by the jar
and more clear
than
the
dried
latter.
Both
and boiled
sea lion
sea lion
fish
frequently
oil
and wild
described
method.
oil
used
for
Harbor
to make oil.
sea lion
sealoilis
oil,
The
with
thinner
and is used in the same manner
and
celery.
102
harbor
seal
Oil
oil
are
may alsobe
as
eaten
with
mixed
with
crowberries
and
Bilingual
Materials
details
A recent
fish.
Development
the preparation
summarizes
the
of
by
on Atkan
Center
and uses
The following
in Atka
publication
sea mammal
portion
of a story
account
of harbor
food
National
(Dirks
1980)
oil.
written
seals
the
by a young
presented
girl
above:
First
go in the boat, start
How do we hunt seal on Atka?
If you see one, shoot it if
the motor and hunt for seal.
If you shoot the seal it will
float
you think
it's
fat.
If you shoot the seal in water,
put the
on the water.
seal in your boat.
You take the seal to the nearest
island
and cut the seal
splitting
open and get the guts out, then go home. After
We hang the
it open, some people save and dry the skin.
What do we do with
the
skin on a board or on a house.
fat?
We cut the blubber
off the skin and put the blubber
It doesn't
Now for the meat.
that was cut into a jar.
To cook
matter
what part of the seal you cut or cook.
it,
put water
in the pot and then put the meat that
you
then put the pot on the
cut in the pot with
the water,
stove.
When
salt,
3.
pepper,
the
macaroni
or
(Aleutian
Region
Other
marine
In
other
seals,
rock
mammals
sea
may
walrus,
significance
to
and some were
of substantial
Fur
central
Aleutian
between
their
the
pot
starts
to
or shortening,
Then
salt.
School
to
sea otters,
A.
in
lard
taste
District
boil
add
onions,
in
a
few
rice,
minutes
1980:33).
mammals
addition
marine
water
potatoes,
the
seals:
Islands
breeding
lions
and
be
discussed.
whales,
harbor
and
importance
Fur
seals
are
in great
grounds
103
the
These
animals
--
use
have
subsistence
of
five
--
fur
varying
economy,
in the past.
not
numbers.
in
the
porpoise
Atkan
contemporary
seals,
normally
found
They generally
Pribilof
Islands
in
the
migrate
and their
wintering
the
territories
eastern
Aleutians.
throughout
indicate
Atka.
forced
In
migration
of
World
War II,
Atka.
Fur
near
worked
eaten
it
for
Atka.
In
in
the
in Atka
Sea
over
otters:
the
last
seal
the
brought
little
the
southward
were
animals.
On
throat
seal
was
most
that
than
obtained
only
use
an
was
by
of
fur
the Pribilofs
seal
harvest
few men from
fur
beach
especially
from
fur
by
the
rifles,
but
years,
in
in
up on the sandy
rather
however,
so very
seldom
swimming
Fur
seasonally
some
hunted
their
clothing,
recent
secured
considered
Pribilofs
winds
normal
rarely
than
the
was not
rain
the 196Os,
Pribilofs,
very
rather
meat and flippers
Since
up
fatty.
the
more
men who worked
islands.
very
from
only
had hauled
it
use in
traded
were
to hit
but
was
has been salted
by Atkan
those
easier
numbers
their
ship
sea during
Shotguns,
a pup which
material
used was likely
seals
fall.
from
A Russian
at
in low
when strong
westward
haul
of
and contemporary
spotted
seals
killed
Bay was clubbed,
since
fur
seals
were
occasion
excellent
seals
1974:92).
the
eating
hunting
fur
the passes
archaeologically
occurred,
(Berkh
used to make it
Nazan
event
animals
so most
atleastone
regularly
Atka.
Aleutians,
good
of
found
and historic
around
of
sometimes
are
through
are
waters
residents
in
however,
they
number
these
migration
bones
1778 an unusual
to the
Before
of
Their
that
a large
40,000
of the Aleutians
the archipelago,
reports
near
south
Atka
meat
in
have
has been
two decades.
Sea otters
were
104
an important
resource
to the
Aleuts
of Atka
Island
from
at least
archaeological
middens
attest,
the precontact
period,
the pelts
for
clothing,
and
utilitarian
to which
legends
animal.
Many
unpalatable,
there
although
early
latter
half
of
considerably
There
the
claim
the
fur
hunters
the
in
number
so few sea otters,
sea
the
of
in the 183Os,
various
the
detail
the
most
sought
that
and
the
is
it.
animals
throughout
in fact,
meat
after
in
the
declined
Aleutians.
Netsvetov
wrote
the
in 1830:
Netsvetov's
Company,
on eating
otter
which
I up to
during
my entire
life,
I
il;no'st
exclusively
in the Aleutian
Islands,
I have never seen even
seen a live
sea otter;
otter
-- only pelts,
which are hereabouts,
of
rarity.
Thus, I decided
to take part in the
hunt and have approached
the toion
[chief]
request
that
when such a hunting
party
assembled,
I might be included
(1980:42).
Atka
and
Aleutians,
these
the
sea otters
few have tasted
animal
over-exploitation
various
prehistorically.
prohibition
fur-bearing
In
concerning
between
that
in
century.
into
food
that
is probable
1700s
from
were
following
Russian
for
relationship
today
were
fashioned
used
a clear
it
Sea otters
by the
were
as bones
were used by Aleuts
some uncertainty
is not
Aleuts
ago,
the nineteenth
were
is
speak of a close
years
of sea otters
.bones
sea otters
although
humans,
through
There
objects.
extent
Aleut
the
2,000
is
lengthy
done by Aleuts
valuable
strategies
which
description
not
only
used to find
it
offers
working
for
for
providing
and kill
concerning
105
of
now spent
have never
a dead sea
course,
no
[sea otter]
with
the
should
be
sea otter
on
the Russian-American
information
sea otters
Atkan
hunting
Aleut
but
hunting
on the
also
for
skills
and technology
in general:
Sea otters
calls
for
are hunted
a different
by several
technique.
methods
and-each
method
The first
method
is as follows:
in calm weather,
on a
clear
day,
the
preferably
when the sun is shining,
hunters,
having assembled all the necessary
equipment
and
properly
armed well
. . . with darts,
sail
out into
the
sea in their
baidarkas,
the entire
party as a unit.
[Once in the open sea] they carefully
observe
[the area]
looking
for sea otters
. . .; the hunters
line
up their
baidarkas
in a line
. . ..
The line
of baidarkas
advances slowly,
everyone keeping
a sharp lookout
to the
front
and around each baidarka.
When a hunter
sights
a
the hunter
sea otter,
he stops,
and lifts
up his oar;
closest
to the first
one, seeing
the signal,
also lifts
his oar, and thus, one by one, the message is transmitted
to all.
They immediately
move into
a large
circle
surrounding
the spot
where
the sea otter
had been
sighted.
The sea otter,
having
spotted
the baidarkas,
dives
and
remains
up to 5 minutes
under water.
The baidarkas
are
kept stationary,
while
the hunters
wait for the sea otter
A sharp lookout
is maintained
at all times.
to surface.
If the otter
remains
submerged
for a long time,
the
If the otter
surfaces
near
baidarka-circle
is enlarged.
[one of the] baidarkas,
this
hunter
signals
the others
and paddles
rapidly
toward
the otter.
If the
ii'st'ance
is right,
he then shoots
the otter
with a dart
discharged
by means of the throwing
board.
Then he stops
his baidarka
over the spot where the sea otter
submerged
again.
The rest of the baidarkas
reform
the circle,
in
the same manner as is done when the sea otter
is sighted
initially.
This action
is repeated
[again and again]
and
the darts are discharged
not in much hope of hitting
the
animal
but in order to prevent
it from remaining
on the
water surface
being able to take a breath.
. . .
[Wlhenever
the animal
surfaces,
the hunters
shower
it
with
darts.
Even if only one dart hits
the animal,
it
weakens the sea otter
more and more; eventually,
hit by
several
darts,
the animal
becomes completely
exhausted,
and remains
on the surface.
The hunters
approach
the
animal
and finish
it off with a blow to the head with a
stick.
The sea otter
. . belongs
to the man
whose da-r; iit
it first.
. . :
The second method consists
of capture
of sea otters
by
netting
. . .,, called
here sea otter
nets. . . . In calm
weather
and when no breakers
are running
near shore,
at
night
fall,
the nets are positioned
at the entrance
to
106
the cave where the sea otters
have their
lairs
and where
they return
at night.
It must be noted that as the caves
the nets are erected
not on
are partially
under water,
the night,
and
shore,
but in the water.
. . . During
sea otters
moving from the
occasionally
in the daytime,
sea into
the cave,
or from the cave to the sea, are
In the
caught
in the net,
entangled
in its
mesh.
morning,
early,
the hunter
goes in his baidarka
to the
trap he has set, inspects
it, and if a sea.otter
has been
the hunter clubs the animal and stows the carcass
caught,
the net in its
in the baidarka.
Then, he rearranges
proper
order,
and either
leaves
it in place for the day,
or he may remove it.
Nets are used not only at the
cave entrances
but al;o'dn
kelp beds in the open [seal.
On [the kelp beds] the nets are spread,
the sea
ltie;s
which often rest on such kelp beds, if they chance
onto the net spread thus, become entangled
therein.
. . .
The third
sethod
consists
of killing
the sea otters
on
dry land,
and is employed
only in areas where the sea
otters
have special
hauling
grounds,
which may be used by
large or small sea otters
herds [regularly]
or even by a
In this
method,
the
solitary
sea otter.
techniques
utilized
in th'e.ta'king
of fur seals and seal
to the herd
lions
are not followed:
that
is, approach
from the sea side
and the drive
away from the sea, then
the clubbing.
It is impossible
to drive
sea otters
away
from the sea.
the hunter,
as soon as
Therefore,
he locates
a se: bt;er
on shore and succeeds in sneaking
up to it,
immediately
clubs the animal,
or even grabs it
by hand by the tail
or by the skin and then clubs
it.
[The] described
method of clubbing
sea otters
is used on
open shores,
but sea otters
are also
clubbed
in the
caves. The latter
are especially
numerous along the south
And into
these
caves
coast
of Atkha
Island.
. . .
by any means possible.
[some]
hunters
dare to enter
Depending on the size of the cave, they may enter it in a
baidarka,
or,
with
the aid of decoys
(inflated
seal
When they reach dry ground
skins)
or even by swimming.
within
the cave, they proceed to follow
a set of various
actions
designed
to enable them to spot, capture
and kill
As there is no light
within
the cave, and
the sea otter.
it is dark,
their
first
aim is to strike
a light,
and do
of the
so as quickly
as possible.
. . . If, in the light
lit
lamp,
the hunter
sees a sea otter,
he attempts
immediately
to club it with the stick
which he holds at
If this is not possible,
ready in his hand at all times.
the hunter attempts
to get hold of the sea otter
by hand,
this
method
of
and then club it.
In the past,
but nowadays
is
taking
sea otters
wis*widespread,
and has fallen
almost
into
total
employed
very seldom,
disuse,
as it is now considered
to be too desperate
and
l
107'
dangerous,
even
life.
. . .
irrational,
easily
leading
to
loss
of
The fourth
method
consists
of shooting
sea otters
by
firearms
andis
employed
as follows:
wherever
neither
nets nor any other
means of taking
sea otters
can be
and outside
the caves but in places
where
employed,
The hunter positions
himself
on
hunting
is not feasible.
shore in a spot above the cave which the sea otter
enters
[habitually]
or from which the sea otters
go out to sea.
the
Having
his baidarka
in readiness
nearby,
iuht'er
sits
patiently,
until
the sea otter
is sighted.
If the sea otter
approaches
from the sea, and the hunter
is relatively
certain
that he has a good chance to kill
the animal,
he shoots
and immediately
sets out in his
baidarka
to retrieve
the carcass.
If he fails
to follow
through
immediately,
the carcass will
sink,
and, in deep
water,
be lost.
If the water is not too deep, the sunken
carcass
is retrieved
by means of a gaff
(Netsvetov
1980:43-48).
In
1911 sea otter
as over-exploitation
of
point
hunting
the
almost
to the
of
the
last
decade
around
Atka
has reestablished
otters
have
natural
found
themselves
shellfish.
in
food
the
became
had reduced
It
sea otter
has only
their
in
The success
of Atka
in competition
village,
with
situation
will
C. Walrus:
Walrus
are not
as the waters
around
Atka
the
animals
be discussed
which
sea
on the
there
for
in
years
waters
effects
as Aleuts
those
the
with
has had adverse
illegal,
population
been in
population
itself.
however,
economy
This
Chapter
south
that
any purpose
animals
of extinction.
rebounded,
local
for
have
various
detail
in
7.
areas
of
seasonal
Aleutian
archipelago.
Peninsula
near
Cold
sea
Bay,
is
Island.
ice,
Amak
the
normally
which
Island,
walrus
108
found
They are
do
just
not
north
breeding
as far
west
generally
extend
of
locale
and
found
into
the
the
Alaska
closest
to
the
Aleutians.
at least
long
Very
as far
time
rarely,
ago some walrus
occasions.
least
In
1958,
15 inches
long
on the
care
north
coast
to shoot
never
and residents
as Atka,
In more recent
to
penetrate
walrus
however,
of the
used to be killed
walrus
times,
one hunter
near
the
of Atka
shoot
its
at
thick
killed
a walrus
long.
People
head
a walrus'
near
Amlia
five
Pass.
Its
walrus
meat
who have eaten
tusks
Martin
tusks
ago,
were
say that
Harbor,
had told
him
would
not
a bullet
years
at
He hadtaken
Bay.
father
because
About
skull.
of
His
at the neck of the walrus.
on two
having
Korovin
a
island.
seen and killed
corner
near
say that
the
a walrus
northwest
do stray
village
near
were
shot
Island
apparently
another
about
man
5 inches
it
has a strong-
relatively
common in
taste.
Although
D, Porpoise:
the waters
around
hunt.
and then;
only
Now
Atka,
one occasion,
killed
hunters
some years
and eaten.
Its
times
is
utilized,
it
almost
the Russian
Atka,
the extent
period,
although,
try
are
very
to
ago,
fast
shoot
unknown.
to
While
impossible
to which
whales
however,
whales
as Netsvetov
which
one,
but
as having
Atka
beached
from
describes,
109
and are difficult
when a porpoise
meat was described
precontact
ascertain
swim
The degree
E . Whales:
is
they
porpoise
hunted
these
of
was actually
a good taste.
whaled
were
data
hunted.
by residents
people
in
certainly
archaeological
were actually
were
we heard
Aleuts
whales
to
were
to
During
of
Kodiak
Island
for
"Aleuts"
that
(Netsvetov
On 10 July
1833,
[the
Korovin
Black).
From this
strips
of
for
Netsvetov's
of
Bering
Island,
one
lighting
from
in 1842
the
Pribilof
the
whale
It
and
1833
only
two
other
to
of whale
as well,
(1980:241).
110
barrel
meat
meat,
that
one
whale
and oil
were
reports
of
whales
supplies
of
as Netsvetov
end
note
food
of
by Black).
(the
barrels
Whale
pieces
1842
eight
one
of sinew,
comments
various
to
was mentioned
several
interesting
oil
in baidarkas
and
mentions
and
of
following:
quantity
brought
1980:97).
Islands
a fair
ship
oil,
day.
pairs
the
which
bracketted
is
and100
travelled
tissues
in
by
Bay and
following
reports
cachelot,
Netsvetov
including
of
people,
examples
comments
was saved to render
Netsvetov
(1980:95,
ashore
in Korovin
was butchered
the
fatty
1833 a Russian
cask
was killed
up and obtained
on Atka.
(Netsvetov
the
it
these
locally
August
it
the
whale,
journal),
obtained
of
candles"
Between
and
rest
the
chunks
spermacetti,
where
On 29 July,
We cut
several
whale
bracketed
The blubber
of
previously.
1980:92,
to dry.
the
1832
carcass,
was washed
cut
with
carcass]
of whale],
of meat were salted
"I
in
"a whale
barrels
were
to Atka
that
five
1980:93).
[the
brought
reports
species
(Netsvetov
settlement,
(Netsvetov
myself,
Netsvetov
day a baleen
whale,
Eskimos]
1980:82).
inedible
Cape"
to the
meat
only
The next
towed
Koniag
purpose
a cachelot
near
[probably
in
from
barrel
oil
for
obtained
occurred
What
the extent
well)
is
not
to which
partook
of
not
clear
from
hunters
from
is
the
food
that
possible
the Aleuts
locally
for
of
the
on Atka
obtained
Netsvetov's
Kodiak,
supply
to determine
or
Island
Russian
these
whale
whether
is
Island
as
products.
the
whaling
was done primarily
residents
accounts
(or Amlia
imported
account
example,
from
It
by the
to supplement
on Atka
or the Aleuts
of
island.
Whales
Russian
have
period.
War II
probably
Residents
the meat and blubber
not
been
of Atka
from
hunted
today
in
Atka
since
the
report
that
before
whales
were
occasionally
beached
World
used.
4.
Reindeer
As mentioned
Island
from
their
time,
the
past,
Affairs
2, reindeer
Ugashik
on the Alaska
numbers
have grown
butchering
government,
following
in Chapter
exerpt
school
Peninsula
from
licenses,
apparently
from
teacher
were
were
perhaps
required,
a letter
in 1914.
40 to about
issued
from
to her director
the
brought
Since
2,000
by
as
indicated
Atka
Bureau
to Atka
that
today.
the
In
federal
by
of
the
Indian
in Juneau:
By the way, please
give me instructions
as to the issue
I was not told
about that
of the Butchering
License.
I
have
found
the
book
of
blanks
here
while
I was there.
but can't
figure
the procedure
followed
in the issue of
the license.
Different
families
ahve [sic]
been issued
previous
licenses
to butcher
different
numbers.
The same
families
ahve [sic]
been issued
different
numbers
at
different
times,
so please instruct
(Murray 1956).
Residents
of Atka
are
no longer
required
111
to have licenses
to hunt
the
reindeer,
which
reindeer
Today,
from
the
place
since
taking
middle
of
the
March
Most
along
the
coast
6-3).
Some overland
means
of
are
hunting
on the
Island
is
the
of
stay
towards
Island,
Most
reindeer
excursions,
those
two
north
will
side
transport
of
the
hunt
wary
central
together.
hunters'
of
winter
months
such
the vicinity
by
travel
of Egg Bay
human
portions
two or three
hunting
is
community
truck
will
to their
they
of Atka
are
major
and coordination
If
boats
activity,
therefore,
planning
Commonly,
the
(see Figure
although
trips,
substantial
Atka,
the
is
in boats
hills
and western
hunting
men participating.
done in
past
takes
terrain.
are
the
involving
men,
also
impossible
reindeer
generally
hunting
end and calving
on the
vehicles,
the
although
by men who travel
reindeer
is
less
at winter's
done
six-wheel
ruggedness
Since
is
for
the year,
end of June
skinny
searching
and
throughout
to the
hunting
three-
due to the
are hunted
animals
place.
westward
are now owned by the community.
boats,
to
each with
be done
often
departure
among
area
on the
be used
to
at Korovin
Bay.
As
reindeer
for
the
to
avoid
conserve
they
travel
along
hunters
search
the hills
animals.
