39 HOW TO CREATE A LEADERSHIP VISION DRIVEN BY INTRINSIC MOTIVATION

39
HOW TO CREATE A
LEADERSHIP VISION DRIVEN
BY INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
Matthew Richter
Matthew S. Richter is a performance management consultant, instructional
designer, and trainer for Workshops by Thiagi, Inc. He has consulted with such
Fortune 500 organizations as Cadence, Design Systems, Silicon Graphics, Ralph
Lauren, Broadvision, Global Crossing, Aceva Technologies, Xerox, Guidant, and
Olympus, to enhance their
overall productivity through the successful management of people using coaching
systems, human performance technology, and training. A sought-after public
speaker, he has delivered keynotes and conference presentations nationally. Matthew
has published several articles on the applications of storytelling in technical
training, instructional design, and organizational development. He is the
codeveloper of MESA™ a tool for measuring intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in
the workplace, and is the coauthor of PIIE™, the Program Initiative Impact
Evaluation, a process for measuring the return on investment of strategic and
organizational development interventions. Matt is also a frequent contributor
to the Sourcebooks.
Contract Information:
Workshops by Thiagi, Inc.
4423 E. Trailridge Road
Bloomington, IN 47408-9633
415-385-7248
[email protected]
DEFINING LEADERSHIP
Defining leadership can be difficult. A myriad of classes, books,
seminars, and articles ardently define with vigor their version of leadership. An analysis of these definitions, though, reveals that leadership can be a vague, overreaching, and gray concept. However, there
are some commonalities in the various schools of thought. Most
people seem to agree on the following. Leaders have passion. They
have a vision that they communicate to their followers. And they have
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a values system that illustrates how to get to that vision. Positive leadership enjoins all three attributes fluidly into a cohesive tapestry.
Passion is the artistry, vision the template, and values are the thread
that binds it all together. This guide will present a brief overview of
these three grand components of leadership.
Think, for a moment, of Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have A
Dream” speech. That speech changed lives because of the vision it
inspired, because of the values of equality and fairness it engendered,
and mostly because of the passion it radiated. Great, heroic leaders in
history such as FDR, Gandhi, and Martin Luther King, Jr. had passion
and stirred people toward high levels of fervor, fueled by admiration
in their followers and hate in their opponents. Passion is often intrinsic,
beginning as a seedling deep within a person, catalyzed and provoked
by a leader’s desire to move the masses. It is two-way, the leader molding her zeal with that of the crowd, instigating movement in a
common direction. Psychologically speaking, passion is another way
of saying intrinsic motivation. Leaders often hit barriers to their plans
and if they lack the intrinsic fortitude to persevere, their vision and
values can easily be diffused.
Leadership requires a vision—and I don’t mean just a photograph or an image in the leader’s head. I mean a complete understanding for the big picture of where the leader wants to be.
Leadership guru Stan Slap says that the vision should be a better
place than where we are today. It should be a clearly communicable
picture of the future, steeped in value, and philosophy, as well as
structure. A clear vision provides direction and establishes purpose.
For example, a training department may have a clear vision for curriculum development. They know what it will look like three years
from now. When a problem arises, their vision facilitates them toward
a solution. When their vision is challenged by outside forces, they
have the structural strength to defend it. A clear vision is not always
completely agreed on by all followers; it doesn’t have to be. The vision
belongs to the leader, and the followers work with the leader to find
the best way to get to it. Great visionary thinking utilizes a symbiotic
relationship between the leader and the follower, fostering collaboration, innovation, and camaraderie.
Finally, leaders have a set of values that set the standard for how
they will attain their vision. These values are the rules that go beyond
just descriptive words, such as “integrity” or “results orientation.” In
fact, a word such as “integrity” has become so overused in values statements that its meaning has been watered down to a generic, useless
lump that makes executives feel good that they went through a fuzzy,
humanistic activity. True values need to contain a deeper meaning, an
application within the context of the organization, and a passion for
adhering to them. The exercise of generating values organizationally
is pointless unless the leader’s organization is willing to change its culture to fit the values, or conversely, the values are actual descriptions
of the current organizational culture.
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PRACTICAL GUIDES
VISION
I must admit to a certain fatigue when I hear about that vision thing.
Outside the obtuse uses of the word “values” running rampant
throughout the business community, “vision” must be the most
overused, misunderstood, and abused word around. Vision statements, mission statements, strategic plans, roadmaps, and blueprints
litter our offices. Visioning has been a boon for the consulting industry, creating lots of billable hours. The output is a verbose document
no one will ever read that clearly clarifies nothing. How many organizations do you know that actually refer to their vision in detail as
they set goals with individual employees and develop operational metrics for departments? I haven’t run into too many.
