Brick Properties 1.1

Transcription

1.1 Brick Properties
Bricks & Pavers Technical Manual
Section 1.1 Brick Properties
1.101
Section 1.1 relates to the properties of bricks made to meet the requirements of Australian Standard AS4455 Part
1 Masonry Units. This information is provided as a guide only to the properties of interest to a masonry designer
or builder.
Brick Dimensions
The work size of a standard brick is: 76 mm high x 230 mm long x 110 mm wide.
Some bricks are made with different work sizes. For example brick heights of 119 mm and 162 mm to match 1.5
and 2 standard size brick heights, including mortar joint, respectively. 50 mm and 90 mm high bricks, 90 mm wide
bricks and 290 mm long bricks are made for different structural and aesthetic effect. Larger bricks are often used
for more economical laying and as a design feature either on their own or combined with smaller bricks.
In cyclonic areas larger (140 mm wide x 90 mm high x 290 mm long) hollow bricks are used to allow for
reinforcement and grouting in the wall. Wider (150 mm wide) bricks can also be used in walls requiring lower
sound transmission, higher fire resistance levels and higher load bearing capacity depending on the specific brick
properties.
Clay brick sizes may vary after they are fired but size variation between units averages out when blended properly
during laying. Brick dimensions are measured by dry stacking 20 units, measuring the total length, width and
height and comparing that measurement to 20 times the work size.
Bricks are classified according to how much 20 bricks together deviate from 20 times the work size.
•
For standard bricks, Dimensional Category DW1 means the height and width will differ by less than plus or
minus 50 mm from 20 times the work size, and the length will differ less than plus or minus 90 mm.
•
For standard bricks, Dimensional Category DW2 means the height and width will differ by less than plus or
minus 40 mm from 20 times the work size, and the length will differ less than plus or minus 60 mm.
•
Dimensional Category, DW0 means there are no requirements. This is usually reserved for non-standard
shaped bricks and bricks that have been rumbled or otherwise distorted during the manufacturing process
for aesthetic reasons. ■
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1.102
Brick Strength
Brick strength is defined as resistance to load per unit area and is expressed in mega Pascals (MPa).
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (f’uc)
The characteristic unconfined compressive strength is used by engineers in the design of masonry to calculate
the strength of a wall. Bricks in any one batch have a range of strengths that would usually follow a normal
distribution. In a wall the different strength bricks contribute to the strength of the whole and the weakest brick
does not determine the strength of the wall. For safety, engineering practice has been to use characteristic
unconfined compressive strength. This is the strength 95% of the bricks will exceed and is typically 0.86 times
the lowest unconfined compressive strength found when measuring the compressive strengths of 10 samples.
Boral bricks usually have characteristic unconfined compressive strengths in the range 15 to 35 MPa.
Unconfined Compressive Strength
The unconfined compressive strength is a calculated number based on the compressive strength. To measure the
compressive strength of a brick, steel platens are used above and below. This constrains the surface and where
all other factors are equal, a shorter brick will have a higher compressive strength than a taller brick. To remove
this test effect, the compressive strength is multiplied by a factor, which varies with the height of the brick. The
resulting number is called the unconfined compressive strength and reflects the performance of the brick in a
wall. Theoretically, bricks which are identical except for their height should produce the same unconfined
compressive strength. This figure is not now used in masonry design, but is used to calculate Characteristic
Unconfined Compressive Strength.
Compressive Strength of Bricks
Brick strength is measured according to AS4456.4 Determining Compressive Strength of Masonry Units.
Individually crushing 10 bricks gives the compressive strength of each brick and the mean compressive strength
of the lot. These figures are not used in masonry design, but are used to calculate Unconfined Compressive
Strength. ■
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1.103
Water Absorption
Cold Water Absorption
The amount of water that a brick can absorb is measured by the cold water absorption test. There is no distinct
relationship between water absorption and the water-tightness of walls. The results of water absorption tests
are used by the brick manufacturer for quality assurance.
Initial Rate of Absorption
The initial rate of absorption (IRA) is the amount of water absorbed in one minute through the bed face of the
brick. It is a measure of the brick’s ‘suction’ and can be used as a factor in the design of mortars that will bond
strongly with units. As mortars other than the ‘deemed to comply’ mortars are rarely used, the impact of the IRA
is primarily on the bricklayer. Bricklayers, through practical experience, adjust the mortar, the height of a wall
built in a day and the length of time before ironing the joints, according to the suction.
The bond between the masonry unit and mortar is largely influenced by the capacity of the brick to absorb water
and the ability of the mortar to retain the water that is needed for the proper hydration of cement. If the brick
sucks the water too quickly from the mortar, the next course may not be properly bedded. If the mortar retains
too much water, the units tend to float on the mortar bed, making it difficult to lay plumb walls at a reasonable
rate. In either case there will be poor bond.
The optimum value of IRA is considered to be between 0.5 and 1.5 kg/m2/min. However, IRAs can exceed
these limits. The mortar’s water retentivity should be matched to the brick type where good bond strength is
critical. ■
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1.104
Durability
Salt attack is the most common durability problem affecting bricks. In the form of a solution, salt can be absorbed
into masonry. As the water evaporates, the salt is drawn towards the outside face. The evaporating water leaves
the solution super-saturated so salt crystals begin to form. The salt crystals grow in the pores just below the
surface and depending on the texture of the brick, the amount of salt, the rate of drying and the temperature, the
salt may fill the pores, exerting very high pressures on the matrix. The energy in the constrained salt crystal
increases and if sufficient ‘pops’ a piece of the outer surface off and salt attack has begun.
Bricks are assessed and classed into three grades according to AS/NZS4456.10 Resistance to Salt Attack. In
summary the three grades of brick that can be used are as follows:
•
Protected Grade (PRO)
Suitable for use in elements above the damp-proof course in non-marine exterior environments. Elements
above the damp-proof course in all exterior environments, with a waterproof coating, properly flashed
junctions with other building elements and a top covering (roof or coping) protecting the masonry.
•
General Purpose Grade (GP)
Suitable for use in an external wall, excluding walls in severe marine environments or in contact with
aggressive soils and environments (see AS3700 Appendix E). General purpose grade bricks can also be used
in PRO applications.
•
Exposure Grade (EXP)
Suitable for use in external walls exposed to severe marine environments, i.e. up to one kilometre from a
surf coast or up to 100 metres from a non-surf coast or in contact with aggressive soils and environments.
The distances are specified from mean high water mark. Exposure grade bricks can also be used in PRO and
GP applications.
Boral bricks are classified as either EXP or GP. ■
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1.105
Moisture Expansion
Clay products expand over time as they absorb water into their structure. This is well known and documented
and must be consider when designing brickwork. The expansion is not uniform (it is logarithmic) over time. In the
first six months one quarter of the expansion occurs, one half in the first two years and three quarters in the first
5 years. The Characteristic Expansion is estimated from an accelerated test and expressed as a coefficient of
expansion (em) that for Boral bricks is usually between 0.8 and 1.2 mm/m/15 years. ■
Efflorescence
Bricks may contain soluble salts that come to the surface when the brick dries. The source of these soluble salts
is the raw materials used in the brick production process.
Brick efflorescence should not be confused with the efflorescence that is seen on masonry walls after
construction. This form of efflorescence is caused mainly from the raw materials and water used in the wall
construction process (eg. Mortar).
Brick efflorescence is usually white but there is a special form of efflorescence (known as vanadium staining) that
is coloured yellow, green or reddish-brown and is therefore particularly visible on light coloured bricks.
All efflorescence is more or less visible depending on the colour and surface texture of the brick.
Boral bricks have a nil to slight efflorescence. ■
Pitting due to Lime
If brickmaking raw materials contain particles of calcium carbonate, these will be converted into quicklime in the
kiln. Water subsequently combines with the quicklime to form hydrated lime and in the process expands. If lime
particles are sufficiently large and sufficiently near the surface they ‘pop’ off a piece of the brick, leaving a
generally circular pit.
Boral Bricks rarely show lime pitting. ■
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1.2 Brick Masonry Design
1.201
Section 1.2. Brick Masonry Design
The following design information is based on Australian Standard AS3700: 2001 Masonry Structures. Reference
to ‘Clauses’ and ‘Formulae’ are those used in AS3700. This information is provided as a guide only to the processes
involved in designing masonry. All masonry should be designed by a suitably qualified structural engineer.
Robustness
AS3700, Clause 4.6.1 requires walls to have an adequate degree of ‘Robustness’. Robustness is a minimum
design requirement, and may be overridden by fire, wind, snow, earthquake or live and dead load requirements.
In robustness calculations (AS3700 Clause 4.6.2), there are height, length, and panel action formulae. By reworking
the standard formulae and inserting known data, it is possible to determine whether a chosen design and Boral brick
will provide adequate robustness, as in the tables below and the charts on pages 1.202 to 1.204.
Table 1. Maximum Height of Isolated Piers
Pier Thickness (mm)
Maximum Height (m)
230 x 230
3.105
350 x 350
4.725
Table 2. Maximum Height of Walls with Free Ends
Maximum Wall Height (m)
Wall Thickness (mm)
No Lateral Support at Top
Lateral Support at Top
Concrete Slab on Top
90
0.54
2.43
3.24
110
0.66
2.97
3.96
150
0.90
4.05
5.40
230
1.38
6.21
8.28
Table 3. Maximum Wall Length where One or Both Ends are Laterally Restrained
Maximum Wall Length (m)
Wall Thickness (mm)
Lateral Support One End
Lateral Support Both Ends
90
1.08
3.24
110
1.32
3.96
150
1.80
5.40
230
2.76
8.28
In the situation depicted in Table 3 above, height is not limited although length is. This typically applies to lift
shafts and stairwells. Control joints and openings greater than one fifth of the wall height are treated as free
ends unless specific measures are taken to provide adequate lateral support.
Where wall lengths exceed those in Table 3 above, AS 3700 Equation 4.6.2 (4) must be used to determine the maximum
height for a wall of the required length. Should the initial choice of product not provide a suitable solution, then a thicker
Boral brick or increased masonry width or extra restraints should be evaluated. t
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1.202
Robustness (continued)
How to Use the Boral Robustness Graphs
These charts determine the minimum brick thickness for a known wall height, length and restraint criteria.
Laterally supported one end
and top laterally supported
by other than concrete slab
1. Select the graph for the chosen wall restraint
S
R
(support) criteria. In this example there is
F
support on one side and the top is supported by
R
8
other than a concrete slab. Typically this would
WALL
HEIGHT
(m)
7
230mm
be a wall supporting roof frames, joined into
6
another wall at one end and with a door at the
5
150mm
110x110mm
90x90mm
110mm
90mm
4
3
other end.
2. Plot the intersection of the design Wall Height
2
and the Wall Length on the graph. (For this
1
0
example 3 m height x 5 m length).
1
2
3
WAL L
4
5
L ENGTH
6
7
8
(m)
3. The lines ABOVE the intersection point indicate
wall thickness that are acceptable. In this
example, the intersection point is just below the
line for 110 mm bricks. Therefore a single leaf of
110 mm bricks would be suitable and the most
economical.
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Robustness Limits
Laterally supported both ends
by a concrete slab
R
R
Laterally supported both ends
by other than concrete slab
R
S
R
R
R
R
8
8
150mm
110x110mm
7
7
5
110mm
4
90mm
(m)
H E IGH T
90x90mm
WALL
WALL
H E IGH T
(m)
150mm
6
3
2
1
0
6
110x110mm
5
4
90x90mm
110mm
3
90mm
2
1
1
2
3
WAL L
4
5
L ENGTH
Laterally supported
both ends and
top unsupported
6
7
0
8
1
(m)
2
3
WALL
5
Laterally supported
one end and
top unsupported
F
R
4
LENGTH
R
6
F
R
7
7
6
6
(m)
8
H E IGH T
5
4
150mm
3
110x110mm
90x90mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
WAL L
(m)
H E IGH T
WAL L
8
F
R
R
8
0
7
(m)
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110x110mm
90x90mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
1
2
3
WAL L
4
5
L ENGTH
6
(m)
7
8
0
1
2
3
WALL
4
5
LENGTH
6
7
8
(m)
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1.204
Robustness Limits
and top laterally supported R
by other than a concrete slab
S
by a concrete slab
F
R
R
R
R
8
8
7
230mm
5
150mm
110x110mm
90x90mm
110mm
90mm
4
3
2
1
H E IGH T
(m)
6
WALL
WALL
H E IGH T
(m)
7
0
F
6
150mm
110x110mm
5
90x90mm
110mm
4
90mm
3
2
1
1
2
3
WAL L
4
5
L ENGTH
6
(m)
7
8
0
1
2
3
WALL
4
5
LENGTH
6
7
8
(m)
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1.205
Masonry Strength
Masonry Strength is defined as resistance to load per unit area. It must be remembered that thicker masonry will
support more load than thinner masonry of the same strength.
Characteristic Compressive Strength of Masonry – f’m
f’m = km kh √f‘uc
km is a mortar strength factor and kh is a factor for the amount of mortar joints.
km is 1.4 for M3 mortar and 1.5 for the stronger M4 mortar (see AS 3700 Table 3.1 for a full list of factors).
kh is 1 for 76 mm high units with 10 mm mortar beds and is 1.24 for 162 mm high bricks with 10 mm mortar
beds (see AS 3700 Table 3.2 to derive factors for other unit and joint heights). In other words, a wall of
double height bricks is more than 20% stronger than a wall of 76 mm high bricks of the same f‘uc.
f’uc is the characteristic unconfined compressive strength of bricks.
Characteristic Flexural Tensile Strength of Masonry – f’mt
In flexing, the top of the arc is in tension and the bottom of the arc is in compression. Masonry is good in
compression but poor in tension. Flexural strength depends on the mortar/brick bond and for design purposes is
generally taken to be zero. Using up to 0.2 MPa is permitted when designing for transient loads such as wind,
earthquake, etc. Higher bending forces may be used for design but these require site testing to verify
construction meets the stated values.
