Case Communications DiGeorge Syndrome Presenting as Hypocalcemia in an Adult Woman Constantin Novoselsky

Case Communications
DiGeorge Syndrome Presenting as Hypocalcemia
in an Adult Woman
Constantin Novoselsky MD1, Shlomi Codish MD1, Esther Manor PhD2, Kim Khait MD1 and Shaul Sukenik MD1
1
Department of Internal Medicine D and 2Institute of Genetics, Soroka Medical Center and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion
University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
Key words: DiGeorge syndrome, hypocalcemia
IMAJ 2004;6:562±563
In 1968 Angelo DiGeorge, an American
pediatrician, described a syndrome of
congenital thymus absence with resulting
immunologic consequences, concurrent
hypoparathyroidism and cardiac abnormalities. This syndrome now carries his name
and is caused by chromosome 22q11.2
deletion (DiGeorge syndrome chromosome
region, or DGCR). As is the case with most
genetic disorders, DiGeorge syndrome is
usually diagnosed in early childhood. We
describe an adult woman presenting with
symptomatic hypocalcemia, ultimately diagnosed as DiGeorge syndrome.
Patient Description
A 47 year old woman was admitted with a
one week history of progressive weakness
and involuntary hand movements. She
reported similar symptoms occurring occasionally since childhood, but never sought
medical attention for this problem. Past
medical history was remarkable for primary
infertility. She had immigrated to Israel
from the Ukraine 3 years prior to her
admission. She is the younger of her
parent's two children and was unaware of
any similar symptoms in family members.
Her physical development was normal, but
learning difficulties encountered during the
school years required her placement in an
institution for mentally retarded children.
Physical examination revealed an obese
adult woman in no apparent distress. Her
vital signs were normal. She had subtle
dysmorphic features, including low set
ears, wide nasal bridge and a small fishlike mouth. Oral examination revealed no
teeth, and white plaques resembling Can562
C. Novoselsky et al.
dida on the tongue. Bilateral cataracts were
observed. Heart, lungs and abdomen examination was normal. She had positive
Trousseaux sign, and the neurologic examination showed mild symmetric weakness.
Her electrocardiogram and chest X-ray
were unremarkable. Blood tests revealed
hypocalcemia (calcium 6.6 mg/dl) and
hyperphosphatemia (phosphate 5.5 mg/
dl); serum albumin was normal. Twentyfour hour calcium excretion in urine was
low, 12 mg/24 hr (normal 100±300). This
value remained low even after initiation of
calcium and vitamin D3 treatment. Parathyroid hormone level was low, 2.6 (normal
7±53). Thyroid-stimulating hormone was
elevated, 6.1 (normal 0.39±4) with normal
free thyroxine. ACTH stimulation test and
levels of lactate hydrogenase, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin were all
within normal limits. Titers of antithyroid
autoantibodies were anti-TPO 587 IU/ml
(normal 0±50) and anti-thyroglobulin-Ab
2,996 IU/ml (normal 0±100). Serum protein
electrophoresis showed normal distribution of protein fractions. Computed tomography of the brain showed symmetric
calcifications of basal ganglia and centrum
semiovale, consistent with long-standing
diseases involving calcium metabolism.
There was a normal amount of circulating
B and T lymphocytes with a CD4+/CD8+
ratio 2:1. Transthoracic echocardiography
was normal.
The diagnosis of polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type I was considered
because of the association of hypoparathyroidism, infertility and oral findings
consistent with candidiasis. However, the
FISH analysis of the patient's lymphocytes using
the DiGeorge probe (Tuple1-Q-BIOgene) showing
a deletion of 22q11.
adrenal function test was normal, and
there was no history of recurrent infections
with Candida
Cytogenetic study (FISH) revealed
22q11.2 deletion [Figure]. Based on probable lifelong hypocalcemia, abnormal facies and the typical 22q11 deletion, a
diagnosis of DiGeorge syndrome was
reached. She was treated with oral supplementation of vitamin D3, calcium and Lthyroxin and was discharged to outpatient
follow-up.
Comment
DiGeorge syndrome is a frequent chromosome abnormality, with an estimated birth
prevalence in Europe of 1:4,000. It is
second only to Down syndrome as a cause
of congenital heart defects [1]. Nearly 80%
of cases represent de novo mutations;
translocations and autosomal dominant
inheritance are the causes of the remaining
cases. Although more than 90% of cases
IMAJ . Vol 6 . September 2004
Case Communications
have similar deletions in the DGCR, the
phenotypic spectrum of DiGeorge syndrome varies greatly: from 10±25% of cases
being asymptomatic to relatively few with
severe hypocalcemia and immune deficiency leading to early death [2]. In 1993
Wilson proposed the acronym CATCH-22,
describing frequent manifestations of
22q11.2 deletion ± Cardiac abnormality,
Abnormal facies, T cell deficit due to
hypoplasia of thymus, Cleft palate and
Hypocalcemia ± along with chromosome
22 deletions. Mild mental retardation is
also a common feature of the syndrome.