Use of
traveling
time
in
and
fuel.
such
and
the
coast
with
rifle
sighting
of
every
The
color
of
their
scopes
instruments
out
112
in
boats,
the
and binoculars
allows
cove,
and,
the
reindeer
the
men
hence,
to
varies
W
=:
Figure
6-3.
Coastal
areas
Y--ovin
from which
Bay
I .
/
r’m
most reindeer
/
f
(
are obtained.
\
I
throughout
to see,
other
the year.
especially
hand,
lighter
if
the
and
In the
they
reindeer
they
The
reindeer
quickly
rifles
.30-30,
.243,
At
After
the
and the
side
of the
The internal
If
there
killed,
.222,
if
shoulder
tongue
village
the
the
meat.
coats
are
shore,
landed,
Their
since
preliminary
saved.
with
organs
are
care
it
and the
shooting
can
kill
Generally,
for
is
at specified
the
the
same
reindeer:
and two rump portions
the
taken
not
with
if
the
taken
made up the
heart
other
with
the
head is
to pierce
the
few
the
place.
the
the
skin
animals
boats,
stomach.
usually
animals
belly
saved.
have
on,
been
is taken
have been killed
then
only
the
two
are saved.
village,
the
who participated
who need or desire
then
several
in
takes
removed,
is
carcass,
a premium
at
is
and if
However,
at
butchering
A cut
removed,
remaining
among those
are
animals.
head,
of each leg
is
reindeer,
is
boats
sea mammals are employed
is room in the boats
space
to the
at the same time
damaging
portion
Once back
shared
is
site,
back to the village.
or
to the
their
on the
etc.
kill
the entire
closer
the
and difficult
In the winter,
to see since
firing
target
use for
lower
easier
the hunters
are dark
down.
spotted,
without
the
off,
are
best
as those
lying
as possible
with
animals.
they
come down the hills
as close
coordinated,
are
are
When reindeer
men sneak
summer,
in
some meat.
114
major
the
cuts
hunt
of meat
and others
In the past,
the
may be
in
the
lack
of
refrigeration
facilities
sharing,
although
people
may
some meat
keep
larger
freezers.
Sometimes,
for
to
three
done,
four
on Atka,
weather
and other
active
days
exclusively
hunts,
perhaps
shore
prepared
It
the
is
village
very
island
with
period
of reindeer.
because
they
were
which
they
did
boathouses
to age
eaten
Station
Atka
able
about
100 reindeer
varies
from
boats
is
most
to year
the
meat
with
hearts
as
is
the
hunting
is
go along
on
men are
on
who
have
the
for
eating.
The
and
tongues
are
etc.
which
a tug
boat
(until
went
reindeer
tug's
the
frequently,
reindeer
killed
Fall
while
in
the
provided
Navy
the
late
197Os),
hunting
on Atka
Occasionally,
Island.
crew
on Adak)
(and
on trips
men enjoyed
these
to see more
115
year
women sometimes
the
normally
When this
fresh.
While
on the
the
not
in
hunting.
tug sometimes
the Naval
hung
stewing,
period
layover
is
patterns.
along
frying,
of the
of
hunting
the
lean,
the
availability
are
women,
preparing
accompanied
from
in search
the
to Atka
their
hunters
part
is
Today,
use.
cloth.
activity,
to watch
by roasting,
members
during
reindeer
future
the
number
affect
for
widespread
to
is
there
this
a male
During
crew
for
for
transportation
with
that
helping
responsibility
which
covered
factors
hunting.
meat,
it
immediate,
due
meat
before
although
season
almost
was salted
reindeer
estimate
per year
more
portions
the meat is often
Hunters
most
encouraged
travel
sometimes
other
down Atka
trips
distant
to.
men from
very
parts
Island
much,
of
Commercial
in
their
crab
.
boats
used
without
then
to hunt
reindeer
permission
spot
from
spoiled
increased
been
an
the village.
reindeer
Although
with
on Atka
carcasses
the reindeer
commercial
increase
Island's
shores.
winter,
have
in
the
Men from
Atka
would
these
on Atka
amount
of
which
caught
this
in
such
was done
illegal
now and
hunts.
appears
activity
The reindeer,
gotten
but
from
herd
fishing
as well,
to be stable,
in the region
there
netting
washed
up
frequent
beaches
during
netting
and starved
on
has
the
the
on the
beach.
Beginning
conjunction
with
in
about
the
Aleutian/Pribilof
initiated
a reindeer
was aimed
at providing
the project
consisted
--
from
Sarana
Nazan
Bays
built
to hold
building
--
herding
reindeer
of constructing
to.help
contain
reindeer
were constructed
buyers,
end within
down
about
however,
to Korean
coast
herding,
in
Association,
This
across
venture
On Atka
buyers.
and between
animals.
Atka,
the Island
Korovin
Corrals
and
were
and cabins
also
and a work
as well.
breach
the
two years.
in many places,
of
Island.
two fences
the
during
Due to an apparent
Korean
on the
antlers
south
village
Islands
project
Cove to the
the
the
1979,
and the
of contract
reindeer
project
The fences
reindeer
Island.
116
that
on the
part
on Atka
were
built
may move freely
of the
came to an
are
now
over
the
Before
eider
the
war,
duck blankets
reindeer
for
bedrolls
trappers
when they
were
however,
reindeer
are
residents
of Atka.
5,
skins
were
that
camping
could
away
sometimes
be used by hunters
from
exclusively
used with
the
a food
village.
and
Today,
resource
for
the
Salmon
The various
Atka
are present
species
at the following
to mid-September,
silvers
from
throughout
pinks
the entire
According
scientific
study
area.
the
of
species
Sarana
1833,
the
in
from
caught
future
use.
continued
The following
individual
Bering
by seining,
Salmon,
to be vital
and most
species.
of
to the
food
focuses
is
to
each
on the
117
least
a recent
pink
.(1980:91ff),
1,000
to
these
is a rich
of
a few
of salted
each
reds
of
from
dog salmon
obtained
in the
catch
was salted
for
methods,
have
and other
economy
followed
and
Lagoon
fish
by seining
This
today
(930)
caught
discussion
past.
addition
Those
that
precontact
at
number
Island.
sporadically
to Netsvetov
obtained
mid-May
bones do not preserve
Korovin
according.
lagoon,
kings
to suppose
the
Atka
1982:8),
Korovinski
from
in
of
Cove and a substantial
imported
were
residents
In
to mid-September,
is no reason
resource
(Holmes
and dog salmon
residents
there
food
to
mid-July
salmon
from
of
reds
and
Although
year.
a major
from
to the people
of year:
mid-October,
sites,
were not
these
to
available
times
and dogs
August
in archaeological
fish
of salmon
of Atkans
contemporary
by a general
lagoon
to this
day.
use of
each
discussion
regarding
the
A.
preservation
Red
desirable
by the
considerable
Figure
6-4 shows
reds.
Since
in
indicated
the
the
which
there
a funnel
which
made of heavy
shaped
to enter
lake.
people
not
lake
for
with
on the
and people
frequently,
travel
spawn
lakes,
the
in
is
them.
to catch
number
and
limited,
recognized
obtain
the
by Atkans
of
four
as being
been an important
practice
of
resumed.
the
fish
into
or
lifted
spawning.
to pass.
the
In the old
the
barrier
Today,
the
fish
having
A second
collect
days,
area
over
net
two salmon
a fish
a holding
the'downstream
fish
erecting
red
net
from
and
trap
is
a funnelis
about
as they
15
attempt
lake.
Placed
the
the
and between
the
people
two years,
be harvested
to allow
upstream,
in part
to which
Lake has long
last
netting,
opening
is evidenced
to
The past
in the
to enter
of Atka
and accessible.
location.
could
people
expend
those
made of wood channeled
allowed
net,
are
to Korovin
has,
fish
feet
to
This
may be found
figure
fishing
trap
need
by the
people
streams
they
The outlet
salmon
four
productive
salmon.
and effort
salmon
in the
most
of the
time
red
of salmon.
Reds are considered
salmon:
to be the most
streams
and preparation
taking
The trap
to gut
shore
with
the
area
their
near
the
three-wheelers
fish
that
is kept
fish
they
very
there.
118
trap
or
is
a long-handled
trucks
check
need and letting
clean,
with
Sometimes
the
dip
trap
some enter
a sign
reminding
a person
obtaining
Figure
6-4.
Major
salmon fishing
D = dog salmon,
areas
(P = pink
salmon,
S = silver
salmon).
R = red
salmon,
several
share
fish
fish
(often
with
other
obtaining
reds
influenced
the
Korovin
mouth
is
evening.
for
A net
is checked
This
fish
trap
passes
High
a short
take
will
part
in
which
at Korovin
Lake
near
fish
the
the
stream
close
ocean
draining
to the
tides
stream
raise
the
distance
upstream
of where
the
in
stream,
often
in
the
folded
on the
placed
the
and then
Fishing
families
trap)
Bay.
in
in the morning
by the
that
is done
houses.
is
trap
obtained
is used again.
many years
When the
camp
the
factor
fish
at Korovin
netting.
to a point
it
village
also
of
men and women
of the
the
check
One important
beach
are
done.
It
bank until
to the
several
level
netting
Both
trap.
from
by gill
near
stream's
the
road
salmon
Lake
morning
reestablishment
and continues
Red
an early
families.
from
was an improved
trap
from
in this
left
manner
who have camps
is in operation,
however,
in
gill
has been done
this
locality.
netting
is not
done.
Beach seining
at
the
other
red
is
salmon
occasionally
the
means by which
fishing
localities
method
is
used
stream
as well.
A seining
Council
and rented
for
$5 a day.
stream
congregating
near
the
The procedure
for
seining
overlooking
spotted
the
when
fishing
they
break
on Atka,
are caught
although
this
Lake
at
the
mouth
of
the
Korovin
net
is
owned
by
the
Atka
Seining
that
they
is as follows:
location
the
red salmon
120
are
preparing
One person
watches
water
is done where
or,
for
more
fish,
often,
Village
salmon
are
to ascend.
on a hillside
which
when
may be
their
numbers
turn
the color
a boat
is rowed
behind,
curving
in an arc
in
When the
fish
net
brought
are
several
the
of
to
Another
seining
the
the
100 or more
The
the catch
if
one person
in
the
season,
to the
village
B.
salmon
1982,
with
are
brought
is
It
the net
of
is
that
he will
fish
streams
caught
for
out
out
began.
ends
of the
beach
by
haul.
This
is
and the
of
the
open area
(of both
it
is
at
kinds
possible
to
however,
to catch
in
seining
haul").
the
to need.
to catch
more.
in Figure
salmon
it
Oars are used as
hours
be able
Pink
out
the
attempts
according
these
the
let
in a circle
possible,
during
is
where
a round
laid
take
net
to
participating
others
are spotted,
on shore.
a "water
he will
let
net,
the bottom.
also
men)
beach
pulled
several
called
(mostly
knows
is
called
among themselves
Pink----
around
net
seining
to even the more distant
a day or two,
the
In several
latter
people
of the
escaping
fish.
(the
curve
from
course
and the
the
in to close
fish
net.
over
few or no fish
divide
pulled
to keep
ends of the
with
fish,
towards
method
a beach,
line
seining)
fish
When fish
brown.
the
the
shore,
and the
leaded
catch
on itself
people,
plungers
around
have entered
done away from
lower
of the water
For example,
more reds
later
seining
trips
Since
6-4 generally
trips
take
can be brought
only
back
cleaning.
salmon:
Atka.
enormous
A particularly
numbers
heavy
of fish
121
are
the
most
run of pinks
in Korovin
numerous
occurred
Lake and in various
in
streams.
quite
Pinks
small,
season,
which
Council's
at
the mouth
are
from
stream
is
found
in
are
located
occasionally
(Figure
place
at both
takes
they
is
are
on the
found
33. King
residents
say
emptying
kings
into
are
throughout
the
village,
south
sometimes
occasionally
that
north
very
year.
during
streams
much,
In
which
the
Seining
beach
is
not
of
people
122
for
dog
also
salmon
catching
(Figure
silver
6-4),
where
seining.
They
definite,
some Atka
in
spawn
fall
for
are
locations.
Island
it
and
dog salmon
are
as well.
salmon
shore
nets
to the people
and they
place
by
of the
gill
A major
of Atka,
of Amlia
being
and spinners.
important
salmon.
the
popular
using
poles
less
of these
While
king
(with
southeast
caught
6-4).
obtained
salmon:
--
liked
the
side
in other
the
are
A popular
salmon:
seining
fishing
side
Lagoon
D, Silver
salmon
with
south
them
The 1983 salmon
distance
also
red or pink
on the
Korovin
are
Dog salmon
either
years.
beach
a short
shore
some of
one of the most
Pinks
the
C, Dog salmon:
than
locations,
6-4).
for
by
stream
streams,
magnitude,
caught
several
(see Figure
of Atka
of similar
of a large
and occasionally
to ascend
had not seen salmon
salmon
net)
village
attempted
was not
however,
Pink
near
also
Nazan
they
there
fish
one
Bay.
are
is
with
of
poies
streams
Although
caught
a king
the
scarce,
occasionally
salmon
from
derby
their
in
boats
in
Nazan
king
Bay.
salmon
In
May,
are sometimes
Some salmon
male
pink
fatty
salmon
and eaten
just
above
male silver
other
fish,
from
pink
it
with
it
usually
stuffed
with
smoked,
is
the
First,
heads
and tails
in
are
layers
When the
onion,
sliced
be saved
is boned.
while
in barrel
others
cut
off.
with
and salt
for
Heads
eggs
and then
than
eggs;
can be scraped
water,
and
then
and pepper.
eating.
future
for
the
of salt
first
salt
eaten
use
salting
put
is
fish
salted,
salmon
fillet
do itfromthe
plenty
123
etc.
most
Salmon
with
Some people
Next,
are
Like
and salt
for
head
red.
of ways.
cold
is sliced
turns
salmon
in
hump is
Sometimes
frequently
washed
the
raw.
in soups,
silver
of
of the
or boiled.
The procedure
then
fish
from
and
to
fish
side,
number
less
part
skin
cooked
It
fish.
be eaten
their
ina
is
of
The front
chopped
cooled,
is
of the
may be cured
and
liver,
or frozen.
the stomach
of fish.
out
dried,
from
placed
Milt
which
salmon,
the
can be fried
Stomachs
boiled,
red
The flesh
flesh
baked,
or they
onions.
salmon
for
back
raw after
salmon
inside
set
The hump on the
and may also
may be fried,
fried.
are
way.
may be cooked
Salmon
follows:
this
are eaten
diced
turned
dish
soft
and eaten,
clean,
raw.
or soy sauce.
is
or silver
mixed
This
nose
nets
the main
salt
salmon
may be boiled
is
from
salmon
Fresh
eaten
may be eaten
with
the
gill
caught.
is
and different
off
when
their
is
as
fish
back side.
The
are washed
and
between
in the
each layer
barrel,
the
salt
may become
After
the
a while,
salt.
While
reds
barrels.
Almost
Another
the
all
become
moisture
dry
may be salted,
which
families
commonly
salt
due to the
fish
any salmon
and pinks,
less
less
wet
however,
done with
which
somewhat
used
is most
frequently
in their
in Akta
fish
of
used,
fish.
action
it
salt
the
due to the
are prepared
method
is initially
from
own separate
in this
salting
of
manner.
salmon
and the salmon
is
one
in
are allowed
to
ferment.
When salted
into
strips,
water
are
is changed
fish
can then
served
there
with
brine
the
is
times
nails
unrinsed,
are
_ people
recipes
in a brine
oil,
hung
to
dry
for
whole,
degree
Cottonwood
is collected
of
from
not to allow
kings,
are
The
boiled
salt
to
although
to say,
desired
the beach
for
fuel
for
six
and water.
potato
fish,
three
for
The fish
soaked
some cut
doneness
the wood to flame,
then
the
two
and
salmon.
sized
procedures
124
the salt.
are smoked.
Next,
about
The
Needless
salted
cut
one day.
condiments,
made from
are different
on the
about
cooking
floats.
often
in removing
when a medium
fillets
depending
for
The fish
it
fillets,
or baked.
for
solution
in
the
various
except
solution
stuck
There
must be taken
to aid
and filleted.
smoke their
strips.
water
as is with
of salmon,
proper
12-penny
fresh
and sea mammal
cleaned
hours
long
several
species
to eight
to be used,
in
are many specific
first
is
soaked
be eaten
rice
All
are
fish
with
two
rinsed
or
days.
the
smoking
and other
The
Most
fish
into
the
fish,
factors.
for
smoking.
since
the fish
Care
would
cook
to
too
air
quickly.
dry,
Finally,
given
Before
as gifts
to friends
to their
in Atka
owners'
have
camps
outside
screened
of
the
and double
wooden covers
weather.
fillet
the
as is,
as
sheds
for
weeks.
in paper
bags,
on the
fish
salt
is shaken
(not
and it
frequently
is
of Atka.
are usually
one-third
located
of the households
have
of
two
put
outside
Some
as drying
salmon,
like
The first
It
fish.
is
might
land
and lay
eggs.
joined
across
the
angle
towards
at
the
fillet
the
fish
smokehouses
at
smokehouses
when their
rows
between
either
outside
fish,
preparing
are
outside
can provide
perpendicular
so that
Fish
cut
nicely
or in a screened
125
in
but
it,
and
manner
shed.
cut
to
when
flies
two fillets
are
by the
is
which
the
but
due to
dry
smooth
cuts
to
in this
to
slivers
w.hen hung
separate
is risky
salmon
Once filleted,
flesh
them.
other
to make a single,
cut
tail.
head,
of
all
The head is removed,
almost
the
in
best
a jagged
remain
drying
step
since
on lines
About
village.
this,
circulate
the
and some people
doing
horizontal
is eaten,
is allowed
are removed.
Drying
the
is usually
are used in Atka
houses.
smokehouses,
long
salt
is eaten
which
as
it
can be stored
and relatives
The smokehouses
next
it
Smoked salmon
take
salmon
Some table
spoilage.
has been smoked,
may
smoked
or foil.
off.
fish
which
finished
wooden boxes,
rinsed)
the
a process
the
to retard
After
then
at
made
a slight
tail
end
the
allow
air
to
are hung to dry
The fish
need cool
weather,
though
weather
is good,
salmon.
August
infrequent,
it
since
the
weather
turns
bad,
is
takes
not
fish
Almost
past,
were
placed
generally
families
dried
fish
would
be little
paper
bags,
Tupperware,
dry,
sometimes
with
take
on hunting
and fishing
trips.
Freezing
salmon
has become
received
electricity
in
frozen
cleaned
for
most
reds
--
6.
are
Cod and
the
the
oil,
and,
the
an average
earlier
summer
If
a porch
roof
the
or into
in sea lion
stomachs
dried
in
stomachs.
layers
fish
so that
may be kept
I't
container.
is
and is a convenient
more common since
the
the
some salmon.