Characteristic Shear Strength of Masonry – f‘ms
Shear strength, like flexural strength, is related to the mortar/brick bond. For design purposes, at the damp
course, it is taken to be zero unless testing shows another value. Elsewhere, mortar joints have f’ms values of
between 0.15 and 0.35 MPa. ■
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Durability of Masonry
AS3700 requires masonry to be designed to continue functioning satisfactorily throughout its design life without
undue maintenance. That is, all masonry materials, including bricks, mortar and all built-in components, must be
sufficiently durable for the exposure classification of the site (see AS3700 Appendix E). Masonry designed to
meet the requirements of AS3700 Section 5, is deemed to comply with the durability requirements and Table 5.1
defines the durability requirements for bricks, built-in components and mortar in different environments.
Salt attack is the most common durability problem. In the form of a solution, salt can be absorbed into masonry.
As the water evaporates, the salt is drawn towards the outside face. The evaporating water leaves the solution
super-saturated so salt crystals begin to form. The salt crystals grow in the pores just below the surface and
depending on the texture of the brick, the amount of salt, the rate of drying and the temperature, the salt may
fill the pores, exerting very high pressures on the matrix. The energy in the constrained salt crystal increases and
if sufficient ‘pops’ a piece of the outer surface off and salt attack has begun.
Boral bricks graded ‘General Purpose’ (GP) are suitable for use in all walls, excluding external walls in severe
marine environments or in all walls in contact with aggressive soils and environments.
Boral bricks graded ‘Exposure Grade’ (EXP) are suitable for use in all walls including external walls exposed to
severe marine environments, i.e. up to 1 km from a surf coast or up to 100 m from a non surf coast or walls in
contact with aggressive soils and environments. The distances are specified from mean high water mark.
Walls below damp proof course often require greater durability, even if they are well away from the coast, as
they may be subjected to saline, acidic or alkaline soils. If unsure of the corrosive nature of the site, an
inexpensive total soluble salt content test for soil is available in most areas. Remember it is the designer’s
responsibility to specify the appropriate durability grade of bricks, mortar and built-in components and it is the
builder’s responsibility to order bricks, etc. of appropriate durability grade specified by the designer. Brick
manufacturers cannot take any responsibility in this decision as they are not aware of the design requirements
of each site. t
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1.207
Durability of Masonry (continued)
Refer to Section 1.4 Property Tables for tabulated properties of individual brick types for their salt attack
resistance category.
Mortar mix requirements for durability are referred in Table 11, page 1.301 of this manual and are detailed in
AS3700 Table 10.1.
M4 mortars are required and mortar joints must be tooled in all situations requiring exposure grade materials.
Concrete floors, paths and steps are a source of sulfate salts that if dissolved in water may enter the brickwork and
cause salt attack. Exposed slabs supported on external brickwork should clear the brickwork by 50 mm and
incorporate a drip groove to prevent the run-off from the slab running down the brickwork. A damp proof course
(usually a double layer) is also used under the slab on top of the bricks to prevent water passing through the slab
into the bricks and as a slip joint to prevent a build up of forces as the concrete shrinks and the bricks expand
over time.
Landscaping and gardening practices are also possible sources of salt attack. Care must be taken to not bridge
the damp proof course when landscaping at the base of walls. Watering gardens and lawns, against walls, may
cause salts (fertilisers) to splash up on to the wall where they are absorbed and may cause salt attack. ■
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Brick Ties
In brick veneer construction, ties are used to pass all the lateral out-of-plane loads and forces (such as from wind)
to the structural backing. In cavity brick construction ties either pass the lateral out-of-plane loads and forces to
the stronger leaf or share them between the leaves.
The design of ties in masonry for structural purposes must comply with AS3700 Clause 7.7 for veneer or Clause
7.8 for cavity construction. For small buildings the tie requirements are covered in AS3700 Clause 12.3.4 for brick
veneer construction and Clause 12.3.3.2 for cavity brick construction.
Type A ties are those that have no specific seismic design characteristics. It is difficult to find brick ties other
than Type A in Australia. Ties are available in heavy, medium and light duty in galvanised steel, stainless steel
and plastic. Plastic ties are usually reserved for acoustic applications. Stainless steel ties are used in situations
requiring exposure grade materials or very long life. Galvanised steel ties are those most commonly used.
The Newcastle (NSW) earthquake which occurred in 1989 showed masonry survived well except where the ties
were deficient. Problems found included:
•
galvanised ties rusted through;
•
ties only built into one leaf during construction;
•
loose ties;
•
absent ties; and,
•
incorrect duty ties used.
Ties are required to meet the durability requirement of the site for the design life of the building. Should the
design life of the building be exceeded and the ties begin to fail, they can be replaced with remedial ties but this
is a very expensive process and as ties are hidden it is unlikely they will be seen until a catastrophic failure
occurs. As sustainability considerations become more important, the life of buildings is likely to be extended.
Properly maintained, brick buildings may last for centuries. It should be remembered that stainless steel brick
ties offer a longer service life and, although more expensive as a proportion of the overall building cost, the
difference is trivial. ■
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Movement in Masonry Walls
To allow for movements in masonry (expansion and contraction and footing movement) control joints are
required. These can usually be constructed so that the expansion joint and the articulation joint are one and
the same.
Expansion Joints
Expansion and contraction must be allowed for in masonry design by inserting control joints at spacings designed
to suit the magnitude of the movement.
Clay products expand permanently over time. This is the opposite of cement-based products, which permanently
shrink. For this reason it is unwise to use clay and concrete units in the same band in a wall. If clay bricks are
used in concrete framed buildings, control joint spacing and workmanship are critical, as the bricks will expand
as the concrete frame shrinks.
The magnitude of thermal changes varies from brick to brick depending on the many factors, however, allowing
0.008 mm/m/°C is usually recommended. Expansion and contraction from wetting and drying of clay bricks is less
than for concrete and calcium silicate products and usually can be ignored in brick masonry design.
AS3700, Clause 4.8 requires expansion joints to be spaced to limit panel movement so that movement from both
sides closes joints by less than 15 mm and joints are at least 5 mm wide when closed. This means the gap, when
constructed, should be 20-25 mm. However, in most buildings articulation joints are used and these are closer
than required for expansion making separate expansion joints unnecessary.
Articulation Joints
Articulation joints are vertical gaps that allow for minor footing movements, to prevent distress or significant
wall cracking. Articulation joints provide the flexibility needed when building on reactive clay soils and usually
are not required for masonry on stable sites (classified according to AS2870). Spacing of articulation joints
depends on the site classification and the slab or footing design, but where used must be placed no closer than
0.5 metres and no further than 3 metres from all corners. The width of articulation joints depends on the height
of the masonry: 10 mm for masonry up to 3 metres and 15 mm for masonry up to 6 metres high. t
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Movement in Masonry Walls (continued)
Control Joints (General)
Control joints should be used beside large openings, where wall thickness changes (except where this is for
support eg. engaged piers), where wall height changes by more than 20%, at changes of level in footings and at
other points of potential cracking. Control joints must not continue through bond beams.
Ideally, control joints are located near a corner and concealed behind a down pipe. The bricklayer and renderer
must keep the control joint clean, otherwise, bridging mortar or render will induce cracks as the masonry moves.
External control joints should be finished with a soft flexible sealant to prevent moisture penetration.
The design and construction of control gaps in the external leaf of a full brick wall is identical to that in brick
veneer. In internal masonry, control gaps are not usually required, except at re-entrant angles in long walls.
However, where an internal control joint is required the design is as for external leaves but the thermal
component may be ignored in calculations. Internal control joints can usually be located at a full-height opening
such as a door or window.
Ties are required on both sides of a control joint, but where it is not possible to use them masonry flexible
anchors (MFAs) must be used across the joint. Where MFAs are used in walls over 3 metres or in walls exposed
to high winds, MFAs must be built in at half height and every seventh course (600 mm) above. MFAs are ties that
are of a type that only allows movement in one plane. Unless ties are used, control joints create a ‘free end’ in
terms of Robustness and Fire Resistance Level calculations for structural adequacy, so their positioning is critical
to the overall design of the structure.
In portal frame construction, the control
joint is positioned at a column so that
Articulation joints with
compressible backing
and mastic sealant
both ends can be tied to the column’s
flanges.
The
principles
of
control
joint
construction are illustrated in the
adjacent figure.
Dividing wall with
articulation joint and
MFA's at intersection
with cavity wall
Articulation
joint
Brick ties on each side
of articulation joint
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1.211
Thermal Properties
As at 2004, the Building Code of Australia (BCA) requires energy efficiency performance for housing (BCA Vol 2).
Australia is divided into 8 climatic zones. (Sydney and Perth are in Zone 5, Adelaide and Melbourne are in Zone
6, Brisbane is in Zone 2 and Canberra is in Zone 7). The zones and Local Government boundaries are detailed on
a map, which is available from the Australian Building Codes Board (www.abcb.gov.au) but the Local Council
should be able to provide the information where there is any doubt.
The BCA set the minimum energy efficiency requirement of 3.5 stars for Zones 1-3 and 4 stars for Zones 4-8. While
the BCA sets these minimum requirements, State governments may adopt these minimums or may opt for different
requirements. Local authorities may adopt higher star ratings but may not opt for lower ratings than the State adopts.
The ABCB has indicated they are considering requiring 5 stars in line with Victoria and ACT.
Victoria requires a 5 star rating on the building fabric from July 2005 using ‘FirstRate’ or ‘NatHERS’ software.
Pre-July 2004, the requirement was 4 stars on the building fabric. Post July 2004, the requirement is either 5 stars
on the building fabric; or 4 stars on the building fabric plus water saving measures and a solar hot water system;
or 4 stars on the building fabric plus water saving measures and a rain water tank.
ACT requires 5 stars from ‘ACTHERS’ software.
South Australia requires 4 stars from ‘NatHERS’ or ‘FirstRate’ software.
The NSW situation is complex. From 1 July 2004 in the Sydney Metropolitan area and 1 July 2005 eleswhere in the
State all new housing, dual occupancies and small (under 300 m2) hostel type accommodation will be required to
have a BASIX rating. From 1 February 2005 in the Sydney Metropolitan area and 1 October 2005 elsewhere in the
state this will apply to all new residential developments. From 1 July 2005 these measures apply to alterations to
residences in Sydney and from 1 October 2005 elsewhere in the State. BASIX is a comprehensive sustainability
rating software, incorporating energy and water efficiency initially with the intention of including stormwater,
transport, site ecology, waste and recycling and materials at a later date. It is a web-based system in which you
enter data about the development in boxes and the whole has to meet targets to get Development Application
approval. BASIX is aimed at achieving energy reductions of 25% (going up to 40% in July 2006) and potable water
savings of 40%.
Different star rating software can produce different ratings. To overcome this, the Australian Building Codes Board
has developed a protocol to ensure all star rating software, as nearly as practical, produces the same rating for the
same design. t
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Thermal Properties (continued)
The requirements to meet a star rating are complex because the rating is based on the total building design for a
given site. It is important to remember that roof insulation, shading, orientation and window size and placement
have a much greater impact on energy efficiency than the walls. Heat enters and leaves buildings more readily
through the windows and roof and greater insulation in the roof space is usually the most cost-effective measure
to increase star ratings. Although there is not an exact relationship, to meet the star ratings walls generally have
to meet the following requirements:
Table 4. Wall Insulation Requirements
Zones
Wall insulation value
1, 2, 3 & 5
R1.4
Qld Zones 1, 2 & 3
R1.0
4&6
R1.7
7
R1.9
8
R2.8
The BCA states that brick veneer construction made with a single leaf of 110 mm wide bricks has an ‘R’ value of
0.54 and must incorporate insulation to produce the values above.
Cavity clay masonry is treated differently and is deemed to satisfy wall insulation requirements if it achieves a
mass of 220 kg per square metre of wall in Zones 5 and 6 and in the ACT. In Zone 6 the masonry must be
constructed on a concrete slab in contact with the ground. In the ACT the masonry must be constructed on a
concrete slab in contact with the ground or having an insulated timber floor.
Cavity clay masonry is deemed to satisfy because heavy mass walling has a high thermal inertia (thermal lag).
Heat is slowly absorbed during the day and slowly lost during the cool night. Most thermal requirements focus
on thermal insulation, denoted as ‘R’ value. When dealing with heavy mass walling and typical non-tropical
diurnal temperature cycles, ‘R’ value is misleading as it assumes a steady state (constant temperature difference
across the wall) which is not the case because of the day-night temperature cycle. Cavity brick houses are well
known to have a lower temperature fluctuation than lighter weight construction and the deemed-to-satisfy
provision is in recognition of this fact.
In February 2004 the ABCB released a proposal to impose energy efficiency requirements in the BCA Volume 1
for Class 2, 3 & 4 buildings, (residential buildings other than houses). ACT currently has requirements on these
classes of building and Victoria has requirements on these classes and on Class 9c buildings. The requirements
are essentially the same as for Class 1 buildings. ■
ADV03760
1.213
Masonry Design for Fire Resistance
Fire Resistance Levels (FRL)
FRLs come from the Building Code of Australia’s (BCA) Volume 1 tables for Type A, B or C construction. The Type of
construction depends on the Class of building and the number of stories or floors. FRLs for housing come from BCA
Volume 2.
There are three figures in the Fire Resistance Level.
Eg: FRL 120/60/90 means that the wall must achieve Structural Adequacy for 120 minutes / Integrity for 60 minutes /
Insulation for 90 minutes.
Structural Adequacy
This governs the wall’s height, length, thickness and restraints. Brick suppliers do not control the wall height,
length or restraints so therefore do not control Structural Adequacy.
Integrity
This is the resistance to the passage of flame or gas. To provide ‘integrity’, walls must be structurally adequate
and they must maintain insulation. Extensive fire testing of masonry has shown integrity to be closely related to
structural adequacy or insulation. AS 3700 therefore allows Integrity to be equal to the lesser of the Structural
Adequacy or the Insulation periods.
Insulation
This is resistance to the passage of heat through the wall. Insulation is a function of the thickness of the brick
as shown in Table 5, page 1.222 of this manual. ■
ADV03761
1.214
Masonry Design for Structural Adequacy FRL
Structural Adequacy is a minimum provision and may be overridden by design for robustness, wind, live or
earthquake loads.
A fire on one side of a wall will heat that side, making it expand and lean towards the fire. When the lean or bow
reaches half the thickness of the original wall, the wall becomes structurally inadequate. The formulae in
AS3700, Clause 6.3.2.2 limits the panel size, depending on its restraints and thickness.
