2 Perancangan Perpipaan

PERANCANGAN PABRIK:
DESAIN PERPIPAAN
YUSRON SUGIARTO
Pendahuluan

Sistem perpipaan adalah suatu sistem yang banyak
digunakan untuk memindahkan fluida, baik cair, gas,
maupun campuran cair dan gas dari suatu tempat ke
tempat yang lain

Sistem perpipaan yang lengkap terdiri atas :

Pipa

Sambungan-Sambungan (fitting)

Peralatan pipa (pompa)

dll
SEJARAH PIPA
Jenis-jenis pipa antara lain:
1.
Jenis pipa berdasarkan materialnya
a. Pipa logam
Ada beberapa jenis pipa logam, antara lain:
• Pipa baja (steel pipe)
• Pipa besi tuang
• Ductile cost iron pipe (DCIP)
• Galvanized iron pipe (GIP)
• Cast iron pipe (CIP)
• Pipa logam campuran (metal/alloy)
b. Pipa non logam
• Beberapa jenis pipa non logam antara lain:
• Pipa beton (tanpa tulangan, dengan tulangan)
• Pipa PVC (poly vinyl chloride)
• Pipa fiber glass (GRP = Glass fiber reinforced
pipe)
• Pipa asbes semen
• Pipa PE (poly ethylene)
2. Jenis pipa berdasarkan bentuk melintangnya :
a. Pipa bulat → ○
Digunakan untuk air minum
b. Pipa bulat telur (elips) → 0
Digunakan untuk air buangan.
3. Jenis pipa berdasarkan bentuk ujungnya:
a. Flanged end pipe (pipa ujung flens)
Terbuat dari baja dan memiliki diameter yang besar.
b. Bell and plain pipe (pipa ujung bell dan spigot)
Biasanya jenis PVC (poly vinyl chloride) atau DCIP (ductile
cost iron pipe).
c. Screwed end pipe (pipa ujung ulir)
Biasanya jenis GIP (galvanized iron pipe) dan memiliki diameter
yang kecil.
d. Double plain end pipe (pipa ujung rata)
• Ujung rata biasa
• Ujung rata dengan lidah
• Ujung rata dengan takikan
UKURAN PIPA
KETEBALAN PIPA
PIPA PVC
Pipa PVC dibuat dari polyvinyl chloride yang
pada umumnya digunakan sebagai saluran
air dalam suatu proyek perumahan atau
gedung atau jalan dll. Pipa PVC ini sifatnya
keras,
ringan,
dan
kuat.
Karena
penginstalannya mudah, maka sangatlah
ideal jika digunakan untuk saluran dibawah
sink dapur, kamar mandi, dll.
Bahkan penggunaan pipa PVC ini dapat
bekerja lebih baik daripada menggunakan
pipa besi yang perlu disolder, juga tahan
terhadap hampir semua alkalin atau zat
beracun serta mudah dipasang.
PVC memiliki banyak keuntungan, yakni:
▪ Penginstalannya mudah
▪ Tahan terhadap bahan kimia
▪ Sangat kuat
▪ Memiliki daya tahan korosi
▪ Daya konduksi panas yang rendah
▪ Biaya instalasinya rendah
▪ Hampir bebas pemeliharaan (virtually free
maintenance)
PIPA BESI TUANG
PIPA BAJA
Pipa baja karbon dapat diproduksi dengan berbagai metode
dengan karakteristiknya masing-masing meliputi kekuatan,
ketebalan dinding, ketahanan korosi dan batasan suhu serta
tekanan.
Pipa Fiber Glass
PIPA BETON
Elbows
•
Used to change the angle or direction of the
pipe run.
The most common elbows come in 90 degree
and 45 degree turns.
•
•
The sweep of the fitting describes how fast a
transition or change in direction is made.
Street Elbows
•
One end of the fitting has male threads and the
other end has female threads.
•
•
Street elbows are common in galvanized steel and
copper pipe.
They are convenient because they do away with the
need for a nipple and work well in tight quarters.
Tee or T-fittings
•
•
•
Allow for branch lines.
They are shaped like the letter T.
DWV tees are known as waste or sanitary Ts.
