Salem Al-Tamemi, Bruce Mazer, David Mitchell, Pedro Albuquerque, Alessandra M.
Transcription
Salem Al-Tamemi, Bruce Mazer, David Mitchell, Pedro Albuquerque, Alessandra M.
Complete DiGeorge Anomaly in the Absence of Neonatal Hypocalcemia and Velofacial and Cardiac Defects Salem Al-Tamemi, Bruce Mazer, David Mitchell, Pedro Albuquerque, Alessandra M. V. Duncan, Christine McCusker and Nada Jabado Pediatrics 2005;116;e457; originally published online August 1, 2005; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-0371 The online version of this article, along with updated information and services, is located on the World Wide Web at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/116/3/e457.full.html PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2005 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275. Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org by guest on September 9, 2014 Complete DiGeorge Anomaly in the Absence of Neonatal Hypocalcemia and Velofacial and Cardiac Defects Salem Al-Tamemi, MD*; Bruce Mazer, MD*; David Mitchell, MD‡; Pedro Albuquerque, MD§; Alessandra M. V. Duncan, PhD㛳; Christine McCusker, MD*; and Nada Jabado, MD, PhD‡ ABSTRACT. We report an atypical case of complete DiGeorge (DG) anomaly that presented initially exclusively as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). The child had severe infections at diagnosis, in keeping with the SCID phenotype; however, normal lymphocyte counts and immunoglobulin levels were noted at admission, which delayed diagnosis. Importantly, the child presented without neonatal hypocalcemia or velofacial or cardiac abnormalities at the time of diagnosis, which masked underlying DG. This case outlines the difficulties in making the diagnosis of SCID in a timely manner and illustrates the variation in presentation of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. There should be a high index of suspicion for primary immunodeficiency among children with severe infections and, because management may vary, DG anomaly should be considered in the differential diagnosis of Tⴚ Bⴙ natural killerⴙ SCID. Pediatrics 2005;116:e457–e460. URL: www.pediatrics.org/cgi/ doi/10.1542/peds.2005-0371; primary immunodeficiency, stem cell transplant, thymic transplant, fluorescence in situ hybridization. ABBREVIATIONS. DG, DiGeorge; PID, primary immunodeficiency; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency; BMT, bone marrow transplantation; NK, natural killer. S evere combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is life-threatening and usually presents in the first few months of life. Common manifestations include failure to thrive, recurrent thrush, and respiratory infections. The hallmark of SCID is absent or poorly functioning T lymphocytes. Although children with SCID often present with lymphopenia, normal or elevated lymphocyte counts are also seen. In addition, normal levels of serum immunoglobulins are often found.1,2 Therefore, normal lymphocyte counts or immunoglobulin levels should not exclude a diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency (PID) and, among children with recurrent infections, complete evaluation of the immune system, includ- From the *Division of Allergy and Immunology, ‡Division of HematoOncology, §Department of Radiology, and 㛳Department of Pathology, Montreal Children’s Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Accepted for publication Apr 8, 2005. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-0371 No conflict of interest declared. Address correspondence to Nada Jabado, MD, PhD, 4060 St Catherine West, PT-239, H3Z 2Z3 Montreal, Quebec, Canada. E-mail: [email protected] PEDIATRICS (ISSN 0031 4005). Copyright © 2005 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. ing T, B, and natural killer (NK) cell phenotyping, is required to ensure prompt diagnosis. DiGeorge (DG) anomaly (OMIM 188400) is caused by developmental defects in the third pharyngeal pouch and fourth pharyngeal arch.3 This disorder is clinically heterogeneous and is characterized by cardiovascular defects and thymic, parathyroid, and craniofacial anomalies.4,5 Associated problems include esophageal reflux, laryngomalacia, and delay in speech acquisition. Phenotypes range from lifethreatening heart defects or T cell immunodeficiency to mild craniofacial abnormalities and developmental delays. Approximately 80% of DG anomaly cases are caused by a chromosomal deletion generally referred to as del(22)(q11.2q11.2). In fact, 22q11.2 deletion syndrome6–13 is now used to describe a heterogeneous group of disorders including DG anomaly, velocardiofacial syndrome,14 and conotruncal