Today,
sea mammal
If
last
four
since
most
freezer
food
to
entire
Fish
space
desirable
eaten
the
years.
in
may be
is
limited
salmon
--
i.e.,
frozen.
halibut
the
Russian
of
to their
does he mention
clear
under
or any similar
usually
residents
reference
left.
or uncleaned,
people,
In
to
air
in
to dry
than
was stored
compactly
Warm
more cooperative.
dry
there
village
better
may be brought
all
properly.
good.
to 2 weeks
are
is
to dry
especially
about11/2
weather
In the
The fish
in order
and September
months,
an entryway.
breezes
shortly,
period,
Atka
being
that
halibut
cod were
Island.
taken,
halibut
are
a very
Netsvetov
but
were
it
-126
resource
provides
frequent
is noteworthy
caught.
commonly
important
caught
Since,
that
as will
in Atka
today,
nowhere
become
it
is
entirely
possible
have changed
that
over
the
men
of July,
fishing
information
is
the year
(Netsvetov
day
was received
from
school
students,
various
food
for
using
1980:9Off).
hand
Island
who worked
supplies,
provided
1833.
caught
halibut
For
from
the
salted
200
15 days
of
during
of about
their
a shipment
(1980:97),
during
by Netsvetov
by an average
lines
On 13 August
Bering
of
150 years.
975 cod were
per
and abundance
detailed
cod fishing
month
distribution
the past
Some of most
concerning
the
baidarkas
390 salted
cod
and in September
summer
cod
months
and
5
the
to procure
dried
1,200
cod
food
resource
(i980:99).
Cod have
Atka.
Today,
single
enterprise:
same times
the
major
often
fishing
dying
year
while
winter
takes
fished
using
largely
of the
two
in
water
for
the
fish
about
sometimes
done in the
along
north
past,
same gear.
are
immediate
of Amlia
saved.
20 fathoms
Island.
127
they
during
vicinity
most
both
part,
In
are attracted
of Amlia
spring
shows
fishing
while
deep.
likely
6-5
Winter
the
a
at the
are
Figure
deep,
in
Consequently,
localities.
fathoms
fishing
the
is preferred,
fishing
90-100
for
in the same places
to the beach because
In the
side
are,
and both
in waters
come closer
the
are
and summer
done
salmon.
fishing
fishing,
places
is
halibut
they
of which
to be caught
to be an important
cod and halibut
of
regardless
continued
in
summer
the
fall,
by the
months
Pass as well
was
as
Figure
6-5.
Major
halibut
and cod fishing
areas
(W = winter,
S = summer).
Both
deep
cod and halibut
sea poles.
hooks.
Skates
As many
are
baited
fish.
Such skates
a buoy,
Hand lines
heavily
sides
due
boats.
of
sand
Hand lines
are
damage the
fish
to land
be put
attract
cod,
however,
into
Killing
a boat
caught
is
to the
involves
with
it.
two pieces
a .30-30
It
are
with
used,
but
lead
into
employed.
bait
be pulled
to
deep sea poles
after
was mentioned
and
the
so as not
are sought
floor
would
size
certain
which
closer
that
a net
thrown
in
This
method,
up.
Before
in
these
fish
considerations
large
halibut
World
Korovin
and then
had been caught
of wood carved
it
(more
over
is
required
when fish
large
halibut
rifle
checked.
to
used today.
an especially
necessary.
form,
Fishing
ocean
no longer
are
marked
are weighted
hook
is
hard.
the net
boats,
and dropped
wooden
Finally,
the
which
a 500 pound
backbone
gutted
to
they
more)
or other
homemade by pouring
some skill
too
before
large
sometimes
but
from
tides)
(or
Varden,
water
or
baited
fathom
hooks which
a single
waters.
after
the
hand lines,
multiple
Dolly
hours
in the summer,
Due mainly
fishing.
into
stronger
by jerking
close
fishing
one
a carved
jigged,
is probably
halibut
about
baited
to
holding
in shallower
could
spaced
several
hooks,
is done primarily
with
put
Usually
treble
lines
of salmon,
of single
winter
occasionally
for
on skates,
single
chunks
are often
consist
of
a can
with
and left
in
are
as 25 hooks
apart
with
are caught
with
and fastened
129
absent
before
it
War II,
it
an old-style
together
in
cod
is brought
one fisherman
He shot
Bay.
towed
can reach,
it
to shore,
in
where
homemade
inaV
the
shape,
he
hook:
with
a nail
at one end for
in the years
after
he may tire
Halibut
the
although
this
This
war.
If
with
fishermen
type
of hook
a fisherman
by towing
be killed
most
it
does
at high
a blow
carry
fell
not
a club
rifles
disuse
have a gun,
speed with
from
small
into
his
boat.
across
the
or handguns
for
purpose.
Most
of
the
by men, although
from
shore.
to
last
dinner.
they
are
days
less
the
when the
than
frequently
inform
today
fished
for
or in groups
water
a full
shared
are
calm
and commonly
brought
back
An announcement
on CB radio
the
fish
that
halibut
relatively
among many people,
village
is done
of two or three,
is
day
When cod and halibut
may even
in Atka
women sometimes
many have been caught.
fisherman
fishing
is done alone
choose
Trips
after
village,
in the past
usually
go out.
place
cod and halibut
Fishing
and people
if
the
halibut
may also
nose,
a barb.
take
to the
especially
from
the
is available
at
beach.
Although
probably
cod,
fewer
especially
their
flesh
villagers
deeper
available
used now than
those
and are
caught
less
water
and is
the
after
a decade
considered
cod
it
was
would
ago.
the year,
This
in shallower
boats,
there
is because
water,
Sometimes
cod fishing
past,
which
throughout
desirable.
by commercial
In
drying,
cod are
are
many
have
worms
in
cod are
given
to
whose
cod comes
from
better.
cut
in
be stored
130
pieces
in
or
a sea
left
lion
whole
for
stomach.
Today,
If
cod is salted,
there
can
are any worms
be made
into
cod stomach
cooled
--
the
seal
or frozen
in the
a pate
a dish
which
if
it
they
onions,
filled
is
is not
may be fried
removed.
salt,
and
with
cod
time-consuming
or boiled,
eaten
are
pepper.
The
boiled,
and
considered
so that
a dish
fresh.
Th-e liver
liver,
but
Cod heads can be cut
to prepare.
head
flesh,
with
can be cleaned,
worthwhile
of
dried,
highly
the
which
is
soft
part
eaten
with
oil.
Halibut
30-50
pounds.
somewhat
is not
is
frozen,
halibut
drying
fish
families
still
other
parts
from
a large
only
fish
of the
drying,
20-30
dry
still
eaten
of the
halibut
from
which
of
it
weigh
past
For
were
halibut
which
Since
in Atka
today.
this
used to
are
best.
is not
eaten
freezing
grew
Thus,
unpredictable
tastes
is
a
up eating
even though
weather,
many
I
raw
or cooked.
may be eaten
gills
may be boiled
the
dried.
due to 'the
may be eaten
by frying
smell.
inch
people
fond
some.
is
amount
most
risks
halibut,
prepared
fish
option,
in
probably
250 pounds
Most halibut
a lesser
and are
Halibut
often
For
with
of
and has a different
or smoked.
has its
excess
caught
preservation
drlied
in
halibut
salted
and most
round,
large
gardens.
Halibut
year
weighing
or "muddy"
some of the
fertilize
recent
Halibut
fishy
reason,
fresh
may be caught
are
raw.
Cooked
although
halibut
or
Like
as
except
Halibut
heads
in a soup or chowder.
131
as well
The gills,
raw as well.
eaten.
or baking,
The cheeks
is the
is
other
most
parts
cod liver,
halibut
liver
stomachs
can be cleaned,
served
in slices
recipes
for
Atkan
7.
may be made
Other
book
of
people
There
onions.
halibut
are,
some of
and cod,
(Dirks
with
with
Halibut
liver,
boiled,
of course,
which
and
many specific
are
included
in
the
1980).
fish
In
kinds
a pate
stuffed
when cold.
halibut
food
into
addition
fish
to
are
of Atka.
salmon,
important
These
halibut,
in
include
the
Dolly
and cod,
local
several
food
Varden,
other
economy
of
Atka
mackerel,
pogy,
the
and others.
A.
Dolly
(actually
fish,
a species
smaller
sparse,
that
time
were
salted
Netsvetov
they
were
brought
One older
fish
winter
in years
homes under
could
He said
tell
that
from
Atka
and described
the banks
since
these
are
throughout
their
use
for
the
year
month,
400 salted
Island
to Atka
described
the
to him,
streams.
places
fish
sometimes
were,
do not
132
People
is
1833.
At
and many
char
(i.e.,
(1980:97).
cycle
caught
of
during
make their
walking
and the
fish
eat
winter,
all
past
July,
life
Dollies
Aleutian
the
The next
were
anadromous
in
during
Bering
"Dollies“
the
seining
According
these
malma),
--
some detail
resident
of
or
by beach
how they
past.
where
found
provides
caught
"trout,"
Salvelinus
regarding
(1980:91ff)..
were
Varden
salmon,
Information
but
Dollies)
of charl
than
archipelago.
Dolly
Varden:
along
could
their
the
the
winter
the
banks
be caught.
tongues
disappear
as their
they
the spring,
Today,
ways
they
Beach
sandy
beach
dock
corner
of Nazan Bay.
village
by
those
both
the
just
the
This
In
with
fishing
in
is
the
large
season
attempted
of the
most
all
village
in
is
overland
same
along
the
to
seems
northwestern
accessible
three-wheeler,
traveling
the
area
the
easily
poles.
almost
productive
stream
beach
and
The two
May to October.
north
entire
boat
changes.
and by fishing
It
although
of
some people
and
to the
in
beach
from
seining
may help
in a boat.
In May, 1983,
and 80 Dollies,
as these,
the
from
salmon.
6-6),
mouth
in
from
color
ocean.
by seining
early
for
and their
obtained
are
done
(Figure
the
endeavors
are
of Nazan Bay,
be near
the
is
thinner
to the
caught
as described
the old
to
are
get
return
Dollies
seining
manner
bodies
the fish
the
those
people
remaining
along
fish
who come for
Dollies
are also
shared
the beach
line
in
often
trying
for
are
most
days
the
often
attempts
produces
when they
the
yielded
each
available
at
40
numbers
are brought
seining
being
such
back to
take
a shate,
the
beach
to
a share.
fished
for
the Nazan Bay sandy
and on nice
summer,
pound
are widely
The participants
with
seining
When seining
respectively.
village.
poles
two of several
by individuals
beach.
several
people
fish.
Spinning
used
for
133
This
using
activity
may be found
Dollies.
rods
with
fishing
lasts
spaced
about
The best
all
along
eighttime
for
ape
Korovin
Sedatanak
-
-5
HHH
Figure
6-6.
5
I
0
5
Main Dolly
134
Varden
0
5
1
KILOMETERS
fishing
area.
MILES
Shaw
fishing
is
beach.
Fishing
men (and
on the
for
and
in
purpose
of such nets
gill
dry
is
bait
cod and halibut
B.
occur
resources
see a fishthatwomen
Pogies
they
brown
and has holes
The eggs
were
are
are
not
are
an hour's
fishing
are also
sometimes
the
sometimes
eaten
primary
smoked,
fresh.
Some fresh
today
Fresh
Dollies
are available
fish
are
throughout
and early
fish
used
as
catch
At low
Both men and women participate
raw,
and are
in collecting
135
utilized
or
most
when other
that
and eaten
may also
kind
clumps
the eggs are brown,
eaten
oil
Pogies
tide
lines
pogies
shore.
in sea mammal
in a particular
hand
was said
from
in June
the year,
months,
It
or fried.
in it.
been
spring
available.
easily
with
have
baked,
If
eggs are collected.
eaten.
readily
can be dipped
found
Dollies
in.
and may be obtained
could
may be boiled,
Pogy eggs are
Dollies
which
winter
are not
and
salmon.
these
the
the
fishing.
shores
during
along
adolescents
although
streams,
that
Traditionally,
frequently
food
rocky
participate
Varden
or boiled.
Pogies,
Pogy:
along
poles.
fried
feed
that
Dolly
to catch
those
often
fish
after
across
in the past
or freeze
the
go home
one.
set
are most
for
ages
rarely
net's
Although
people
all
at least
caught
since
is an activity
of
people
catching
tide,
Dollies
some women)
abundant,
without
incoming
they
of kelp
of these
are too
a popular
food
pogy eggs.
raw,
or
be dried.
that
is
purplish
old
to be
in Atka.
C. Atka
today,
before
the
war Atka
used to be caught
Pass.
After
which
were
inches.
easily
the
war,
caught
boiled
fish
is
smaller
fish
diminished
than
are
very
seen
beds near Amlia
greatly,
mainly
and those
size
where
mackerel,
of about
the
an oily
occasionally,
much
monopterygius)
the pre-war
found
Atka
Today,
not
(Pleurogrammus
numbers
by jigging.'
or salted.
18
tide
runs
fish,
were
some of these
fish
caught.
D.
Incidental
frequently
Atka.
may
those
jordani)
In addition
with
and Japanese
pickled.
Herring
and
birds
not
tools.
are
harenqus
archaeological
data
(1840),
in the past
only
Today,
as a food
flesh,
bony
the
fish
eaten
that
are
less
sculpin
by residents
stomach
and
pallasi)
caught
Yellow
caught
boiled,
(Clupea
(1980) t Veniaminov
that
liver,
are
above.
occasionally
the
perch
fish
of
of this
fish
when
cool,
can be fried
salted
or
or pickled.
eqgs
From
clear
are
its
Bullhead
other
discussed
to eating
be stuffed
Birds
Several
fish:
than
(Hemilepidotus
8.
mackerel
their
were
caught
this
in Nazan Bay by the kelp
Such schooling
and were
are
Although
mackerel:
for
birds
Bergsland
the people
food
and from
but
also
(1959),
of Atka
for
and eggs continue
reports
by Netsvetov
and others,
utilized
clothing,
a wide
decoration,
to be important
it
is
range
of
and
to Atkans
resource.
Hunting
for
most
birds
is
136
done
with
12-
and
16-guage
shotguns,
although
popular.
Certain
are
obtained
Much bird
Atka
Like
of year
Also,
within
visit
hunting
the
coast
is done at lakes
with
since
it
few
is
and geese pass
hunting
the products
areas
island
is almost
of
when the
exceptions,
during
these
the Atka
region.
exclusively
of most hunting,
for
for
Figure
the
geese
They
water.
some may be killed
hunting
per
is
good,
birds
and
However,
they
if
is
most
6-7
shows
to
are
fly
are
they
are
possible
to
done
shared
birds
may also
be killed
One hunter
are killed
by the people
B. Common
estimated
eiders:
hunted
of Atka
strategy
is
to camp
the
shot
ocean
while
between
are
for
the
rocks.
20 and 30
geese
flying
to
flying,
on offshore
time
perhaps
is
in
westward.
on their
eastward
as many as 150 geese
in a good year.
Common eiders
bird.
common
in February
that
to
most
obtain
when
geese
the
seen
January,
the
common
from
usually
hunting
trip.
migration.
frequently
the
The main
hunting
December
it
are
The common hunting
geese.
fresh
geese
Islands.
and wait
for
although
Emperor
and Amlia
at a cabin
most
bird
burrows.
or from
is,
more
and puffins,
underground
boats
hunting
ducks
on Atka,
Geese:
Atka
geese
from
activity,
migratory
like
their
from
were
the community.
A.
If
and spring
most hunting
by men.
Bird
shotguns
murrelets
Some hunting
rough.
that
20-guage
as ancient
them
Islands.
winter,
times
war
is done either
especially
a fall,
such
by grabbing
hunting
is
the
birds,
and Amlia
ocean
before
Unlike
137
are very
most
other
likely
ducks,
the single
common
..
138
eiders
are
hunted
is probably
ducks
more
due in part
on the
Island
On Round
birds
are
caught
sneak
up in the
birds
before
the
have
Dirks'
scaups,
loons,
some
and
buffleheads,
horned
red-throated
loons,
concerning
Some of
others,
the
such
shearwaters
finches
(Golley
often
off.
Most
of
since
Atkan
years,
eider
the
the
time,
from
Birds
and tufted
puffins,
sea
were
is hunted
these
as well
include
oldsquaws,
king
eiders,
ptarmigans,
and
(n.d.)
preparation
are
rarely
killed
and gray-crowned
hunted
in
the
common
provides
of
cormorants
gulls,
1959:66),
for
blankets
residents
Dirks
above
139
birds
murrelets,
hunting
utilized.
skin
(n.d.),
and guillemots.
which
are easier
mergansers,
ancient
listed
have already
bedrolls.
of other
scoters,
the
they
hence,
on information
(Bergsland
1981:75),
can
and grab
camping
as sandpipers,
n.d.:7),
longer
birds
these
nest
(and,
variety
teals,
goldeneyes,
details
birds.
for
mallards,
easy
eiders
males,
nests
Atxâm Sangis:
--
following:
harlequins,
their
Drawing
few
shotguns.
A wide
birds:
by the men of Atka.
the
over
skins
Hunters
guns.
This
one of the
islands
to take
with
are
and other
In the pre-war
reindeer
C. Other
the
where
they
in winter.
relatively
of
use
than
They are also
the
a chance
own down for
were used with
that
6-8)
are preferred
to clean).
as Moses
fact
summer
(Figure
grasses
are killed
their
hunter
without
they
Females
plucked
to the
Island
tall
eiders
in
in the summer.
to hunt.
however,
frequently
past,
these
today,
(Dirks
rosy
are
no
Figure
6-8.
Major
duck hunting
areas
Korovin
(A = especially
Bay
/
eiders
/
and eggs;
‘z’m (
B = other
ducks).
Some birds
non-food
bait
have been,
purposes.
(Dirks
brooms
Murres
n.d.),
bald
kept
use of birds
as female
are
are,
used for
to use as fishing
rarely
used
as little
and eider
are
One time-consuming
birds:
the
plucking
easier
chicks
to pluck
to note
are
the chore
than
others,
children
since
of plucking
and cleaning
may be roasted,
cooked
it
of the
Some birds,
when deciding
that
to the use of birds,
aspect
required.
by hunters
is interesting
such
and this
which
is
birds
to
make an important
is they
who often
the birds
which
are
the men
harvested.
Birds
can be eaten,
future
'whole
If
is
consideration
contribution
killed
and sea gull
of
food
eiders,
It
for
wings
still
as pets.
.
for
into
kill.
have
sometimes
eagle
D. Preparation
given
are
to sweepintightplaces,
sometimes
taken
and occasionally
sometimes
as part
use may be salted,
(in
one flat
a bird
piece)
or
has too much fat,
E. Egqs:
Within
it
living
to collecting
the eggs of other
since
the
a hazard
to the
entering
a sea cave
although
collector.
to
case
cut
pieces,
into
this
especially
they
if
murre
bills
One man recalled
eggs,
141
of
to be saved
are either
salted
eggs
birds , gathering
Giblets
or frozen
is no longer
sharp
collect
Birds
in which
memory,
of Atka,
or fried.
of a stuffing.
may go rancid
by residents
dangerous,
in soups,
done.
these
whole.
or frozen.
were
murre
kept
collected
Compared
eggs can be
birds
a time
he was confronted
when,
can be
upon
with
a
flock
oars
of
murres
flying
to protect
through
the
on a rope
to gain
other
over
eggs were
more sea gull
eggs are
eider
probably
and ancient
eggs,
old
if
eggs
Eggs are collected
islets
just
offshore.
laid
there
on the
on the
south,
only
are more,
are
obtained
from
not
of the
presumably
safety)
than
those
of any
When
eggs
in the
then
the
nest,
eggs are
disturbed.
the
many coastal
side
for
as well.
three
Puffin
burrows
areas,
has been observed
north
below
obtained
and they
along
a man
and some oystercatcher,
are
there
are
It
popular,
are
if
to be eaten,
murrelet
laid
collected
eggs
But
birds.
eggs
eggs are
murrelet
be taken.
too
ledges.
his
straight
by lowering
a boat
rock
also
up one of
penetrated
obtained
(with
Today,
He held
bill
also
the edge of a cliff
Eider
cave.
and a murre's
Murre
and ancient
those
the
to the eggs on the
may all
that
of
access
collecting
they
himself,
oar.
bird.
puffin,
out
of
especially
by residents
Island
mature
due to their
these
on
of Atka
later
than
orientation
to
the sun.