The Slenderness ratio (Srf) of a proposed wall is calculated according to AS 3700 Clause 6.3.2.2. If this value is
less than the maximum Srf in Table 6.1 of the Standard [or the Srf calculated from Fire Tests and AS 3700 Clause
6.3.3(b)(ii)], then the wall complies. If the Srf of the wall is greater than the maximum permissible, it must be
recalculated for an increased thickness and/or extra restraints.
There are 3 formulae for calculating Srf.
AS 3700 Formula 6.3.2.2 (1) and (2) are the formulae for vertically spanning walls (with no support along either
vertical edge).
Formula (1) and (2) always govern where there is no end restraint, and often govern where walls are long, relative
to their height. Projects with multiple wall lengths (eg: home units) can use this formula as a ‘one size fits all’
method of calculating the wall thickness.
AS 3700 Formula 6.3.2.2 (3) allows a wall to exceed the height given by formula (1) and (2) provided the top and
at least one end is supported.
AS 3700 Formula 6.3.2.2 (4) allows a wall to exceed the height given in formula (3) where walls are short, relative
to their height (eg: a lift well or vent shaft). Short walls with no top restraint often occur in situations like portal
frame factories.
For cavity walls where both leaves are equally loaded (within 10 per cent of each other, including where there is
no load on either leaf) the thickness is equal to two-thirds of the sum of the thicknesses of both leaves and the
edge restraint condition is that for the leaf not exposed to the fire. Where one leaf is more heavily loaded than
the other, the thickness and edge restraint condition is that of the more heavily loaded leaf. Where cavity walls
are constructed with leaves of different masonry unit types, the structural adequacy is based on the less fire
resistant material. t
ADV03762
1.215
Masonry Design for Structural Adequacy FRL (continued)
Refer to the Structural Adequacy Graphs on the following pages for maximum height and length values for walls
of different thicknesses and restraint conditions.
An appropriately qualified engineer should check all calculations. Other loads may supersede Structural
Adequacy requirements.
How to Use the Boral Structural Adequacy FRL Graphs
1.
S
Laterally supported
on all sides
S
Select the graph with Structural Adequacy for
the required minutes. (240 minutes for this
S
example).
S
15
2.
14
HEIGHT
BETWEEN
SUPPORTS
(m)
13
Select the graph for the chosen wall restraint
(support) criteria. (Support on both vertical
12
11
edges, top and bottom for this example).
10
3.
9
8
and the Wall Length on the graph. (For this
7
example 3 m height x 5 m length).
6
230mm
5
4.
4
The line ABOVE the intersection indicates the
150mm
3
110mm
90mm
2
minimum brick thickness required for the wall.
In this example, 150 mm bricks would be
1
0
Plot the intersection of the design Wall Height
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
(m)
12
suitable and the most economical.
ADV03763
1.216
Structural Adequacy for 60 Minutes FRL
S
Laterally supported
on all sides
S
S
Laterally supported
on three sides,
one end unsupported
S
S
F
S
14
14
13
13
(m)
15
11
10
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
150mm
4
110mm
90mm
3
2
BE T WE E N
SUPPORT S
12
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
BE T WE E N
SUPPORT S
(m)
S
15
1
0
12
11
10
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
150mm
4
110mm
90mm
3
2
1
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
on three sides,
top unsupported
11
0
12
(m)
2
3
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
S
9
10
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
one end and bottom,
one end and top unsupported
F
S
1
LENGTH
F
14
13
13
( m )
14
S UP P ORT S
12
11
10
9
B ET W EE N
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
(m)
12
H EI GH T
( m )
S UP P ORT S
B ET W EE N
H EI GH T
S
15
LENGTH
12
F
S
S
15
0
11
(m)
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
0
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
12
(m)
ADV03764
1.217
S
Laterally supported
on all sides
S
S
Laterally supported
on three sides,
one end unsupported
S
S
F
S
14
14
13
13
(m)
15
12
12
11
S U POPR T S
11
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
150mm
4
110mm
90mm
3
BE T WE E N
10
10
HEIGH T
HEIGHT
BE T WE E N
SUPPORT S
(m)
S
15
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
4
150m m
3
110m m
90mm
2
2
1
1
0
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
on three sides,
top unsupported
11
0
12
2
3
4
5
6
7
BETWEEN
8
S
9
10
F
F
14
13
13
( m )
14
S UP P ORT S
12
11
10
9
B ET W EE N
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
(m)
12
H EI GH T
( m )
S UP P ORT S
B ET W EE N
H EI GH T
S
15
LENGTH
12
(m)
S
S
15
0
11
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
one end and bottom,
F
S
1
LENGTH
(m)
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
0
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
12
(m)
ADV03765
1.218
S
Laterally supported
on all sides
S
S
Laterally supported
on three sides,
one end unsupported
S
S
F
S
14
14
13
13
(m)
15
11
10
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
4
150mm
3
110mm
90mm
2
BE T WE E N
SUPPORT S
12
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
BE T WE E N
SUPPORT S
(m)
S
15
1
0
12
11
10
9
8
7
230mm
6
5
4
150mm
3
110mm
90mm
2
1
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
on three sides,
top unsupported
11
0
12
(m)
2
3
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
S
9
10
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
one end and bottom,
F
S
1
LENGTH
F
14
13
13
( m )
14
S UP P ORT S
12
11
10
9
B ET W EE N
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
(m)
12
H EI GH T
( m )
S UP P ORT S
B ET W EE N
H EI GH T
S
15
LENGTH
12
F
S
S
15
0
11
(m)
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
0
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
12
(m)
ADV03766
1.219
S
Laterally supported
on all sides
S
S
Laterally supported
on three sides,
one end unsupported
S
S
F
S
14
14
13
13
(m)
15
11
10
9
8
7
6
230mm
5
4
150mm
3
110mm
90mm
2
BE T WE E N
SUPPORT S
12
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
BE T WE E N
SUPPORT S
(m)
S
15
1
0
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
230mm
5
4
150mm
3
110mm
90mm
2
1
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
on three sides,
top unsupported
11
0
12
(m)
2
3
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
S
9
10
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
one end and bottom,
F
S
1
LENGTH
F
14
13
13
( m )
14
S UP P ORT S
12
11
10
9
B ET W EE N
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
(m)
12
H EI GH T
( m )
S UP P ORT S
B ET W EE N
H EI GH T
S
15
LENGTH
12
F
S
S
15
0
11
(m)
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
2
1
0
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
12
(m)
ADV03767
1.220
S
Laterally supported
on all sides
S
S
Laterally supported
on three sides,
one end unsupported
S
S
F
S
14
14
13
13
(m)
15
11
10
9
8
7
6
230mm
5
4
150mm
3
110mm
90mm
2
BE T WE E N
SUPPORT S
12
HEIGHT
HEIGHT
BE T WE E N
SUPPORT S
(m)
S
15
1
0
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
230mm
5
4
150mm
3
110mm
90mm
2
1
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
on three sides,
top unsupported
11
0
12
(m)
2
3
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
S
9
10
SUPPORTS
Laterally supported
one end and bottom,
F
S
1
LENGTH
F
14
13
13
( m )
14
S UP P ORT S
12
11
10
9
B ET W EE N
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
(m)
12
H EI GH T
( m )
S UP P ORT S
B ET W EE N
H EI GH T
S
15
LENGTH
12
F
S
S
15
0
11
(m)
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
230mm
150mm
110mm
90mm
1
0
1
2
3
LENGTH
4
5
6
BETWEEN
7
8
9
10
SUPPORTS
11
12
(m)
ADV03768
1.221
Structural Adequacy for Panels with Unsupported Ends
This figure shows the situation where there is support top and bottom but none on the sides. This applies
where there are control joints, large openings, long walls, etc. To use this graph select the desired FRL in
minutes and the height of the wall. The line above the intersection shows the brick thickness required.
Maximum Wall Heights for Structural Adequacy for any Wall Length
S
Top and bottom supported,
ends not supported.
F
F
S
MAXIMUM
WALL
HEIGHT
(m)
7
6
230mm
5
4
150mm
3
110mm
90mm
2
1
0
60
FRL
F OR
90
120
STRUC TURAL
(minut e s)
180
240
ADEQUAC Y
ADV03769
1.222
Masonry Design for Integrity FRL
It is impractical to provide test results for all possible wall designs, and therefore ‘Integrity’ must be proved in
some other way. The most practical way to prove ‘Integrity’ is to prove ‘Structural Adequacy’ and ‘Insulation’
equal to or better than the ‘Integrity’ requirement. Logically, if the wall is designed to minimise ‘bowing’ it will
not crack and therefore resist the passage of flame and gas for the specified time.
This method is also the best way to prove ‘Integrity’ even when a wall may not be required to comply with a
‘Structural Adequacy’ FRL value, such as is the case with non-load bearing walls. Eg. If the BCA requires an FRL
of -/90/90, the wall has no actual ‘Structural Adequacy’ requirement, but to prove Integrity of 90 minutes, the
wall must be structurally adequate for at least 90 minutes. ■
Masonry Design for Insulation FRL
Insulation is the one FRL component that a brick manufacturer does control. It is governed by the ‘type of
material’ and ‘material thickness’.
‘Material thickness’ (t) is defined in AS3700, Clause 6.5.2 as the overall thickness for bricks with cores not more
than 30% of the brick’s overall volume.
For cavity walls, t = the sum of material thicknesses in both leaves.
Table 5. Insulation periods for standard bricks (minutes)
Wall thickness (mm)
90
110 140 or 150
Insulation period (minutes)
60
90
120
160 (150 plus 10 mm
180
230
render on both sides)
(90/90 cavity)
180
240
240
220
(110/110 cavity)
240
Note: Wall thickness excludes render on side of wall exposed to fire. ■
Effect of Recesses for Services on FRLs
Recesses that are less than half of the masonry thickness and are less than 10,000 mm2 (0.01 m2) for both sides
within any 5 m2 of the wall area do not have an effect on fire ratings.
If these limits are exceeded, the masonry design thickness must be reduced by the depth of the recess. ■
ADV03770
1.223
Effect of Chases on Fire Rated Masonry
Structural Adequacy FRL
To assess the effect of chases on Structural Adequacy FRLs, the direction in which the wall spans must be taken
into account.
•
Walls spanning vertically may be chased vertically to full height but horizontal chases are limited in length
to 4 times the wall’s thickness.
•
Walls spanning vertically and horizontally may be chased either horizontally up to half the wall’s length or
vertically up to half the wall’s height.
If these limits are exceeded, the masonry design thickness must be reduced by the depth of the chase or, in the
case of vertical chases, designed as 2 walls with unsupported ends at the chase. Horizontal chases in all walls
should be kept to a bare minimum.
Note: Chases affect the sound reduction capacity of walls. See ‘Acoustic Design’ page 1.225 of this manual.
Integrity and Insulation FRLs
AS3700 limits the maximum depth of chase to 30 mm and the maximum area of chase to 1,000 mm2. The
maximum total area of chases on both sides of any 5 m2 of wall is limited to 100,000 mm2 (0.1 m2). If these limits
are exceeded, the masonry design thickness must be reduced by the depth of the chase. ■
ADV03771
1.224
Options for Increasing FRLs
Structural Adequacy FRLs can be increased by adding wall stiffeners, by increasing the overall thickness, by
adding reinforcement or by protecting the wall, e.g. with Boral Plasterboard’s ‘FireStop’ board, fixed to furring
channels (on both sides of the wall if a fire rating is required from both sides). Note: Be careful of the effect of
plasterboard on sound reduction in party walls. See ‘Acoustic Design’ page 1.225 of this manual.
Integrity FRLs are increased by increasing the other two FRL values to the required Integrity FRL.
Insulation FRLs can be increased by adding another leaf of masonry, by rendering both sides of the wall if the fire
can come from either side. Note: Only ONE thickness of render is added to the material thickness and that must
be on the ‘cold’ side because the render on the exposed face will drop off early in a fire. ■
ADV03772
1.225
ACOUSTIC DESIGN
Acoustic Performance Rating
The BCA requirements for Class 1, 2, 3 and 9c buildings changed in May 2004 with the issue of Amendment 14.
Amendment 14 has been adopted by all jurisdictions other than Queensland, Northern Territory and Western
Australia where Amendment 13 continues in force. It must be remembered that the BCA requirements are the
minimum requirements and some Local Authorities may require better performance. Check with Local Councils
for specific requirements above the BCA minimums. Note: Incremental improvements in sound insulation come
at an ever-increasing cost.
The BCA Amendment 14 requirements are met by:
1.
Testing a sample of constructed walls to verify that they meet the Weighted Standardised Level Difference
(Dnt,w – explained further in ‘Acoustic Performance On-Site’ on page 1.231 of this manual) requirements; or
2.
Constructing walls using the same materials and techniques as walls that have been constructed and tested in a
laboratory and shown to meet the Weighted Sound Reduction Index (Rw) requirements; or,
3.
Constructing walls using the materials and techniques in the ‘Acceptable Construction Practice’ section of
the BCA; and,
4.
Where impact sound reduction is required, it is to be achieved by discontinuous construction; and,
5.
Except where the requirements are verified by on-site testing, chasing of services into masonry walls is not
allowed and electrical outlets on either side of the wall must be offset by no less than 100 mm. t
ADV03773
1.226
Acoustic Performance Rating (continued)
Table 6. BCA Volume 2 Amendment 14 Requirements for walls separating two or more Class 1 Buildings
Wall Separating
Wall Rating
Sole occupancy unit
– all areas
Sole occupancy unit
– all areas except those below
Sole occupancy unit – bathroom, sanitary
compartment, laundry or kitchen
Sole occupancy unit
– habitable room except a kitchen
Rw+Ctr≥50
Rw+Ctr≥50
and
discontinuous construction
Table 7. BCA Volume 1 Amendment 14 Requirements for walls separating sole occupancy units from other
parts of the building in Class 2&3 Buildings.
Wall Separating
Wall Rating
Sole occupancy unit
Sole occupancy unit
Sole occupancy unit – bathroom,
sanitary compartment, laundry or kitchen
Sole occupancy unit
– habitable room except a kitchen
Rw+Ctr≥50
and
Sole occupancy unit – all areas
Plant room or lift shaft
Rw+Ctr≥50
and
Stairway, public corridor, public lobby
or areas of different classification
Rw+Ctr≥50
Rw≥50
Table 8. BCA Volume 1 Amendment 14 Requirements for walls separating sole occupancy units from other
parts of the building in Class 9c Buildings (aged care facilities).