Now, I realize the previous paragraph makes it sound like I
oppose visioning as an evil entity that might bring about the end of
the world on a Buffy, the Vampire Slayer episode, but I don’t. In fact, I
believe that creating a vision is the most important function of leadership. I think Jim Collins walks on water, too. A good vision establishes a beacon of light that both the leader and the followers can
latch onto and use to guide them from the day-to-day minutia that
potentially can sidetrack even the most pure of heart.
A vision is simply a picture of an ideal state of what the leader
wants her organization to be sometime in the future. In Transforming
Leadership, James MacGregor Burns talks about the dual communicative ownership of the vision between the leader and the followers.
The leader constructs her vision in language that meets some of, or
maybe even all of the realized needs of the followers. This means that
the leader often follows the designated followers. Leadership, then, is
a robust and dynamic process; a dance between two poles, each taking the lead, each following the other. But it is the leader who molds,
interprets, communicates, and portrays the vision.
Visioning then, precludes a discussion of leaders and followers.
Who decides what the vision is, who contributes to it, who makes it
operational, and who lives for it? To have a vision in an effective organization requires that there be only one vision guiding those in it.
Stan Slap says that leadership requires a vision of a place that is
better than where we are, along with an ability to communicate that
vision clearly so that people want to embrace it.1 Perhaps what we
really want is for our staff to manage the vision handed to them; to
inspire the masses toward that goal and not some other, and to act as
captains to someone else’s lead. For example, it is the CEO, the board
of directors, and the executive team who truly define the vision, values, and direction for the organization, both operationally and philosophically. Leadership is a mobilization process, a gathering of followers in such a way that determines movement toward a delineated
and accepted objective. Management teams must be focused and per1Stan
Slap, Bury My Heart in Conference Room B (Key-Note, 2002)..
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suasive, but persuasion, though thoroughly connected to leadership,
can reside and occur without it. To be persuasive about someone
else’s vision is to be an instrument for that leader, and that fact does
not take away from their persuasiveness. If all of us are leaders in our
respective roles, then who is following? The notion that we at times
take a leadership role is understandable. I may take the lead on a project or come up with a great idea that gets implemented. But most
often, this situational leadership role is accurately called management. These moments occur within the context of the leader’s vision
for that group’s future. True leadership is sustained, inspiring, arousing,
and cannot happen universally. It often involves an organizational
change or shift in thinking. There must be some discretion as to who
is a leader and who is a follower. If we continue to insist on universal
leadership, then at best, using the common definitions of leadership
documented in an abundance of the literature, we have a politically
correct form of anarchy. And most importantly, there is nothing
wrong with being a follower. Followers are overpoweringly imperative
to the design, development, and implementation of a vision. We
should respect that role as much as the role of leader. Visions remain
visions without action making them real. Both parts are essential.
When thinking about creating a vision, I like to answer the following questions. They help guide me in illustrating not only the
pragmatic issues of what I do, but also the idealistic and magical
endeavors that arouse my passions.
• What does your team do? (Duh. But you must walk before you
run.)
• Why do you do it? Why do you exist? (This is the purpose or mission.)
• What do you want it to do? Why? (Here is part 1 of the actual
vision.)
• How does your team change lives? Does it? Can it? Should it? (This
is part passion, part vision.)
• Please draw a picture describing what your team does. Avoid words
to describe it. (This is a cognitive way of conceptualizing an
abstraction.)
• Now, using words, fill in any blanks. (Ditto.)
• What characteristics make your team unique and special? (We get
to know the followers.)
• How do these characteristics aid in what it does?
• How does your team fit into the big picture of your organization?
(This is the alignment part.)
• If you had a magic wand, what changes would you make to your
team? Why? (Vision, part 2)
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PRACTICAL GUIDES
• What barriers exist to impede your team’s ability to reach what you
want to do? (Understand the current state.)
• What threatens your existence? (For example, budget, though
accurate, is not specific enough—what is it about the budget that
threatens your existence? Ditto.)
• What opportunities could your team grasp if you wanted to? (See
the roses through the rose-colored glasses.)
• What do you want your team to look like next year? (“Same as
now” is not an acceptable answer: vision, part 3.)
VALUES
Recently, executives have tended to explain the greatness of their
organizations by clearly identifying and establishing values statements. It occurred to me—and I realize I am certainly not the first to
be hit in the face by this epiphany—that this very powerful movement
toward a values-driven work environment faces 2 challenges.