anomaly face syndrome and is the most common chromosomal deletion syndrome among humans, occurring with an incidence of ⬃1 case per 3000 live births.8,11,12,14–16 Among patients with del(22), 90% have a virtually identical 3-megabase heterozygous deletion of 22q11.2 but show great clinical variability, which suggests the presence of additional genetic modifiers. Some patients have DG anomaly features in conjunction with the CHARGE association (association of coloboma, heart defect, agenesis of choanae, retardation of growth or development, genital hypoplasia, and ear anomalies or deafness)17 or in association with maternal diabetes mellitus18 and are more rarely 22q11.2 hemizygous. Others have DG anomaly features and are hemizygous for 10p13.19 In DG anomaly, the development of thymic tissue is affected; thymic defects occur for ⬃80% of patients, leading to varying degrees of cellular immunodeficiency.20 DG-SCID describes a small subset of children with clinical features of DG anomaly and severe T-cell immunodeficiency (1–2%) attributable to absent or highly hypoplastic thymic tissue. This disorder is found often in conjunction with the CHARGE association, 22q11.2 hemizygosity (50 – 62% in 2 reports),21,22 or diabetic embryopathy. The profound T-cell immunodeficiency in DG-SCID is fatal without intervention within the first 2 years of life.9,23–26 Immune reconstitution is possible through infusion of peripheral mononuclear cells or bone marrow transplantation (BMT) from a genotypically HLA-identical donor or, more recently, through postnatal thymic tissue transplantation.22,27–29 www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2005-0371 PEDIATRICS Vol. 116 No. 3 September 2005 Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org by guest on September 9, 2014 e457 We report an unusual case of DG-SCID that presented exclusively as SCID, without neonatal hypocalcemia or velofacial or cardiac abnormalities, at the time of diagnosis. The child presented with a SCID phenotype, but normal lymphocyte counts and immunoglobulin levels were noted at the initial presentation, delaying diagnosis. This case clearly shows the variation in presentation of DG anomaly, and we outline difficulties in making the diagnosis of SCID in a timely manner. CASE REPORT A 5-month-old male infant was admitted to our hospital with severe parainfluenza III virus bronchopneumonitis. He was born at 41 weeks, after an uneventful normal pregnancy. He had experienced recurrent thrush and more recently failure to thrive. There was no relevant family history, and there were 2 healthy siblings. On examination, the patient exhibited marked respiratory symptoms, with a respiratory rate of 70 breaths per minute, intercostal and abdominal indrawing, and bobbing of the head (evidence of marked respiratory distress). Growth failure, with height and weight below the 10th percentile, was also noted. The nasopharyngeal aspirate was exclusively positive for parainfluenza III virus. Chest radiographs showed marked pulmonary distention, with flattening of both diaphragms and diffuse bronchoalveolar infiltrates. There was no evidence of aspiration pneumonia. Biological screening showed normal absolute lymphocyte counts (9110 cells per mm3) and normal IgG (5.2 g/L), IgA (1.3 g/L), and IgM levels (0.7 g/L). Three weeks after admission, the patient’s condition deteriorated rapidly and the immunology service was consulted. Lymphocyte phenotyping established the diagnosis of SCID with a T⫺ (150 cells per mm3), B⫹ (3850 cells per mm3), and NK⫹ (550 cells per mm3) phenotype and absent T cell proliferation in response to mitogens and anti-CD3 antibody (Fig 1). No obvious dysmorphic features were observed in a thorough physical examination, including no abnormal implantation of ears or micrognathia. The child had no history of gastroesophageal or nasopharyngeal reflux. His neurocognitive development was concordant with his age. Ionized calcium levels were normal. Nonmanipulated BMT from a HLA-matched sibling donor was performed without conditioning and resulted in T-cell engraftment and resolution of pulmonary infection within 2 weeks. On the basis of the T⫺B⫹NK⫹ lymphocyte phenotype and the absence of obvious facial, cardiac, and calcium abnormalities, the interleu- kin-7 receptor genotype was investigated and was found to be normal.30 CD3 subunits, which could have explained the molecular defect alternately, were not tested at that time.31,32 One month after BMT, the child presented with generalized seizures secondary to hypocalcemia (ionized Ca2⫹ level of 0.84 mmol/L). Parathyroid hormone was undetectable (⬍10 pg/L). On the basis of the