Wall Separating
Wall Rating
Sole occupancy unit
Laundry, kitchen
Bathroom, sanitary compartment (but not an
associated ensuite), plant room, utilities room
Rw≥45
Rw≥45
and
or
No less resistant to impact
noise than a deemed-tosatisfy wall
Rw≥45
Table 9. BCA Amendment 14 Service separation* in Class 1, 2, 3 & 9c buildings.
Building service
A duct, soil, waste, water supply
or stormwater pipe passing
through a separating wall
Adjacent room
Barrier rating
Sole occupancy unit habitable room
other than a kitchen
Rw ≥40
Sole occupancy unit kitchen or
non habitable room
Rw ≥25
* In Class 1 buildings the requirements apply to those services that pass through more than one building. In Class 2, 3 & 9c requirements apply
to all stormwater pipes and other services that pass through more than one sole occupancy unit. ■
ADV03774
1.227
Weighted Sound Reduction Index (Rw)
Rw is a single-number rating of the sound reduction through a wall or other building element. Since the sound
reduction may be different at different frequencies, test measurements are subjected to a standard procedure
that yields a single number that is about equal to the average sound reduction in the middle of the human hearing
range. Two spectral corrections can be applied to Rw: “C” and “Ctr”. C compensates for medium to high
frequency noise and Ctr compensates for low frequency noise. “C” and “Ctr” are both negative numbers. ■
Impact Sound Resistance
The BCA Amendment 14 says there is no appropriate test for impact sound reduction in walls. However, in the
case of Class 9c buildings the BCA allows impact sound reduction to be demonstrated by showing a wall
performs no worse than a deemed-to-satisfy wall. To achieve impact sound resistance, the BCA requires walls
consist of two leaves with at least a 20 mm cavity between them and if ties are needed in masonry walls they
must be of the resilient type. Except for the resilient ties in masonry walls there are to be no mechanical linkages
between the walls, except at the periphery (i.e. through walls, floors and ceilings). ■
BCA Deemed-to-Satisfy Walls
BCA Volume 1 Amendment 14 Specification F5.2 Table 2 gives deemed-to-satisfy walls for sound insulation for
walls separating sole occupancy units.
BCA Volume 2 Amendment 14 Table 3.8.6.2 gives deemed-to-satisfy walls for sound insulation for walls
separating two or more Class 1 Buildings. These walls are the same as those in Volume 1 except only walls
achieving Rw+Ctr ≥50 are allowed.
Deemed-to-satisfy clay brick walls are detailed on the following pages. t
ADV03775
1.228
BCA Deemed-to-Satisfy Walls (continued)
Table 10. BCA Volume 1 Amendment 14 Deemed-to-Satisfy Brick Walls
Construction
Rating
Two leaves of 110 mm clay brick masonry with:
(a) A cavity not less than 50 mm between leaves; and
(b) 50 mm thick glass wool insulation with a density of 11
kg/m3 or 50 mm thick polyester insulation with a density
of 20 kg/m3 in the cavity.
Rw+Ctr≥50
Two leaves of 110 mm clay brick masonry with:
(a) A cavity not less than 50 mm between leaves;
and
Rw+Ctr≥50
(b) 13 mm cement render on each outside face.
Single leaf of 110 mm clay brick masonry with:
(a) A row of 70 mm x 35 mm timber studs or 64 mm steel studs
at 600 mm centres, spaced 20 mm from the masonry wall;
and
(b) 50 mm thick mineral insulation or glass wool insulation with
a density of 11 kg/m3 positioned between studs; and,
Rw+Ctr≥50
(c) one layer of 13 mm plasterboard fixed to outside face of
studs and outside face of masonry.
Single leaf of 90 mm clay brick masonry with:
(a) A row of 70 mm x 35 mm timber studs or 64 mm steels studs
at 600 mm centres, spaced 20 mm from each face of the
masonry wall; and
(b) 50 mm thick mineral insulation or glass wool insulation with
a density of 11 kg/m3 positioned between studs in each row;
and
Rw+Ctr≥50
(c) one layer of 13 mm plasterboard fixed to studs on each
outside face.
ADV03776
1.229
BCA Deemed-to-Satisfy Walls (continued)
Table 10. BCA Volume 1 Amendment 14 Deemed-to-Satisfy Brick Walls (continued)
Construction
Rating
Single leaf of 150 mm brick masonry with
13 mm cement render on each face.
Rw≥50
Rw≥50
Rw≥45
ADV03777
1.230
Solid v. Cavity Walls
Acoustic performance with single leaf masonry follows the ‘Mass Law’. The acoustic performance of these walls
depends on their mass. More mass gives better performance, however, the relationship is logarithmic: If a 110
mm wall gives Rw = 45, a 230 mm wall of the same brick may give Rw = 57.
Cavity walls behave differently because sound waves can resonate in cavities. The narrower the cavity becomes,
the more resonance occurs. Insulation in the cavity helps absorb resonating sound and narrow cavities should
have bond breaker board, to prevent mortar from providing a bridge for sound to travel between the leaves. ■
Brick Walls with Render
Render on one side of a brick wall adds 2 or 3 to the wall’s Rw but adding render to the second side only adds
1 to the wall’s Rw. The render appears to fill defects in the wall surface reducing the sound transmission, but this
is a one-off benefit. ■
Brick Walls with Plasterboard
Cornice cement daubs, used to fix plasterboard directly to brick walls, create a small cavity in which resonance
occurs. Brick walls with daub fixed plasterboard on both sides stop less noise than the same walls, bare. Adding
extra daubs (halving spacing) gives lower performances, presumably due to extra ‘bridges’ through the daubs.
Plasterboard on furring channel is marginally better than daub fixed. A bigger cavity between the wall and the
plasterboard makes it harder for resonating energy to build up pressure on the board. When standard furring
channel clips are used, this system transfers vibrations to the plasterboard via the channels and clips. Boral
Impact Clips (BICs) have a rubber shank on their masonry anchor that isolates the vibrations from the masonry.
The use of BIC mounts can add 3 or 4 dB to the wall’s Rw. Polyester and glass wool in the cavity helps prevent
resonance and further decreases the sound transmission. Denser grades of plasterboard and additional layers of
plasterboard (fixed with grab screws and leaving no cavities) also decrease sound transmission. ■
ADV03778
1.231
Points to Consider When Designing Walls
for Acoustic Performance
The BCA specifies minimum levels for sound isolation but experience shows that achieving the minimum
standards is not always sufficient to satisfy occupants. In view of this it is recommended that architects,
developers, builders, etc., consider a higher level of sound insulation, commensurate with the expectations of
the end user. End user expectations are frequently related to the cost of occupying the unit.
Wall design is a balance between acoustical performance, thickness, weight and cost. Frequently it is not
possible to optimise one factor without seriously compromising the others. ■
Acoustic Performance On-Site
The Rw ratings on walling systems are obtained from tests carried out in accredited laboratories, under
controlled conditions. When identical partitions in buildings are tested in-situ, it is often found that the actual
result obtained, called the Weighted Standardised Level Difference (Dnt,w), is lower than the laboratory Rw. This
reduction in performance can be due to rooms being too small, varying size of the element being tested, flanking
paths (noise passing through other parts of the building) or background noise. The allowance in the BCA for a
difference of 5 between the laboratory test and the field test is not to allow for poor construction practice. To
repeat the performance in the field, attention to detail in the design and construction of the partition and its
adjoining floor/ceiling and associated structure is of prime importance. Even the most basic elements, if ignored,
can seriously downgrade the sound insulation performance.
The most common field faults include bricklayers not completely filling all mortar joints, poor sealing between
walls and other building elements, electrical power outlets being placed back to back, chasing masonry and
concrete walls, leaving gaps in insulation, screwing into insulation and winding it around the screw when
attaching sheet materials, not staggering joints in sheet materials and poor sealing of penetrations.
Boral Bricks cannot guarantee that field performance ratings will match laboratory performance. However, with
careful attention during construction of the wall, correct installation to specification and proper caulking/sealing,
the assembly should produce a field performance close to and comparable with tested values. The following
items can also affect the acoustic performance on site. ■
ADV03779
1.232
Perimeter Acoustical Sealing
As the Rw of a wall increases, the control of flanking paths becomes more critical. Consequently, the perimeter
sealing requirements for a low sound rating wall, such as Rw = 45, are much less than for a high sound rating
wall, such as Rw = 60. Note: it is neither necessary, nor is it cost effective, to provide very high perimeter
acoustic sealing for a low Rw wall.
Effective sealants have the following properties:
•
Good flexibility, (elastic set);
•
Low hardness;
•
Excellent adhesion, usually to concrete, timber, plaster and galvanised steel;
•
Minimal shrinkage (less than 5%);
•
Moderate density (greater than 800 kg/m3); and are,
•
Fire rated where required (All walls required by the BCA to be sound rated also have fire ratings).
All of the above properties must be maintained over the useful life of the building, that is, greater than 20 years.
Note: Use of expanding foam sealants is not acceptable.
Refer to the manufacturer to ensure the particular type or grade of sealant is suitable for the purpose. ■
Doors
Hollow, cored and even solid doors generally provide unsatisfactory sound insulation. Doors can provide direct
air leaks between rooms lowering the overall Rw of the wall in which they are inserted. Where sound insulation
is important, specialised heavyweight doors or, preferably, two doors separated by an absorbent lined airspace
or lobby should be used. ■
ADV03780
1.233
Lightweight Panels Above Doors
Panels are often incorporated for aesthetic reasons, however, they should not be used unless they have an Rw
equal to or better than the wall’s requirement. ■
Air Paths Through Gaps, Cracks or Holes
Seal all gaps, cracks or openings, however small, with an acoustic sealant. Holes readily conduct airborne
sounds and can considerably reduce the Rw of a wall. ■
Appliances
Noise producing fixtures or appliances such as water closets, cisterns, water storage tanks, sluices,
dishwashers, washing machines and pumps should be isolated from the structure with resilient mountings and
flexible service leads and connections. ■
Electrical Outlets & Service Pipes
Penetrations of all sorts should be avoided but if unavoidable, seal around them effectively. If possible introduce
a discontinuity in pipe work between fittings, such as a flexible connection within or on the line of a partition.
Use acoustically rated boxes for all general power outlets, light switches, telephone connections, television
outlets, etc. Seal the sides of electrical boxes and the perimeter of all penetrations with acoustic sealant. Offset
all power outlets on either side of a wall by at least 100 mm. ■
ADV03781
1.3 Brick Masonry Construction
1.301
Section 1.3. Brick Masonry Construction
The following information relates to the construction of brick walls to meet AS3700, the design and aesthetic
requirements.
Mortar
AS3700: 2001, Table 10.1 gives the options for mortar mixes classified as M1 to M4. M1 mortars are for
restoration applications. M2 mortars are for use in interior walls above dampcourse or in exterior walls above
dampcourse if more than one km from a body of salt water and 10 km from a surf coast and the wall has
protection from water ingress above. M3 and M4 mortars are those most commonly used in construction. Table
11 gives the proportions of the most commonly used mortars. Other deemed-to-satisfy compositions are given in
AS3700. Special mortars that are tested and shown to meet requirements are allowed with verification on site.
Note: Proportions are by volume and should be measured with a bucket or gauge box, NOT A SHOVEL.
Table 11. Typical Mortar Mixes
Mix proportions by volume
Portland or
Hydrated
Blended Cement
Lime
Sand
Mortar
Type
Durability
Class
M1
PRO
0
1
3
No
M2
PRO
1
2
9
No
M3
GP
1
1
6
No
M3
GP
1
0
5
Yes
M4
EXP
1
1
⁄2
41⁄2
No
M4
EXP
1
0
4
Yes
Water
Thickener*
Refer to page 1.104 for description of Durability Class. *Methylcellulose type, not air entrainers such as detergent.
Where masonry strength is crucial, trial walls should be constructed with the bricks and mortar to be used on
the job, then tested before construction commences. Masonry bond strength is related to the suction of the
bricks, the particle size distribution of the sand, cement content, additive contents, etc. For many jobs these
panels can also be used as physical samples of the required quality of the bricklaying and cleaning.
Note: AS 3700 allows the use of:
•
Cements complying with AS 3972 or AS 1316
•
Lime complying with AS 1672.1
•
Sand that is free of any deleterious materials
•
Water that is free from deleterious materials and
•
Admixtures including plasticisers, air entraining agents and set retarders complying with AS1478.1,
cellulose-type water thickeners, colouring pigments complying with BS EN 12878 and bonding polymers. t
ADV03783
1.302
Mortar (continued)
No other material may be used until tests on masonry constructed with the mortar, made with the material or
admixture shows the masonry complies with the standard’s requirements for compressive strength, flexural
strength and durability.
Deleterious materials are those reducing the strength or durability of the masonry and including anything that
attacks the built-in components. This means the use of fire clay, detergent, sugar, soft drink, etc., are banned.
Most of these materials severely reduce mortar strength and durability. Water thickener must be used only
according to the manufacturer’s directions because overuse severely reduces mortar strength.
Mortar Estimator
Table 12. Estimated Material Requirements to Lay 1,000 Standard Bricks
Mix
Composition
(C:L:S)
40 kg bags
of cement
25 kg bags
of lime
Cubic metres
of sand
Tonnes of
damp sand
M3
1:1:6
4
2.4
0.64
1.2
M3
1:0:5
4
0
0.64
1.2
M4
1:0:4
6.5
0
0.64
1.2
M4
1 : 1⁄2 : 41⁄2
5.3
1.6
0.64
1.2
This table assumes partial filling of cores and typical site wastage.
Only make sufficient mortar for immediate use. If mortar starts to set, it may be re-tempered once only.
Where bricklaying is interrupted, the mortar should be covered to prevent evaporation and mixed with the trowel
before continuing. t
ADV03784
1.303
Mortar (continued)
Mortar Colour
The mortar colour can dramatically affect the overall look. The colour of mortar is influenced by the colour of the
cement and the aggregates (sand). Many pigments are also available ranging in colour through red, yellow,
brown, green, blue and black (mainly oxides but carbon black can be used to give black mortar). The cheapest
way of colouring mortar is to use coloured sand. White and yellow sands are commonly available but red and
brown sands are also available. Sands are normally natural materials which vary considerably even in the one
deposit. To ensure colour consistency, sufficient sand from the one batch should be set aside for the whole job.