•
In these fittings the intersection is slightly curved in
order to avoid clogs. Gradual bends are best for
smooth flow of waste.
Couplings
•
Used to join two straight pieces of pipe of the
same diameter.
Reducers
• Used to join pipe of different diameters.
• Galvanized steel reducers are called bell reducers
because they look like a bell.
• All reducers make a gradual transition between
different diameters of pipe and therefore they take up
considerable space
Bushings
•
Used to make the diameter of a pipe fitting
smaller.
They differ from reducers in that they make
abrupt changes in diameter and take very little
space.
•
•
Two examples of galvanized steel bushings are
•
•
face bushings, which take the least amount of space, and
hex bushings which can be tightened with an adjustable
wrench.
Unions
•
Used to join pieces of pipe where pipes cannot
be turned or when a piece of equipment may
have to be removed for maintenance or
replacement.
Adaptor fittings
•
are used to change the end of a non-threaded
pipe to male or female threads as needed.
Adaptors are commonly used in copper and
plastic plumbing jobs.
•
•
•
•
For example adaptors are used to convert from a
PVC glue connection to a threaded connection or
from a copper soldered connection to a threaded
connection.
Male adapters and female adapters are both
common.
Caps
•
Used to close the end of a dead end pipe.
Plugs
•
Close an opening on a pipefitting normally used
for inspection and cleanout.
Nipples
•
Short lengths (under 12") of pipe threaded at
both ends.
Wyes
•
•
Pronounced like the letter Y
Used primarily to gain inside access to DWV
systems.
Valves
• Devices that control the flow of liquid or gas
through or from a pipe.
• Types of plumbing valves are:
•
•
•
•
•
compression valves,
ball valves,
sleeve-cartridge valves,
ceramic disc valves
and more
PVC Fittings
•
•
•
PVC fitting come in a wide variety of configurations.
They many be glued (S) or threaded (T) or both.
Glued fittings are referred to as “slip” fittings.
•
•
•
•
When specifying a PVC fitting the size and type of connection are
specified. Some examples are:
¾” x ½” ST Ell – A reducing ell with a ¾” slip x ½” thread
¾” x ¾” x ½” SST Tee – A reducing tee with a threaded outlet
¾” x ½” SS Bushing = A bushing with slip connections.
No
Threads
Threads
Copper Tubing Fittings
•
•
•
Copper tubing use compression fittings.
Fittings are available to adapt from
compression to IPS and from compression to
soldered fittings.
Common fittings include couplings, ells, and tees.
Valves and Hose Bibs
•
Valves are used to control the flow of water or
other fluids in a plumbing system.
Common types of valves include the following:
•
•
•
•
A gate valve is a valve situated between the point of
connection and the rest of the plumbing system.
It usually remains wide open, but can be shut down
in case repairs or additions have to be made to the
system.
A gate valve is not designed to be opened and closed
on a regular basis.
•
A check valve allows the fluid in the pipe to
flow in one direction only.
•
•
Check valves are used in water wells to prevent the
backflow of water.
There are two basic types: swing or flapper and lift
