Comment, THE UNIFORM PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT AND ITS VARIATIONS THROUGHOUT THE STATES

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The Uniform Premarital Agreement Act
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Comment,
THE UNIFORM PREMARITAL
AGREEMENT ACT AND ITS VARIATIONS
THROUGHOUT THE STATES
Introduction
This article will examine the Uniform Premarital Agreement
Act (UPAA or the Act). Part I of the article will give some background about the UPAA and details about the actual contents of
the Act. The UPAA outlines the formalities that must be followed when executing an agreement, the topics which can be
covered in a premarital agreement, the enforceability of an
agreement and other matters. Part II will examine how those
states that have adopted the UPAA have modified the original
Act to meet the needs of the particular jurisdiction.
I. Summary of the Uniform Premarital
Agreement Act
The Uniform Premarital Agreement Act (UPAA or Act) is
a uniform act that provides a basis for states to determine how
and when a premarital agreement should be enforced. The Act
was drafted by the National Conference of Commissioners on
Uniform State Laws in 1983.1 It was proposed partly in response
to the large number of people who were getting married and intending to continue to pursue careers outside the home.2 This
growing cohort was looking for ways to resolve by agreement issues that may arise as a result of the approaching marriage.3
However, a great deal of uncertainty existed about whether the
agreement that was reached between the couple would be enforceable because of a lack of uniformity among the states and
even among different courts within the same state reached when
1 UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT, 9C U.L.A. 35 (2001), available
at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Premarital_Agreement_Act (last visited Feb. 11, 2009).
2 UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT Refs. & Annos. pref. note
(2009).
3 Id.
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356 Journal of the American Academy of Matrimonial Lawyers
interpreting agreements.4 The goals of the UPAA are to provide
a sense of confidence in the enforceability of the agreements that
are reached by the parties, while also providing sufficient flexibility to allow the courts to make specific determinations when special circumstances call for a variance from the Act.5
The UPAA is limited in the scope of agreements to which it
is applicable.6 It defines a premarital agreement as “an agreement between prospective spouses made in contemplation of
marriage and to be effective upon marriage.”7 Therefore, the
UPAA does not cover agreements that are made by couples living together who are not contemplating marriage, couples who
do not eventually marry, nor any postnuptial or separation agreements.8 The Act also does not apply to those couples who are
contemplating any of the alternatives to marriage that have been
created for same-sex couples, such as civil unions or domestic
partnerships.
While the UPAA limits in the type of agreements to which it
is applicable, it does not significantly limit what can be covered in
a premarital agreement. A variety of issues can be covered in a
premarital agreement under the UPAA section 3.9 Under the
UPAA, parties to a premarital agreement may contract about the
following issues:
(1) The rights and obligations of each of the parties in any of the
property or both of them whenever and wherever acquired or
located;
(2) The right to buy, sell, use, transfer, exchange, abandon, lease,
consume, expend, assign, create a security interest in, mortgage,
encumber, dispose of, or otherwise manage and control property;
(3) The disposition of property upon separation, marital dissolution
death, or the occurrence or the nonoccurrence of any other
event;
(4) The modification or elimination of spousal support;
(5) The making of a will, trust, or other arrangement to carry out the
provisions of the agreement;
(6) The ownership rights in and disposition of the death benefit from
a life insurance policy;
4
5
6
7
8
9
Id.
Id.
Id.
Id. § 1.
UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT at cmt.
Id. § 3.
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(7) The choice of law governing the construction of the agreement;
and
(8) Any other matter, including their personal rights and obligations,
not in violation of public policy or a statute imposing a criminal
penalty.10
Property is defined in the UPAA as being “an interest, present or
future, legal or equitable, vested or contingent, in real or personal property, including income and earnings.”11 Therefore, the
UPAA permits parties to contract about any issue listed and anything else that is not against public policy or is not in violation of
a criminal statute. The only listed exception is an agreement in
which the right to child support is adversely affected.12 A split
exists among the states regarding whether a premarital agreement that limits or eliminates spousal support should be enforceable.13 Some states do not permit premarital agreements to
control the issue of spousal support, while there is a growing
trend among other states to allow a premarital agreement to dispose of this issue.14
The UPAA does not only provide what can be in a premarital agreement, it also explains when a premarital agreement
should be found enforceable. The following explains when a premarital agreement should not be enforced.
(a) A premarital agreement is not enforceable if the party against
whom enforcement is sought proves that:
(1) That party did not execute the agreement voluntarily; or
(2) The agreement was unconscionable when it was executed
and, before execution of the agreement, that party:
(i)
Was not provided a fair and reasonable disclosure of
the property or financial obligations of the other
party;
(ii) Did not voluntarily and expressly waive, in writing,
any right to disclosure of the property or financial obligations of the other party beyond the disclosure provided; and
(iii) Did not have, or reasonably could not have had, an
adequate knowledge of the property or financial obligations of the other party.
10
11
12
13
14
Id. § 3(a)(1)-(8).
Id. § 1.
Id. § 3(b).
Id. § 3 cmt.
UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 3 cmt.
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(b) If a provision of a premarital agreement modifies or eliminates
spousal support and that modification or elimination causes one
party to be eligible for support under a program of public assistance at the time of separation or marital dissolution, a court,
notwithstanding the terms of the agreement, may require the
other party to provide support to the extent necessary to avoid
that eligibility.
(c) An issue of unconscionability of a premarital agreement shall be
decided by the court as a matter of law.15
It is important to note that the UPAA says that the agreement
must not be unconscionable at the time the agreement is executed, not when it is actually being enforced.16 Unconscionability is determined by looking at the standard used in the Uniform
Marriage and Divorce Act.17 The Uniform Marriage and Divorce Act states that in order to determine if an agreement is
unconscionable, a court may look to how the agreement affects
the economic circumstances of the parties, and the conditions
under which the agreement was made.18 The UPAA is structured in such a way to place the burden of proof on the party that
is alleging the agreement is not enforceable; however, the states
are split about where the burden should actually lie.19 Some
states have followed the UPAA and placed the burden on the
party attacking the agreement, while others have made the party
who is relying on the agreement prove its enforceability, and
others have chosen a middle ground, stating “that a premarital
agreement is valid but if a disproportionate disposition is made
for the wife, the husband bears the burden of proof of showing
adequate disclosure.”20 Presumably, rules of gender equality
would make this reciprocal and this intermediate position is not a
rule about dispositions to wives as opposed to husbands, but a
rule about disproportionate divisions.
Another issue of enforceability arises when the marriage is
found to be void. Under the UPAA if the marriage is found to
be void, then an otherwise valid premarital agreement will be en15
16
17
18
19
20
Id. § 6 (a)-(c).
Id. § 6 (a)(2).
Id. § 6 cmt.
Id.
Id.
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forced only enough so that an inequitable result does not occur.21
Thus the UPAA provides some protection to parties who do not
realize that their marriage is void for some reason by preventing
the court from allowing a completely unfair result to be reached
as a result of the breakdown of the parties’ relationship.