Eggs are
soon
after
various
families
in Atka
Marine
for
The
dishes,
future
use,
but
may be boiled,
such
as
cakes
and
are
instead
used
fried,
or
used
fried
bread.
in
All
use eggs.
invertebrates
Since
entire
stored
collecting.
cooking
9.
not
the
Aleutian
earliest
known
occupation
archipelago,
a
142
wide
of
Atka
variety
Island
of
and
the
marine
invertebrates
has been utilized
Aleut
people.
Archaeological
shell
middens
these
animals.
marine
many feet
As concluded
to
acquisition
which
food,
locally
with
According
the Aleuts
out
it
to
in boats
[for
and elsewhere,
to the
4,
by the
it
most
with
importance
of
was especially
members
of
the
an Aleut
degree
resources
in
generally
the
may
be
risk.
the use of marine
during
and fish
on kelp
resource
a significant
these
little
to hunt
mainly
fish
attest
to
Island
was impossible
or
clearly
to Netsvetov,
of Amlia
subsisting
on Atka
enabled
since
food
sites
in Chapter
participate
of
gathered
get
deep,
invertebrates
community
as a major
months
was vital:
and various
them]
when it
. . ."(Netsvetov
was difficult
to
found
seato
1980:123,
by
"The inhabitants
creatures
toputoutto
invertebrates
hunt
bracketed
were
on shore,
as
sea mammals
comments
by
Black).
Little
historical
use of marine
there
can
sections
invertebrates
be
of
that
follow
by men, women,
otters,
which
have
dramatically
reduced
eaten
residents
of
is
the
they
detail
a number
gathered
by the
since
no doubt
which
utilization
information
of Netsvetov,
continued
to
recent
and
animals,
and children.
increased
the
It
in number
availability
of Atka.
143
detailing
time
the
these
available
each
should
in the
of all
of
the
although
be used.
The
contemporary
of
be noted
last
the
which
is
that
sea
decade,
have
invertebrates
A.
Sea
relatively
Until
urchins:
abundant
in
the
They used to be gathered
substantial
region
food
numbers
in the
shore
last
three
ones are
item
subject
people
local
concern.
Sea urchins
extracting
the
sweet
of
According
have
months
were
that,
urchins
few,
if
any,
especially
will
fall
in
near
the
used
to
length
village
pry
and
chitons
invertebrates,
underside
which
of
the
camps
their
lie
raw.
and this
Aleuts
the
only
is
a
shells
and
inside
the
just
They have a mild,
March
the
a person
and April
why these
They
past.
eating
sea
too
also
many sea
wake up.
attached
the
are
in
oval-shaped
on
off
chiton
which
the
a much-desired
is one reason
live
chitons
today,
eggs,
and never
to
unavailability
open
and eaten
for
Island
along
in
Chitons,
B. Chitons:
inches
eggs
to tradition,
asleep
remain
in
a favorite
to one couple,
hard
according
--
in diameter;
and their
orange
the Atka
by residents
inches
Island.
unavailable
by breaking
rinsed
to
were
sea otters
sea urchins
Sea urchins
eaten
These are usually
urchins
said
are
range
collected
to four
Atka
Since
virtually
of Atka,
clusters
taste.
their
sea urchins
around
the year.
become
found.
to the
of
shell.
have
years,
waters
however,
sea urchins
about
much smaller
food
ten years,
Formerly,
averaged
throughout
--
recent
coastal
have expanded
of sea otters
Atkans.
very
Atka.
animals
requires
144
five
gathered
today
to rocks,
are
Hunting
knives
As
rocks.
most
up to about
often
with
eaten
are
other
raw.
no preparation,
usually
marine
The
but
soft
t'he
surrounding
eaten
black
is
frequently
soaked
(perhaps
boiled)
and
later.
C. Red
than
part
those
be eight
chitons
inches
same manner
Red chitons
chitons:
described
in
length.
as chitons,
have
rocks
a single
and eaten
that
the
clams,
shell
live
may get
eaten
to
in
the
on rocks.
They
and may be pried
be found
otters
off
the
in
in small
good places
Harbor
(cockles),
at the mouth
(razor
clams),
various
kinds
were also
Clams
may be eaten
some people
Lagoon
around
raw,
(razor
fried,
collected
they
generally
Until
draining
used to collect
145
in
otter
Though
people
and cockles
the mid-
were
Martin
Korovin
clams).
the beaches
baked,
were
beds.
of the stream
Korovin
found
today,
the clam
clams
sea
of Atka.
numbers
for
the
and cockles
clams,
today
a stew.
increase
have ruined
and near
are collected
by the residents
especially
Although
mussels
the
butter
197Os,
chowder.
are
larger,
often.
or made into
to
sandy beaches
can occasionally
agree
fried,
Prior
razor
several
which
limpets
Some blue
mussels:
F --AClams:
along
chitons,
shaped
They are steamed,
population,
red chitons
animals,
found
though
raw.
33, Blue
Atka.
are not
conically
Large
above.
These
Like
D. Limpets:
are similar,
Lake
Clams
of
of Nazan Bay.
or
boiled
them throughout
in
a
the
year,
now people
summer
feel
months
that
due
to
it
the
is
not
safe
to eat
possibility
of
clams
during
paralytic
the
shellfish
poisoning.
Octopus
G. Octopus:
coast,
at
make their
These homes are sometimes
their
close
Atkans
entrances,
to
the
bleach
identifiable
often
times,
gaffing
them
is sometimes
by the
octopus
were
by poking
as they
came out
either
used,
caught
of
their
the
octopus'
homes,
out
of
They
then
gaffed.
Most
hiding.
octopus,
although
generally
more
in
Residents
mentioned
World
crews
shared
the
islets
years
Bay
have
on
to get
the
people
boil
or
animals
their
portion
is
occasionally
king
crabs
the community.
146
of
cod
eating
crabs
fishing
of crab,
the
area
contacts
a part
in
lines.
can be caught
in
were
wartime
with
caught
and
activity
gifts
crabs
the years
who have personal
receive
Atka,
became familiar
halibut
boat
of
During
Atkans
crab
in Atka
residents
War II.
to us that
sometimes
within
to
since
or
Today,
end of a pole
The body
fried.
at them
tentacles.
Alaska,
commercial
a few people
crabbing
then
the
Nazan
With
the
According
in southeast
set
sometimes
than
before
and in
years,
is
tender
utilized
winter.
are
it
H. Crabs:
pots
the
refuse
holes.
on a rag on the
a hose to
crabs,
shell
around
down through
internment
along
seek octopus
put
rarely
rocks
village.
In previous
and then
homes under
in
in
the
recent
with
of which
the
is
I .
Sea
are
footballs,
Sea
cucumbers:
about
seven
inches
They have no shell
and are very
halibut
Pass,
near
on their
hooks.
ones
are
removed,
cucumbers
--
in diameter
said
While
all
sometimes
many sea cucumbers
best
cod and
these
animals
up
to
eat.
After
the
Large
sea
eaten
raw.
in
length
and 2 l/2
inches
to eat.
Today,
too
although
eaten,
for
color.
is
considered
are
in
year.
may be up to 2 feet
are
fishing
bring
be the
remainder
called
and reddish
sometimes
to
the
length
soft.
people
are
which
--
in
They can be caught
Small
insides
not
Amlia
sometimes
cucumbers,
large
older
people
are
fond
of them.
J,
Sea
rocks.
Small
whole.
While
especially
anemones
they
were
red,
may be cut
are
from
with
collected
for
animals
their
rocks
sea
eaten,
live
and
on
eaten
anemones
are
sea urchins.
about
Sea snails,
snails:
tentacled
infrequently
good when eaten
K, Sea
length,
These
anemones:
food
in
the past.
1 to
1 l/2
Today,
inches
very
in
few
are
eaten.
10,
Plants
Although
of the precontact
plant
resources
Aleut
the past,
and many remain
resources
used today
diet,
include
never
a wide
important
the
constituted
variety
147
of them
to the people
following:
a major
portion
was used
of Atka.
in
Those
A.
which
of
Wild
is sometimes
the
plants
period
that
the cluster,
the
If
is
wild
soft
with
the
causes
the
soaked
until
done
is soft
rice
they
layers
of bulbs.
makes
a suitable
future
B,
consisting
root
rice
was one
the
Russian
of this
which
system
plant
form
the
summer
locations
is
upper
may simply
months.
where
is not
may be dug out
too
the
thick.
be pulled
of
the
up
ground
tools.
for
storage
to shrivel.
When they
regain
original
their
sometimes
with
The cooked
wild
may also
those
plants
they
or similar
the
of the plants
the
enough,
during
from
wild
to
be frozen
by sun-drying,
are
to be used,
shape.
Cooking
celery
leaves
eaten
rice,
accompaniment
rice
foods
with
such
which
they
are
is usually
separating
sea mammal oil,
as boiled
fish.
or stored
in sea mammal
(Heracleum
lanatum)
oil
use.
Wild
of
These plants
ancient
kernels
may be prepared
bulbs
wild
lily,
during
portion
is collected
Otherwise,
by boiling,
Cooked
collected
The edible
wild
and the
spoons,
Wild
children
rice
root.
knives,
to as the chocolate
of rice-like
to collect
the ground
to get
for
school
--camschatcensis),
root.
is easiest
ground
(Fritillaria
referred
bulb,
or
of
plant
1980:91).
Today,
It
also
(Netsvetov
portion
This
rice:
village
celery:
several
grow
Wild
hollow
commonly
sites.
celery
round
along
stalks
the
They may grow
148
coast
topped
by broad
and especially
to heights
is a plant
leaves.
well
on
of 5 or 6 feet
by
the
end of
the stalks
summer.
It
are short
and tender
Two slightly
plant:
those
kind
of stalk
topped
only
must
the
blisters
on the
lips
stringy
fibers
are
redder
rain
are
to have
are moister
also
from
used
wild
occasionally
(Ligusticum
high.
a bundle
be cut
very
be stored
rinsed,
plants
them
involves
before
thin
all
although
were sometimes
inside
freezing
to
long
often
which
picked
are not eaten,
foods
while
are
after
and serve
food
on.
this
are
when they
are
picked
boiled
being
with
added
into
a
retain
preserved
dry.
pertruskies
using
such
future
A relatively
in plastic
149
in which
about
new preservation
3"
tied
can also
they
may
they
are
In the past,
use by hanging
bags.
plant
sometimes
petruskies,
some salt.
for
--
Petruskies
solution,
are
They are
small
young
or meat,
to the pot.
a brine
Before
will
fish
but they
cooking.
of
they
remaining
Stalks
oil.
and leaves
winter.
painful
may be eaten,
The stems
and put
produce
and those
plants
and layer
They are commonly
into
of
hultenii)
before
to digest.
used to prepare
C, Petrusky:
Each
flower.
the
stalks
item.
on a single
own manner
peeling,
flavor,
celery
to wrap
which
and
food
grow
can
sea mammal
better
and easier
Leaves
sometimes
in
stalks
in its
After
however,
are a popular
portions
and the
removed,
are young,
and those
peeled
fibrous
dipped
of
leaves
and mouth.
been
said
with
outer
they
kinds
be carefully
since
having
that
different
eating,
after
is when the plants
these
a bundle
method
Crowberries
D, Berries:
abundant
kind
patches
these
over
dark
Some people
winter.
picked
every
production
berries
for
berries
year,
of
is correlated
salmon
are eaten
Island,
Lake,
will
from
that
might
for
that
patch.
by some Atka
other
strawberries
including
near
the
during
before
south
the
past
the
Very
few strawberries
E.
driftwood,
area
World
War II,
war by school
and
grass,
at camps outside
is used for
smoking
as
an
about
A patch
students
ingredient
in
2 cups of very
abundance
of
of
a good year
crowberries
patches
shore
of
today
the
the
making
finely
stream
still
food,
sifted
used
purposes
is used today
In Atka,
homemade
just
remain.
plants
ashes
was
residents.
Three
village.
military
strawberries
by Atka
than
on Atka
of Korovin
by
and some plants
150
the
Today,
near
and cottonwood
salmon,
be
in
not
disturbed
Driftwood
of
is
and on the
rather
and yarrow.
not
the abundance
isolated
-- today:
medicinal,
and cooking
in
was
are collected
used
early
and pies.
village,
plants
---
it
berries.
Harbor
latter
until
a decline
with
if
inlarge
should
The yearly
occur
Martin
end of the
Other
fabricational
procedure,
for
summer
cause
most
mossberries,
same patch
fish):
year
Some wild
late
the
found
called
residents
raw and used to make jams
construction
people
the
since
be a poor
although
planted
are picked
(and possibly
it
fish,
Locally
that
are
commonly
Island.
believe
berries
nigrum)
They are
on Atka.
much of the
firm,
pink
of berry
(Empetrum
for
for
are
heating
cottonwood
are used by some
snuff.
cottonwood
In
ashes
this
are
mixed
with
grinder,
l-2
mixture
is
4 cups of leaftabacco
teaspoons
of salt,
may be moistened
stored
.in
Today,
and in
late
rye
(Elymus
from
craft
has long
about
and 3 cups
and flavored
beenused
eight
June a few
mollis)
stores,
for
of brewed
with
vodka
in a meat
This
tea.
or whiskey.
It
basketmakingbythewomenof
women from
still
which
account
relates
for
making
on Atka:
the community
collect
grows
weave baskets,
and use real
in many areas.
is used instead
following
basket
have been ground
jars.
Grass
Atka.
which
of grass
how grass
was,
grass,
Raffia,
the wild
purchased
by some weavers.
and is
today,
The
prepared
[The] women would pick grass that was flexible
so that it
would not break when they weave.
They didn't
pick the
They would mostly
pick
kind that would crack or break.
their
grass by the sandy beach because it was closer
to
the village.
They would pick the kind that was green
with white spots at the tip of the grass.
Afterpickingthe
grass they wouldlaythem
on the ground
to dry in the sun.
The grass was then turned
over once
in awhile
[sic]
so that it will
sun bleach evenly.
After
that,
they would take the grass;
clean it, and then sun
dry it again.
They would start
weaving their
grass that
they picked,
then it was kept in a damp place,
so that it
would not get brittle
from being too dry (Aleutian
Region
School District
1981:12).
Grass
weeks.
grass
however,
It
to
preparation
is
is also
somewhat
spoil.
Once
it
can store
some women of Atka
send to Aleut
weavers
risky,
grass
for
not
a long
living
since
has
years.
only
for
process,
it
been
Grass
their
outside
151
taking
is possible
successfully
is picked
own use but
of Atka.
some nine
for
drying
prepared,
and prepared
by
occasionally
to
Baskets
made by the
women of Atka
In
baskets,
are
the
frequently
past,
in steambaths,
Such
socks
under
the
heel.
with
foot,
sections
and the
in
for
the
to stop
F,
Atka
collected
past
for
large
marine
this
purpose.
water
being
time
ago,
a nosebleed,
for
used
cut
the
into
used.
and another
in
it
was collected,
strips
abundantly
foot,
top
the
of
the
on Atka.
It
Although
used
used today.
The short
stems
and the
A number
past:
qahngus^
in
the
thirds.
aromatic
plant
is
example.
called
was put
the
the
bleeding.
hands,
as fertilizer
After
it
in
are no longer
plant,
stop
occasionally
the
use
before
kelp
is
behind
the boot.
grows
to
between
Plants
in the
ability
it
rolled
inside
over
placed
into
over
diagonally
borealis)
its
past,
are picked,
sniffed
was slipped
out
back
it
boots.
were
was divided
straight
crossed
(Achillaea
recognized
more
were
foot
Yarrow
is
was brought
of sea lion
sticking
toes
than
were used
The stems
ends
the
other
was scarce,
inside
grass.
past
forms
made fromgrass
worn
basal
extending
section
were
dried
their
into
When driftwood
Beaters
socks
made from
foot,
woven
bedding.
cooking.
and grass
The grass
side
was also
for
for
were
The center
two
grass
such as mats
was used as a fuel
sold.
Various
gardens.
In
in Atkan
Aleut,
it
used
were
for
use as fishing
the nutritional
once
a
was used
One man told
line
in
particular,
was soaked
gardens.
152
plants
seaweeds
the
man recognized
of
in
fresh
of giant
a very
value
for
long
of kelp
and
seaweed
abundant
and
felt
resource
sweeter
dipped
in oil
Atka
roots
from
tasted
today
favorable
than
was then
being
boiled
and,
curing
colds
the Aleut
others)
and
often
in
past.
mentioned
the
past
is
this
were
locations
steamed
and
by residents
of
the
white
orchid
tea
used
This
throats
sore
to an older
(Artemisia
----
skin
while
together
taking
Bank
the
same
Atka
at
existed
153
cooled
breath
and
was the
cooled
wild
after
was mainly
et
al.
used
1950:80).
Its
manner
as
long
those
resident.
aleutica)
----e
in Atka.
one end to
a steambath.
was
mouth
tea
used as a tea.
unalaskensis
--------
used when steambaths
was tied
today,
was also
in
past
it
one's
deeper
was also
(also
prepared
dry
and the
the
tea
and
according
in
the Aleut
was picked,
a person
to residents
above,
the
gave
boiled,
according
described
plants
tea
it
include
of mud would
night,
chikayaasi?
Sagebrush
These
After
erianthx).
were
plant
over
This
leaves
stimulate
certain
any traces
thin
these
from
root
used
Another
(Geranium
important
(plants
pyrolifolia).
drunk.
geranium
and
the
were used as teas.
soaked
breathing.
Finally,
from
been
since
improved
for
market
These
used.in
A specific
plants
carefully,
before
being
places
(Leptarrhena
It
to
hyperborea).
alijisiisiii
washed
may be possible
also
those
as having
Certain
out.
were
to eat.
(Platanthera
it
commercially.
Various
collected
that
form
This
was
an
A bundle
of
a beater
plant
to
was also
placed
anywhere
help
draw
well
on Atka
Nazan
the
about
which
noted
that
by Atka
soreness
is near
there
was a pain
One location
large
to
stream
plants
from
where
in order
sagebrush
at the northwest
in the past
to
grows
corner
for
of
of food,
good luck
bark
it
which
(1840:[111]5-6)
birch
information
today,
of plants
a variety
and scorched
and bestowing
above,
of Atka
a host
Veniaminov
of parsley
described
residents
was undoubtedly
purposes.
sickness
those
was obtained
Aleuts
on Atka
must
be
were used
medicinal,
and
describes
by shamans
the
for
use
curing
in hunting.