1. There is a dichotomy between a values statement and the
application of the value, which leaves a wide gap that affects performance. As mentioned, a word such as “integrity” has become so
overused in values statements that it is virtually meaningless. True values need to contain a deeper meaning (an application within the
context of an organization) and encourage a passion for adhering to
them.
2. There is a schizophrenic tendency to espouse ill-defined principles and then behave in a completely different way. Sometimes the
hardest thing to do is to really figure out our own values systems.
What do we really care about? We see this in political speeches all the
time. Everyone agrees that compassion is good, but we have programs
that offer charity by diminishing the self-esteem and sense of
well-being of their recipients. How these universal values manifest in
society differs from group to group.
For example, the owner of one company wished so desperately
to have a business that valued creativity, new ideas, and high quality
that he went out and got what he wanted. He chose the best people
available to enhance collaboration and to learn from each other. He
wanted an environment where people would have the flexibility to be
their best and therefore hit home runs with customers. In fact, he
spent years and many dollars trying to implement and apply values
he, although unaware, didn’t actually believe in or need. In reality, he
valued alignment, safety, control, implementation, steadiness, and
hierarchical respect. The words coming out of his mouth were not
compatible with how he acted. His people experienced the implementation of the second set of values as dismissive, disrespectful, and
reductive because their expectations were different. To compensate
for the dissonance he experienced, he micromanaged, undermined
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independent thinking, and stifled the much-vaunted creativity. The
resulting exodus that followed over the years left him with a group of
drones who would shout “Yes! How high?”
Today, however, he is successful, mostly because there is a correlation with what he espouses and how he behaves. Sometimes a word
or an idea that is positive, seduces us. Honesty and openness; collaboration and respect are so appealing as value statements. They glide
off the tongue and reverberate effortlessly through our courts. But
are they legitimate descriptions of how we live, how we work, and who
we are? We don’t challenge the validity or merit of a value like collaboration. On the other hand, are we living the essence of collaboration
when how we behave is, “We’re not going to help you. You do it. And
tough nuggies”?
So what does this have to do with leadership? Often, these value
statements just sit around in frames on the wall, gathering dust. Why
do values matter so much? Simply, values are the standards by which
we operate. They are fundamental to our identity. They are rules that
dictate our behavior and inform our choices. Our values act as guides
toward implementing the organizational vision.
Believe me. I am not challenging the validity or merit of values
like integrity and collaboration. To the contrary, I think these are fundamental constructs of communal living; core attributes for how we
function, work, and live together. Ultimately, unfortunately, they have
been reduced to simply letters put together to form words, the meaning stripped from the foundation because the subtlety and nuance of
their application have been ignored. I am saying that living by a set of
espoused values is hard work. Values must be clearly defined, operationalized, and applied. They should be measured, and organizations
should decide how the balance of the personal values of the individual employees is reconciled with the noted organizational values.
Are we really willing to see what values truly drive us toward our
vision, or are we willing to be blind for the sake of expediency, conflict avoidance, and ignorance? Most important, are we willing to do
the work? There is a reason most organizations avoid a proper values
discussion. It’s hard work. We don’t have a heck of a lot of time to do
our day jobs as it is. But in the end, it is pretty simple: Do the work
and our organizations can be even greater than they already are.
Don’t do the work properly, and your leadership should be questioned.
It is easy to fall into the quagmire of creating semantically meaningless statements. But the challenge to go deeper, to foster valuessupported behaviors is so vital to the leadership and future of an organization, that we must avoid the temptation to view values determination as a one-time activity. As a part of leadership, values are dynamic, should be robust, and must be lived. For leadership’s sake, failure
must not be an option.
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PRACTICAL GUIDES
What can you do? The first step is to be able to answer the following questions:
1. First identify what distinguishes your organization from others.
What values and what beliefs make you unique and special? How
do your values support and validate what you do? What values are
necessary for the growth and development of your company?
2. Are you aware of the cultural drives that affect the values system?
3. Are you being honest with yourself? Are you willing to disregard
a value you think you already have and support when it really
isn’t reflected in your organization?
4. The converse is true as well. Are you willing to acknowledge a
value that is present, but not one you would espouse? Are you
willing to engage in long-term and hard-to-do cultural change if
that value isn’t necessarily attractive?
5. Values like integrity, good communication, respect, honesty, etc.
are wonderful values. They are also unclear. Can you define your
values specifically, contextually, and clearly?
PASSION
As mentioned, passion, to me, is synonymous with intrinsic motivation. So when we talk about passionate leaders, we are really talking
about leaders who are themselves inspired by the vision they have.