The UPAA also provides certain formalities that must be
followed when creating the agreement in order for it to be enforceable. The agreement must be in writing and it must be
signed by both parties.22 This requirement in the UPAA is often
more liberal than what many states require. Many states require
either a notarization or an acknowledgment for the agreement to
be enforceable.23 The UPAA also allows the agreement to consist of one or more documents that the parties intended to be
included as part of the agreement.24 This seems to indicate that
the court can look beyond the “four corners” of the agreement to
interpret its meaning. The Comment to Section 2 of the UPAA
also makes it clear that because a premarital agreement is a contract between the two parties, each party must have the capacity
to enter into a binding agreement.25 However, the Comment
does add that if the person lacking capacity is allowed to enter
into binding agreements under other provisions of law, then he
or she can enter into a premarital agreement under those
provisions.26
II. State-by-State Analysis
1. Arizona
Arizona adopted a version of the UPAA in 1991 and it controls premarital agreements executed on September 21, 1991 or
after.27 Arizona’s version of the UPAA is contained in Arizona
Revised Statutes sections 25-201 to 25-205.28 The Arizona legislature chose to adopt most of the UPAA, with only a slight varia21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Id. § 7.
Id. § 2.
Id. § 2 cmt.
Id.
Id.
ARIZ. REV. STAT. tit. 25 ch. 2 art. 1 Refs. & Annos. (West 2009).
Id.
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tion from the uniform act. The only real difference between
Arizona’s version of the UPAA and the original act is that Arizona requires parties to get the agreement notarized or acknowledged.29 Otherwise the Arizona act follows the UPAA in that
the party seeking to render the agreement unenforceable bears
the burden of proof.30 The Arizona Uniform Premarital Act is
also like the UPAA in that Arizona allows the parties to contract
about spousal support as long as the agreement does not violate
public policy.31
2. Arkansas
Arkansas adopted the UPAA in 1987. The Arkansas Premarital Agreement Act (PAA) is found in Arkansas Code sections 9-11-401 to 9-11-413.32 It is similar to the original uniform
act. In Arkansas the courts have held that premarital agreements must be made in contemplation of the marriage lasting until death, and not in anticipation that the marriage will end in
divorce.33 However, if the marriage does end in divorce that
does not render the agreement invalid as long as that was not the
sole purpose of the agreement.34 Arkansas requires the premarital agreement not only to be in writing and signed by both parties, the agreement must also be acknowledged by both parties.35
Another area in which the Arkansas PAA differs from the original UPAA is in the enforcement section. The Arkansas PAA
section 9-11-406(a)(2)(ii) adds the language “after consulting
with legal counsel,” thus stating that “an agreement is not enforceable . . . if the agreement was unconscionable when it was
executed and, before execution of the agreement, that party . . .
did not voluntarily and expressly waive after consulting with legal counsel.”36 This means that if there was no financial disclosure, the party, who did not get the disclosure must have
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 2.
In re Marriage of Pownall, 5 P.3d 911, 914 (Ariz. Ct. App. 2000).
Hrudka v. Hrudka, 919 P.2d 179, 1985 (Ariz. Ct. App. 1995).
ARK. CODE ANN. § 9-11-401 to 9-11-413 (2009).
Banks v. Evans, 64 S.W.3d 746, 749 (Ark. 2002).
Id.
ARK. CODE ANN. § 9-11-402 (2009).
ARK. CODE ANN. § 9-11-406(a)(1)-(2)(ii) (2009).
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consulted with an attorney before waiving the right to the
disclosure.
3. California
California adopted the UPAA in 1986, and it applies to any
premarital agreements executed on or after January 1, 1986.37
California’s UPAA can be found in California Family Code sections 1600 to 1617.38 The California UPAA differs from the original UPAA with regard to what can be contracted about in a
valid premarital agreement and when a premarital agreement is
enforceable.
California’s UPAA removes section 3(a)(4) of the UPAA,
which allows parties to a premarital agreement to modify or
eliminate spousal support, and inserts section 1612(c).39 Under
section 1612(c), any provision regarding spousal support is unenforceable if the party against whom enforcement is sought was
not represented by independent legal counsel when the agreement was signed or if the provision is found to be unconscionable
when it is to be enforced.40 This section also provides that “an
otherwise unenforceable provision in a premarital agreement regarding spousal support may not become enforceable solely because the party against whom enforcement is sought was
represented by independent counsel.”41 Therefore, California
raises the standard for parties hoping to modify or eliminate
spousal support by agreement. However, it is possible to validly
waive spousal support by premarital agreement in California.
The court in In re the Marriage of Pendleton and Fireman held
that no public policy is violated by a waiver of spousal support
when it is executed by intelligent people who are self-sufficient in
earning potential and property, and whom both have consulted
with independent legal counsel regarding their marital rights and
obligations at the time they executed the waiver.42
37
In re Marriage of Bellio, 105 Cal. App. 4th 630, 633 (2003).
CAL. FAM. CODE § 1600 to 1617 (West 2009).
39 UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 3(a) (2009); CAL. FAM. CODE
§ 1612 (West 2009).
40 CAL. FAM. CODE § 1612(c) (West 2009).
41 Id.
42 In re the Marriage of Pendleton and Fireman, 5 P.3d 839, 848 (Cal.
2000).
38
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Under California’s UPAA section 1615(a)(2)(A), the party
must have been provided “fair, reasonable and full disclosure of
the property or financial obligations of the other party.”43 This
varies from the original UPAA in that the UPAA requires only
“fair and reasonable disclosure,”44 and thus under the UPAA less
than full disclosure might be acceptable.45 California chose to
add an additional provision to its version of the UPAA, titled
section 1615(c), in which the legislature gave the standard for determining whether an agreement was executed voluntarily.46
This subsection states that a premarital agreement was not executed voluntarily unless the court finds in writing or on the record all of the following criteria were met:
(1) The party against whom enforcement is sought was represented
by independent legal counsel at the time of signing the agreement or, after being advised to seek independent legal counsel,
expressly waived, in a separate writing, representation by independent legal counsel.
(2) The party against whom enforcement is sought had not less than
seven calendar days between the time that party was first
presented with the agreement and advised to seek independent
legal counsel and the time the agreement was signed.
(3) The party against whom enforcement is sought, if unrepresented
by legal counsel, was fully informed of the terms and basic effect
of the agreement as well as the rights and obligations he or she
was giving up by signing the agreement, and was proficient in the
language in which the explanation of the party’s rights was conducted and in which the agreement was written. The explanation
of the rights and obligations relinquished shall be memorialized
in writing and delivered to the party prior to signing the agreement. The unrepresented party shall, on or before the signing of
the premarital agreement, execute a document declaring that he
or she received the information required by this paragraph and
indicating who provided that information.
(4) The agreement and the writings executed pursuant to paragraphs
(1) and (3) were not executed under duress, fraud, or undue influence, and the parties did not lack capacity to enter into the
agreement.