Fox
Fox trapping
Amlia
Islands
height
1930s.
fox
the
of Atka,
or small
trap,
and they
October
often
to March)
trap
little
trapping
the
In
Islands
dories
spent
building
the
village
took
two
were
west
1920s
for
Atkatothe
or more
and maintaining
of Atka
after
1929,
was being
done in the
islands.
trapping
season
from
away
islands
and
were
to
from
and managing
and by World
the
the
Traders'
(sometimes
cabins
and
trapping
and elsewhere.
months
154
century,
in the
leased
islands
men from
dropped
on Atka
this
was reached
and many other
Fur prices
lines.
During
industry
from
inboard
activity
period.
and Amchitka
by individuals
boats
an important
Russian
trapping
Amlia
by the community
leased
has been
since
of the
early
11,
where
out.
the
addition
there
spiritual
their
body
Bay.
In
11,
on the
village,
War
men
would
take
flour,
with
them
and sugar.
provided
food
Hunting
an important
World
west
of Atka
Island,
Atka
and Amlia
Islands.
Amlia
Islands,
though
Atka
possesses
Island
the
blues
silvers
tend
food
to be found
although
fox
the
coast.
the
furs
about
or
Trapping
at
rocks
traps
is
fox,
fox.
It
found
Traps
heads
are camouflaged
they
inland,
(#2 size)
are set
fox
are
and duck
or goose
carefully
with
and
6-lo),
and
trapped
only
along
January,
trip
when
may last
between
two
Common
pass.
After
entrails.
grass
bays,
6-9
bait
to
inside
are
trapping
known
the
efforts
through
with
on Amlia
Trapping
are
December
Island
island.
the coast
occur.
in
therefore,
end of the
A typical
which
along;
(Figures
done from
that
and
than
Amlia
said
on
on Atka
some years
is
along
areas
today
while
get
best.
their
through
goose
blue
at the eastern
travel
however,
to some extent
in
do not
same
sometimes
are
continue
such as ducks,
these
10 days.
includes
tied
in
beef,
was done on islands
continues
only
commonly
resources,
concentrated
did
intensively
and silvers
Fox are most
where
it
and silver
and birds,
trapping
Trapping
has
corned
diet.
minimal
more
as coffee,
sea mammals
although
blue
such
of their
War II,
Island
both
of
part
After
others.
items
logs
bait
baiting,
and securely
staked
or
in place.
trapped
Traps
are
fox,
which
checked
weighs
once
a day.
only
10 to
155
A pole
is
15 pounds,
used
to
to hold
the
ground.
a
6
Figure
t4
0
6-9.
Areas
:mi
trapped
for
fox
in
the
last
10 years
(see also
Figure
6-10).
Figure
6-10.
Areas
trapped
for
fox in
t
the
last
10 years
(see also
Figure
6-9).
The trapper
pushes
it
walks
to the
up under
the
where
distance
from
they
its
Skins
staying
Dried
fresh
outside
of
sent
the
cabin
dry
he pulls
reset
a short
are
the
trapper
then
put
which
for
in Anchorage
and
Fox are
at which
They
they
fox,
neck.
is
or lumber
dealers
the
other,
trap
fat,
while
to fur
of
animal's
the
to the
clean
taught
the
1982-1983
by men in Atka.
younger
men learning
now only
about
low prices,
mentioned
commodity
salve
from
and fox
can oil
$25-$30
on
are used to
about
one day.
and other
cities
trapped.
the
Fox
less
this
harvest,
fox
are
rendered
in
the
skins
fox
trappers'
said
trapped
is
to
Prices
Such
in gasoline
a decade
the
are
years.
ago.
chief
previously
fat,
with
costs,
It
may
economic
was used
was used
as a
as a fuel
in
cabins.
are
population
are
grease
by frying
some bays
also
than
were
in pairs,
previous
increases
lucrative
fox
work
80 fox
trappers.
down from
substantial
while
lamps
experienced
per pelt,
with
perhaps
frequently
more
that
oil,
season,
Trappers
trapping
Even though
that
trapping
from
combined
have made fox
said
the
and
back
head
With
made of driftwood
trapped
tin
to break
location.
scraped
the
of Alaska.
In
be
fox
former
skins
are
grabs
one hand.
trapped,
devices
skins
with
are
and are
the
pole,
are brought
stretchers,
hold
ground
head of the
skinned
is
on the
in
after
no danger
be extremely
158
year
of
clever,
year,
being
it
is
over
sometimes
springing
12.
traps
Livestock
and
Both
during
the
livestock
raising
getting
caught.
and gardening
When Atka's
period.
cattle,
manager
without
gardening
Russian
Korovinski,
chief
purposefully
pigs,
of
the
and goats
had their
only
settlement
was at
In 1832,
were kept.
Russian-American
beginnings
Wrangell,
wrote
Company,
the
following:
[in
No other
place
in the
colonies
except
Ross
California]
is so suitable
for the breeding
of cattle
and
swine as Atka and the islands
adjoining
it; there is lush
grass everywhere
in summer,
and the moderate
cold and
light
snowfall
save the work of making a winter
supply
always have pasturage
(quoted in
[of hay], and the cattle
Gibson 1976:96).
The number
given
the
of such
favorable
substantial.
Russian
America,
per year
Cattle
in
chief
manager
described
cattle
to a limited
kept
Island
at Atka
were
the difficulties
livestock
animals
kept
conditions
Although
such ventures
the
animals
1838,
for
from
were
the
is not
known.
above,
it
raised
meat
and
year
Kupreanof
raised
in
hay generally
At New Archangel,
milk
numbered
1817 to 1832 (Khleblnikov
also
may have
at many locations
in producing
scale.
at
which
visited
for
only
Aleut
the
Russian-American
village
in
kept
example,
10 to
settlement
12
and
on Amlia
Company's
wrote
following:
Although
there
are few cattle,
they are kept in good
condition.
Most of the cattle
are obtained
from the offof those
sent
by the company
when
the
local
spring
natives
were gathered
into common settlements.
The toion
[chief]
has left
some of the cows in the possession
of
those
Aleuts
who have
shown
themselves
the most
159
been
1976:lOS).
the
the
However,
the
knowledgeable
and most industrious
(quoted in Tikhmenev 1978:471).
Gardening
was difficult
Russian
the
sources).
America,
vegetables
of
items
for,
time.
The yearly
as well
spit
very
as the
south
spit
side
alone
of Korovin
Each plot
to kept
the
writing
out)
and
to
vegetables
settlements
reason
in
and other
radishes,
to believe
varied
from
1980).
that
on both
160
high
to 60
of the
(most
at
describes
the Korovinski
spit
settlement
on the
Korovinski
into
4 distinct
and is divided
some 3 feet
3 casks
The gardens
The.garden
by sod walls
planting,
Netsvetov's
(1979:166-192)
to the east
the
in
during
Veltre
Lagoon.
after
and ducks
other
crops
(Netsvetov
gardens
enclosed
livestock
Petroff,
of potatoes
105 x 565 feet
is
had
participated
garden
immediately
measures
plots.
the
period
post
at Korovinski.
extensive.
the Russian
carrots,
children
and 1841
throughout
In addition
At other
is every
grown
harvests
1833
were
in detail
and there
and harvesting
between
1976:96).
it
quoting
"every
(see below),
cabbages,
school
undertaken
chickens,
Korovinski.
was also
the
caring
Korovinski
at
turnips,
On Atka
the
by Netsvetov
were planted,
a variety
(Gibson
since
1976:96,
and virtually
and goats"
mentioned
(Gibson
pigs,
. . .
on Atka,
however,
cattle,
have been grown
Russian
was,
raisers
attention"
settlement
and several
potatoes
casks
the
Gardening
some sheep
may well
"special
of Russian-America,
gardens
perhaps
the
to supply
colonies
small
was given
cattle
at
likely
necessary
and equally
as thick.
abandonment
of
Korovinski
and
the resettlement
of
provides
perspective
a final
its
population
to the present
on animal
village
husbandry
of Atka,
at Korovinski:
The Russians
introduced
cattle
and goats
here as an
The latter
became
very
experiment
in those
days.
unpopular
with
the timid
Aleuts
on account
of their
pugnacious
disposition
and the morbid
propensity
for
feeding
upon the grasses
and flowers
that
grew on the
frequently
breaking
them
earthen
roofs of the barabaras,
in or causing
serious
leaks.
Though
there
is an
abundance of nutritious
grasses all over the island,
the
stock-raising
experiment
was allowed
to lag, and finally,
a short
time after
the transfer
of the country
to the
United States,
the last of the bovine race found its way
into
the soup-kettle
and to the tables
of the traders
(1884:22).
Today,
1920s.
Atkans
The pigs
while
the
were
fell
off
families
kept
chickens
eggs
side
of
this
time.
in
the
1946,
(Bank
in
near
cliff
the
et al.
grasses
In
at
Pigeons
1950:211).
In the
the
there
half
of
of
Atka
were
lacked
the
rats
which
Island.
On Amlia,
potatoes
were
grown.
big
of
also
the
At least
four
laid
on the
federal
within
south
at
government
a short
one family
time
kept
some
gardens
for
the
the
end of Amlia
west
gardening
main
efforts
as carrots
of one of the
161
the cows
century,
as well
The father
to Atka,
today.
plagued
turnips
late
by some people
by the
mid-1970s,
near
close
bluff
kept
them failed
this
in the
The chickens
War II.
base
are none left
first
islands
to Atka
to raise
kept
by snowdrifts.
were
brought
residents
which
the
being
In the winters,
World
the attempt
though
small
the village.
before
village.
but
to
edges hidden
Sheep were
chickens,
the
of cows and pigs
confined
cows roamed
sometimes
their
tell
older
Island,
on Atka
and
small
men of Atka
today
taught
his
began in April.
into
pieces
mounds.
and
Potatoes
and placed
Kelp
to
raise
when ready.
garden
between
the
Ground
were cut
made with
In the old days,
preparation
between
a planting
the
stick
mounds
of
the
summer,
with
the community
the eyes
for
in dirt
fertilizer
Gardens
soil.
vegetables
would
work
were
harvested
together
on
projects.
grass
were
was put
potatoes
were
placed
the
After
dirt
top.
in this
stored
in
the
hole
in
on top
a hole
to
was put
have been attempted
above,
to keep rats
mud around
winter
islands
rats
a problem
away was to burn
the
to keep
perimeter
rats
away.
of
large
bottom,
More grass
Atka.
162
and
then
was put
potatoes
elsewhere
on
stored
on Atka
of
on Atka
Island.
One method
of grass
mixed
quantities
there
the
Island
in front
a garden.
Today,
First,
long.
directly
were
ground.
on top of the grass,
Some gardens
mentioned
the
the
of the grass.
keep all
offshore
in
line
manner would
and on the
helped
store
temperature
during
Potatoes
dried
the
was put
the
periodically
from
inholes
or fish
help
checked
son how to make a garden.
The lingering
are no active
village.
As
with
smoke smell
gardens
on
CHAPTER 7
RESOURCE USE ON ATKA:
DISCUSSION
AND CONCLUSIONS
Introduction
Based
previous
on
the
chapters,
conclusions
residents
this
regarding
information
chapter
the
focuses
contained
on broader
non-commercial
use of
in
issues
resources
the
and
by the
of Atka.
The annual
round
While
the
previous
resource-by-resource
of
the
is
by means
annual
presents
in the
detailed
of
understood
represent
in which
that
the
composites
discussed
best
resource
yearly
such a chart,
order
the
basis,
"flow"
of-a
chapter
chart
way to
gain
procurement
of
harvest
with
the various
they
occur
resource
based
resource
harvest
on information
individuals.
163
an appreciation
activities
the
in Atka
Table
periods.
resources
during
use on a
generally
year.
periods
supplied
It
in
7-1
listed
should
the
table
by several
be
P
Q\
IP
-++++-
+++++++--
--+++++++++++++++++++++++++---
-------++++++++++++++--------------------
-+-+-
-++-
-+++-
-+-
---+++++++++++++++++++++-----
--+++++++++++++++++++++++++---
--+++++++++++++---
++++++++++++++--
++++++++++---
-----------------
--++++--
--++++++++--
--+++++++--
--++
--+++++
--++++++++
AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
-+++++++++++++++++----+++++++--
----------------------++++++++++++++++++++----------------
+Primary procurement
period
-Secondary
procurement
period
Sea urchins
Mussels
Berries
Wild celery
Fox trapping
Clams
JUL
++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
----------+++++++++++++++++++++++++++
+++++++++++---------+++++++-----------------------------”’------------+++++++
+++++++++++++++++------------------------------+++++++++++
Sea lions
Harbor seals
Reindeer
King salmon
Red salmon
Pink salmon
Dog salmon
Silver
salmon
Halibut
Cod
Dolly Varden
PWY
PwY eggs
Ducks
Geese
Oystercatcher
eggs
Sea gull eggs
Eider eggs
MAY JUN
JAN
Resource
FEB MAR APR
RESOURCES HARVESTED BY TIME OF YEAR
TABLE 7-l
Starting
begin
the
to turn
months,
their
sea lion
year,
for
salmon
frequent
caught
during
salmon
along
beach
the
at this
summer
the
first
Nazan
time
is the
all
of
to
main
of
the
with
summer,
the coasts,
of
to previous
Likewise,
the
people
some cod and halibut
months,
fish.
red
the
less
important
are
April),
Compared
and although
to appear
along
end of
to fishing.
winter
these
begin
seining
number
the
kings
(the
is becoming
desirable
also
spring
hunting,
catching
except
Varden
June
hunting
during
particularly
in
attention
as is reindeer
may be caught
time
year
the
Dolly
appear.
and during
May and
Bay may procure
a large
of them.
As
the
summer
hunted,
as they
variety
of eggs becomes
and eider
trips
are
eggs,
to
during
the
become
camps
of all
ages collect
and,
in
summer,
birds
the
hunted
during
the
seals
continue
In
year.
away from
frequent
at
marine
are
summer,
the
time
invertebrates,
Eider
berries.
this
be
a
sea gull
village
of
and
the year,
wild
celery,
one of
ducks,
generally
to
May and June
and many, particularly
Picnics
and people
later
entire
available,
are collected.
summer
harbor
proceeds,
the
obtained
few
during
June.
Toward
in about
the end of summer,
fishing
is
on the
frequent
than
sea lion
hunting,
hunting,
become
earlier
wane,
and
in the summer.
in conjunction
the
reindeer
major
with
subsistence
165
August
hunting
As fall
harbor
turns
seal,
activities.
and September,
becomes
into
duck,
more
winter,
and geese
These ventures
take
the
hunters
of Atka
Island,
factor
for
on long
trips
weather
such
conditions
and January
at cabins
away from
are
the deeper
waters
invertebrates
are
are
migratory
birds
resource
when the
these
an important
few
men
limiting
who
trap
fox,
and days on end may be spent
collected
the
remainder
somewhat
leave
reindeer,
and bird
activities,
although
some cod
permits
ocean
are obtained
at this
of
limited
the area
sea mammal,
weather
fish
also
year,
during
in late
not
because
but
these
they
because
other
As the
months.
winter,
to
Marine
in winter.
time,
the
travel
the yearly
cycle
of
use continues.
An important
in Atka
is that
and most
certain
of
at only
reindeer,
are
whenever
of the yearly
resources
salmon,
specific
important
other
aspect
species
obtained
latter
important
where
during
resources
to spring,
caught
are
absent
or down the coast
the village.
the most
and halibut
those
are busy months,
From mid-winter
remain
Island
becoming
For
pursuits.
December
hunting
to Amlia
present
category
are
of the
like
not
the
fact
that
bring
about
the
observed
such
factors
the
the
that
of
following:
166
sea
during
resource
weather
hand,
and
and may be obtained
uniformly
than
may be
lion,
resources
other
pattern
year
birds
other
some of the
harvested
factors
they
On the
seal,
pattern
like
hence,
year.
harbor
harvest
importance,
seasonal;
throughout
underscores
are
are
The fact
necessary.
of major
times
resources,
resource
resource
use.
in this
the
year
availability
Included
conditions,
among
food
preference,
wage
reproductive
employment,
cycles
elaborated
upon in the
Variability
in
people
in
variations
This
in
shifts
is
intervals.
that
the
scope
of
of
these
of this
are
many
the
resource
resource
use in Atka
understanding
of
the
will
be
chapter.
to us through
there
of
resources
is
of such use requires
years.
from
activities,
minimally
a most
important
the
the
to .learn
occur
and underscores
marked
over
study
procurement
it
conversations
significant,
present
abundance
Nevertheless,
resource
sections
clear
abundance
in
Some
and
abundance
Atka
observation
periodic
following
became
the
accessibility,
animals.
that
was beyond
direct
the
resource
One fact
with
of
species
fact
at one year
aspect
that
investigation
since
of
an accurate
of as long
a time
span as possible,
While
ultimate
it
cause
of Atka
become
two
things
invertebrate
are
harbor
seals
area,
resulting
appear
fewer
that
the
is
in resource
which
common
they
available
seals
for
and harbor
sea otters
which
abundance,
waters
the
First,
to determine
understand
in Atka's
to be displaced
sea otters
impossible,
has drastically
no longer
in
not
have happened.
to us that
it
variation
more
resources
many
if
to one situation
have
decade,
that
of most
point
otters
is difficult,
to
the
over
past
of marine
to
the
extent
Second,
move into
occasionally
to
as sea
the
Some people
hunting.
appear
well:
villagers.
as sea otters
seals
residents
abundance
been reduced
the
be stronger.
an
reported
fight,
and
Other
people
reported
that
the
sea otters
pester
seals
and get
in
their
way.
Although
Atka,
increase
urchin
result
in kelp
sea urchins,
in
especially
feed
much
in
more
residents
sea otters
Since
on kelp,
resource
the
sea otters
in
growth
of kelp
procurement,
difficult,
since
and
of
has been
a decrease
subtantial
in the abundance
by the
people
run of pink
not nearly
as good.
a relatively
It
poor
is a bad year
While
abundance
this
procurement.
reasons,
no single
as entirely
utilized.
At
section
for
it
even
example,
eat
the
sea
beds.
extensive
dangerous,
but
resource
is
representative
it
is
will
affect
likely
168
that
there
in the
some of the
of
to note
manner
resource
that,
each year
period,
in
if
berries.
patterns
is different
that
saying
detail
sufficient
the
of 1983 was
variation
or three-year
of
1983 run was
be bad for
use in Atka
or even two-
the
also
section
it
1982 saw an
summer
on natural
have
of
People
which
point,
resources
as well.
has focused
factors
In fact,
food
The summer
will
a later
this
year,
Atka.
berries
salmon,
and natural
of other
is interestingthatthe
one for
for
of
salmon,
of resources,
cultural
are
turn
island.
of the
at night.
exceptional
taken
the
resource
increase
affected
boating
been observed
that
the
in
Variations
various
of
has resulted
has indirectly
makes
a food
around
which
population
kelp
it
affecting
an additional
the
This
not
for
and
should
be
which
resources
never
has been,
nor
never
will
any attempt
aspects
be, an "average"
to describe
of
resource
Cooperation
and
use over
of
Both
resource
--
cooperation
fishing,
looking
for
Varden
near
Amlia
Island
--
subsistence
seining,
--
undertaken
women
cooperation
increased
task
is
resource
enterprise,
In
other
greater
and
its
more
the
equally
productivity,
procurement,
and companionship.