check valves. Both work automatically.
Arrow Depicts
Direction of Flow
• A globe valve is a valve used when frequent
adjustment of the flow rate is necessary.
• It is a compression-type valve with a disk or washer
that is compressed into a seat to form a tight seal.
Repair is made by replacing the stem washer or disk.
• A hose bib is a threaded exterior faucet that allows
for the attachment of a garden hose or appliance
hose.
Pipe Joints
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Threaded
Welded
Soldered/ Brazed
Glued
Compression
Bell and spigot
Upset or expanded
35
Threaded joints
36
Soldered joints
37
Welded joints
38
Compression joints
39
Mechanical joints
shown on glass drain piping system
40
Pipe Fittings
• Forged
• Cast
• Malleable Iron
Pressure/Temperature Rated by “Class”
• 125, 250, or 2000, 3000, etc.
• Need a look-up table to determine max. allowable P
for the design temperature
41
Fittings for joining 2
sections of pipe:
Coupling
Reducing Coupling
Union
Flange
42
Fittings for changing
directions in pipe:
45o Ell
90o Ell
Street Ell
43
Fittings for adding a
branch in a run of
piping:
Tee
Cross
44
Fittings for blocking the
end of a run of piping:
Pipe plug
Pipe cap
Blind Flange
45
Misc. pipe fittings:
Nipple
Reducing bushing
46
Gate Valve:
Used to block flow
(on/off service)
Sliding “gate”
on knife-gate
valve
47
Globe Valve:
Used to regulate
flow
Cut-away shows
stem seal
plug
and seat
48
Ball Valve:
Typically used as
block valve
“Quarter-turn” valve
Cut-away shows ball
and seat
49
Butterfly Valve:
Can be used for
flow control or
on/off
Valve actuator/
positioner for
accurate flow control
50
Check Valves:
Used to prevent
backflow
Piston check
Swing check
51
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PERLAKUAN PADA PIPA
PIPA BAJA DAPAT DISIMPAN DILUAR ASALKAN DILINDUNGI DENGAN ZINC RICH
PRIMER SEBELAH LUAR DAN SEBELAH DALAM DILUMURI MINYAK DISEL SERTA
SETIAP UJUNGNYA DITUTUP DENGAN PLASTIC CAP.
PIPA DAN TUBE STAINLESS STEEL YANG BERADA DITEPI PANTAI , HARUS DISIMPAN
DIDALAM GEDUNG BERDINDING DAN BERATAP SEHINGGA TERLINDUNG DARI
PENGARUH UDARA PANTAI .
DILARANG MENYIMPAN APA SAJA DIDALAM PIPA SEWAKTU KONSTRUKSI ,
SEPERTI SARUNG TANGAN LAS , ELEKTRODA , HAMMER , PAHAT DAN LAIN LAIN .
BRACKET , SHOES , PERMANENT LUG , DAN PAUTAN LAINNYA YANG DILASKAN
LANGSUNG KEPIPA TIDAK BOLEH DILAS SECARA INTERMITTENT , HARUS DILAS
FILLET KELILING .
DILARANG MELASKAN GROUNDING UNTUK PENGELASAN LANGSUNG KEPIPA ,
FITTING ( SEMUA PRESSURE CONTAINING PARTS ) , HUBUNGAN HANYA DENGAN
CARA TIDAK LANGSUNG.
SEMUA CACAT PERMUKAAN LAS HARUS DIPERBAIKI DAN DIUJI SEBLUM PIPA
DISERAHKAN KEPIHAK OPERASI / PRODUKSI . RETAK PADA BAHAN PIPA
MENYEBABKAN DITOLAKNYA BAGIAN TERSEBUT DAN HARUS DIGANTI BARU .
CARA MEMBUANG TEMPOARY LUGS HARUS DENGAN CARA DIPOTONG
TERLEBIH DAHULU HINGGA SANGAT DEKAT DENGAN PERMUKAAN PIPA
MENGGUNAKAN OXY TORCH , KEMUDIAN SISA PEMOTONGAN YANG MASIH
TERTINGGAL PADA PIAP DIGERINDA RATA DENGAN PERMUKAAN PIPA .
DILARANG MEMBUANG TEMPORARY LUG DENGAN PAKSA DENGAN CARA
MENGGUNAKAN SLEDGE HAMMER KARENA AKAN MERUSAK DINDING PIPA.
DILARANG MENOREHKAN ELEKTRODA BERMUATAN KEDINDING PIPA ,
PENOREHAN HANYA BOLEH DILAKSANAKAN DIDALAM KAMPUH LAS.