(5) Any other factors the court deems relevant.47
43
CAL. FAM. CODE § 1615(a)(2)(A) (West 2009).
UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 6(a)(2)(i) (2009).
45 UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 6(b) (2009); CAL. FAM. CODE
§ 1615 (West 2009).
46 CAL. FAM. CODE § 1615(c) (West 2009).
47 Id.
44
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4. Connecticut
Connecticut adopted the UPAA in 1995 and it applies to any
agreement executed on or after October 1, 1995.48 The Connecticut PAA is contained in Connecticut General Statutes sections
46b-36a to 46b-36j.49 The purpose of the Connecticut PAA is to
recognize the “legitimacy of the premarital contracts in Connecticut” and not to constrain such agreements to a rigid format so as
to restrict their applicability.50 The Connecticut PAA changed
the meaning of “property” from the original UPAA to include
both tangible and intangible property.51 The formalities of the
premarital agreements in Connecticut are also relaxed since the
Connecticut PAA does not require that the agreement be in writing and signed by both of the parties; the statute instead says that
the agreement “shall” be in writing and signed.52 The Court in
Dornemann v. Dornemann held that the legislature’s use of the
word “shall” rather than “must” shows that the section is meant
to be directory and not mandatory, with regard to the signature
of the party attempting to enforce the agreement.53 Therefore,
the signature of the party who wants to enforce the agreement is
not a requirement for the agreement to be enforceable.
The Connecticut legislature also made some changes to what
can be contracted about in a premarital agreement. It added a
provision that the parties can contract as to the right as a “participant or participant’s spouse” under a retirement plan.54 Another change is the addition of a sentence, which states that any
provision relating to the custody, visitation, and care or any other
statement affecting a child shall be subject to judicial review and
modification.55 This is a significant addition because the original
act does not mention child custody issues, permitting the inference that this is not a permissible subject for contracting. Connecticut, therefore, allows future spouses to state their wishes
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 46b-36(a) (2009).
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 46b-36a to 46b-36j (West 2008).
Dornemann v. Dornemann, 850 A.2d 273, 285 (Conn. Super. Ct. 2004).
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 46b-36b (West 2008).
See Dornemann, 850 A.2d at 284-85.
Id.
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 46b-36d(a)(7) (West 2008).
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 46b-36d(c) (West 2008).
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regarding child-related issues, while allowing the courts to still
protect the best interests of the child.
Connecticut has also changed how and when a premarital
agreement is enforceable. Under section 46b-36g a party cannot
waive the right to disclosure of the other party’s financial information.56 Courts have held that the best way to comply with this
financial disclosure requirement is to add a “written schedule” to
the premarital agreement, but this exact method is not required.57 The last change that Connecticut made to the original
UPAA is that another factor to be considered regarding enforceability is whether the party against whom enforcement is sought
was afforded a “reasonable opportunity” to consult with independent legal counsel.58 This does not, however, require that the
party have actually obtained the legal advice.59 Connecticut has
also kept some of the original UPAA’s language and requires
that the agreement be executed voluntarily.60 The amount of
time given to the other party to review the agreement is a relevant factor in determining whether the agreement was made voluntarily or whether it was signed under duress.61
Thus while the Connecticut legislature allows parties to contract about more issues, such as retirement plans and child care
issues, it also places a few more restrictions on a premarital
agreement’s enforceability.
5. Delaware
Delaware chose to adopt the UPAA in 1996 and it applies to
all premarital agreements executed on or after September 1,
1996.62 The Delaware statute can be found in 13 Delaware Code
sections 321 to 328.63 The Delaware UPAA is very similar to the
original UPAA. The main difference between the two statutes is
that the language in section 6(b) of the UPAA has been removed
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 46b-36g (West 2008).
Friezo v. Friezo, 914 A.2d 533, 550 (Conn. 2004).
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 46b-36g(a)(4) (West 2008).
Friezo, 914 A.2d at 557.
CONN. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 46b-36(g)(a)(1) (West 2008).
Friezo, 914 A.2d at 551.
DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13, ch. 3, subch. II, Refs. & Annos. (2009).
DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13 §§ 321 to 328 (2009).
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from the Delaware UPAA section 326.64 The removal of this
subsection from the Delaware UPAA suggests that Delaware
does not allow for a modification from the original agreement for
elimination or modification of spousal support because the party
against whom enforcement is sought is eligible for public assistance because of that elimination or modification of the spousal
support amount otherwise due to the party.
6. District of Columbia
The District of Columbia adopted the UPAA in 1995 and
applied the new Act to all of the premarital agreements executed
on or after February 9, 1996.65 The District of Columbia has
made several changes to the original UPAA. The first and probably, most significant change is that the District of Columbia allows same-sex couples to create premarital agreements as
domestic partners.66 The definitions for domestic partner and
domestic partnership that apply to the UPAA are found in sections 32-701(3) & (4) of the District of Columbia Official Code.67
The rest of the District of Columbia’s UPAA refers to domestic
partner or domestic partnership along with the terms of traditional marriage, to make sure that all sections apply.68 A change
relating to the addition of domestic partnerships to the UPAA is
found in section 46-503(a)(3) where the word “annulment” is added following “marital dissolution.”69
7. Florida
Florida adopted the UPAA in 2007. The new Act applies to
all premarital agreements executed on or after October 1, 2007.70
Florida’s Uniform Premarital Agreement Act is very similar to
the original UPAA. However, Florida has enacted some variations from the original Act. Florida’s UPAA specifically states in
64
DEL. CODE ANN. tit. 13 § 326 (2009).
D.C. CODE tit. 46, subt. I, ch. 5, Refs. & Annos. (2009).
66 D.C. CODE §§ 46-501(1) & (2) (2008).
67 D.C. Code §§ 32-701 (3) & (4) (2008).
68 D.C. CODE §§ 46-502 to 510 (2008).
69 D.C. CODE §§ 46-503(a)(3) (2008).
70 FLORIDA PREMARITAL AGREEMENT LAW available at http://marriage.
uslegal.com/premarital-agreement/Florida-premarital-agreement-law/ (last visited Nov. 15, 2010).
65
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61.079(4)(a)4 that spousal support cannot not only be waived but
it can also be established in the premarital agreements.71 The
biggest change is found in the provision regarding enforcement,
Florida allows a premarital agreement to be found unenforceable
if the party against whom enforcement is sought can prove the
“agreement was the product of fraud, duress, coercion or
overreaching. . .”72
8. Hawaii
Hawaii chose to adopt a version of the UPAA in June
1987.73 The Hawaii UPAA is located in Hawaii Revised Statutes
sections 572D-1 to 572D-1174 and is virtually identical to the
UPAA that was approved by the National Conference in 1983.75
9. Idaho
Idaho chose to adopt the UPAA in 1995.76 The Idaho
UPAA is in the Idaho Code sections 32-921 to 32-929.77 The
Idaho UPAA requires the parties to not only sign the agreement
and have it in writing, but also to get it “executed and acknowledged or proved as provided in Idaho Code sections 32-917
through 32-919.”78 The other ways to prove an agreement are
the way that land conveyances are required to be proved, the
way that a marriage settlement agreement is proved, and the way
that real property is conveyed.79 Other than this variation to the
Idaho UPAA, the rest of the Idaho statute follows the original
UPAA.