Where colour is crucial to the look of the masonry, before accepting the sand, a trial wall should be built (4 bricks
x 10 courses). After the mortar dries assess the colour. Where oxides or carbon black are used as colours never
use more than 10% by weight of the cement content.
Colours are additive in their effect and it is possible to get different shades and tones of mortar using different
combinations of cement, sands and oxides.
Table 13: Typical Coloured Mortar Components
Mortar Colour
Cement
Sand
Oxide
Red
Grey
White or Yellow or Red
Red
Yellow
Off-white or Grey
Yellow
Yellow & Brown
Cream
Off-white
Yellow
None
Tan
Grey
White or Yellow
Brown
Black
Grey
Yellow
Black
Note: The colour of mortar can be severely degraded by incorrect or poor brick cleaning. ■
ADV03785
1.304
Joint Types
The type of joint can dramatically affect the overall look of brick masonry. Joints can be used to create a casual,
rustic or formal look to brickwork. There are many different joints; the most common ones used in Australia are
shown below.
Flush Joint
Raked Joint
Ironed Joint
Struck Joint
Weathered Joint
Terminology and joint preference differs in different countries and within Australia. Where there is any
confusion, always use a drawing or physical sample to avoid misunderstandings.
Shallow ironed joints are recommended in areas requiring exposure grade bricks and mortar. Tooling the joint to
produce ironed and struck joints is equivalent to steel trowelling concrete and produces a dense smooth surface
which sheds water and dirt better than other types of joint. Ironed and struck joints should always be used for
bricks with straight sharp edges such as Smooth Face and Velour bricks.
Raked joints may be used with any type of brick but they tend to retain dirt and may lead to streaks down the
masonry in dirty environments. Raking must not come closer than 5 mm to any core. This usually limits raking to
less than 10 mm, however it is best to check the bricks that are being used before raking. AS3700 specifies that
joints in walls in marine, severe marine or aggressive environments or on aggressive soils must be tooled to a
dense smooth surface. This precludes raking and in practice ironed joints are the only ones that consistently
meet the requirement.
Flush joints may be used with any type of brick. However, flush joints are particularly effective with rumbled
bricks as flush joints make the joints look to be of variable thickness that gives a pleasing rustic look. ■
ADV03786
1.305
Joint Sizes
Mortar bed joints are required to be less than 10 mm unless the design specifies another thickness. A different
thickness may only be specified after the designer considers the effect on compressive and flexural strength of
the masonry. During construction mortar bed joints are allowed to deviate by ± 3mm. Because of poor practice
or lack of proper direction some slabs and footings are finished at the wrong height. Mortar joints up to 50 mm
thick have been used to get the correct coursing, however, this is not allowed under AS3700.
Perpends are to have a minimum design thickness of 5 mm. In structural brickwork perpends may be up to 10 mm
thicker than the specified thickness but no thinner. In face brickwork perpends may deviate by ± 5 mm from the
average width but in any one wall the maximum difference allowable between any two perpends is 8 mm.
The preceding tolerances do not apply in the case of thin bed mortars and perpend tolerances do not apply where
perpends are not filled with mortar. ■
Weepholes
Weepholes are to allow moisture that collects in the cavity to escape. Weepholes should be spaced at less than
1200 mm centres wherever flashing is built into the masonry to shed water from the cavity. Weepholes are
usually empty perpends (10 mm wide) but proprietary products are available to prevent the entry of insects. In
high wind areas it has been known for water to be blown up the cavity onto the inner wall and as this is very
undesirable, more, narrower weepholes are usually built into the wall. It is essential that weepholes remain open
and render and other applied coatings, where used, must be raked out of the joint. ■
ADV03787
1.306
Brick Estimator
Brickwork is based on the 600 mm unit, (seven courses high and two and a half bricks long). This unit fits in with
doors, windows and other building materials. The number of bricks required for a wall can be determined from
the Brick Coursing Height and Brick Gauge tables on pages 1.310-1.312 of this manual. Select the height of the
wall and from the following page for the brick height chosen determine the number of courses. From the next
page for 230 mm long bricks or the one after for 290 mm bricks, determine the number of bricks for the length of
your wall. A half brick should be calculated as 1 whole brick, due to site wastage. Multiply the number of bricks
by the number of courses to give the number of bricks for the wall. Saw cutting bricks may mean getting two
halves from a brick but this is not usual practice because of the cost of cutting. ■
ADV03788
1.307
Brick bonds and other decorative effects
A bond is the pattern in which bricks are laid. The most common bond is Stretcher Bond which consists of courses
of full bricks where every course is offset half a brick from the course below. When following the mortar joint,
stretcher bond has the longest vertical pathway and therefore the best bend strength.
Stretcher bond is used in walls one brick wide. Where walls are two or more bricks wide then stretcher bond
needs ties to hold the leaves together to give it a monolithic action. To avoid the use of ties traditional practice
has been to lay some of the bricks sideways. This has usually been either full courses of headers with full
courses of stretcher (English) or courses of alternating header and stretcher (Flemish). A variation of Flemish
Bond is Garden Wall Bond where courses are made of a header and three stretchers alternating.
Corner treatment can be different in these bonds. English corners end in full stretchers or full headers, and any
part brick required to make up the course is set inside the corner. Dutch corners end in the part bricks.
Variations on these bonds are common in particular a header course every three or six courses with stretcher
courses between.
Although these bonds have traditionally been developed for thick walls, they can be used in single leaf walls as
a decorative effect using cut bricks for the headers. Such walls are usually non-load bearing. Cutting costs are
high but not excessive as the headers have the cut side turned in and the bricks can be bolstered.
Other decorative bonds may be used in non-load bearing applications, particularly in the form of panels. The
limitations are strengths lower than Stretcher Bond and the cost of cutting and slower brick laying. The
decorative effect of bonds is highlighted by using a mortar in a contrasting colour to the brick.
Other bonds include:
•
Stack Bond – Bricks laid horizontally in vertical columns so all vertical joints align.
•
Soldier Stack Bond – Bricks laid vertically in vertical columns so all vertical joints align.
•
1/3 Bond – Every course is offset by 1/3 of a brick.
•
Zigzag Bond, Vertical Zigzag Bond, 45˚ Stretcher Bond, Chevron Bond, Basket Weave Bond, 45˚ Basket
Weave Bond and virtually any pattern that tessellates. t
ADV03789
1.308
Brick bonds and other decorative effects (continued)
Other decorative effects are available such as:
•
Laying bands of bricks of the same colour with different textures eg smooth faced and rock faced;
•
Laying bands of bricks with different (contrasting or complimentary) colours;
•
Corbelling (bricks set out from the wall);
•
Racking (bricks set back into the wall);
•
Quoining (corner bricks in different colours or set out from the wall);
•
Soldiers above openings or as a single course;
•
Copings on piers and parapet walls;
•
Sills in different colours or textures, using sill bricks, etc.; or,
In the late 1800’s bricks of contrasting colours were laid in patterns such as diamonds or crosses. A more subtle
effect can be made by laying bricks with different textures or corbelling the bricks in these patterns.
Combinations of the above effects can be used. Eg. An American Architect specified a corbelled course with the
course below to be laid in the darkest bricks selected from the packs delivered. The darker band accentuated the
shadowing effect from the corbelled course. t
ADV03790
1.309
Brick bonds and other decorative effects (continued)
Stretcher Bond
Common Bond (Full Headers every 6th Course)
Flemish Bond
Common Bond (Flemish every 6th Course)
English Cross or Dutch Bond
Garden Wall Bond
Stack Bond
Soldier Course (With Stretcher Bond)
ADV03791
1.310
Brick Coursing Height
3000
36
24
18
35
49
34
23
2700
48
17
33
31
21
16
44
43
15
29
41
14
27
18
13
16
22
33
12
23
11
20
1500
28
13
10
9
24
23
1200
11
10
21
19
9
7
8
18
16
6
11
10
13
5
6
5
4
8
4
3
5
17
16
1500mm
15
14
13
1200mm
12
11
3
2
4
3
2
900mm
9
8
7
600mm
6
5
4
5
2
3
10
7
6
4
18
10
9
6
300
1800mm
12
11
8
7
19
15
14
7
9
600
20
17
12
900
21
20
14
13
2100mm
22
8
15
22
25
12
16
23
27
26
18
17
24
30
29
14
19
2400mm
32
31
15
21
25
35
34
24
1800
38
36
17
26
37
26
25
2700mm
27
40
19
39
2100
28
42
20
28
29
45
30
2400
30
47
46
22
32
3000mm
50
300mm
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
76mm
119mm
162mm
50mm
90mm
ADV03792
1.311
Brick Gauge
230 mm Long Bricks
No. of
Bricks
Length Opening
(mm)
(mm)
No. of
Bricks
Length Opening
(mm)
(mm)
No. of
Bricks
Length Opening
(mm)
(mm)
No. of
Bricks
Length
(mm)
1
230
250
131⁄2
3230
3250
26
6230
6250
381⁄2
9230
11⁄2
350
370
14
3350
3370
261⁄2
6350
6370
39
9350
2
470
490
1
14 ⁄2
3470
3490
27
6470
6490
1
39 ⁄2
9470
1
2 ⁄2
590
610
15
3590
3610
1
27 ⁄2
6590
6610
40
9590
3
710
730
151⁄2
3710
3730
28
6710
6730
401⁄2
9710
31⁄2
830
850
16
3830
3850
281⁄2
6830
6850
41
9830
4
950
970
1
16 ⁄2
3950
3970
29
6950
6970
41 ⁄2
9950
1
4 ⁄2
1070
1090
17
4070
4090
1
29 ⁄2
7070
7090
42
10070
5
1190
1210
171⁄2
4190
4210
30
7190
7210
421⁄2
10190
51⁄2
1310
1330
18
4310
4330
301⁄2
7310
7330
43
10310
6
1430
1450
1
18 ⁄2
4430
4450
31
7430
7450
1
43 ⁄2
10430
1
6 ⁄2
1550
1570
19
4550
4570
1
31 ⁄2
7550
7570
44
10550
7
1670
1690
191⁄2
4670
4690
32
7670
7690
441⁄2
10670
71⁄2
1790
1810
20
4790
4810
321⁄2
7790
7810
45
10790
8
1910
1930
1
20 ⁄2
4910
4930
33
7910
7930
1
45 ⁄2
10910
1
8 ⁄2
2030
2050
21
5030
5050
1
33 ⁄2
8030
8050
46
11030
9
2150
2170
211⁄2
5150
5170
34
8150
8170
461⁄2
11150
1
9 ⁄2
2270
2290
22
5270
5290
1
34 ⁄2
8270
8290
47
11270
10
2390
2410
1
22 ⁄2
5390
5410
35
8390
8410
1
47 ⁄2
11390
1
10 ⁄2
2510
2530
23
5510
5530
1
35 ⁄2
8510
8530
48
11510
11
2630
2650
231⁄2
5630
5650
36
8630
8650
481⁄2
11630
1
11 ⁄2
2750
2770
24
5750
5770
1
36 ⁄2
8750
8770
49
11750
12
2870
2890
1
24 ⁄2
5870
5890
37
8870
8890
1
49 ⁄2
11870
1
12 ⁄2
2990
3010
25
5990
6010
1
37 ⁄2
8990
9010
50
11990
13
3110
3130
251⁄2
6110
6130
38
9110
9130
100
23990
1
ADV03793
1.312
Brick Gauge
290 mm Long Bricks
No. of
Bricks
Length Opening
(mm)
(mm)
No. of
Bricks
Length Opening
(mm)
(mm)
No. of
Bricks
Length
(mm)
No. of
Bricks
Length
(mm)
1
290
310
132⁄3
4090
4110
261⁄3
7890
39
11690
11⁄3
390
410
14
4190
4210
262⁄3
7990
391⁄3
11790
2
1 ⁄3
490
510
14 ⁄3
4290
4310
27
8090
39 ⁄3
11890
2
1
2
2
590
610
14 ⁄3
4390
4410
27 ⁄3
8190
40
11990
21⁄3
690
710
15
4490
4510
272⁄3
8290
401⁄3
12090
22⁄3
790
810
151⁄3
4590
4610
28
8390
402⁄3
12190
3
890
910
2
15 ⁄3
4690
4710
28 ⁄3
8490
41
12290
1
3 ⁄3
990
1010
16
4790
4810
2
28 ⁄3
8590
41 ⁄3
12390
32⁄3
1090
1110
161⁄3
4890
4910
29
8690
412⁄3
12490
4
1190
1210
162⁄3
4990
5010
291⁄3
8790
42
12590
1
4 ⁄3
1290
1310
17
5090
5110
2
29 ⁄3
8890
42 ⁄3
12690
2
4 ⁄3
1390
1410
17 ⁄3
5190
5210
30
8990
2
42 ⁄3
12790
5
1490
1510
172⁄3
5290
5310
301⁄3
9090
43
12890
51⁄3
1590
1610
18
5390
5410
302⁄3
9190
431⁄3
12990
2
5 ⁄3
1690
1710
18 ⁄3
5490
5510
31
9290
43 ⁄3
13090
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
1790
1810
18 ⁄3
5590
5610
31 ⁄3
9390
44
13190
61⁄3
1890
1910
19
5690
5710
312⁄3
9490
441⁄3
13290
62⁄3
1990
2010
191⁄3
5790
5810
32
9590
442⁄3
13390
7
2090
2110
2
19 ⁄3
5890
5910
32 ⁄3
9690
45
13490
1
7 ⁄3
2190
2210
20
5990
6010
2
32 ⁄3
9790
45 ⁄3
13590
72⁄3
2290
2310
201⁄3
6090
6110
33
9890
452⁄3
13690
8
2390
2410
202⁄3
6190
6210
331⁄3
9990
46
13790
1
8 ⁄3
2490
2510
21
6290
6310
2
33 ⁄3
10090
46 ⁄3
13890
2
8 ⁄3
2590
2610
21 ⁄3
6390
6410
34
10190
2
46 ⁄3
13990
9
2690
2710
212⁄3
6490
6510
341⁄3
10290
47
14090
91⁄3
2790
2810
22
6590
6610
342⁄3
10390
471⁄3
14190
2
9 ⁄3
2890
2910
22 ⁄3
6690
6710
35
10490
47 ⁄3
14290
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
10
2990
3010
22 ⁄3
6790
6810
35 ⁄3
10590
48
14390
101⁄3
3090
3110
23
6890
6910
352⁄3
10690
481⁄3
14490
102⁄3
3190
3210
231⁄3
6990
7010
36
10790
482⁄3
14590
11
3290
3310
2
23 ⁄3
7090
7110
36 ⁄3
10890
49
14690
11 ⁄3
3390
3410
24
7190
7210
2
36 ⁄3
10990
49 ⁄3
14790
112⁄3
3490
3510
241⁄3
7290
7310
37
11090
492⁄3
14890
12
3590
3610
242⁄3
7390
7410
371⁄3
11190
50
14990
12 ⁄3
3690
3710
25
7490
7510
37 ⁄3
11290
100
29990
2
12 ⁄3
3790
3810
25 ⁄3
7590
7610
38
11390
13
3890
3910
252⁄3
7690
7710
381⁄3
11490
131⁄3
3990
4010
26
7790
7810
382⁄3
11590
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
ADV03794
1.313
Blending
Raw materials for brick making are from natural sources and these vary in colour within any one deposit. Brick
makers blend materials to moderate the colour variation but it still occurs. Colour variation may be caused by
different conditions across the kiln. No matter how well made, bricks delivered to site will have some degree of
colour variation.