169
seining
feature
of
important
for
hunt
of
to
the
such as beach
person
could
cases,
however,
benefits,
exchange
lessening
children
sea lion
activites,
majority
working
to
to people
a single
hunting,
people
baskets,
line,
since
of
can be
most
a characteristic
required,
alone.
or
In certain
much a part
activities
to men on a two-day
is
and
made clear.
for
shore
subsistence
descriptions
by individuals,
by two
economy
very
as the
chapter
grass
the
in Atka.
provides
safety,
the
picking
cooperation
economy
the
dynamic
gathering,
still
procurement
done
the beach,
cooperation
manage
in the
resource
is
are
today,
all
pogy eggs along
Dolly
about
are
From
Atka
in
of hunting,
in the previous
and gathering
together.
the
subsistence
cooperation
and sharing
in
almost
and sometimes
been
of the products
resources
While
of the Aleut
have
utilization
individual
ignore
hence,
time.
tenets
times
and sharing
fishing.
in Atka;
sharing
precontact
endeavors
year
one may erroneously
Two of the basic
since
or "typical"
of
individual
not
such
as
knowledge
costs
Though
widespread
characterized
by formal
Depending
groupings
one or two
did
several
not
cases
work
analysis
in
community's
spurious
marked
sometimes
it
should
could
be
somewhat
population
is
small
with
of
their
be
any of
more frequently
these
flexible
although
patterns,
with
not
father,
noted
seemed
that
task
enough
to
group
since
misleading,
and interrelated
in
the
to
yield
results.
sharing
from
Atka
somewhat
is
groupings.
hunt
Analysis
any
However,
fixed
a man will
he might
indicate
cooperation
or other
individuals.
brothers,
together.
community,
circumstances,
men, although
of other
up with
the
partnerships
on particular
a number
team
in
In
a sense,
of
that
cooperation
food
long-standing
Sharing
is brought
that
everyone
Distribution
back
see if
there
broadcast
items
back
in
is
brought
two
patterns
of food
food
are
from
the
enough
in a catch.
after
the participants
their
households
community
ways.
by boat,
people
sharing
community.
trip,
takes
170
it
is
a portion
or
to come to
of their
place.
the
usually
take
fish
closest
A recipient
it.
is
to
will
be
beach
to
takes
food
of
likely
of
announcements
sharing
those
amount
When meat
and fishing
for
also
within
the
stem
may go to the beach
Sometimes
in hunting
and
Both
receive
people
food
When a large
several
inviting
of
same coin.
or fishing
will
to share.
and perhaps
the
in Atka.
Such wide-spread
share
procurement
of
a hunting
accomplished
the
reciprocity
is common
on CB radios
Secondary
sides
of
to the village
is
in
place
enough
for
relatives.
of meat
or
fish
from
and gives
someone else's
efforts
often
some to
one or more
persons.
when there
has not
been enough
food
the
village,
entire
families
but
This
for
her/his
is
often
the hunters
was too
portion
much for
the
case
to share
with
their
immediate
to use.
All
those
of
people
the
with
in
resources
people
will
resources
obtained.
resources.
does
exchanged
at times
have
been
dried,
when,
residents
of Atka.
relatives
and friends
changed
to hunt
for
whatever
Nor
members.
In
functioned
more
money --
was often
the
1920s
over
the
is sent
unit,
community-based.
for
share
to
homes.
employment
a portion
of
obtained
foods
hunting
the
food
are
often
and fishing
involve
and other
lifetime
provided
or they
from
--
in resource
always
due
local
in Atka
and 193Os,
as a single
fish
are
in others'
sharing
food
in Anchorage
somewhat
meals
reasons,
does
of sharing
are
freshly
salted
Frequently,
aspect
or
involve
and
needy
to engage
or gas for
always
productive.
A final
who the
resources,
their
ammunition
not
Frozen,
local
many of
unable
exchange
Sharing
know
individuals
and other
by eating
schedules
not
These
fish,
meat,
Occasionally,
in Atka
due to age or health,
themselves.
directly
such
residents
unable,
procurement
have
there
divides
the
only
the
village
to
communities.
is that
sharing
of
older
the
example,
and sharing
The needs
of
of
patterns
community
the
community
food
--
the
and of
community
were
established
subsistence
by consensus,
activities.
Today,
but
a community-wide,
earlier
system
When it
north
is
side
equipment
shares
of
of
is
the
the
and maintain
for
are
often
collect
Island
(by
Island
various
continues
to take
manner.
Vestiges
in
of the
community's
truck.
activities
on the
hunting
transporting
men,
Bay),
place
the
and
boats,
entire
community
obtained.
their
clearest
boats
of the
for
the
to put
invertebrates.
young
for
invertebrates
other
after
occurs
in
with
table
each
only
fishing,
run
large-scale
hand,
of food
on the
6,
activity,
and do the
time,
Chapter
have
the
in the home,
each
day,
they
Women also
meal.
weaving.
resource
procurement
fish,
picking
to go boating
in the
activities
sometimes,
berries,
By themselves,
too
labor
do much of the
preparation
family
of men and women, and,
for
a male
meals
in
of
Women, on the
killed.
by their
for
division
Men also
most
efforts
descriptions
exclusively
by women.
thanked
grass
procurement
the
of animals
seining
directing
use of the
to Korovin
is almost
the
Several
efforts
re.indeer
responsibility
and,
in the
support
that
participation
primary
sharing
formalized,
resource
Hunting
butchering
a chief
labor
apparent
hunting.
rare
the
in the meat
From
it
to
across
Division
less
may be found
used
with
alone)
intertidal
in
fish
areas,
172
the
These
children.
and
children
often
involve
collecting
their
along
collect
include
marine
young
the
joint
teens
beach,
berries,
(and
search
and so
on.
With
males
the
broad
and females
of
to a subsistence
Maintenance
range
nearly
cultural
section
explores
resources
part
Except
to the
additional
support
the
for
resources
which
used
in
marine
invertebrates,
hunted,
the
for
make waterproof
contribute
such
the
years
ago.
of that
and fish.
their
entire
community.
range
of
local
first
came
other
hand,
some
procured
or are
include
And while
are
were
people
largely
intestines
an integral
mentioned,
On the
These
This
use of local
use is
no longer
aspects
no
certain
sea lions
are
no longer
used to
has been
a shift
garments,
in
as the variety
depend
1914),
birds,
however,
not
area,
of Atka.
of their
as previously
same manner.
increased
resources.
that
once used are
towards
at least
features
has been used since
2,000
example,
Especially
that
in
in Atka
were
of the Aleuts
(which,
Island
at least
longer
still
upon several
of the people
reindeer
used today
Island
Atka
has touched
notion
and heritage
on the
resources
the
and do --
traditions
several
lives
introduced
in
ages can --
discussion
cultural
which
of the
all
resources
traditions
The preceding
continuing
food
livelihood.
of
of the
of
the
use
of
is not
to a substantial
century,
imported
of such food
50 percent
There
last
of
their
a household
degree
173
there
Even
foodstuffs.
increases,
diet
people
in Atka
is made up of
in the
community
on a variety
of
today,
local
that
local
say
food
does
foods,
and there
are
few
aspect
its
procurement.
of
people
One factor
vigorous
Atka
from
between
has changed.
are easily
operated
language
resources
the
various
--
local
its
actively
their
stores,
of
became
a radio
of Atka
has
one consequence
--
including
reliance
upon
the
local
has not been so clearly
hunting
Being
and pride.
members
It
the
communities.
successful
today,
village
culture
and the
This
expensive.
teacher.
the
earlier
that
to and from
telephones
in many respects,
have been retained.
of satisfaction
prefer
spoken
Aleut
school
little
to Atka
was by means of
two centuries,
of
of supply
time,
close
the
period,
routes
that
that
of
Russian
and very
years
visiting
aspects
in many other
other
several
itself
the
transportation
communication
last
for
being
In Atka
the
earlier
had to fend
Aleut
last
some
of a
isolation
Since
been infrequent
the
the
communities
and commercial
to,
non-Native
for
that
People
on the
are no Native
by the
being
with
stop
has typically
Thus,
case
an out-of-the-way
There
in Atka;
largely
in
America.
with
maintenance
Even
and Russian
available
to the
world.
outside
Russia
been within
directly
has been
the
has only
involved
life
travelled
village
not
has contributed
way of
was considered
ships
the
which
subsistence
community
who are
and fishing
able
to
the
community
is
traditional
foods
over
and traditional
also
food
resources
a source
of pride.
many items
preservation
174
share
are a source
available
methods,
such
in
as
salting
and
drying,
introduction
of
generation
shares
activities
for
freezers
school
District
1981;
Although
resource
last
two
baidars,
however,
period,
as
decades
prior
Gone
of
in technology.
One aspect
changed
the
write
Region
School
and the
changed
throughout
War II,
for
persist
of
completely
the
spiritual
of the beliefs
realm.
with
Many of
and
Veniaminov
such
which
has
provides
of the Atkans:
The pantheon
of the Athin
[sic]
Aleuts
was extremely
They believed
in birds
and fish
and other
extensive.
and other
inanimate
animals;
in the sun, the heavens
and they believed
that spirits
lived
in them.
objects,
Since communication
with the spirits
was reserved
for the
they represented
them as they wanted or as
shaman alone,
175
the
sharing
despite
economy
the
in Atka
skiffs
dories.
subsistence
In
boats
war,
unaltered
historic
world..
cooperation,
fundamentally
and
was not
the
most
replaced
of the precontact
description
Since
procurement,
is the
during
the
the
and bone knives
implements
example,
engines.
over
bidarkas
stone
such
unchanged,
markedly
skin-covered
gradually
significantly
the following
are
occurred
resource
changes
younger
they
has remained
but
have
above
the
which
(Aleutian
replacement
inboard
discussed
the
subsistence
articles
The
to World
with
Even
has changed
and spears,
technology
engines
patterns
the
technology
harpoons
sudden,
outboard
in
despite
tradition:
the use of many resources
tools.
dories
popular
1982a).
centuries.
the
continuing
publication
procurement
and other
were
this
district's
1980;
the
in
be
to many households.
common subjects
are
the
to
continue
they
could
with
the
shamanist
performances
It
is
worth
as easily
might
noting
gotten
after
and 34 years
priest
It
of
--
the
or would
the
that
preached
the people
Orthodox
than
Aleuts
that
and the
on Atka,
of Amlia
community
if
some
Islands
the
"on the
(Salamatov
in ordertolearn
drowned,
priests
as 1862,
arrived
not
n.d.:17).
had visited
they
would
a
have a
was positive,
priest
but
made a lesson
out
of
system
of
misfortune.
Over
which
priest
The mummy's prediction
trip.
were
in the Aleutian
to the
of men from
the
Orthodox
As late
liked,
resident
Island
13 of the men later
their
Russian
arrived
a sermon
a group
hunting
have
in
beliefs
and fortune-telling"
mummy cave on Kanaga
successful
early
Russians
first
of superstitions
seems
supernatural
as the
first
after
of Atka
traditional
rid
have thought
121 years
sins
that
masks
or effigies
used
and in plays
(1840:[111]:2-3).
the years,
of Atka
Church.
they
depend
the
precontact
was replaced
Today,
for
was expressed
with
Atkans
that
certainly
although
food,
spiritual
belief
offered
respect
with
by the
Russian
the animals
a different
upon
spritualism
in the past.
camps
One major
Atka
and
today
precontact
times,
permanent
villages,
lived
throughout
point
is
of
the
Aleuts
continuity
year.
precontact
settlement/subsistence
throughout
at which
the
between
it
the
is
Seasonal
176
life
on
system.
archipelago
likely
satellite
at
least
In
maintained
some people
camps
were
also
used,
to which
of the
particular
nearby.
least
people
by families,
while
available
for
trapping
(Figures
location
general
over
camps
are
these
locations
testifies
of
at camp,
they
Notes
regarding
6.
activity
are
with
at
(Table
7-
used
are
those
owned
which
are
fishing,
to continuity
now located
to have
been
and
based
more
local
where
site
earlier
and many of
predating
living
in partontradition,
advantage
People
in
located,
deposits
use maybe
and
of points
of certain
told
locations
us that
resources
but
when they
than
they
in
are
do when
most
fishing
regarding
with
The first
the
today,
to be privately
points
of
in
the
these
resource
hunting
is
strong
in procuring
that
of
procurement
correlation
resources,
and fishing
resource
the ages of 15 and 39 (Figure
is
Atka
in the village.
dealt
and older,
figure
also
procurement.
hunting
adequately
available
who are hunting,
archaeological
to eat
were
7-3).
camps
term
tend
A number
between
areas
by residents
resource
are back
old
in outlying
to the continuing
they
Chapter
tend
advantage
which
currently
to the village
Many camps
have
go to take
in
Islands
use by persons
time.
Such long
effect
and Amlia
such
would
resources
in
7-1 through
known
memory.
is
those
The use of
terms
food
The same pattern
Those camps closest
also
the villages
seasonal
25 camps on Atka
2).
be
from
r
177
48 males
involvement
Also
between
with
descriptions
the
7-4).
only
could
age
not
in
10 years
is by 25 men
revealed
and
in the
degree
one male under
of
15 years
TABLE 7-2
CAMPS CURRENTLY IN USEABLE CONDITION
Camp
Number1
Aleu
Name5
Location
Comments
some
large
repair;
salmon
privately
Yaxagim
chuqaa
Needs
near
stream;
owned.
Cape. Kudugnak,
Atka
Gunas hanii
Originally
trapping.
3
Nazan Bay,
ChunixsajZ
Near
stream;
owned.
4
Bolshoi
Island,
Nazan Bay, Atka
Sviiniyam
udaa
Privately
owned.
5
Nazan Bay,
Ignaachxaei?
Privately
owned.
6
Near Profile
Pt.,
Nazan Bay, Atka
Atxalaji
Privately
owned.
7
Near Profile
Pt.,
Nazan Bay, Atka
Malas
Privately
owned.
8
Near Amlia
Kasamim
Chuguu
9
South
1
Nazan Bay,
2
Atka
Atka
Atka
Pass,
coast,
Atka
Tanaangis
for
built
large
salmon
privately
owned;
salmon
10-13
Korovin
Bay,
Atka
Imlam Chugaa
All
privately
near
large
stream.
14
Korovin
Bay,
Atka
Saguu&jZ
Built
for
trapping.
15
Martin
16
Near Island
Atka
17
Sergief
Sitaji
Built
for
trapping.
18
Kigun
Chuguu@iEi
ugaluji
Built
for
trapping.
Harbor,
Pt.,
Bay,
Bay,
Atka
Atka
Atka
ChiGzang
Suung
r
178
TABLE 7-2
(Continued)
Camp
Number1
Location
19
Kobakof
20
Beaver
Bay,
21
North
coast,
22
Hungry
23
South
coast,
Amlia
Saganaji
24
North
coast,
Amlia
Chaamlaga
Built
for
trapping.
25
North
coast,
Amlia
Angusxus
Built
for
trapping.
1Numbers
2Provided
Aleut
Name2
Bay,
Atka
Chungidigas
Atka
Uzaji hacha
Amlia
Bay,. Amlia
correspond
Comments
Iiyangiilgis
Amunajiagiji
to those
by Moses Dirks,
used in Figures
Atka,
179
1983.
7-1 through
7-3.
-
m
180
ape
Shaw
--
Islands
5
0
-
5
I
-5
H+--IH
0
5
I
MILES
KILOMETERS
-
Figure
7-2.
Camp locations
on eastern
western Amlia Island.
181
Atka
Island
and
i
Figure
7-3.
‘1
M , I
Camp locations
on eastern
Amlia
Island.
Not
Active
32-
N=7
x = 57.4
l-
Rarely
Active
(old)
;I
Very
Active
4-r
3
2
*
N=4
z = 57.0
l-
432l-
N = 15
P = 37.1
N=5
2 = 26.8
Active
Rarely
Active
(young)
432l-
-
N=5
z = 13.4
7
lo14
1519
2024
2529
3034
3539
4044
4549
5054
5559
6064
6569
7074
Ages of Men, 10 and Over
(N = 48)
kigure
7-4.
Distribution
of male resource
procurement
by age and degree of activity.
183
involvement
of
age being
classified
as "active"
6 of the 16 men over
A second
activities
are
,to
or
Likewise,
'Atka
red
reindeer
hunting
especially
activity,
That
facts:
the
first,
a number
high
of resources
cost
of
long
and fishing
that
such
That
is,
although
set
with
the
hope
out
of
resources
during
on the north
or
are
not
is
exists
to be obtained
trips
some
other
of
similar
at
few
least
and plentiful,
discourages
in
two
enabling
trip;
second,
coming
of
seining
or are
evidence
on a single
trip.
side
beach
located
base is diverse
the
and south
duck hunting,
hunting,
reindeer
boating
is
in nature.
include
resource
classified.
or other
ventures
pattern
only
not pass up the opportunity
seal
if
this
hunting
and with
generally
frequently
harbor
active"
similarly
men might
will
reindeer,
salmon,
number.
of
they
will
being
opportunistic
geese,
Island
old
regarding
group
sea lions,
obtain
for
point
largely
an individual
killing
39 years
or "very
the
home empty-
handed.
Third,
Atka
and Amlia
Aleutian
tides
is
and weather
direction,
swells.
and there
Weather
are
and the
particularly
along
ocean
while
Atka
the
is discussion
north
side
on television
of
the
situatio'n
184
out
of Atka
been
hunting
the
in
men watch
the
on trips
of
is preferred
coming
is
about
Boating
ocean.
but
setting
have
side
forecasts
knowledgeable
surrounding
before
swells
south
especially
dangerous,
carefully
Hunting
prevailing
men of
Islands
waters
distance.
the
the
from
any
when
a southern
favored
with
northern
and radio
are
consulted,
by those
making
plans.
Many trips
are undertaken
men able
fog
to read
obscures
infrequent
on the
from
the
that
Fourth,
roughly
skiff,
$1,600
last
in cost
but
which,
To those
smaller
items
outdoor
clothing
and fishing
camps
to pass
and
$1,300
last
(perhaps
bag,
a 25-horsepower
engines
can
environment
usually
limits
the
cost
many years
for
--
can cost
three
times
as much.
add
reels,
alone
185
the
up over
a survival
are virtual
Ammunition
be added
poles,
necessities
typically
to
purchase;
costs
tackle,
for
costs
of many
Special
time.
suit),
$800.
These
three-wheelers.
$2,000
above must
a shotgun
is about
about
fishing
to
care,
are
including
freight.
exceptional
men have
nevertheless
costs
as an aluminum
vehicles,
enumerated
in
Many
which
including
The combined
care,
many
such
for
done
amount.
for
of $2,000,
about
5 years.
and ammunition
trips.
if
is not
the
when
material
commercially,
Aleutian
with
which
the
With
the
vehicles
and sleeping
equipment,
a storm
a substantial
skiffs,
from
labor-saving
and six-wheeled
for
it
one of
can cost
neighborhood
travel,
convenient,
a tent
the
to perhaps
overland
waiting
at
the
to travel
knowledge,
especially
a 35-horsepower.