10. Illinois
Illinois adopted its version of the UPAA in 1990 and it applies to all premarital agreements executed on or after January 1,
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Id.
Id.
Lewis v. Lewis, 748 P.2d 1362, 1365 (Haw. 1988).
HAW. REV. STAT. ANN. § 572D-1 to 572D-11 (2009).
Lewis, 748 P.2d at 1365.
IDAHO CODE § 32-921 (2009).
IDAHO CODE §§ 32-921 to 32-929 (2008).
IDAHO CODE ANN. § 32-922 (2008).
IDAHO CODE ANN. §§ 32-917 to 919 (2008).
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1990.80 The Illinois UPAA can be found in Illinois Complied
Statutes chapter 750 sections 10/1 to 10/11.81 The Court in In re
Marriage of Best described the Illinois UPAA as allowing couples
to waive or modify their future marital rights by entering into a
valid premarital agreement.82 The major change from the original UPAA is in the enforcement section. The Illinois Act
changes the language of the original UPAA from “to become eligible for support under a program of public assistance at time of
separation or marital dissolution” to “undue hardship in light of
circumstances not reasonably foreseeable at the time of the execution of the agreement.”83 Thus Illinois allows for a provision
of the premarital agreement dealing with the modification or
elimination of support to be changed by a court to avoid the
party against whom enforcement is sought from suffering undue
hardship.
11. Indiana
Indiana adopted the UPAA in 1997.84 Yet, Indiana retroactively applied the act to premarital agreements signed on or after
July 1, 1995.85 The Indiana UPAA is located in Indiana Code
sections 31-11-3-1 to 31-11-3-10.86 Indiana changed some of the
organizational structure of the UPAA, even where it did not
change the language or meaning of that section of the act.87 An
example of this can be found in section 31-11-3-5 of the Indiana
UPAA where the original UPAA’s language is contained within
the Indiana Act, but it has been rearranged in a manner that Indiana’s legislature preferred for its state.88 With regard to what
can be contracted about in Indiana, the Indiana courts have said
that as a general rule a provision in a premarital agreement
80
ILL. COMP. STAT. ANN. ch. 750, Act 10, Refs. & Annos. (2009).
ILL. COMP. STAT. ANN. ch. 750 §§ 10/1 to 10/11 (2009).
82 In re Marriage of Best, 886 N.E.2d 939, 945 (Ill. 2008).
83 ILL. COMP. STAT. ANN. ch. 750 § 10/7(b) (West 2009); UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 6(b) (2009).
84 IND. CODE ANN. tit. 31, art. 11, ch. 3, Refs. & Annos. (West 2009).
85 IND. CODE ANN. § 31-11-3-1 (West 2009).
86 IND. CODE ANN. § 31-11-3-1 to 31-11-3-10 (West 2009).
87 Id.
88 IND. CODE ANN. § 31-11-3-5 (West 2009).
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about attorney’s fees is enforceable as long as it does not violate
any laws or public policy.89
A major shift from the original UPAA can be seen in section
31-11-3-8 of the Indiana Act which has eliminated the subsections of the original UPAA requiring either a “fair and reasonable disclosure” of the other party’s financial information, or a
voluntary and express waiver of the right to this disclosure, and
that the party against whom enforcement sought could not have
reasonably had the knowledge of the other party’s financial information otherwise.90 Instead, the Indiana UPAA only states
that a premarital agreement is not enforceable if the agreement
was unconscionable when it was executed.91
Another change in the enforcement section of Indiana’s Act
is similar to the language of the Illinois UPAA. Indiana also
removes from its section (b), under enforcement and the elimination or modification of spousal support, the language about the
party qualifying for public assistance and replaces it with that
party bearing an undue hardship as a result of the elimination or
modification of the spousal support.92 The Court in Rider v.
Rider states that while a premarital agreement that causes one
spouse to be forced onto public assistance may be unconscionable, a better test for unconscionability is to compare the situations of both parties.93 Therefore, the Indiana UPAA is fairly
similar to the original UPAA and the major changes can be
found in the context of enforcing the premarital agreement.
12. Iowa
Iowa adopted its version of the UPAA in 1991.94 The Iowa
UPAA applies to all premarital agreements signed on or after
January 1, 1992.95 The Iowa UPAA is located in the Iowa Code
Annotated sections 596.1 to 596.12.96 Several differences exist
89
Wagner v. Wagner, 888 N.E.2d 924 (Ind. Ct. App.).
UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 6(a)(2)(i)-(iii) (2009); IND.
CODE ANN. § 31-11-3-8 (West 2009).
91 IND. CODE ANN. § 31-11-3-8 (West 2009).
92 Id.
93 Rider v. Rider, 669 N.E.2d 160, 164 (1996).
94 IOWA CODE ANN. tit. XV, subt. 1, ch. 596, Refs. & Annos. (2009).
95 Id.
96 IOWA CODE ANN. §§ 596.1 to 596.12 (West 2009).
90
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between the original UPAA and the version that Iowa choose to
adopt.
The first difference is that Iowa removed the terms “income
and earnings” from its definition of property in section 596.1.97
This means that when a couple contracts about property in their
premarital agreements they are not including any of their income
or other earnings, and thus if they want to include these items
they would have to use these terms separately. However, since
the Iowa legislature removed this language from the definition, it
may have intended to preclude individuals from being able to
contract about their income or other earnings in a premarital
agreement.
Another small change from the original UPAA relates to the
formalities of a premarital agreement. Iowa specifically states in
its UPAA that both parties shall execute all documents required
to enforce the agreement.98 By including this language within its
Act, Iowa seems to be trying to prevent the parties who sign such
an agreement from later not providing all of the documents that
might be necessary to execute the document and still seeking to
have the agreement enforced.
A major difference between the original UPAA and Iowa’s
version deals with spousal support. Iowa’s UPAA in section
596.5(2) states that the right to “spouse or child” support shall
not be adversely affected by a premarital agreement.99 As previously stated, the original UPAA allows the parties to contract
about spousal support and to adversely affect the party against
whom enforcement is sought; however, Iowa is one of the states
that has chosen to prohibit these parties from contracting about
spousal support in this way.100
The Iowa UPAA, like the original UPAA, explains in section 596.8 that an agreement is not enforceable if it is not executed voluntarily.101 While there is no definition of what
voluntarily means in either the original UPAA or Iowa’s UPAA,
the Iowa courts have held that the appropriate test for whether
97 UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 1(2) (2009); IOWA CODE ANN.
§ 596.1 (2009).