Poorly blended bricks may show unwanted patches, streaks and bands of colour in the finished masonry.
To avoid this:
•
All bricks required for the project, or as many packs as will fit, should be delivered at one time and stored
on site; and,
•
Bricks should be drawn from at least four packs simultaneously, working down from the corners of each
pack. ■
Brick Storage
Bricks stored on site should be covered and kept off the ground. Bricks may absorb ground water containing salts
or coloured minerals creating subsequent problems with staining. Bricks when laid saturated usually produce
excessive efflorescence as the masonry dries. Saturated bricks may also adversely affect the mortar bond
strength.
Moving bricks around the site may cause chipping and excessive movement of packs should be avoided. ■
ADV03795
1.314
Laying Practices
The following practices are recommended:
•
Mortar, extruded from tapping the brick down to the string line, should be cut off with an upward stroke of
the trowel. In this manner, a clean cut is made, without smearing the face of the brick.
•
Joints should be tooled progressively as the bricks are laid, when the mortar is firm to thumb pressure. High
suction bricks require joints to be tooled more frequently than low suction bricks. Tooling too late produces
a ‘burned’ joint, where the surface may not be smooth and dense.
•
After allowing the mortar to undergo initial set, within a day, dry brush mortar smears, to remove any dags,
and then wet brush any remaining mortar stains. Mortar that is allowed to set on the masonry face may
require high-pressure water jet cleaning or more costly, risky methods of cleaning.
•
Cavities should be kept as clear as possible from mortar droppings. Flushing out the cavity removes
inadvertently dropped mortar and ensures ties are clean and flashing and damp proof courses are not
bridged. It is poor practice and usually ineffective to flush large quantities of dropped mortar from cavities.
Usual practice is for the bricklayer to leave out one or more bricks at the base of the wall above a flashing
or the damp proof course for the washings to come out. Washings can cause serious staining where they
run down over lower brickwork and should be rinsed off thoroughly each day.
•
Scaffolding should be kept at least 150 mm from the face of the brickwork to prevent a build up of mortar
droppings against the masonry.
•
When bricklaying is interrupted by rain or rain is expected overnight, masonry should be protected by
covering it. Saturated masonry will produce excessive efflorescence and may lead to staining with some
bricks.
•
Face bricks are supplied with one face and one header suitable for exposing (i.e. to be seen after laying).
Face bricks with unwanted marks, chips or cracks on a header should be laid with that header inside a
mortared joint. Face bricks with unwanted marks, chips or cracks on the face should be set aside by the
bricklayer (or labourer) for use as commons. Boral will not be responsible for replacing bricks with unwanted
marks, chips or cracks that have been laid. ■
ADV03796
1.315
Control Joints
Control joints must not be bridged by mortar or render. After laying the bricks or rendering, the joint must be
cleaned. Lumps of mortar or render can transfer forces across the closing joint and will cause the bricks to crack
(or spall). Control joints are usually constructed with a highly compressible material (in the form of a sheet or
rod) inserted to keep dirt and moisture from penetrating to the cavity. For aesthetic reasons a compressible
caulking material, matched to the mortar colour, is usually applied on the outside. As the joint closes,
compressible caulking compounds may be extruded from the joint but incompressible ones may damage the
bricks. If extruded caulking compound is considered unsightly, it can be cut out and replaced or the compound
can be recessed during construction. Care must be taken when choosing a caulking compound to ensure it is a
highly compressible type that will survive for the design life of the building and not discolour significantly. There
are numerous suitable materials available and manufacturer’s recommendations should be sought.
Where a control joint has flexible masonry ties built in, a piece of the compressible material must be removed to
accommodate the tie. ■
Damp Courses and Flashing
Membrane type damp proof courses (DPC) must be laid across the full width of the wall or leaf and must project
through the mortar on either side and be completely visible after laying and cleaning is complete. Recessing DPC
below the edge of the brickwork so that the mortar bridges the DPC invalidates its use and is therefore entirely
unacceptable. Bridged DPC may lead to rising damp, salt attack and or accelerated corrosion of the built-in
components that may lead to structural failure. Recessing flashing below the mortar although common is not
good practice as it allows the water that should be shed to soak into the wall below the flashing.
DPC and flashing at the base of a wall may be combined. Lengths should be as long as possible but where not
continuous, two adjacent pieces should overlap by at least 150 mm and if possible be sealed together. If a
termite shield is used in the same joint as the DPC, the DPC material must be compatible with the termite shield
or corrosion may destroy the DPC.
General practice has been to recommend that flashings and DPCs be sandwiched between the mortar. There is
some evidence that the common practice of laying flashings and DPC directly on the lower course of bricks and
placing the mortar on top may be superior in some instances. ■
ADV03797
1.316
Cleaning of Clay Masonry
The Basics of Brick Cleaning
The cleaner the bricklayer leaves the wall, the easier will be the cleaning task. The majority of the mortar
residues and smears should be cleaned before they set hard. However, in most cases some additional cleaning
will be required to completely remove the mortar residue.
Cleaning techniques may involve high-pressure water jet equipment or hand methods. Whatever technique is
used, the following requirements must be observed to ensure additional staining problems are avoided.
Test Areas
Testing in one or more small areas is the safest way to determine the correct technique and chemical solution to
remove mortar residues. This must occur well before final cleaning, as it will usually not be possible to assess
the effectiveness of the test clean until the masonry dries.
Clean Soluble Salt Deposits First
Efflorescence, a white ‘fluffy’ deposit, cannot be removed by water or acid. Dry brushing to remove the
efflorescence before washing is recommended. If efflorescence is wetted, the salts go into solution and are
drawn back into the brickwork and will reappear as the masonry dries. Efflorescence will eventually disappear
through natural weathering.
Vanadium salts produce a green or yellow efflorescence or stain (mainly seen on cream and light coloured clay
bricks). Hydrochloric acid will make these stains much worse and may make them impossible to clean. Mild
vanadium stains may be treated with sodium hypochlorite (household bleach). Spray or brush on dry brickwork
and leave until the stain disappears, then rinse off. Proprietary mould cleaners containing sodium hypochlorite
and sodium hydroxide can be used as above and have been found very effective. Proprietary brick cleaners may
also be effective and should be used only according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Proprietary cleaners
usually contain acids that must be neutralised after use with a solution of 15 grams of washing soda
per litre of water.
More than one chemical application may be required and the walls should be rinsed thoroughly after each
treatment. t
ADV03798
1.317
Cleaning of Clay Masonry (continued)
High Pressure Cleaning
High-pressure water washing is now common for cleaning brickwork. If used the pressure must be kept below
1000 psi (7000 kPa), the nozzle must be kept 500 mm from the brick face and the nozzle must be a wide fan jet
type with an angle of 15 degrees.
The following practices must be observed:
•
Cleaning should not start until the mortar has hardened.
•
Hard lumps or persistent smears should be removed by hand.
•
Mask adjacent materials.
•
Do not apply the acid with the high-pressure sprayer. Use a low-pressure spray or broom it on.
•
Clean from top to bottom in small sections.
•
Work in the shade, ahead of the sun, if possible.
•
DO NOT USE EXCESSIVE PRESSURE OR GET TOO CLOSE, as this will damage the face of the brick and the
mortar joint. Mortar joints that are no longer smooth with sharp edges is a clear sign of excessive pressure.
Excessive pressure is used to make cleaning faster; it does not do a better job of cleaning. t
ADV03799
1.318
Saturate the Wall Surface
Failure to completely saturate the surface of the wall is in itself a major cause of cleaning stains. Cleaning
solutions containing dissolved mortar particles and acids will be drawn into a dry masonry wall, causing staining.
Furthermore, saturating the surface of the wall keeps the acid solution on the face of the masonry where the
mortar smears are present. It is not true that face saturation weakens the acid and slows the cleaning.
Water should be trained on the wall until the brick suction is exhausted. The area to be cleaned must be
saturated as well as all brickwork areas below. If the wall appears to be drying on the surface, reapply water
until ready to apply the cleaning solution.
Recommended acid strengths are based on application to a surface saturated wall.
Note: This point must be strictly adhered to for bricks manufactured in Queensland. Their raw materials contain
large amounts of iron oxide and failure to saturate the surface of the wall allows acid solutions to react
with the iron oxide and create severe iron oxide staining. Failure to saturate the surface of the bricks
manufactured in other parts of Australia can also lead to the acid reacting with iron oxide but to a much
lesser degree. This form of staining is known as acid burn and is particularly visible on light coloured
bricks. Acid absorption into bricks can also lead to vanadium and manganese staining. t
ADV03800
1.319
Acids – The Basics
The traditional masonry-cleaning chemical is hydrochloric acid, (also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salts).
Its main function is to dissolve the cement in the mortar mix. It has few other uses and in many stain situations
should not be used.
Hydrochloric acid is a corrosive S6 poison and care must be taken when using it. If acid is splashed onto the skin
it should be immediately swabbed with clean water, or more effectively, with a solution of bicarbonate of soda
in water, which will neutralise the acid.
The recommended acid strength for light coloured clay bricks is 1 part acid to 20 parts water and for other bricks
is 1 part acid to 10 parts water. Acid takes time to dissolve the cement and should be left on for 4-6 minutes (or
longer if needed) before washing off. After washing a solution of 15 g per litre of washing soda or 24 g per litre
of sodium bicarbonate should be sprayed on to neutralise any remaining acid. Excess hydrochloric acid will
eventually evaporate from the brickwork, however, it is likely to cause staining of the bricks and damage to
built-in components. Other acids such as sulfuric acid or nitric acid will not evaporate and are not used in
brick cleaning.
Note: The recommended strength must be strictly adhered to. Bricks manufactured in Queensland may contain
large amounts of iron oxide and the use of acid solutions stronger than 1 part acid to 20 parts water can
dissolve these particles and create iron oxide staining. For light coloured bricks manufactured elsewhere
the use of solutions stronger than 1 part acid to 20 parts water can lead to acid burn.
Proprietary masonry cleaning solutions containing a mixture of acids are available. If used, the manufacturer’s
recommendations must be strictly adhered to. Excessive and incorrect use of some proprietary cleaning solutions
has in the past, produced very bad staining. t
ADV03801
1.320
Safety Precautions
All masonry-cleaning acids are dangerous. Acids that do not dissolve cement as quickly as hydrochloric acid are
not necessarily safer and can be very much more dangerous to human health. To avoid personal injury:
•
Wear goggles, gloves and protective clothing.
•
Always pour acids into water – this avoids splashes of highly concentrated acid onto the operator.
•
If splashed onto the body, wash with clean water and if possible, neutralise with a mixture of bicarbonate
of soda and water.
•
The manufacturer’s instructions and safety precautions must be strictly adhered to if proprietary cleaning
products are used. ■
ADV03802
1.4 Property Tables
49
49
>7.0
>7.0
<1.1
EXP
Co-efficient of growth ‘em’ (mm/m/15yrs)
Salt attack resistence category
400
1200
No per pack
Pack weight (kg)
1200
400
90
45
1200
400
90
45
1200
400
90
45
1200
400
90
45
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>7.0
>6.6
>22
190
49
3.0
<30
DW1
Taupe
1200
400
90
45
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>7.0
>6.6
>22
190
49
3.0
<30
DW1
925
340
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight
EXP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
925
340
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
Terracotta Choc Tan Cinnamon
GP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
3.0
<30
DW1
Jute
EXP
<1.4
>9.0
>8.5
>22
210
49
3.4
<30
DW1
925
340
90
45
Nil
1020
340
90
45
Nil
950
272
90
45
Nil
925
340
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
Melbourne Nevada
Red
Cream
Nil to slight Nil to slight Nil to slight
EXP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
Flame
Red
GP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
Salmon
Pink
925
340
90
45
Nil
925
340
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
Pearl
Grey
950
272
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight
EXP
<1.4
>9.0
>8.5
>22
210
49
3.4
<30
DW1
Victorian
Pink
This technical information is subject to change without notice.
• Physical testing is carried out to Australian Standard 4456:2003 requirements.