Intrinsic motivation affects leadership in 2 ways: (1) The leader is
motivated to lead, and (2) the followers are inspired to follow. For the
sake of explanation, I will focus on how followers are passionate, or
intrinsically motivated, about the leader’s vision. However, the leader
must feel that internal burn for her own vision just as strongly, or she
will just be the fizz on top of a freshly drawn glass of Coca Cola—
slowly bubbling away to nothing.
Motivation is the driving energy that catalyzes behavior.
Ultimately, a leader’s goal is to create what is called an intrinsically
motivating environment. An intrinsically motivating environment
occurs when a follower is able to excel using motivators found in the
environment. Essentially, when the motivators are present, followers
have a perceived choice to follow.
Many prescriptive models have been developed as methods for
increasing productivity and efficiency in the workplace. The big questions are which model works and how do we make it operational? The
challenge: Most motivators are externally regulating. It is easy to
understand how money and other materialistic items can be controlling, but value systems, cultural constructs, and organizational
dynamics can also be controlling. When a motivator is controlling, its
benefits and its effect are short-term and will remove the focus from
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the desired behavior. An explanation that further details some of the
potentially damaging effects of extrinsic motivation follows.
The idea of internal and external motivation is, on the surface,
easy to grasp. If I do a better job because my employer offers me a
bonus, I have been externally motivated. If I do a better job because it
makes me proud of myself, I have been internally motivated. However,
the more complicated, and perhaps more useful principle is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Many of us tend to
confuse intrinsic/extrinsic with internal/external. A bigger mistake
could not be made!
• Intrinsically: Intrinsic motivation occurs when I am passionate
about a task and perform it for the sheer pleasure of it.
• Extrinsically: Extrinsic motivation occurs when I perform a task
because some force, either external to me (money, rewards, punishment) or internal to me (a value or a belief that impacts my
sense of self-worth) drives me to perform.
External
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Not Applicable
Money
Bonuses
When one has a passion for
performing a task.
Punishment/praise
(contingent on performance)
Belief/value systems
Guilt
Internal
When one performs a task for
the sheer pleasure of it.
Ego gratification
When one freely chooses to
perform a task.
Punishment/praise (attached
to one’s self-esteem)
Self-determination (from the extensive and well-researched work
of Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan of the University of
Rochester) is a model of motivation that incorporates some of the
best attributes of other theories and then adds the one component
many models miss—an explanation for more intrinsic impetuses for
behavior. It is a system that prescribes methods for increasing intrinsic motivation and decreasing the impact of extrinsic motivation. Selfdetermination theory has 3 important components that must be present for an individual to be motivated:
1. Competence. I am competent if I perceive myself as successful at
goal-directed activities and goal attainment. A sense of compe-
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PRACTICAL GUIDES
tence must be present for me to be intrinsically or extrinsically
motivated. Competence means that I am capable of performing
the task and have the capacity to do it.
This can be achieved by providing me with the skills, knowledge,
and resources to accomplish a task inherent to the leader’s
vision. It is also achieved by balancing, in partnership with me,
what is on my plate, so I am not overwhelmed with too much to
do.
2. Autonomy/control. Autonomy is the perception that self-determination or a sense of internal self-control is within my capability.
A sense of autonomy must be present for intrinsic motivation to
occur. Control is the reverse of autonomy. In other words, if feeling competent but controlled will lead to extrinsic motivation.
Control occurs when I sense that I do not have a choice in the
matter. This undermines any sense of passion or pleasure that
may arise from performing the task the leader has set forth.
Often leaders fear the concept of being “autonomy supportive.”
However, what the leader must realize is that supporting autonomy does not imply a permissive, no-holds-barred, excuse for
“anything goes.” Rather, the question becomes, given the objectives and goals of the team, what choices are present in how a
task can be done and prioritized. Any choice is contextualized
within the reality of the work environment and the boundaries
necessary for team, division, and organizational success.
3. Relatedness. Relatedness is the feeling I have that I am emotionally
tied to significant others in my life.
By involving me in discussions about policy and decisions, leaders
increase the sense of relatedness I have for the team and the
organization.
So from the perspective of the follower, intrinsic motivation is
useful for creating long-term commitment and sustainability for a
leader’s vision. The leader, fundamentally, before developing a vision
and identifying values must have a sense of competence regarding
the challenge(s). The leader must freely choose to take the challenge
and run with it, must develop a relationship, aligning both structure
and involvement between potential followers and the organization as
a whole. Some tips for designing and implementing intrinsically
motivating environments from the leader’s perspective are:
• Engage. Involving followers is one of the criteria for an intrinsically
motivating environment. From the initial stages of designing a
work environment that incorporates choice, competence and
relatedness, engage the team in developing the best process for
that group.