hypoparathyroidism and SCID, the possibility of DG anomaly was investigated. Cardiac ultrasound findings were normal. Chest computed tomographic scans revealed an aberrant right subclavian artery (an anatomic variation present in 1% of the population) and the absence of a thymus (Fig 2A). A fluorescence in situ hybridization study for deletions on chromosome 22q11.2, performed with fibroblasts from the patient, confirmed the diagnosis of DG anomaly (Fig 2B). Two years after BMT, our patient exhibits CD3⫹ and CD4⫹ T cell counts of ⬃800 cells per mm3 and ⬃500 cells per mm3, respectively, without additional treatment. Intravenous immunoglobulin supplementation that was initiated at the time of BMT was stopped, and the patient’s IgG levels remain ⬃8 g/L. His IgA and IgM levels are also within normal ranges (1.25 g/L and 0.75 g/L, respectively). The patient has normal proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin and antiCD3. Chimerism studies performed on circulating mononuclear cells showed that 95% of his CD3⫹ cells were of donor origin. In a physical examination oriented by the diagnosis of DG anomaly and performed by the geneticist who is now monitoring the child jointly, the patient exhibited delayed speech acquisition and very subtle micrognathia. There were no additional features of DG anomaly, including no hearing defect and no vertebral, ocular, or renal abnormalities. The patient’s calcium level is controlled with vitamin D and calcium supplements. His neurocognitive development cannot be assessed fully at 2.5 years of age, especially in the presence of delayed speech acquisition, and needs to be reevaluated later in the child’s life. DISCUSSION Although lymphopenia is common in SCID, infants presenting with persistent infections and failure to thrive may have normal lymphocyte counts and immunoglobulin levels, delaying the diagnosis of PID. We report an unusual case of DG anomaly presenting exclusively as T⫺B⫹NK⫹ SCID. In the past decade, many molecular and genetic defects causing SCID have been identified. Defects that have been defined genetically for this subset of SCID are Fig 1. Lymphocyte subsets before and after BMT. e458 RECOGNIZING DG-SCID–AFFECTED CHILDREN Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org by guest on September 9, 2014 Fig 2. A shows serial axial slices from chest computed tomographic scans performed after BMT, showing the absence of thymus in the anterior mediastinum and the presence of an aberrant right subclavian artery arising from the aortic cleft behind the tracheal carina (arrows). B shows fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of a metaphase preparation from a fibroblast culture, showing 46,XY.ish del(22)(q11.2q11.2)(TUPLE1,D22S553,D22S609,D22S942⫺). The target probe shows heterozygous deletion of DG region loci on one chromosome 22 (in red). The control probe hybridizes to both chromosomes 22 (in green). interleukin-7 receptor ␣ deficiency, which was excluded for our patient, CD3 subunit deficiencies, and DG anomaly (reviewed in refs 1, 2, and 33). Hypocalcemia and facial or cardiac defects are the hallmarks of DG-SCID, and ⱖ1 is present in cases reported to date. For our patient, hypocalcemia was evident only at 7 months of age. Latent hypoparathyroidism in DG anomaly has been described and diagnosed even among adults during evaluation of refractory hypocalcemia.34,35 Cardiac defects may be absent in DG-SCID; however, severe hypoparathyroidism and dysmorphic facies have been associated frequently, allowing early diagnosis.36 In another specialized center that treats children with SCID routinely (Hoˆpital Necker, Paris, France), one other child with SCID and isolated labial cleft had del22q11.2 and a similarly delayed diagnosis (Alain Fischer, MD, PhD, oral communication, 2004). However, only 50% of children with DG-SCID have del(22)(q11.2q11.2)21,22 and can thus be diagnosed on the basis of this genetic characteristic. In all other DG-SCID cases in which such a deletion is not present, diagnosis is possible only when all of the other molecular diagnoses of T⫺B⫹NK⫹ SCID are known and excluded or when we gain better knowledge of the exact mechanisms underlying the DG-SCID phenotype. Several avenues of treatment have been used to treat the life-threatening immunodeficiency associ- ated with DG-SCID. Transplantation of fetal thymus has been used historically and resulted in immune reconstitution in a few cases.37–39 Genotypically HLA-identical BMT has also been used successfully in a few cases.27,28,40 This treatment resulted in restoration of T-cell function, most likely through adoptive transfer of postthymic donor T cells, as was the