--
best
unexpectedly
purchased
range
and rifle
direction
fishing,
and
wooden
in
life
the
days,
trips,
Boats
many years,
useful
For
homemade
for
the
of a compass,
down.
may cost
Engines
benefit
swells
stranded
several
boat
$500.
the
Even with
hunting
with
are
land.
for
the seas to calm
boats
the ocean
men are
islands
conjunction
without
a CB radio,
butchering
most hunting
about
$13 for
20 rifle
or
25 shotgun
requires
gas,
shells.
which,
Finally,
at nearly
all
$4 per
motorized
gallon,
ranks
travel
as a major
expense.
Cost
of
living
in
As one
might
substantially
cost
community,
Table
Atka
Atka
(at
total
Factors
of
are
While
no
available
for
grocery
the
items
The
and Anchorage.
for
Anchorage.
factors
currently
affect
Many of these
the
are
pattern
of
interrelated
to earlier.
with
They may be
as follows:
increase
The
cost
of
in recent
there
in
years.
for
While
only
gallon,
is
hunting
probably
today
change,
somewhat
increased
and fishing
men are more frequently
than
transportation
to do two things.
and a clearer
on success
fuel
$1 per
has tended
to assess,
rather
that
Atka
utilization
in Atka.
approximately
success,
Anchorage.
store)
than
in
of selected
and many have been alluded
dramatically
Second,
costs
are
the prices
higher
of
in
figures
61.8 percent
utilization
1.
cost
living
resource
all
those
cooperative
A number
itemized
virtually
larger,
affecting
one another,
than
7-3 presents
the
is
resource
expect,
higher
standardized
in
Atka
singly.
186
a few years
it
First,
less
is nearly
although
boating
importance
excursions.
going
has
out
increased
ago gasoline
$4, and the
difficult
being
done.
has been placed
To increase
their
in two or more boats,
TABLE 7-3
PRICES OF SELECTED GROCERY ITEMS IN ATKA
AND ANCHORAGE-- JULY, 1983
Atka
Item
Frozen
Meat
and
Seafood
Pork chops, lb.
Beef rib steak,
lb.
Beef top round roast,
lb.
Beef short ribs,
lb.
Hormel thick
sliced
bacon, lb
Lean ground beef, lb.
Smoked pork hocks, lb.
Stew beef, lb.
Tasty Bird frying
chicken,
breast
with ribs,
2 lb. 8 oz.
Ball Park hot dogs, lb.
Armour beef hot dogs, 12 oz.
Oscar Mayer beef bologna,
12 oz.
Swift Premium brown and serve sausage,
Certi-Fresh
breaded shrimp,
14 oz.
Canned
Meat
and
Anchorage
$4.59
7.39
6.19
3.99
5.39
3.30
2.49
4.30
8 OZ.
$2.49
3.99
3.39
2.29
2.99
1.59
1.49
1.99
10.35
4.55
3.10
2.45
2.95
8.55
4.99
2.39
1.69
2.29
1.69
6.49
13.45
3.25
3.19
2.20
4.55
2.65
3.09
9.99
2.29
1.79
1.49
3.55
1.80
4.75
7.50
.65
8.45
.65
1.09
1.70
1.65
1.85
2.00
3.55
2.99
.89
3.09
4.09
Fish
Bar S ham, 3 lb.
Dinty Moore corned beef, 12 oz.
Nalley's
beef stew, 1 lb. 8 OZ.
Corned beef hash, 15.5 oz.
Chicken Ready whole chicken,
3 lb. 2 oz.
Starkist
chunk light
tuna, 9.25 oz.
Spam, 12 oz.
2.75
1.69
1.69
Miscellaneous
Hills
Bros. coffee,
lb.
White bread, 24 oz.
White flour,
10 lbs.
Sugar, 10 lbs.
Corn muffin
mix, 8.5 oz.
Mild cheddar cheese, 2 lb.
Tomato soup, 10.75 oz.
Canned creamed corn, 17 oz.
Eggs I dozen
Tide detergent,
20 oz.
Reynold's
aluminum foil,
75 sq.
Brawny paper towels,
85 sq. ft.
Best Foods mayonnaise,
32 oz.
ft.
187
.33
5.12
.39
-67
1.15
1.29
1.85
1.09
2.09
TABLE 7-3
(Continued)
Item
Atka
Anchorage
Heinz ketchup,
14 oz.
Top Ramen noodles,
3 oz.
Oranges, lb.
Apples,
lb.
Onions,
lb.
Potatoes,
5 lb.
Cabbage, lb.
Turnips,
lb.
Carrots,
lb.
Wesson oil,
24 oz.
Kingston
margarine,
lb.
Maxim freeze dried coffee,
4 oz.
Kraft
singles
American cheese, lb.
Skippy creamy peanut butter,
18 oz.
Sailor
Boy pilot
bread, 2 lb.
1.85
.65
1.35
1.35
.65
2.80
.75
.95
.95
4.19
.85
4.45
4.45
3.35
2.65
.89
.35
.69
.89
.59
2.29
.59
.69
.69
1.59
.69
3.19
2.59
1.95
2.39
Total
$172.40
188
$106.56
There
2.
three-
has
been
and six-wheeled
in 1975 there
today
there
by men,
certain
were
vehicles
only
and
women,
parts
on Korovin
with
roads
mostly
on Atka,
the Korovin
and
possible,
the
left
extensive.
over
along
They do,
this
side.
salmon
at
outlet
of
in this
One
additional
makes
has
boats.
account
Many people
boats,
the
interest
transportation
they
such
them
particularly
for
about
easily
of washouts
once
again
new
also
camp
make the
fish.
the
in
of
all
boats
some
of
the
disadvantages
189
between
of catching
were
used
but
asset
the
accessible,
ago such boats
a positive
The
easily
of
portable,
a link
roads
Lake
system
during
influenced
number
of repair,
years.
is
half
difficulty
few
repair
change
an increas.ed
road
travel
method
recent
Ten years
the
Improved
particular
been
recognize
as the
With
Korovin
the
provide
certainly
Korovin
fiberglass
to
and there
activity
vehicle
has
last
military
however,
route,
which
is that
the
from
on the
4.
vehicles
accessibility
use of camps,
within
construction
renewing
in the community,
that
above
and the village.
a factor
trap
of
While
years.
substantially,
the
point
improvement
Bay area
bridges
number
The use of these
meant
in
the
Bay.
vast
are not
eight
has increased
increase
has undergone
war,
has
Island
Coupled
3.
the past
7-4).
children
of the
in
three-wheelers
30 (Table
has been a concomitant
those
over
2 of the
are nearly
increase
a rapid
means
aluminum
rare,
(see
their
of
and
but
today
Table
7-4).
the
newer
of
light
weight
when transporting
a
TABLE 7-4
VEHICLES AND BOATS IN ATKA
Number
Type of Equipment
Vehicles
28*
Honda three-wheelers
8**
Six-wheelers
Passenger
trucks
and vans
8**
Boats
13
Wooden skiffs
Aluminum
Fiberglass
9
skiffs
boats
3
*Includes
3 in need of repair,
**Includes
2 in need of repair.
190
boat
from
the village
5.
The
weather
The
procurement.
particularly
bad for
weather
village
itself
with
in
that
(particularly
backing,
discussion
of
the
one hand,
the
reasons.
First,
activity;
thus,
the
is not,
time
that
it
schedules
It
is
may be tied
after
191
in
Alaska
the
equipment.
and
purchase
and
to
resources,
hand,
make room
seasonal
earlier
employment
more complex
to their
and
substantial
various
available
is
procurement
in
cash
--
has been clear
between
is
in the
communities
One the other
rarely
cash
available
either
and fishing
takes
money.
who depend
--
implicit
to procure
work
becomes
predictable,
requires
of hunting
and elsewhere)
people
not
resource
was
simple:
though
poor
economy.
relationship
that
of generally
families
other
local
Atka
even
since
costs
was
communities
point
necessary
to earn
(in
in
in
the
is
equipment
work
for
resource
example,
are
and game animals)
purchase
maintain
situation
jobs
in
of Atka
the subsistence
This
procurement
time
seasonal
fish
resource
must
which
of residents
involvement
financial
people
because
subsistence-based
for
On the
hunting
of the hunt.
linked
elsewhere
for
on products
or at
many years
1982-1983,
consequences
The employment
intimately
the
boat-based
role
have serious
degree
6.
of
a major
Such bad years,
and do --
to a major
Bay by truck.
plays
winter
conditions.
can --
for
to Korovin
for
for
for
so
however,
several
subsistence
such endeavors,
jobs.
Similarly,
employment
,
may not
occur
during
appears
optimum
that
given
a choice
temporary
or long-term
to pursue
hunting
Atka
it
only
can
necessary
local
concentration
to us that
percent
75 percent
mentioned
Third,
store,
the
increased
terms
ability
of
food
considered
cost
--
in
"today
taste
the
store,
household
items
be noted
that
when
weekends
and
of especially
It
was suggested
on local
to
the
1983,
were times
(compared
that
limits,
activities.
the
last
foods,
people
meat
Atkans
kinds
to
the
particularly
by most
and
obvious
of
since
the village
instead
dependence
freedom
surprising,
May and June,
work
diet
people
of frozen
it,
from
the
of
electricity,
variety
was
a
foods
the
rises
overall
50
earlier).
considerably
one man put
both
During
it
not
should
but
is low,
of
in
village-wide
It
on subsistence
when employment
perhaps
store
high,
(but
it
residents
various
life.
when many men were off
intense
modest
was
(on either
from
with
and fish.
employment
is
purchased
eliminate,
to hunt
employment
evenings
to
not
Second,
discretion),
This
a family
periods.
of employment
at their
a comfortable
does
opportunities
or lack
food
supply
for
cash
employment.
provide
also
employment
between
basis),
choose
cash can not
procurement
and fishing
invariably
but
resource
of
foods
"live"
out
two years.
store
has
--
in
than
foods.
192
the
In
that
able
the
store,"
less
eating
of
in
the
store
time,
to
meats.
as a result
as significantly
standpoints)
of
been
especially
hunt
available
has
with
stock
a
Although,
as
dependence
on
employment
is
desirable
locally
(from
obtained
A final
relation
point
to
the
reciprocity
local
are
family,
such
as
more family
members
and fishing
efforts
individuals,
in
of
and since
we are unable
fashion.
We can point
namely,
that
in
hunting
participate
least
time
Relating
of electricity
in
all
the
though,
those
and fishing
the
assertion
latter
Since
time
in
the
instances
of
in a quantitative
general
point
financially
likely
hunting
group.
all
are
one or
These
to document
persons
the
family.
over
the
(not
from
support
greatly
this
an extended
income
needs of
varies
and
families
on the
food
to support
the
for
have
they
community
future
had an impact
have
become
"stocking
in
freezing,
especially
good use during
times.
use
discussed
most
those
fish
times
of
On those
many foods
the
able
to
who have
the
on resource
on
people
resources
This
employment
occasions
193
with
last
the advent
several
years,
and many families
have been and continue
by salting,
and meat.
high
is that
refrigerators,
available,
up"
point
within
now have
Although
interest
fishing
persons
families
be preserved
Since
the
to the previous
have deep freezers.
freezers
men in
its
ties
Thus,
to
and
family
their
women --
other
Atka
to do so.
7.
virtually
may depend
out,
that
and
we were not able
sharing,
above,
brothers
support
turn,
is
in
community.
including
of employed
community,
the
together),
--
employment
economy
in
several
living
number
food
important
necessarily
the
regarding
smoking,
and drying,
procurement
have
patterns.
taken
easily
strategy
to
more
of an
preserved
by
has been put
to
and limited
when an employed
hunting
and
man can go
hunting
and
opportunity
it
fishing,
he is
and obtain
can be preserved
personal
the
freezer
unit
relatively
the
A final
year,
as certain
concerns
manner
to them.
to
present
and future
are the
following:
issue
concern
in
no apparent
they
utilize
avail.
times
the
meat.
Russian
Since
are
not
restrictions
there
always
are
not
aspects
of their
of
years,
individuals
express
various
a number
resources
of concerns
and
on harbor
the
people
and governmental
Residents
are
194
satisfaction
subsistence
sea otters
and effect
the
utilization
the
have
Over
various
to a
particular
fish
such
community
future.
Lent,
since
generally
however,
resources
Atka.
to
resource
The abundance
invertebrate
and
to
although
on eating
meat,
of Atka
which
They do,
1.
for
relating
in
Atka,
during
that
and a new large
During
weeks
he knows
to.
The residents
the
subsistence,
in
adhered
Local
affecting
substitute
building,
church.
the
for
use in the near
priest
rigorously
available
community
the
of
In addition
for
is
school
most
since
freezer.
are freezers
restrictions
to
of food,
in his
imposes
available
the
old
degree,
no resident
make
the
factor
such
Church
easily
of
to
amount
there
is planned
minor
Orthodox
is
fairly
basement
7.
of
a large
home freezers,
use in
likely
frustrated
with
available
regarding
economy.
their
depletion
seals
is
have
of
a serious
voiced
entities,
by
These
their
but
the
total
to
protection
given
resources
dwindle.
increasingly
may
be
to the
It
in
Suggestions
villages
keep their
population
Atkans,
since,
their
Whether
there
around
Atka
impact
on
for
example,
the
island
entangled
Future
of
Atka's
profit
Council,
future.
considered,
is
to
is of concern
to
it
to
forced
concerns
such
after
to
degree.
is unknown.
in
over
causes
the
the
seas
possible
as oil
spills,
Over
the years,
overboard.
having
them
a certain
by outsiders
have been found
that
has
along
the
become
beaches
of
hopelessly
have washed ashore.
economy
The community
village
members
of sea otters
fishing
thrown
died
nets
sea
allowing
situation
from
many reindeer
in fishing
otter
to this
general
and garbage
they
the
number
trips
commercial
where
become
basis
include
gallon,
fishing
resources
noise,
will
food
on a regional
transportation
$4 per
has raised
local
increased
for
any solutions
Island
issue
control
a certain
their
down.
and
Increased
3.
such control
nearly
exist
to
watch
this
some action
for
of fuel
hunting
they
that
effort
size
at
while
an
to harvest
The cost
2.
limit
and that
undertaken
of affected
rats,"
seems likely
important
population.
"sea
of Atka,
corporation,
actively
A number
largely
involved
including
the
the Atgam Corporation,
with
of possibilities
perhaps
through
planning
to provide
building
195
efforts
of
the
and the Village
for
local
a cannery
its
economic
jobs
are being
or processing
plant
somewhere
In these
in the
such
endeavors,
fishing
the
local
integral
element
would
of many people
certainly
as
of
the
bottom
in the community
be an important
paved
fishing.
airstrip
asset,
should
and
make
more feasible.
Since
for
and development
the experience
improvements
development
commerce,
island
industry
recent
modest
on the
Atka
economic
scale.
a community
development
There
foreseeable
is every
future
and
resources,
part
is
of
the
those
in the way of life
the
is
isolated
likely
from
to occur
centers
slowly
and on a
reason,
therefore,
to expect
hunting,
fishing,
and gathering
cooperation
activities,
of the people
196
and
will
sharing
remain
that
of
that
are
an essential
of the community.
of
an
APPENDIX
A
ATKAN ALEUT RESOURCE.
AND RESOURCE PROCUREMENT TERMS
Table
various
resources
is derived
noted
relating
people
presents
that
to plants
it
from
we selected
to
known
and
that
Atkan
Aleut
of resource
the
work
for
inclusion
and animals
hunting
is
those
and aspects
entirely
relating
whether
A-l
(as well
have
of Atka.
197
which
relate
in
(1980).
this
as a small
table
been,
It
must
all
number
or
are,
used
be
terms
of terms
regardless
activities)
to
The table
procurement.
of Bergsland
gathering
they
terms
of
by the
TABLE A-l
ATKAN ALEUT RESOURCE AND RESOURCE PROCUREMENTTERMS
Atkan
Aleut
English
Sea mammals
aataax
agamaxchiji
agdixiji
adluji
ala2
alaadaji
alamax
amgaadaii
aniidaf
qawam aniidangis
chaduji
isu?jim chaduu
chadugnaji
chagaligij2
chagalix,
chaamzaEi
chiiduji
hulustaakaft[R]
igignaji
isu?, isugiji
kdangiji
kulamax
lastaji
hlaaqudaji
mangidaft
nayus
nugdaji
qachuqiji
qagduji
qawaji
qawam ali$a
qawam ayagaa
qawam hlaa
qawam tanaa
qawaada?
adult male fur seal
(possibly
rorqual
a small kind of
little
piked whale)
sperm whale
killer
whale
whale (in general)
harbor porpoise
a kind of rorqual
(possibly
humback)
walrus
pup; young of sea animal
sea lion pups
oil,
fat
seal oil
blubber,
fat
less than one year
of seal,
young
old that has left
its mother
seal blubber
mixed with seal liver
kind of whale (perhaps beaked whale)
half
grown (one year old) fur seal,
"bachelor"
blubber
harbor seal
dolphin
with white spots
maybe also
whale,
Pacific
right
bowhead whale
fermented
fur seal flipper
fur seal
maybe gray or humpback whale
inflated
bladders
made of sea lion
tied around bidarka
throats
or guts,
in stormy weather
5 pounds)
round piece of rock (ca.
with a line around the neck, used to
hit harpooned sea lion
shark
seal skin parka (without
hair)
sea lion
male sea lion
female sea lion
young of sea lion
sea lion rookery
one to two year old sea lion
d
198
TABLE A-l
Atkan
(Continued)
English
Aleut
adult sea lion
to kill
sea lions
retrieving
line
maybe ribbon seal
ivory;
tusk,
walrus
spear, harpoon
spear, harpoon
small seal (white)
blue whale
qawaagamax
qawajZsi1
qayuji
tujituji
tumgaji
uQalu%
ukutuji
umeulix
foreshaft
of
Fish
adgayuji
araamacuft[R],
atxidaji
ayujiaji
baliika?[Rl
cha?jaji
chagi?
chalaaquiZ
chavicha?[R]
chideis
^xaykuji[Rl
haanuji
hudaii
kalagaji
hmiikaayaji
imyagnaji
niivudiji
hniji
qachimaazak
qaji
qaadaji
qa6jdajis
qa?jdagasiji
qanaajis
qanaagusi2
qakiidaji
qam
qunquea
kuhyuji
humpback (pink)
salmon
bullhead,
catfish
codfish
lumpfish
smoked fish
lure (grass or the like tied to the
fish hook)
halibut
a kind of swordfish
or sailfish
kind salmon
kind of mackerel
dog salmon
red salmon
dried fish
yellow
sculpin
red sculpin
fisherman
seine
three
to
fish,
a kind of eel-like
with a head like a
feet long,
four
bullhead
cuts,
partially
dried fish
(without
sometimes with backbone)
fish
Dolly Varden
fish in a river
with a 3-spiked
to
hook on a pole
fishing
pole with hook (3-spiked)
to try to get fish
to fish,
seine
silver
salmon
milt
roe
199
TABLE A-l
Atkan
(Continued)
English
Aleut
riiyaji
satxaji[R]
sj;iix
sildiji[R],
qam suligii
sumgaji
unglaj7
taadaayuji
taaqa?