98 IOWA CODE ANN. § 596.4 (West 2009).
99 IOWA CODE ANN. § 596.5 (West 2009).
100 In re Marriage of Shanks, 758 N.W.2d 506, 513 (Iowa 2008).
101 IOWA CODE ANN. § 596.8(A)(1) (West 2009).
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an agreement was executed voluntarily is whether it was free
from duress or undue influence.102 The court in In re Marriage of
Spiegel held that because the bride-to-be had the option of cancelling the wedding, the embarrassment of having to cancel the
ceremony, even the night before the wedding was scheduled to
take place, did not establish duress or undue influence.103 Another change in the enforcement part of the Iowa UPAA is that
unconscionability alone is sufficient for a premarital agreement
to be held unenforceable, while under the UPAA, unenforceability occurrs only if an agreement was both unconscionable and
there was not a “fair and reasonable” financial disclosure.104
Under the Iowa UPAA the lack of a “fair and reasonable” disclosure is separate grounds for the premarital agreement to be
found to be unenforceable.105
13. Kansas
Kansas adopted its version of the UPAA in 1988 and the
Kansas UPAA controls all premarital agreements executed after
July 1, 1988.106 The Kansas UPAA can be found in Kansas Statutes Annotated sections 23-801 to 23-811.107 The Kansas UPAA
is basically identical to the original UPAA. The only clear difference is that the Kansas courts have developed a standard for
evaluating the voluntariness of an agreement under the Kansas
UPAA. The court will focus on the facts and circumstances surrounding both the parties’ situations when compared to each
other and the circumstances leading up to the signing of the
agreement.108
14. Maine
Maine adopted a version of the UPAA in 1987 and it applies
to all premarital agreements executed after September 28,
102
Shanks, 758 N.W.2d at 512.
In re Marriage of Spiegel, 553 N.W.2d 309, 318 (Iowa 1996).
104 Id. at 514.
105 IOWA CODE ANN. § 596.8(3) (West 2009).
106 KAN. STAT. ANN. ch. 23, art. 8, Refs. & Annos. (2009); Weber v.
Weber, et al, 2006 WL 2661194 (Kan. App.).
107 KAN. STAT. ANN. § 23-801 to 23-811 (2009).
108 In re Estate of Cobb, 2004 WL 1443913 (Kan. Ct. App.).
103
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371
1987.109 The Maine UPAA is located in 19-A Maine Revised
Statutes Annotated sections 601 to 611.110 The Maine UPAA is
basically the same as the original UPAA with a few variations.
Maine adds to the language in section 1 of the original UPAA,
that the definitions of “premarital agreement” and “property”
might mean something else if the context indicates that they
should.111 Thus the Maine legislature allows for the potential that
the terms as defined in the statute could actually have a different
meaning based on the context in which they are used. This seems
to give the parties to a premarital agreement a little more leeway
with which they can use those terms. Maine also added a new
section that is not otherwise included in the original UPAA.
Maine’s section 606 provides that a valid premarital agreement is
void 18 months after the parties to the agreement become biological or adoptive parents or guardians of a minor; however, the
agreement will still be valid if during the 18 month period the
parties sign a written amendment to the agreement either stating
that the agreement shall remain in effect or changing the agreement.112 This section does not apply to agreements executed on
or after October 1, 1993.113 The state of Maine seems to have
been trying to protect the interests of the future children of the
couple as well as the couple’s changing interests once a child is
brought into the marriage.
15. Montana
Montana chose to adopt the UPAA in 1987 and it can be
found in the Montana Code Annotated sections 40-2-601 to 40-2610.114 A comparison of the two acts indicates that the Montana
legislature adopted the original UPAA in its entirety with no variation between the two acts.115
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
In re Estate of Martin, 938 A.2d 812, 818 (Maine 2008).
19A ME. REV. STAT. ANN. §§ 601 to 611 (2008).
19-A ME. REV. STAT. ANN. § 602 (2008).
19-A ME REV. STAT. ANN. § 606 (2008).
Id.
MONT. CODE ANN. §§ 42-2-601 to 40-2-610 (2009).
Id.; UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT §§ 1-13 (2009).
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16. Nebraska
Nebraska adopted the UPAA in 1994 and it governs premarital agreements executed on or after July 16, 1994.116 The Nebraska UPAA is contained in the Nebraska Revised Statutes of
1943 section 42-1001 to 42-1011.117 The Nebraska legislature also
appears to have adopted the original UPAA as its own UPAA.
There are no differences between the model and Nebraska acts.
17. Nevada
The Nevada legislature adopted the UPAA in 1989 and the
statute applies to all premarital agreements executed on or after
October 1, 1989.118 The Nevada UPAA is located in Nevada Revised Statutes Annotated sections 123A.010 to 123A.100.119 The
Nevada UPAA varies from the original UPAA in a few ways. In
the Nevada UPAA the language “unless the context otherwise
requires” has been added before the definitions of premarital
agreement and property in section 123A.030.120 As described in
the section on the state of Maine, this allows for the possibility
that these terms could mean more than what is specifically laid
out in the Act itself.121 Another variation between the two Acts
is that in section 123A.050(1)(d) of the Nevada Act the terms
“alimony” and “maintenance” are added to the provision on the
modification or elimination of spousal support.122 The addition
of these terms to the Act’s language helps to make sure that any
type of spousal support is covered by the provision. The Nevada
UPAA allows an agreement to be found unenforceable if the
agreement was not voluntarily entered into; the agreement is unconscionable; the party was not provided a fair and reasonable
disclosure; or the party did not voluntarily and expressly waive
the disclosure.123 These are the only changes that the Nevada
legislature enacted from the original UPAA.
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
Edwards v. Edwards, 744 N.W.2d 243, 253 (Neb. Ct. App. 2008).
NEB. REV. STAT. ANN. § 42-1001 to 42-1011 (2009).
Kantor v. Kantor, 8 P.3d 825, 829 (Nev. 2000).
NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. §§ 123A.010 to 123A.100 (West 2009).
NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 123A.030 (West 2009).
See supra text at note 107.
NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 123A.050(1)(d) (West 2009).
NEV. REV. STAT. ANN. § 123A.080(1)(a)-(c)(2) (West 2009).
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18. New Jersey
New Jersey adopted the UPAA in 1988 and New Jersey’s
UPAA applies to all premarital agreements executed the “90th
day after” August 5, 1988.124 The New Jersey UPAA is located in
New Jersey Statutes Annotated sections 37:2-31 to 37:2-41.125
The New Jersey legislature has made changes to its own original
version of the UPAA, and now the statute is titled “Uniform Premarital and Pre-Civil Union Agreement Act.”126
The New Jersey legislature changed the definitions included
in section 37:2-32: the term has been changed from “premarital
agreement” to “premarital or pre-civil union agreement,” which
is defined as “an agreement between prospective spouses or partners in a civil union couple made in contemplation of marriage or
a civil union and to be effective upon marriage or upon the parties establishing a civil union.”127 This is a significant difference
from the original UPAA and most of the other states that have
chosen to adopt a version of the UPAA, because it gives samesex couples some of the same rights available to married couples.