case for our patient. Two different groups postulated that only postthymic lymphocytes, and not stem cells, were responsible for immune reconstitution after successful BMT. On the basis of this hypothesis, they performed peripheral blood mononuclear cell transplantation from a HLA-identical sibling. This procedure was followed by partial T-cell engraftment and immune reconstitution through adoptive transfer of mature T cells among patients.29,36 It is very likely that children with DG-SCID cannot form new thymic immigrants from infused stem cells because they have little residual, functional, thymic tissue. Transplantation of postnatal thymic tissue is a more recent therapeutic approach and is yielding very promising results.21,22,25,41 In fact, only after this procedure did episomal circular DNA excision products of T-cell receptor gene rearrangement analysis among recipients show evidence of new thymopoiesis. In SCID-DG cases with no genotypically HLAidentical donor, this is the obvious treatment. These www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2005-0371 Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org by guest on September 9, 2014 e459 differences in therapeutic approaches underline the importance of early diagnosis of DG anomaly. CONCLUSIONS There should be a high index of suspicion for PID among children with severe infections, and this diagnosis is not to be excluded on the basis of normal lymphocyte counts or immunoglobulin levels. We recommend strongly performing lymphocyte phenotyping and stimulation tests to ensure diagnosis of PID. Chromosome 22 deletions are underdiagnosed among patients with cardiac abnormalities, and screening with fluorescence in situ hybridization for chromosome 22 deletion, a widely accessible diagnostic tool in specialized centers, is increasingly part of the evaluation of congenital cardiac disorders.12,35 Patients with T⫺B⫹NK⫹ SCID may have the molecular defect of DG anomaly even in the absence of neonatal hypocalcemia or obvious cardiac or facial defects. Screening for chromosome 22 deletions among patients with T⫺B⫹NK⫹ SCID should be routine. In the absence of this chromosomal deletion, enlisting the help of a geneticist and an endocrinologist can prove useful for diagnosis. Ensuring a correct molecular diagnosis has a profound impact on genetic counseling and, most importantly, on treatment and therapeutic options for affected children. ACKNOWLEDGMENT N.J., B.M., and C.M. are recipients of “Chercheur Boursier” awards from the Fondation de la Recherche en Sante au Quebec. 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Immunol Rev. 2002;185:136 –158 RECOGNIZING DG-SCID–AFFECTED CHILDREN Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org by guest on September 9, 2014 Complete DiGeorge Anomaly in the Absence of Neonatal Hypocalcemia and Velofacial and Cardiac Defects Salem Al-Tamemi, Bruce Mazer, David Mitchell, Pedro Albuquerque, Alessandra M. V. Duncan, Christine McCusker and Nada Jabado Pediatrics 2005;116;e457; originally published online August 1, 2005; DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-0371 Updated Information & Services including high resolution figures, can be found at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/116/3/e457.full.h tml References This article cites 41 articles, 6 of which can be accessed free at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/116/3/e457.full.h tml#ref-list-1 Citations This article has been cited by 1 HighWire-hosted articles: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/116/3/e457.full.h tml#related-urls Subspecialty Collections This article, along with others on similar topics, appears in the following collection(s): Genetics http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/collection/genetics_s ub Permissions & Licensing Information about reproducing this article in parts (figures, tables) or in its entirety can be found online at: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/site/misc/Permissions.xht ml Reprints Information about ordering reprints can be found online: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/site/misc/reprints.xhtml PEDIATRICS is the official journal of the American Academy of Pediatrics. A monthly publication, it has been published continuously since 1948. PEDIATRICS is owned, published, and trademarked by the American Academy of Pediatrics, 141 Northwest Point Boulevard, Elk Grove Village, Illinois, 60007. Copyright © 2005 by the American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0031-4005. Online ISSN: 1098-4275. Downloaded from pediatrics.aappublications.org by guest on September 9, 2014