Disorders of the immune system are
one of the hallmarks of DiGeorge syndrome. Both cellular and humoral components of the immunity might be impaired.
Often, recurrent infections raise the suspicion of immune deficiency and ultimately
lead to the correct diagnosis. With increasing age, various autoantibodies are found,
occasionally producing clinical disease.
Diabetes mellitus, anemia, idiopathic
thrombocytopenic purpura and autoDGCR = DiGeorge syndrome chromosome region
immune thyroid disease (as in this case)
are associated with the syndrome. The
pathogenesis of these disorders has not
been elaborated [3].
The treatment of DiGeorge syndrome is
largely symptomatic. Calcium supplements
and 1,25-cholecalciferol are indicated to
treat hypocalcemia. Clefts may be submucous and should be actively sought.
Cardiac defects are the usual focus of
clinical management. Early echocardiography is essential in any child in whom other
features suggest the diagnosis. Thymic
transplantation is efficacious and well
tolerated, and should be considered as
treatment for infants with complete DiGeorge syndrome [4,5].
In summary, we describe a patient
diagnosed with a mild form of DiGeorge
syndrome late in life. This report underscores the importance of the special
vigilance required when treating patients
emigrating from medically under-served
countries, particularly the need to consider
pediatric diseases that may present in
adult patients, as a full-blown syndrome,
or, as in this case, in mild form.
References
1. Goodship J, Cross I, LiLing J, Wren C. A population study of chromosome 22q11 deletions
in infancy. Arch Dis Child 1998;79(4):348±51.
2. Ryan AK, Goodship JA, Wilson DI, et al.
Spectrum of clinical features associated with
interstitial chromosome 22q11 deletions: a
European collaborative study. J Med Genet
1997;34(10):798±804.
3. Jawad AF, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai E,
Sullivan KE. Immunologic features of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome). J Pediatr 2001;139(5):715±23.
4. Markert ML, Sarzotti M, Ozaki DA, et al.
Thymus transplantation in complete DiGeorge syndrome: immunologic and safety
evaluations in 12 patients. Blood 2003;
102(3):1121±30.
5. McDonald-McGinn DM, Kirschner R, Goldmuntz E, et al. The Philadelphia story: the
22q11.2 deletion: report on 250 patients.
Genet Couns 1999;10(1):11±24.
Correspondence: Dr. S. Codish, Dept. of
Internal Medicine D, Soroka Medical Center,
Beer Sheva 84101, Israel.
Phone: (972-8) 640-3902
Fax: (972-8) 627-2836
email: [email protected]
PUVA Treatment in Sclerodermatoid Spectrum of Dermatologic
Diseases: Our Initial Experience
Sharon Baum MD, Felix Pavlotsky MD, Dorit Shpiro MD and Henry Trau MD
Phototherapy Unit, Department of Dermatology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
Affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
Key words: scleroderma, psolaren plus ultraviolet A
IMAJ 2004;6:563±564
Sclerodermatoid disorders represent a
spectrum of diseases that include different
types of scleroderma: systemic sclerosis,
localized and generalized morphea, as well
as sclerodermic graft versus host disease.
These chronic disorders affect the microvasculature and loose connective tissues in
many organs including the skin. Scleroderma may occur in skin (designated morphea) as both localized and generalized
form and as systemic disease. The latter is
often progressive and fatal.
Numerous therapeutic options have
been reported for this disease spectrum,
IMAJ . Vol 6 . September 2004
but until now no therapy has proven
effective. Recent studies suggest that
various forms of ultraviolet A therapy
[1,2] may be highly effective in the
management of sclerodermatoid disorders
with the most current advance being UVA1
(360±400 nm) irradiation [3±5]. We present our initial experience with psoralen
plus ultraviolet A (320±400 with a peak of
approximately 360 nm) therapy in sclerodermatoid disorders.
Patient Descriptions
UVA = ultraviolet A
GVHD = graft vs. host disease
Five patients were included in the present
report; their profiles are summarized in
Table 1. The age range of the four males
and one female was 13±66 years. One
patient had generalized morphea, two were
diagnosed with systemic sclerosis and two
with sclerodermic GVHD. The duration of
the disease ranged from 6 months to 8
years. Previous therapy with conventional
treatment modalities did not result in
PUVA Treatment in Scleroderma
563