The New Jersey legislature also chose to define unconscionability
within the text of the statute; Section 37:2-32(c) defines an unconscionable agreement as an agreement:
either due to a lack of property or unemployability: (1) which would
render a spouse or partner in a civil union couple without means of
reasonable support; (2) which would make a spouse or partner in a
civil union couple a public charge; or (3) which would provide a standard of living far below that which was enjoyed before the marriage or
civil union.128
The New Jersey Act requires more formalities in the execution of a valid agreement than the original UPAA. New Jersey
states that the agreement must not only be in writing, signed by
both parties, and acknowledged; there must also be a statement
of assets attached to the agreement.129 This basically guarantees
that there will be a fair and reasonable disclosure of the parties’
financial information.
124
125
126
127
128
129
N.J.
N.J.
N.J.
N.J.
N.J.
N.J.
STAT.
STAT.
STAT.
STAT.
STAT.
STAT.
ANN.
ANN.
ANN.
ANN.
ANN.
ANN.
tit. 37, ch. 2, art. 5, Refs. & Annos. (West 2009).
§§ 37:2-31 to 37:2-41 (West 2009).
§ 37:2-31 (West 2009).
§ 37:2-32(a) (West 2009).
§ 37:2-32(c) (West 2009).
§ 37:2-33 (West 2009).
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New Jersey’s section 37:2-34 changes a small but significant
aspect of what the parties to a premarital or pre-civil union
agreement can contract about. The legislature chose to delete
the language “or a statute imposing a criminal penalty” from the
section of the original UPAA, stating that parties can contract
about any other matter not listed in that section as long as it does
not violate public policy or a criminal statute.130
Under the enforcement section of the New Jersey Act there
have also been changes made from the original UPAA. Section
37:2-38 specifically states in the opening paragraph that it is the
burden of the party seeking to have the agreement be deemed
unenforceable to prove that it is unenforceable.131 The same section also specifies that the standard of proof necessary to show
the agreement is unenforceable is “clear and convincing evidence.”132 The majority of other states and the original UPAA
do not specifically list such a standard in the section of enforcement, thereby seemingly giving the courts more discretion in
their determination. Another change in the enforcement section
is that the New Jersey Act requires “full and fair disclosure” and
not just “fair and reasonable disclosure” as required in the original UPAA.133 This is clearly a higher standard of disclosure than
the original UPAA. The New Jersey Act also takes into account
whether the party against whom enforcement is sought had consulted with independent legal counsel or voluntarily and expressly waived, in writing, the right to consult with the legal
counsel.134 Thus while New Jersey adopted the original UPAA,
the many changes and additions to its text over the years makes
the New Jersey Act very different from the original UPAA.
19. New Mexico
New Mexico’s legislature chose to adopt the UPAA in 1995,
and to apply the Act to all premarital agreements executed on or
130
N.J. STAT. ANN. § 37:2-34(h) (West 2009); UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEACT § 3(a)(8) (2009).
131 N.J. STAT. ANN. § 37:2-38 (West 2009).
132 Id.
133 N.J. STAT. ANN. § 37:2-38(c)(1) (2009); UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 6(a)(2)(i) (2009).
134 N.J. STAT. ANN. § 37:2-38(c)(4) (West 2009).
MENT
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before July 1, 1995.135 The New Mexico UPAA is located in New
Mexico Statutes Annotated sections 40-3A-1 to 40-3A-10.136
New Mexico’s UPAA contains several differences from the original UPAA. The first change can be found in section 40-3A-3 of
the New Mexico Act, which provides that the parties to a premarital agreement must not only have the agreement in writing
and signed by both parties, the parties must also get the agreement acknowledged in New Mexico.137 New Mexico has also
changed what can be contracted about in a premarital agreement. The New Mexico legislature removed the section providing for the modification or elimination of spousal support in a
premarital agreement, and instead added in section 40-3A-4(B)
that “a premarital agreement may not adversely affect the right
of a child or spouse to support, a party’s right to child custody or
visitation, a party’s choice of abode or a party’s freedom to pursue career opportunities.”138 This provision is much more restrictive of what can be contracted about in a premarital
agreement than has been seen in the previous states covered.
New Mexico seems concerned with protecting the rights of the
parties during the marriage and after more than some other
states. New Mexico also eliminated under section 40-3A-4(A)(7)
the language “or a statute imposing a criminal penalty,” thus providing only that the matters contracted about cannot violate public policy.139 New Mexico’s UPAA also contains some changes
about when an agreement is enforceable. New Mexico removed
the subsection (b) that is found in the enforcement section of the
original UPAA, which applied to spousal support.140 This section
would no longer apply in New Mexico because of the changes
made in the “Content” section stating that spousal support cannot be adversely affected by a premarital agreement anyway.
New Mexico also provided in the last subsection of section 403A-7 that both voluntariness and unconscionability are issues
135
N.M. STAT. ANN.
N.M. STAT. ANN.
137 N.M. STAT. ANN.
138 N.M. STAT. ANN.
139 N.M. STAT. ANN.
140 N.M. STAT. ANN.
MENT ACT § 6(b) (2009).
136
ch. 40, art. 3A, Refs. & Annos. (West 2009).
§ 40-3A-1 to 40-3A-10 (West 2009).
§ 40-3A-3 (West 2009).
§ 40-3A-4(B) (West 2009).
§ 40-3A-4(A)(7) (West 2009).
§ 40-3A-7 (West 2009); UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREE-
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that shall be decided by the court as a matter of law.141 The original UPAA and other states have not included voluntariness in
this section. While New Mexico maintained a lot of the original
UPAA in its own act, it also made changes that impact the premarital agreements in its state differently than the original
UPAA.
20. North Carolina
North Carolina adopted the UPAA in 1987 and it became
effective July 1, 1987.142 North Carolina’s Act is located in North
Carolina General Statutes Annotated sections 52B-1 to 52B11.143 The North Carolina legislature has changed very little
about the original UPAA in its own Act. North Carolina has not
changed anything in the actual statutory language about what a
premarital agreement’s content can be, but the courts have made
some clarifications about what is allowed under the North Carolina UPAA. The court in Stewart v. Stewart said that retirement
accounts are “property” within the definition of North Carolina’s
UPAA, and the parties to a premarital agreement can therefore,
contract as to their retirement accounts.144 The courts have also
held that professional licenses acquired during marriage were
valid matters of a premarital agreement under North Carolina’s
UPAA.145 The only change that North Carolina made to the actual UPAA is language found in section 52B-7(b) under Enforcement. This subsection adds to the language of the original
UPAA by stating that before a court can order support, because,
a provision of a premarital agreement that modifies or eliminates
spousal support and thus causes a party to the agreement to qualify for public assistance at the time of the separation or divorce,
the court must determine that the party for whom support is ordered is a “dependent spouse” under North Carolina General
Statutes section 50-16.1A, and that the requirements found in
North Carolina General Statutes section 50-16.2A regarding post
separation support or North Carolina General Statutes section
141
142
143
144
145
N.M. STAT. ANN. § 40-3A-7(B) (West 2009).