takdaji
tluhmul
tmadgiji
tukuji
tumdugdas
tutuunus
udgiinuj2
ugaaguji
um@uulus
umj;ij;
unglaji
yaarusaft[R]
zapuura?[R]
hook for halibut
or cod (wooden pole
with three hooks)
gill
net
pogy, greenfish,
Japanese perch
herring
salted
fish
salmon that goes out again
to
king
sea after
spawning
flounder
has big mouth
with
cod,
resembles
thin black lips
stuffed
cod stomach
cod bladder,
with cod liver
to
a creek with a stick
to stir
order
to
grass is tied,
in
which
scare fish into net
Atka mackerel
bass
rock minnows
fish eggs; hard roe
fish cooked with seal fat
a kind of black flounder
roe of pogy or herring
stomach used for storing
dried fish
herring
halibut
hook
salmon trap
Birds
aagayuuji
aaglujZ
A.1
aagix
aaguliix
agdiikaji
aglaayaji
aglaayam quhmaa
aeligaji
amayaqagnagi?
amtatuji
anglaaji
awayqia
aznguji
chaanuB
chamdaa
cormorant
slender-billed
shearwater
mallard
duck hawk
ptarmigan
red-breasted
merganser
American merganser
albatross
grebe
pintail
duck
oldsquaw
young eagle (with black head)
snowbird
a kind of mountain
bird,
(comes down in winter
to the beach)
rosy finch
grebe
200
TABLE A-l
Atkan
Aleut
chiixuyaakaff
chiluji
chuchiix
chulikdaji
chuygiji
chyaaliji
hiigiji
ingatuji
ingiji
ihngitjiuji
iluyaax
kaaxadgiji
kamaluji
kasamiji
kukutuji
kiikitiknaf
kiiyux
kuchutuP
lagiji
laglaji
maadugaaji
midimitjiiii
hmaxchiidax
qachiiyuji
qagidaji
qwmaw
qanglaaji
qaqaji
qatxayaji
qigux
qii?chiidaP
qiiqij;
qilitaqaji
qihmuugdaji
qitiqdaji
qizangaji
qugaangiji
qugulii
qukingiji
saakuji
(Continued)
English
song sparrow
Alaska longspur
least auklet
Aleutian
sandpiper
a kind
of
red-backed
sandpiper,
sandpiper(?)
young sea gull
oystercatcher
red-faced
cormorant
hoop net for catching
birds
hanging
long
line with bird snares
under
it,
stretched
across channel
and lifted
when birds come
decoy, decoy bird
harlequin
duck
young rosy finch,
all brown
eider duck
young eider duck
fork-tailed
petrel
and maybe longparasitic
jaeger
tailed
jaeger
greater
scaup
and maybe
cackling
Canada goose
goose
goose
Canada goose: Hutchin's
snow bunting
bufflehead
probably
Cassin's
a kind of auklet,
auklet
possibly
American widgeon
horned puffin
emperor goose
raven
Pacific
loon
wren
common loon
teal
maybe Leach's petrel
maybe immature pelagic
cormorant
parakeet
auklet
arctic
tern
ancient
murrelet
American scoter,
"whistler"
young of tufted
puffin
swan
king eider
201
TABLE A-l
Atkan
(Continued)
Aleut
saahmlaji
saahmlas
saj;
tanam sangis
alagum sangis
hanim sangis
sakuchas
sakitaji,
ulungtjZaji
siihmluji
slukaji
smiiji
tamgaaluji
tiglaji
tiglaagamax
tiigilgaaji
tuhmuji
tutuutuji
uxchuji
sam uealuu
ujiaxsuji
Marine
English
egg
gather eggs
bird,
duck
land birds
sea birds
fresh water birds,
ducks
small birds
murre
pigeon guillemot
adult sea gull:
glaucous-winged
and glaucous
gull
a kind of snipe
white-winged
scoter
eagle
adult eagle
kittiwake
whiskered
auklet
snowy owl
tufted
puffin
bird dart
a kind of bird sling
(handle
notch for the rope)
Invertebrates
aanaqliitaft
aaqana?
adi?
agamgiji
agugnaji
avrakataanaZ[R]
chalaji
chiiknaji
imuuluEi
kasuqiji
qahmaquji
qanglaagim
chaxudaa
qimgitaji
taamusuudag
utus
waygiji
yas
sea cucumber
octopus
squid
a kind of chiton
(reddish)
sea urchin
sea snail
clam
limpet
a kind of round mussel
chiton,
"bidarky"
cardium
(a kind of mussel)
a kind of clam
king crab
a kind of clam
sea anemones
blue mussel
reef
Fox
uuquchiing
fox
202
gull
with
a
TABLE A-l
Atkan
(Continued)
English
Aleut
uuquchiingim
uuquchiingim
uuquchiingim
uuquchiingim
uuquchiingim
kamchadaji
uluudaa
chidgii
qaxchikdaa
quhmaa
siribraa
kavkaanaji
klimchijZ
kulumkiji
red fox
blue fox
black fox
white fox
silver
fox
consisting
of
a snare
trap
fox
attached
to a stick
to which the fox
and a
a weight
with
chocked,
is
around
wooden ring in a half circle
it to lead the fox to the snare
'fox trap
fox trap (torsion
trap with a spiked
peg)
with
fox trap (similar
to a basket,
a deadfall)
Plants
aangsuji
alagum achidan aahmaaga
alijisiisiji
alugaEi
alugam daafsxingis
chagitxaji
chikayaasi?
chikilguf
chuhnusig
huueduji
ikluji
itim ulguu
kahngadgiji
kahngadgim chuqii
kingdajZ
kipriiyas[R]
kulukuunchikaP
lamsaji
maamanuueida?
makaarsiji
malaa?jis
mukriichaji
pitruuskis[Rl
qalamidas
berry
beach pea
medical
plant
root of black lily
around root of black
white
grains
lily
white orchid
a kind of plant
(the leaves used for
tea)
hemlock parsley
erianthum
(the leaves used
geranium
for making gargle
for sore throat)
moss (several
kinds)
bright
green
or
leaf-thin
seaweed,
brownish
salmonberry
fucus -- seaweed with bladders
stalk
of fucus (edible)
crowberry
fireweed
monkey flower
a kind of big-leafed
kelp
monkshood
bistort
inflorescence
of wild parsnip;
seeds
beach pea
wild parsley,
beachgreens
a kind of fern
203
TABLE A-l
Atkan
(Continued)
Aleut
qanglaagim
aahmaa?ja
qahnguji
qixiichjiis
qiigaji
qimdixtiji
qugam chachjiuu
qugam tutusii
quganam aahmaaea
quganam huga
quguji
quniidas
saamaliji
saahmikaada?
saaqudaji
sixsiqaji
taagan'giji
taanamchiizag
takdaadaji
tiQlam
tieyuj;
tmax
aahmaaga
tuutjias
tuzaangus
uxchuudaji
umsutuudaji
yaguuram
kuufyaa[R]
English
buttercup
large seaweed, kelp
rush
grass
deer fern
devil's
belt,
clubmoss
devil's
ear, toadstool
a kind of plant with yellow
flowers
bright
dark green moss on rocks
spring beauty
cloudberry
(grow on Amchitka)
thin grass used inside
boots
yarrow
wild parsnip
medical
plant
[artemisia]
parsnip,
stalk
of cow
lateral
"putchki"
cucumber plant
bladder,
a kind of seaweed (oblong
about
3 inches long,
on a short
stem); name of person in stories
bistort
wild rye
long seaweed formerly
used for
very
fish line
or wild
stem of cow parsnip
dry
parsnip
left
over in winter
strawberries
ragwort
iris;
a kind of long grass growing
in water
"Gregor's
coffee"
wild geranium,
Miscellaneous
itjiaygi?
kinugas
mayaags, mayaagil
mayaagnaji
qaxatiji
qalgada?
qaqamiigul
reindeer
cache, food put away
to hunt, to trap
hunter
sling
shot (a round piece of leather
the one with an eye
with two string,
other
the
finger,
the middle
for
thumb
a knot held between the
with
and forefinger)
food
to hunt,
204
to fish
,[sling]
TABLE A-l
Atkan
(Continued)
Aleut
English
tanasxa
uskaana8[R]
uguruuda?[R]
hyaagaji
uyaagul
hudaji
uluji
ijisum qagnangis
summer camp for hunting
and fishing
rabbit
vegetable
garden
driftwood
to wait for a share of the catch
dried meat
meat
temporary
shelter
built
by
two
hunters
with four sticks
and covered
with skins
SOURCE: Derived
in brackets.
[R] Russian
from Bergsland
origin.
205
(1980),
except
for
material
APPENDIX
B
MONTHS OF THE YEAR
IN ATKAN ALEUT
TABLE B-l
MONTHS OF THE YEAR IN ATKAN ALEUT
Aleut
Month
English
tugidaagamax
January
The main month
anulgilaji
February
Hunting
qisagunif
March
People
lagim
April
Month when Aleutian
come back west for
agaagitim
tugidaa
May
Month when it
sometimes there
iguueum
tugidaa
June
Month when certain
birds
are
pulled
out of their
nests to be
used for food and clothing
aniidam
tugidaa
July
Month when young
born
tugidaa
Month
Translation
206
of the cormorants
are hungry
and cold
month
month
Canada geese
nesting
feels
warm but
are snowsqualls
sea mammals are
TABLE B-l
Aleut
(Continued)
Month
English
Month
Translation
sadignam
tugidaa
August
left
Month when seal pups are
behind
by their
mother but
are
still
fat from mother's
milk
ugnam tugidaa
September
Month
skinny
chngulim
tugidaa
October
Month when sea mammals and birds
shed fur or feathers
kyum tugidaa
November
Month when brown
available
for food
agalgaluji
December
Month
hunting
when
for
sea mammals
starting
SOURCE: Aleutian
Region
School
207
District
(1982b)
become
mussels
are
harpoon
APPENDIX
C
RESOURCE PLACE NAMES
ON ATKA AND AHLIA
Table
pertaining
c-3.
C-l
presents
to places
These
on Atka
numbers
and
(1959:20-35),
with
Moses
an Aleut
Dirks,
a list
orthographic
islands,
85 which
have
included
place
in Table
names by major
and the
resource
are
in
the
from
Aleut
from
for
apparent
relationship
to
figures.
categories.
208
Table
resource
to
Bergsland
by
Of
Atka.
by Bergsland
and
C-l
provided
given
areas
and names
in Figures
taken
specialist
procurement
C-l
numbers
Islands
changes
language
names
resource
location
locations
665 place
including
of
and Amlia
approximately
those
ISLANDS
these
the
two
resources,
items,
C-2 itemizes
are
these
TABLE C-l
RESOURCE PLACE NAMES ON ATKA AND AMLIA ISLANDS
Location
Number1
Atka
Aleut
English
Translation
an
9
Additional
Information
Name
Island
231
233
245
256
257
263
Qiigtas
Saahmlam tanangis
Asxitiji
Kasamim chuguu
IxsxaGi%
Kuluuzas amilga
264
Akayum hatxalan
265
Kuluji
269
Chiidam
udaa
280
Atxalam
chuqii
284
Taagangisij?
287
Ignaachxagim
changanaa
288
293
294
299
304
Qaangueiida!?
Tanasu? or
Chunixsam tanasuu
Chunixsam yaaea
Niivudiiluf
Kingdajisxa
309
Chaliiluji
311
337
341
348
Igdaxchxalug
Aaguliigaeim
tugimaga
Gunas amilga
Chaxalua
365
Agdugalus
amilga
"has petrels"
"egg islands"
"getting
hematite"
"eider
duck sand"
"has sea lion rock(s)"
the
fishing
place
at
"the
minor pools"
"the fishing
place outside
the
pass"
about
a
which
"the
pool"
fathoms deep and has
hundred
halibut
"pup bay" where [an Atkan man]
had his summer hut
two modern summer camps are
here
of lateral
stalks
"collecting
(Heracleum
cow parsnip
of
lanaturn)"
summer camp is
modern
this spot
"has small seal caves"
below
modern camp near here
salmon creek runs behind this
"seining
place"
crowberries
"where
there are
(Empetrum nigrum)"
for throwing
out
"the
place
the small fish line"
"place
for finding
flint"
"has hawks"
"the fishing
place gunas"
only place
on
"hollow";
the
there
are
where
island
the
about six feet high
shrubs,
the sea lion rocks
209
TABLE C-l
Location
Number1
(Continued)
Aleut
371
Tagalam
396
Alamagzaji
398
401
418
Kinugas
Saguuea-tatuu
Saamaliilud
423
Skuulnikas
451
459
467
469.
471
491
509
518
Qanguxchila?
Gixsxagif
Aaqanagiji
Haanugiji
Aaeuliigaeig
Qiigagaluj;
Haanugia
Alaginii@$?
519
534
572
573 or
573b
575
576
(a or b)
611
620
621
627
642
654b or
654
660
Amlia
29
English
Translation
and
Additional
Information2
Name
angtan
qalungis
Hyaagagif
Sam hanii
Hyaagatum hidaluu
Adgayuulgig
"the
hot
springs
of
t.a."
cooking,
where some camping,
and bathing
occurs
"used
to provide
humpback
whales"
"food cache" of some sort
"the seal cave of s."
cutting
might
be "place for
lining
soft
grass
for
footwear"
bay";
"the
schoolchildren's
the
black
lily,
root
of
Fritillaria
camtschatcensis,
was collected
here
possible
has seal caves
"has sea lion rocks"
"has octopuses"
"has red salmon"
"has hawks"
"grass cutting"
"has red salmon"
"frequent
occasion
of cutting
whale"
"has driftwood"
"bird's
lake"
"the cape of much driftwood"
"provided
with humback salmon"
Axsigis
Axsigis
"hematite
"the seal
udaa
kiiguucha
qanguu
Adgayus gaavanaa
AlazigalijZ
Taangaa izanaji
mountain"
cave of 2a "
Siihmlueis
"humpback salmon harbor"
"provides
good whale meat"
"where
fresh
water
is
undiscoverable"
"provided
with crowberry"
"eider
duck sand"
"place
for removing
cartilege
or front
ribs"
"have pigeon guillemots"
SaGuugadagis
"birds
Kingdaftsxa?
Kasamim chuguu
Qagamaliilu?
Island
210
colonies
along"
TABLE C-l
Locati
n
Number P
(Continued)
Aleut
English
Translation
and
Additional
Information2
Name
34
Hani idag
36
44
46
48
61
63
Agugnadigag
Kuuchaxsis
Amlagim saguugaa
Sajitusiji
Saami-tatuu
Haanugiidaa
64
66
Kalula-tatuu
Aguuluji
77
83
85
86
88
[no name given]
Aagumchiidalix
Agugnaaqudas
Ululaji
Qilgij;
97
99b
Chumliisim
Chuliidga
lagoon cut off
"like
a lake";
seals
so that
at
low tide
and a salmon
cannot get out,
creek too
"fine
sea urchin"
"gathering
full
sea urchins"
"the bird colony of Amlia"
"birding
place"
"iron
lagoon"
salmon
the
red
"adjoining
place"
"lots
of shots lagoon"
place" where Russian
"working
hunting
party used to
period
spend the summer
there is a modern cabin here
this was a bird island
"constant
sea urchin
picking*'
"junks
[?I of meat"
is a nice place
"navel string"
for fishing
halibut
"whetstone
lagoon"
spiders
like
animals
"small
that come on dry fish and make
two lakes here with
it moldy";
in Russian
lots
of salmon;
period
red salmon were caught
here
"its
cooking place"
perhaps
had something
to do
with frying-stones
charmed
fishing
with
"nice
bait"
"bald
head's bay," a trapping
place
"has much flint
chipping"
"places
for killing
pups"
there are many seal caves
covering
a
mat for
"grass
store house"
"the seal caves of k."
makes
"getting
to whereone
fish supplies"
sea lion
reefs";
"have
got
rocks
tatuu
101
107
Unaaluea
Chungluuei?
114
ChagazudajZ
117
Qulaudam
121
127
130
136
Igdaagutua
Aniidaliilugis
Silagagis
Kaalag
137
139
Kaala-qangungis
Qasiilasiji
150
Yasis
udaa
211
TABLE C-l
(Continued)
Location
Number1
Aleut
English
Translation
and
Additional
Information2
Name
-
152
Saganaji
163
Asxanung
165
177
Haanueiji
Qaleiza?
181
192
217
Igilam
aaliicha
Ujiajisuji
Amlagi-stuuluga
--
C-l
1Location
to c-3.
Russian
period
summer party
used to grow potatoes
here
there are lots of eider
ducks
and sea gull eggs here
"has red salmon"
"usually
has got fish";
there
are big halibuts
"umiak landing
beach"
"bird
sling,"
a high cliff
"Amlia's
table,"
a fishing
place
-
numbers
-
correspond
to those
in used in
2Material
in quotation
marks is the actual
translation
the Aleut
name.
This and the additional
information
are
from Bergsland
(1959).
SOURCE: Bergsland
in the Aleut names provided
(1959:20-35),
with orthographic
by Moses Dirks,
Atka.
212
Figures
of
taken
changes
Cape
(Igun
642
Figure
627
C-l.
621
Resource
6.20
place
.--pm-----
name
660
+
locations
on western
519
Island.
__.-
534
Atka
576b 573
518
509
Cape
Korov~n
ape Shaw
Korovin
+
/J
--
n.
Z
Vasiliaf
s
Is a
245
233 231
467
471469
i
,Amtrgis
Islands
-. -
+
I
5-
491
--
0
5
HHH
0
5I
5
1
MILES
KILOMETERS
-
Figure
C-2.
Resource
place
name locations
Island
and western
Amlia
Island.
214
on eastern
Atka
Figure
C-3,
I!39 1136'137
121
Resource
'
130 97
127
place
name
$3
lOCatiOnS
on eastern
101 99b 64 63
61
Amlia
Island.
TABLE C-2
ATKA ISLAND AND AMLIA ISLAND PLACE NAME LOCATIONS
ON FIGURES C-l TO C-3 BY RESOURCE
Resource
Place
Sea mammals
34, 86, 127, 130, 137, 150, 257, 269, 288,
348,
365,
396, 401, 451, 459, 518, 576(a
or b), 620, 65433 or 654
Fish
34,
263,
509,
63, 88, 99b,
264,
265,
573 or 573b,
29,
337,
Plants
136,
Stone
61,
97,
Camps
66,
117,
36,
44,
Birds
and/or
Marine
eggs
invertebrates
Driftwood
519,
Miscellaneous
hunting
64,
Gardening
152
Hotsprings
371
Food cache
398
Cooking
101
Absence
Atka
Name Locations
of fresh
water
NOTE: Locations
Island.
SOURCE: Derived
on Figures
C-l
to C-3
114,
139,
165,
177,
217,
294,
299,
309,
341,
469,
46,
471,
48, 83, 163, 192,
534, 642, 660
231,
233,
256,
284,
304,
107,
85,
418,
121,
280,
611
287,
423,
245,
491,
311,
627
575
293
467
572
181
621
29-217
are on Amlia
from Bergsland
216
Island;
(1959).
231-660
are on
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in the Aleutian
of Connecticut,
3

Resource Utilization in Atka, Aleutian Islands, Alaska

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