# Properties can change. Contact your Boral Bricks representative for confirmation or call 13 30 35.
1150x920x775 1150x920x775 1150x920x775 1150x920x775 1150x920x775 1150x920x775 1150x770x684 1150x770x684 1150x770x684 1150x770x684 865x710x935 1150x770x684 1150x770x684 1150x770x684 865x710x935
90
Fire rating (FRL) minutes
- Insulated unrendered
Pack dimensions (mm)
45
Weighted Sound Reduction Index
- Unrendered
EXP
<1.1
>7.0
>6.6
>22
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
Lime pitting
GP
<1.1
>7.0
>6.6
>22
190
49
3.0
<30
DW1
Liability to effloresce
GP
<1.1
>6.6
>22
>6.6
>22
Characteristics unconfined compressive
strength of the unit (f’uc) MPa
190
Strength of masonry (MPa)
- Characteristic compressive
strength (f’m) M3* mortar (GP)
strength (f’m) M3* mortar (EXP)
190
Wall surface density (kg/m2)
Approx number per m
2
2.9
2.9
Ave unit weight (kg)
<30
<30
Perforation (%)
DW1
DW1
Dimensional Category
Red
230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76 230x110x76
Frost
Work size (mm)
Cream
Brown
Escura® –
Smooth Face
Frost
<1.1
GP
Salt attack resistence category
Brown
1100
No per pack
Pack weight (kg)
1100
510
90
45
1100
510
90
45
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
EXP
<1.1
>7.0
>6.6
>22
200
70
2
30
DW1
1100
510
90
45
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
EXP
<1.1
>7.0
>6.6
>22
200
70
2
30
DW1
1150x920x690 1150x920x690 1150x920x690 1150x920x690
90
510
- Insulated unrendered
45
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
Lime pitting
Weighted Sound Reduction Index
- Unrendered
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>7.0
>7.0
>22
>6.6
>22
Characteristics unconfined compressive
200
>6.6
200
Wall surface density (kg/m2)
70
2
30
DW1
Strength of masonry (MPa)
2
70
Approx number per m2
30
DW1
Perforation (%)
Red
230x110x50 230x110x50 230x110x50 230x110x50
Cream
Work size (mm)
Escura® –
Smooth Face 50mm
49
49
>22
Characteristic unconfined compressive
90
400
1200
– Insulation unrendered
No per pack
Pack weight (kg)
1200
400
90
45
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>7.0
>6.6
>22
190
1200
400
90
45
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>7.0
>6.6
>22
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
230x110x76
Red
1200
400
90
45
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>7.0
>6.6
>22
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
230x110x76
Oyster
Grey
1200
400
90
45
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>7.0
>6.6
>22
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
230x110x76
Brown
1080
380
90
45
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
EXP
<1.0
>4.7
>4.4
>10
185
49
2.7
<30
DW1
230x110x76
Blue Rio
925
340
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
230x110x76
Nevada
Cream
925
340
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
230x110x76
Salmon
Pink
925
340
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
230x110x76
Pearl
Grey
925
340
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight
GP
<1.1
>5.8
>5.4
>15
190
49
2.9
<30
DW1
230x110x76
Flame
Red
865x710x935
950
272
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight
EXP
<1.4
>7.0
>6.6
>22
210
49
3.4
<30
DW1
230x110x76
Victorian
Blue
Section 1.4 Clay Brick Property Tables
1150x920x775 1150x920x775 1150x920x775 1150x920x775 1150x920x775 1000x860x930 1150x770x684 1150x770x684 1150x770x684 1150x770x684
45
STC rating
– Unrendered
Nil to slight
Lime pitting
GP
Nil to slight
Salt attack resistance category
>7.0
<1.1
>6.6
– Characteristic compressive
Strengths of masonry (MPa)
190
Brickwork load/m2 (kg/m2)
Approx number per m
2
2.9
2.9
<30
<30
Perforation (%)
DW1
230x110x76
Terracotta
DW1
230x110x76
Cream
Dimensional category
Work size (mm)
Escura® –
Velour
1.402
ADV03804
>22
Characteristic unconfined compressive
EXP
90
272
1200
– Insulation unrendered
No per pack
Pack weight (kg)
890x725x940
1200
272
90
45
Nil
Nil to slight
EXP
<1.4
>7.0
>6.6
>22
240
49
4.1
Frog
DW1
230x110x76
Cream
For typical data relating to Boral clay pavers, refer to Section 2.4 –
Paver Property Tables, Pages 2.401 – 2.402.
Typical data for all other Boral face bricks can be found using the
Reference Guides on the following pages. Look up your required product
by Brick Name (page 1.404) or Range Name (page 1.405), and match the
code to the corresponding Property Table Legend on page 1.406.
# Properties can change. Contact your Boral Bricks representative for confirmation
or call 13 30 35.
890x725x940
45
STC rating
– Unrendered
Nil
Lime pitting
Nil to slight
>7.0
<1.4
>6.6
49
240
4.1
Frog
Perforation (%)
DW1
230x110x76
Red
Work size (mm)
Escura® –
Pressed
1.403
ADV03805
Alpine
Amber Blaze
Amber Blaze 50mm
NUVO
ELAN
ELAN
K
Ascot
Bantry Bay
Beaumonde
Bentley
Bentley Double Height
Berwick Rustic
Bianca
Cameo
Canyon
Classic Limestone Hue
Cleveland
Cleveland 50mm
Colonial
Coral Mist
NUVO
NUVO
HORIZON VIC
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
NUVO
NUVO
WOODSTOCK
NUVO
ELAN
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
NUVO
F
Cream Rockface
Cream Texture
Crestwood
REVIVE
REVIVE
WOODSTOCK
M
F
M
HORIZON NSW Coral Sands
Brick Name
Latrobe Double Height
Latrobe
Labassa 50mm
Labassa
La Mesa
Kingsley Double Height
Kingsley
Kimberley
Jarrah
Ironbark
Hobart
Hillview
Heritage
Hendra
Gypsy Rose
Grey Nuance
Golden Harvest
Girraween
Fresco
Florentine Limestone
Flintstone
Eureka
Ember Glow
Duchess
Drysdale
Desert Sage
HORIZON NSW Leura
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
ELAN
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
NUVO
HORIZON VIC
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON QLD
WOODSTOCK
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
NUVO
HORIZON NSW Delta Sands
Range Name
I
L
K
E
C
B
L
K
C
A
A
F
M
F
K
C
B
M
K
M
N
M
F
C
B
M
J
M
Code
Limestone Hue
Lexington Gold Double Height
Lexington Gold
Brick Name
Mowbray Double Height
Mowbray
Mocha
Madeira
Longreach
Linden
Peachy Isle
Old Woodville
Old Russet
Old Maple
Old Golden
Nelson Bay
Rattan
Raheen
Potters Gold Double Height
Potters Gold
Port Phillip
ELAN
REVIVE
REVIVE
Ripponlea
Red Texture – Smooth Arris
Red Texture – No Arris
HORIZON NSW Red Cove
ELAN
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON NSW Phillip
HORIZON NSW Pewter Sands
ELAN
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
NUVO
HORIZON NSW Murray River
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
ELAN
HORIZON QLD
NUVO
HORIZON NSW Lindeman
NUVO
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
Range Name
C
M
M
H
B
C
L
K
F
J
M
B
C
C
C
C
J
H
L
K
C
B
K
M
J
J
L
K
Code
Sandstone Gold Double Height
Sandstone Gold
Sandhurst
St George
Sorrell
Sorbet
Soft Gold
Settler
Scarlet
Scarborough
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON QLD
NUVO
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
NUVO
Winter Gold Double Height
Winter Gold
Windsor
Windorah
Tuscana
Tanami
Sydney Town
Sunset Haze
HORIZON NSW Summer Gold
HORIZON QLD
NUVO
WOODSTOCK
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
ELAN
WOODSTOCK
HORIZON NSW Sandy Bay
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
Sandalwood
Rouge
HORIZON VIC
Rose Gold Double Height
ELAN
Rose Gold
Rose Bay
Riverclay
Brick Name
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
NUVO
NUVO
Range Name
L
K
A
K
O
C
F
J
J
K
K
M
B
F
B
M
H
L
K
M
B
A
L
K
J
K
Code
Section 1.4 Clay Brick Property Tables – Reference Guide
J
F
E
C
J
M
J
K
C
L
K
B
J
J
M
J
HORIZON NSW Antique Natural
HORIZON NSW Arnhem Sands
J
HORIZON NSW Antique Grey
HORIZON NSW Antique Pink
J
HORIZON NSW Antique Cream
E
C
K
M
Albion
NUVO
Code
J
Brick Name
HORIZON NSW Alabaster
Range Name
LEGEND - Products Listed Alphabeticaly by Brick Name
1.404
ADV03806
Florentine Limestone
Grey Nuance
Kimberley
La Mesa
Labassa
Labassa 50mm
Madeira
Peachy Isle
Raheen
Rattan
Ripponlea
Rouge
Scarlet
Soft Gold
Tanami
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
ELAN
E
C
B
B
A
C
B
C
B
B
E
C
B
C
B
N
B
J
J
M
M
M
HORIZON NSW Antique Pink
HORIZON NSW Arnhem Sands
HORIZON NSW Coral Sands
HORIZON NSW Delta Sands
Brick Name
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON VIC
HORIZON QLD
HORIZON QLD
HORIZON QLD
HORIZON QLD
Ascot
Alpine
Albion
Windsor
Sandalwood
Old Woodville
Old Russet
Old Maple
Old Golden
Mocha
Jarrah
Ironbark
Gypsy Rose
Ember Glow
Berwick Rustic
Beaumonde
Windorah
St George
Longreach
Girraween
HORIZON NSW Summer Gold
HORIZON NSW Sandy Bay
HORIZON NSW Red Cove
HORIZON NSW Phillip
HORIZON NSW Pewter Sands
HORIZON NSW Murray River
HORIZON NSW Lindeman
HORIZON NSW Leura
Range Name
K
K
M
A
B
C
C
C
C
C
A
A
C
C
C
B
K
K
K
K
J
H
H
J
M
H
J
I
Code
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
REVIVE
REVIVE
REVIVE
REVIVE
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
NUVO
Range Name
Fresco
Flintstone
Eureka
Drysdale
Crestwood
Colonial
Canyon
Bentley Double Height
Bentley
Red Texture – Smooth Arris
Red Texture – No Arris
Cream Texture
Cream Rockface
Tuscana
Sunset Haze
Sorrell
Rose Bay
Riverclay
Nelson Bay
Linden
Limestone Hue
Hendra
Desert Sage
Coral Mist
Classic Limestone Hue
Cameo
Bianca
Bantry Bay
Brick Name
M
M
F
M
M
F
M
L
K
M
M
F
F
O
J
K
J
K
J
M
J
K
J
J
J
J
K
J
Code
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
Winter Gold Double Height
Winter Gold
Sydney Town
Sorbet
Settler
Scarborough
Sandstone Gold Double Height
Sandstone Gold
Sandhurst
Rose Gold Double Height
Rose Gold
Potters Gold Double Height
Potters Gold
Port Phillip
Mowbray Double Height
Mowbray
Lexington Gold Double Height
Lexington Gold
Latrobe Double Height
Latrobe
Kingsley Double Height
Kingsley
WOODSTOCK
Hobart
WOODSTOCK
Hillview
Heritage
Golden Harvest
Brick Name
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
WOODSTOCK
Range Name
L
K
F
M
F
M
L
K
M
L
K
L
K
F
L
K
L
K
L
K
L
K
F
M
F
M
Code
Section 1.4 Clay Brick Property Tables – Reference Guide
HORIZON NSW Antique Natural
J
Duchess
ELAN
J
Cleveland 50mm
ELAN
E
C
HORIZON NSW Antique Grey
Cleveland
ELAN
HORIZON NSW Antique Cream
Amber Blaze 50mm
ELAN
C
J
Amber Blaze
ELAN
Code
HORIZON NSW Alabaster
Brick Name
Range Name
LEGEND - Products Listed Alphabeticaly by Range Name
1.405
ADV03807
Work size (mm)
Perforation (%)
Characteristic unconfined compressive strength of the unit (f’uc) MPa
– Characteristic compressive strength (f’m) M3* mortar (GP)
– Characteristic compressive strength (f’m) M4* mortar (EXP)
Lime pitting
No per pack
Pack weight (kg)
Work size (mm)
Perforation (%)
Characteristic unconfined compressive strength of the unit (f’uc) MPa
– Characteristic compressive strength (f’m) M3* mortar (GP)
– Characteristic compressive strength (f’m) M4* mortar (EXP)
Lime pitting
No per pack
Pack weight (kg)
Legend
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
288
836
920x920x880
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
400
1200
1150x770x685
J
I
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
>6.6
>7.0
<1.4
GP
Nil
Nil
460
1472
1150x912x880
>6.6
>7.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil
Nil
460
1518
1150x912x880
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.2
49
200
>22
B
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.3
49
205
>22
A
>5.5
>5.9
<1.0
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
172
1050
1000x820x930
230x110x162
DW1
<30
5.8
24.5
190
>10
L
>8.5
>9.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
272
1200
890x725x940
230x110x76
DW1
Frog
4.1
49
240
>22
D
>7.5
>8.0
<1.0
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
400
1200
1150x912x770
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
M
>5.1
>5.4
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
424
1000
865x730x935
230x110x50
DW1
<30
2.3
70
210
>22
E
>5.4
>5.8
<0.8
GP
Slight
Nil
132
713
980x770x870
290x90x162
DW1
<30
5.4
19.5
160
>10
N
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
F
>4.8
>5.1
<0.8
GP
Slight
Nil
264
739
940x880x700
230x110x76
DW1
<32
2.8
49
190
>12
O
>5.4
>5.8
<1.1
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
340
925
1150x770x684
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>15
G
>6.6
>7.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
400
1200
1150x920x775
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
190
>22
H
>4.4
>4.7
<1.0
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil to slight
380
1080
1000x860x930
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.7
49
185
>10
K
>8.5
>9.0
<1.4
EXP
Nil to slight
Nil
272
950
865x710x935
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.4
49
210
>22
C
For the product and range name properties on the preceding pages, refer to the following legend.