Muchmore v. Trask, 666 S.E.2d 667, 670 (N.C. Ct. App. 2008).
N.C. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 52B-1 to 52B-11 (West 2009).
Stewart v. Stewart, 541 S.E.2d 209, 216 (N.C. Ct. App. 2000).
Id. at 217.
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50-16.3A regarding alimony have been met.146 This change,
while a small alteration to the overall UPAA, could have significant ramifications for a party to a premarital agreement.
21. North Dakota
North Dakota adopted the UPAA in 1985 and that statute is
located in North Dakota Century Code sections 14-03.1-01 to 1403.1-09.147 North Dakota made several changes to the original
UPAA when it enacted its own version. The first change can be
found in section 14-03.1-01 of North Dakota’s UPAA where the
term “notice” is defined as “a person has notice of a fact if the
person has knowledge of it, receives notification of it, or has reason to know that it exists from the facts and circumstances known
to the person.”148 This term is not defined anywhere in the original UPAA or any other state’s UPAA. Another difference is located in section 14-03.1-02, which states that a premarital
agreement must be a document that is signed by both of the parties; this is only slightly different that the original UPAA which
requires that the premarital agreement be in writing and signed
by both parties.149 This change is mostly a difference in language
being used to say the same thing, the agreement must be signed
and it must be in some written form (such as a document). There
are also a few other wording changes in the enforcement section
of the North Dakota UPAA, but the overall meaning and implication does not change.150 The final change, and probably the
most significant one, is in the form of an additional section being
added to the North Dakota Act. In section 14-03.1-07 of the
North Dakota UPAA the courts are given three possible options
of handling unconscionable provisions of a premarital agreement
(1) the court may refuse the whole agreement, (2) the court may
choose to enforce the agreement without the unconscionable
provisions, or (3) the court may limit the application of the unconscionable provision to prevent the unconscionable result.151
146
N.C. GEN. STAT. ANN. § 52-7(b) (West 2009).
N.D. CENT. CODE §§ 14-03.1-01 to 14-03.1-09 (2008).
148 N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-03.1-01 (2008).
149 N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-03.1-02 (2008); UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 2 (2009).
150 N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-03.1-06 (2008).
151 N.D. CENT. CODE § 14-03.1-07 (2008).
147
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Other than these mostly small changes, the North Dakota legislature chose to adopt the language of the original UPAA.
22. Oregon
Oregon’s legislature adopted the UPAA in 1987 and applied
it to all premarital agreements executed on or after January 1,
1988.152 The Oregon UPAA is found in Oregon Revised Statutes sections 108.700 to 108.740.153 The Oregon UPAA is virtually identical to the original UPAA that was enacted by the
National Conference. Oregon not only recognizes the validity of
premarital agreements, the state also favors the use of them.154
23. Rhode Island
Rhode Island chose to adopt the UPAA in 1987 and applied
the new statute to premarital agreements executed on or after
July 1, 1987.155 Rhode Island’s UPAA can be found in Rhode
Island General Laws sections 15-17-1 to 15-17-11.156 When the
Rhode Island legislature enacted the UPAA it clearly evidenced
its intent to preserve the validity of these agreements and to
maintain the integrity of the agreements.157 Rhode Island made
very few changes from the original UPAA when it enacted its
UPAA. All of the changes occur in the Enforcement section.
The first change is an “or” to an “and” in section 15-17-6(a)(1),
thus changing the section to say that an agreement is not enforceable if it was not executed voluntarily and the agreement was
unconscionable.158 While this change may seem small, its impact
is huge; under Rhode Island a party trying to prove that an
agreement is unenforceable must prove both that the agreement
was not entered into voluntarily and that the agreement was unconscionable when it was executed.159 In Penhallow v. Penhallow, the Court held that the unconscionable agreement was valid
152
OR. REV. STAT. tit. 11, ch. 108, Refs. & Annos. (2009).
OR. REV. STAT. §§ 108.700 to 108.740 (2009).
154 In re Marriage of Bowers, 922 P.2d 722, 724 (Or. Ct. App. 1996).
155 R.I. GEN. LAWS tit. 15, ch. 17, Refs. & Annos. (2009).
156 R.I. Gen. Laws. §§ .
157 Marsocci v. Marsocci, 911 A.2d 690, 696 (R.I. 2006).
158 R.I. GEN. LAWS § 15-17-6(a)(1) (2009).
159 Marsocci, 911 A.2d at 696-97; Penhallow v. Penhallow, 649 A.2d 1016,
1021-22 (R.I. 1994).
153
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because the husband had signed the agreement voluntarily.160 In
the original UPAA and all other states an agreement not being
voluntary is sufficient grounds to have the agreement be deemed
invalid.161
Another change to the Rhode Island UPAA is that the legislature inserted a subsection (b) in section 15-17-6 which states
that the burden of proof is on the party trying to have the agreement declared unenforceable and that party must prove this by
“clear and convincing evidence.”162 This subsection provides a
definite standard for the court to use to measure whether the
party has met his or her burden of proof. With these two
changes, the Rhode Island legislature has made it harder for the
person against whom enforcement is being sought to have the
agreement be declared unenforceable.
24. South Dakota
South Dakota adopted the UPAA in 1989.163 South Dakota’s UPAA is located in South Dakota Codified Laws sections
25-2-16 to 25-2-26.164 When the South Dakota legislature created
its own version, it made several changes to the original UPAA.
The first change found in the South Dakota Act is in section 252-17, which states that a premarital agreement “shall” be in writing and signed by both parties.165 The original UPAA used the
term “must”; therefore, the South Dakota UPAA chose to use a
word that has less force than the original UPAA.166 Nevertheless, courts in South Dakota still require that the agreement be in
writing to be enforceable, thus the South Dakota UPAA has the
same effect as the original UPAA.167 The South Dakota legislature also chose to delete from its version of the UPAA the language specifically providing for the modification or elimination
of spousal support in a premarital agreement.168 The Court in
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
Penhallow v. Penhallow, 649 A.2d at 1016.
UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 6(a) (2009).
R.I. GEN. LAWS § 15-17-6(b) (2009).
Sanford v. Sanford, 694 N.W.2d 283, 288 (S.D. 2005).
S.D. CODIFIED LAWS §§ 25-2-16 to 25-2-26 (2009).
S.D. CODIFIED LAWS § 25-2-17 (2009).
UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 2 (2009).
Sanford, 694 N.W.2d at 288.
S.D. CODIFIED LAWS § 25-2-18 (2009).