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• Know your team. Since your team is made up of many different individuals with many different intrinsic motivators, get to know their
passions in life, at work and beyond. Knowing them, and letting
them know you, is one of the best ways to increase a sense of
belonging.
• Know your objectives and team goals. It is imperative to know the
“facts” of what must be accomplished. You have a job to do, and
your team has to achieve it. These objectives make up your boundaries and establish the rules for what your vision looks like and
when it can be completed.
• Make sure you have resources and guides. One of the greatest
inhibitors to intrinsic motivation (extrinsic too) is an organizational and functional barrier to performance. Make sure that you
have the resources available to your team and the appropriate time
allowances for completing what must be done.
• Make known the “facts of life.” Inform team members up front what
is expected of the team and what boundaries, constraints, rules,
goals, and measures are inherent to their work environment.
• Provide choices. Given the “facts of life,” engage team members in
determining how to move forward, how to achieve what is expected, and how to establish their own measurement system to promote their own accountability. This process should also include a
coaching process by which individuals are coached to be more selfdetermined within the boundaries of the organization and the
team.
• Establish avenues for skill enhancement. Team members must perceive
their own competence. Provide training, coaching, mentoring,
and peer support when employees need it. Be proactive and
ensure that employees are comfortable asking for help when they
need it.
• Constantly engage the team. Inform the team about meetings you
attend. Let them in on the “secrets” that may seem unimportant to
you, but can be construed as hidden information. Share. Share.
Share. When decisions need to be made, engage the team in that
process. It might be as simple as informing them about a decision
you had to make, and questioning them on how they should implement it, or it might include the whole team developing a solution
to the problem. Either way, the name of the game is to involve.
• Evaluate. Obviously you will have objectives from “above” (even if
you think you are as “above” as it gets) that determine how you and
the team will be measured. These measures need to be communicated as “facts of life,” and then both the team and individuals
need to be evaluated regularly and often. The focus of these evaluations should be on performance, not compensation and
rewards. Remove any link between these evaluations to compensation and focus on individual development and growth.
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CONCLUSION
Although great leaders have common traits, more often the manifestation of leadership is unclear. How to be a leader is instinctive, a
combination of learned skills and abstractions of character. There is
a wonderful story about the great actor Laurence Olivier. William
Goldman in his book, What Lie Did I Tell? describes how one night
Olivier gave an exceptionally good performance of “Hamlet.” He had
been performing the role on and off for years, but that night something was especially wonderful. Inspiration oozed from him. The
audience was rapt and his fellow performers moved to greatness
themselves. At the end of the night, his costar went to his dressing
room to congratulate Olivier on his accomplishment. She found him
sitting at his dressing table, his costume and makeup still on, his head
buried in his hands.
“Larry, what’s wrong?” she asked. “You were brilliant tonight.”
“I know,” he said.
“Then why do you seem so upset?” she asked.
Olivier replied, “I don’t know how I did it.”
Even the great leaders of our day such as FDR, Bill Gates, and
Martin Luther King, Jr. have a difficult time, as did Olivier, explaining
how they did it. In today’s twitch speed environment the imposition of
leadership is everywhere. Organizations insist their employees should
all be leaders without ever giving direction for how to do so, and leaders who really are leaders haven’t done the work it takes to actually
“make it so.” We are left with a semantic lack of clarity over the general
use of the word “leadership.” People are unsure of what to do and how
to do it. No one standing at a podium announcing that everyone has the
ability and responsibility to be a leader has also provided a recipe for
how to do it. Still, the amount of pressure we put on individuals to be
leaders is astonishing. It is easy to write a trite article espousing the
“three innate attributes of leadership,” but leadership is much more
than exposition. Leadership is nebulous. It is artistic. It isn’t scientific.
Perhaps, the fashion in twenty-first century America will be to
value the inspirational tendencies great leadership exhibits without
recognizing the organizational consequences and operational disruptiveness of such endeavors when management skills and individual
contribution is not equally valued. In other words, we need managers
to manage. We need staff to be staff, and we need a few good people,
anywhere in the system, to rise above the fray and lead. Of course, leadership is a wonderful thing. In fact, I would argue it is the most fundamental and critical component of organizational management. But
we must stop politicizing leadership as a function of all employees. We
need leaders, at all levels, who can, as Stan Slap2 says, get us to take
their hand and follow them toward a better place in the world.
2Ibid.
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