1.406
ADV03808
1.407
Brick Blends
Brand
Elan
Elan
Elan
Elan
Elan
Elan
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Horizon
Nuvo
Nuvo
Nuvo
Nuvo
Nuvo
Nuvo
Nuvo
Nuvo
Nuvo
Nuvo
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Woodstock
Blend Name
Brighton
Camelot
Cashmere
Rhapsody
Sussex
Toorak 50mm
Brighton Sands
Capes Lagoon
Carrington
Castlemaine
Copeland
Echo Point
Georges Basin
Hawkesbury
Hunter
Manning
Outback
Patterson
Reef
Barclay
Bendemeer
Double Bay
Grange
Raffia
Sandstone Blush
Tambo
Taylors Bay
Watsons Bay
Yowie Bay
Aspley
Bakehouse Gold
Barweave
Brindle
Brunswick
Carbrook
Daintree
Denison
Diggers Gold
Dustwood
Glenayr
Highland
Homestead Gold
Marigold
Mountview
Mt Cotton
Rywood
Stockmans
Wickham
Woodland
Blend Mix
1Amber Blaze/1Cleveland
2Madeira/2Peachy Isle/1Grey Nuance
3La Mesa/2Peachy Isle
2Madeira/2Peachy Isle/1Rattan
3Madeira/2Peachy Isle
2Amber Blaze 50mm /2Cleveland 50mm /1Labassa 50mm
1Coral Sands/1Delta Sands
2Sandy Bay/1Murray River
2Pink/1Cream/1Natural
1Pink/1Cream/1Natural/1Grey
2Cream/1Grey
1Sandy Bay/1Red Cove/1Murray River
1Sandy Bay/1Red Cove
1Pink/1Cream
2Pink/1Cream/1Grey
3Pink/1Natural
5Windorah/1St George
3Cream/1Natural
1Coral Sands/1Pewter Sands/1Delta
1Sorrell/1Alpine/1Riverclay
1Linden/1Albion
3Bantry Bay/1Nelson Bay
1Hendra/1Ascot
5Sorrell/1Alpine
5Cameo/2Limestone Hue
5Alpine/1Sorrell
3Nelson Bay/1Bantry Bay
2Bantry Bay/1Rose Bay
7Nelson Bay/2Bantry Bay/1Rose Bay
1Sandhurst/1Drysdale/1Hillview/1Crestwood
1Lexington Gold/1Potters Gold/1Sandstone Gold
1 Lexington /2 Mowbray
2Sorbet/2Canyon/1Golden Harvest
5Mowbray/1Kingsley
4Bentley/1Kingsley
1Sandhurst/1Crestwood
1Sandhurst/1Drysdale/1Flintstone
1Potters Gold/1Sandstone Gold/1Winter Gold
5 Lexington Gold /1Potters Gold
1Sandhurst/1Drysdale
5 Sandstone Gold/1 Winter Gold
1Potters Gold/1Sandstone Gold
2Sorbet/1Golden Harvest
1Sandhurst/1Drysdale/1Bellara
2Bentley/2Mowbray/1Kingsley
5 Winter Gold /1 Sandstone Gold
1Sandhurst/1Crestwood/2Hillview
1Bentley/1Mowbray
1Sandhurst/1Drysdale/1Crestwood
Ratio
50% / 50%
40% / 40% / 20%
60% / 40%
40% / 40% / 20%
60% / 40%
40% / 40% / 20%
50% / 50%
66% / 33%
50% / 25% / 25%
25% / 25% 25% / 25%
66% / 33%
33% / 33% / 33%
50% / 50%
50% / 50%
50% / 25% / 25%
75% / 25%
83% / 17%
75% / 25%
33% / 33% / 33%
33% / 33% / 33%
50% / 50%
75% / 25%
50% / 50%
85% / 15%
70% / 30%
85% / 15%
75% / 25%
66% / 33%
70% / 20% / 10%
25% / 25% 25% / 25%
33% / 33% / 33%
33% / 66%
40% / 40% / 20%
85% / 15%
80% / 20%
50% / 50%
33% / 33% / 33%
33% / 33% / 33%
85% / 15%
50% / 50%
85% / 15%
50% / 50%
66% / 33%
33% / 33% / 33%
40% / 40% / 20%
85% / 15%
25% / 25% / 50%
50% / 50%
33% / 33% / 33%
ADV03809
2.4 Property Tables
W
Slip resistance classification
1216
Pack weight (kg)#
920x920x791
1216
608
Nil
Nil to slight
Yes
EXP
No
W
<6.0
>5.0
<0.9
38
2.0
DPA1
228x113x40
Coffee
920x920x791
1216
608
Nil
Nil to slight
Yes
EXP
No
W
<6.0
>4.5
<0.9
38
2.0
DPA1
228x113x40
Merino
PAVESCAPE®
Notes:
Physical property testing is carried out in accordance with AS/NZS 4456:1997, AS/NZS 4586:1999, ASTM C67.
#Properties can change. Contact your Boral Bricks representative for confirmation or call 13 30 35.
920x920x791
608
No per pack#
Pack dimensions (mm)#
Nil
Nil to slight
Lime pitting
Yes
<4.5
Mean Abrasion Index (cm3)
Salt safe
>5.5
Minimum breaking load (kN)
No
<0.9
EXP
38
2.0
Freeze thaw resistance
DPA1
228x113x40
Morocco
Work size (mm)
Clay Pavers
920x920x791
1216
608
Nil
Nil to slight
Yes
EXP
No
W
<5.0
>5.0
<0.9
38
2.0
DPA1
228x113x40
Tan
920x920x791
1216
608
Nil
Nil to slight
Yes
EXP
No
W
<4.5
>3.5
<0.9
38
2.0
DPA1
228x113x40
Autumn Cream
920x920x791
1216
608
Nil
Nil to slight
Yes
EXP
No
W
<6.0
>3.5
<0.9
38
2.0
DPA1
228x113x40
Zircon
920x920x791
1216
608
Nil
Nil to slight
Yes
EXP
No
W
<7.0
>6.5
<0.9
38
2.0
DPA1
228x113x40
Garnet
920x920x791
1216
608
Nil
Nil to slight
Yes
EXP
No
W
<6.0
>5.0
<0.9
38
2.0
DPA1
228x113x40
Onyx
SUMMERSET®
920x920x791
1216
608
Nil
Nil to slight
Yes
EXP
No
W
<8.0
>4.0
<0.9
38
2.0
DPA1
228x113x40
Opal
Section 2.4 Clay Paver Property Tables
2.401
ADV03810
37
<1.0
>6.5
<2.5
V
No
GP
No
Minimum breaking load (kN)
Mean Abrasion Index (cm3)
Slip resistance classification
Freeze thaw resistance
Salt safe
1428
Pack weight (kg) #
1150x904x600
1428
510
Nil
Slight
No
GP
No
V
<2.0
>9.0
<1.0
37
2.8
DPA2
230x113x50
Terracotta
1150x904x600
1428
510
Nil
Slight
No
GP
No
V
<2.5
>7.0
<1.0
37
2.8
DPA2
230x113x50
Brown
1150x900x678
1428
510
Nil
Nil to slight
No
GP
No
V
<2.0
>6.5
<1.0
37
2.8
DPA2
230x113x50
Resort Cream
BRINGELLY® Standard
Notes:
Physical property testing is carried out in accordance with AS/NZS 4456:1997, AS/NZS 4586:1999, ASTM C67.
#Properties can change. Contact your Boral Bricks representative for confirmation or call 13 30 35.
1150x904x600
510
No per pack #
Pack dimensions (mm) #
Nil
Lime pitting
Slight
2.8
DPA2
230x113x50
Cream
Work size (mm)
Clay Pavers
1150x900x678
1428
510
Nil
Nil to slight
Yes
EXP
Yes
V
<2.0
>7.0
<1.0
37
2.8
DPA2
230x113x50
1150x900x678
1428
510
Nil
Nil to slight
Yes
EXP
Yes
V
<2.0
>7.5
<1.0
37
2.8
DPA2
230x113x50
Resort Terracotta Resort Ironstone
1150x904x600
1428
510
Nil
Slight
Yes
EXP
Yes
V
<2.0
>10
<1.0
37
2.8
DPA2
230x113x50
Almond
1150x904x600
1428
510
Nil
Slight
Yes
EXP
No
V
<2.0
>10
<1.0
37
2.8
DPA2
230x113x50
Ash
1428
510
Nil
Slight
Yes
EXP
No
V
<2.0
>10
<1.0
37
2.8
DPA2
230x113x50
Ochre
1150x904x600
BRINGELLY® Salt Safe
Section 2.4 Clay Paver Property Tables
2.402
ADV03811
Section 4. Product Data Sheet
Standard
Commercial
Common
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Dimensions – Work Size (LxWxH – mm)
Perforations (%)
Average Unit Weight (kg)
Approximate number per m2
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Pack Weight (kg) #
Pack Dimensions (LxWxH – mm) #
Wall Surface Density (kg/m2)
Characteristic Unconfined Compressive Strength (f’uc MPa)
Transverse Strength (MPa)
Coefficient of Expansion (mm/m/15 years)
Salt Attack Resistance Category
Liability to Effloresce
Weighted Sound Reduction Index – Rw (C,Ctr)
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Rendered (both sides)
Fire Resistance Level Insulation (minutes)
Unrendered
Rendered
Unrendered (Structural Adequacy/Integrity/Insulation)^
288
900
920x920x880
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.0
49
Nil to Slight
400
1200
1150x770x912
182
>22
>2.5
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
Pack size of 288 cannot be handled by a forklift with tines, however will be placed on pallets on request.
^ Assumes FRL for fully supported single skin wall up to 3.0m height.
Standard Commercial Common
FIRE RESISTANCE & SOUND TRANSMISSION FOR TYPICAL WALL APPLICATIONS
The Building Code (BCA) Section C defines the type and class of buildings and designates three fire resistance levels.
These levels are structural adequacy, integrity and insulation, and are written in the form 60/60/60. Information on how to
calculate these is provided in the Clay Brick and Paver Institute (CBPI) publication, “Manual 5: Fire Resistance Levels for
Clay Brick Walls” available at www.brickbydesign.com The figures below provide typical wall examples.
The Rw has two reduction figures to account for high range noise (C) and low range noise (Ctr).
The reduction figures are added to the Rw and are written Rw (C,Ctr).
Note: S = Supported. Indicating moment is passed to a transverse structure such as a concrete slab,
braced roofing trusses, a perpendicular wall, etc.
110mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
S
FRL for wall height up to 3.0 metres
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
FRL for Integrity is the lower of the FRLs
for Insulation or Structural Adequacy
110mm
110mm
S
S
S
S
For both leaves equally loaded (±10%)
FRL for Structural Adequacy
– wall height up to 3.3 metres
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
For both leaves unequally loaded (i.e. >10% variance)
240 minutes
90 minutes
Sound reduction of a wall consisting of
two leaves 110mm brick with a 50mm cavity
– Rendered both sides
Rw + Ctr ≥ 50 & impact attenuation
– Unrendered with 50mm
glass wool insulation with
a density of 11 kg/m3
polyester insulation with
All masonry walls should be designed by a qualified structural engineer. Variation in colour, texture and size is a natural characteristic of clay products.
© Copyright Boral Bricks Pty Ltd – all rights reserved 2004. Boral Bricks Pty Ltd ABN 66 082 448 342.
Boral Clay Bricks and Pavers
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 363 035
Email [email protected]
www.boral.com.au
ADV03813
Jumbo
Common
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Perforations (%)
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Pack Weight (kg) #
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Unrendered
Rendered
230x110x119
DW2
<30
4.5
32.5
Nil to slight
245
1152
1150x770x833
181
>22
>2.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
Jumbo Common
110mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
S
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
110mm
110mm
S
S
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 363 035
www.boral.com.au
ADV03815
Double
Height
Common
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Perforations (%)
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Pack Weight (kg) #
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Unrendered
Rendered
230x110x162
DW1
<30
6.0
24.5
Nil to slight
172
1100
935x830x995
180
>22
>1.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
Double Height Common
110mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
S
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
110mm
110mm
S
S
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 363 035
www.boral.com.au
ADV03817
PartyWall
Brick
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
PW76
230x150x76
DW2
Perforations (%)
<30
4.0
2
Approximate number per m
49
Lime Pitting
Nil to slight
No. per pack #
280
Pack Weight (kg) #
1120
1450x1080x810
240
>22
>3.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
Unrendered
49 (-1, -5)
Rendered (one side)
53 (-1, -5)
57 (-1, -5)
Unrendered
120
Rendered
180
120/120/120
PW119
230x150x119
DW2
<30
6.0
32.5
Nil to slight
180
1080
1150x750x952
240
>22
>3.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
49 (-1, -5)
53 (-1, -5)
57 (-1, -5)
120
180
120/120/120
PartyWall Brick
PartyWall PW76
150mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
120 minutes
120/120/120
S
S
PartyWall PW119
150mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
120 minutes
120/120/120
S
S
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 363 035
www.boral.com.au
ADV03819
Special
Paint Grade
Brick
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Perforations (%)
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Pack Weight (kg) #
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Unrendered
Rendered
230x110x76
DW2
<30
3.0
49.0
Nil to slight
400
1240
1150x770x912
182
>22
>2.5
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
49 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
Special Paint Grade Brick
110mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
S
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
110mm
110mm
S
S
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 363 035
www.boral.com.au
ADV03821
Coastal
Common
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Perforations (%)
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Pack Weight (kg) #
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Unrendered
Rendered
230x110x76
DW1
<30
2.9
49
Nil to slight
400
1200
1150x912x770
180
>22
>1.0
<1.0
EXP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
49 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
Coastal Common
110mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
S
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
110mm
110mm
S
S
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 363 035
www.boral.com.au
ADV03823
Coastal
Jumbo
Common
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Perforations (%)
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Pack Weight (kg) #
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Unrendered
Rendered
230x110x119
DW1
<30
4.5
32.5
Nil to slight
235
1100
1150x833x770
180
>22
>1.0
<1.0
EXP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
49 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
Coastal Jumbo Common
110mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
S
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
110mm
110mm
S
S
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 363 035
www.boral.com.au
ADV03825
Coastal
Double Height
Common
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Perforations (%)
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Pack Weight (kg) #
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Unrendered
Rendered
230x110x162
DW1
<30
5.8
24.5
Nil to slight
172
1050
930x820x1000
170
>10
>1.0
<1.0
EXP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
49 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
Coastal Double Height Common
110mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
S
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
110mm
110mm
S
S
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 363 035
www.boral.com.au
ADV03827
Standard
Commercial
Common
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Perforations (%)
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Unrendered
Rendered
230x110x76
DW1
<30
3.0
49
Nil to Slight
272 / 340 / 460
182
>22
>2.5
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
Standard Commercial Common
110mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
S
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
110mm
110mm
S
S
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 363 035
www.boral.com.au
ADV03812VIC
Jumbo
Common
TYPICAL PROPERTIES
Perforations (%)
Lime Pitting
No. per pack #
Unrendered
Rendered (one side)
Unrendered
Rendered
230x110x119
DW2
<30
4.5
32.5
Nil to slight
230 / 305
181
>22
>2.0
<1.1
GP
Nil to slight
46 (-2, -5)
48 (-2, -5)
50 (-2, -5)
90
120
90/90/90
Jumbo Common
110mm
S
S
FRL for Insulation
S
90 minutes
90/90/90
S
FRL for Insulation
110mm
110mm
S
S
S
S
240 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
240 minutes
90 minutes
Phone 13 30 35
Fax 1300 363 035
www.boral.com.au
ADV03814VIC

Brick Properties 1.1

Transcription

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