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Sanford v. Sanford stated that courts must presume that the legislature acted “purposefully” when it excluded the right to modify
or eliminate spousal rights from its list of possible things that can
be contracted about in a premarital agreement.169 The last
change from the original UPAA is the deletion of the subsection
(b), which deals with spousal support, in the Enforcement
section.170
25. Texas
Texas chose to adopt a version of the UPAA in 1997 and
applies it to all premarital agreements that are executed on or
after April 17, 1997.171 The Texas UPAA is found at the
Vernon’s Texas Statutes and Codes Annotated sections 4.001 to
4.010.172 Most of the changes that have been implemented in the
Texas UPAA are only small changes to phrasing, such as “on separation” for “upon separation” and “the agreement” for “it.”173
The two most significant changes to the Texas UPAA are in the
Enforcement section. The first is the removal of the subsection
(b) that is in the original UPAA, which allows for a court to alter
a provision about spousal support if the provision allows the
party to be eligible for public assistance.174 This removal indicates that Texas does not allow the court to change a premarital
agreement just because it results in a party’s eligibility for public
assistance. The other change is the addition of subsection (c) to
section 4.006 of the Texas Act, which states that “the remedies
and defenses in this section are the exclusive remedies or defenses, including common law remedies or defenses.”175 Texas
used this subsection to expressly limit the ways that a premarital
agreement can be proved to be invalid or valid. The Texas legislature mostly made minor changes to the original UPAA when
169
Sanford, 694 N.W.2d at 289.
S.D. CODIFIED LAWS § 25-2-21 (2009); UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 6(b) (2009).
171 TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. tit. 1, subt. B, ch.4, subch. A, Refs. & Annos. (Vernon 2009).
172 Id.
173 UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 2 & 3(a)(3) (2009); TEX. REV.
CIV. STAT. ANN. § 4.002 & 4.003(a)(3) (2009).
174 UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 6(b) (2009); TEX. REV. CIV.
STAT. ANN. § 4.006 (2009).
175 TEX. REV. CIV. STAT. ANN. § 4.006(c) (2009).
170
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constructing its version; however, the last two changes are
significant.
26. Utah
Utah’s legislature adopted the UPAA in 1994.176 The
UPAA in Utah applies to all premarital agreements that are executed on or after May 2, 1994.177 Utah’s UPAA is located in
Utah Code sections 30-8-1 to 30-8-9.178
The Utah legislature made a few changes from the original
UPAA as to what can be contracted about in a premarital agreement. The first change is the removal of the language from the
original UPAA allowing parties to a premarital agreement to
contract about the making of a will, trust or other arrangement.179 The Utah legislature seems to be saying that a will, trust
or other instrument is not a permissible issue for a premarital
agreement. Another change is the addition of language to the
subsection pertaining to the choice of law governing the agreement. Utah added that the parties can contract about this subject
but that “a court of competent jurisdiction may apply the law of
the legal domicile of either party, if it is fair and equitable.”180
The last change under the Content section of Utah’s UPAA is
that subsection (2) provides that in addition to the right to child
support not being adversely affected by a premarital agreement,
the medical insurance, the health and medical provider expenses,
and the child-care coverage cannot be affected by such an agreement.181 This offers more protection to the child in a premarital
agreement.
The next variations from the original UPAA are found in the
Enforcement section of Utah’s UPAA. The Utah legislature
chose to use the term “fraudulent” rather than “unconscionable”
throughout section 30-8-6.182 By substituting these terms, Utah
appears to have created a different standard for it premarital
176
UTAH CODE ANN. tit. 30, ch. 8, Refs. & Annos. (2009).
Id.
178 Id.
179 UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 3(a)(5) (2009); UTAH CODE
ANN. § 30-8-4 (2008).
180 UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-8-4(1)(f) (2008).
181 UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-8-4(2) (2008).
182 UTAH CODE ANN. §30-8-6 (2008).
177
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agreements than the original UPAA or any other state. However, in practice it does not appear that there has been litigation
concerning this issue, so it is still unclear how the Utah courts
will treat this standard in comparison to the original UPAA standard. The last variation from the original UPAA is that Utah
allows for the possibility that “fair and reasonable disclosure” is
not possible, by adding the phrase “insofar as was possible” to
the section requiring fair and reasonable disclosure.183
27. Virginia
Virginia adopted the UPAA in 1985 and applied the Act to
all premarital agreements executed on or after July 1, 1986.184
The Virginia UPAA is located in Virginia Code Annotated sections 20-147 to 20-155.185 The Virginia legislatures made some
changes to the structure of the original UPAA when it enacted its
own version, but the language except where noted in this section
is the same. The first change in the language from the original
UPAA is found in section 20-150(4) of the Virginia UPAA, the
phrase “modification or elimination of” has been removed and
simply “Spousal support’ is left.186 Also, the UPAA provision
which prohibited a premarital agreement from adversely affecting child support, has been deleted from the Virginia UPAA.187
This seems to indicate the couples in Virginia can contract about
child support in their premarital agreements. The last few
changes in the Virginia UPAA are found in the Enforcement section. In section 20-151(A)(2), there has been a subpart removed
that is in the original UPAA, which provides for a finding that
the party against whom enforcement is sought did not or reasonably could not have obtained the adequate knowledge of the financial information of the other party.188 This indicates that a
premarital agreement in Virginia can be held to be unenforceable because it is unconscionable and there was not adequate dis183
UTAH CODE ANN. § 30-8-6(1)(b)(i) (2008).
VA. CODE ANN., tit. 20, ch. 8, Refs. & Annos. (2009).
185 Id.
186 VA. CODE ANN. § 20-150(4) (2008).
187 VA. CODE ANN. § 20-150 (2008); UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT
§ 3(b) (2009).
188 VA. CODE ANN. § 20-151(A)(2) (2008); UNIF. PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT § 6(a)(2)(iii) (2009).
184
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383
closure, even if the party could have obtained that knowledge
otherwise. The last change that the Virginia legislature made to
the original UPAA in its adoption was the addition of a statement to section 20-151(B), which states that “[r]ecitations in the
agreement shall create a prima facie case that they are factually
correct.”189
Conclusion
The UPAA is an act that was created to provide some level
of certainty for those couples who wish to enter into a premarital
agreement. The states that have chosen to adopt the UPAA have
done so in an effort to provide uniformity in the enforcement of
the premarital agreements executed in their states. The states
have altered the UPAA in a variety of ways, from applying it to
same-sex marriages to prohibiting the provisions that relate to
spousal support. The most significant variations appear in New
Jersey and the District of Columbia, which apply the UPAA to
same sex couples. These states have provided same sex couples
with the protection of being able to contract as to their rights
upon the termination of their relationships. By including same
sex couples in UPAA, these states are recognizing that same sex
couples and married couples face similar issues when preparing
to enter into these types of relationships. There have also been
wording changes in a variety of states that appear on their face to
be significant variations from the original UPAA; however, as indicated within this article, many of these changes have no significant impact on the states adoption of the UPAA. It is clear that
no matter what changes a state has implemented in its adoption
of the original UPAA, the original UPAA has had a great deal of
impact on the states choosing to adopt its provisions.
Amberlynn Curry
189
VA. CODE ANN. § 20-151(B) (2008).
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Comment, THE UNIFORM PREMARITAL AGREEMENT ACT AND ITS VARIATIONS THROUGHOUT THE STATES

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