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Chemistry Lectures in English
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化学英文报告讲座
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112
Fall Semester 2007
2007 Graduates
Outline
Those who wish to give oral presentation,
please send an email to me
[email protected]
by Oct. 30, 2007
"for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces"
• Gerhard Ertl
• Born 1936
• Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-PlanckGesellschaft (FHI-MPG)
Berlin, Germany
• Director of the Dept. of Physical
Chemistry, 1986 – 2004.11
•
•
•
•
Introduction of Nobel Laureate
Review
How to read mathematics' Expression
English presentation
• Modern surface chemistry started to emerge in the
1960s thanks to vacuum technologies which were
developed in the semiconductor industry. This year’s
Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, Gerhard Ertl, was one
of the first to understand the potential of the new
technology. He is awarded the Nobel Prize for having
laid the methodological foundations for an entire field
of research. The great reliability of Ertl’s results is
due to the meticulous precision in his work combined
with an outstanding capacity to refine problems. He
has painstakingly and systematically searched for the
best experimental techniques to investigate each
separate question.
• LEED, XPS, UPS, HREELS, AES, PEEM, FTIR, SIMS
• Further reading: download from Server.
1
• The approach developed by Ertl is based not least
on his studies of the Haber-Bosch process, in
which nitrogen is extracted from the air for
inclusion in artificial fertilizers. This reaction,
which functions using an iron surface as its
catalyst, has enormous economic significance
because the availability of nitrogen for growing
plants is often restricted. Ertl has also studied the
oxidation of carbon monoxide on platinum, a
reaction that takes place in the catalyst of cars to
clean exhaust emissions.
Prof. Ertl and FHI
• [AS] .. Committee has emphasized is the fact that you have
continually revisited problems; old problems and problems that you
yourself have addressed. It makes it sound as if a scientist's work is
never done.
• [GE] –….a scientist is never, never at the end, and when we solve a
problem, five other problems develop anew. So that's why a scientist
will always think about his work and what he can do next.
• [AS] – But what's the most important lesson they should learn from
you, do you think?
• [GE] – It's hard to say, but I think you never should give up, you
should always try to solve the problem as far as it is possible. And you
must be patient. You must be patient. That's very important.
• [AS] – .. the field you've helped to develop will contribute greatly to
the benefit of mankind, what do you think the main benefit might be
in the short term?
• [GE] – …. as soon as you understand something better then you can
also think of improving it. I think that's the main message you can
learn from it.
My Stay in FHI
2002.9-2003.12, 2004.6-2004.8, 2005.9
Title: Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy of
benzenethiol adsorbed on Au and Pt singlecrystal surfaces
Author(s): Ren B, Picardi G, Pettinger B,
Schuster R, Ertl G
Source: ANGEWANDTE CHEMIEINTERNATIONAL EDITION 44 (1): 139-142
2005
References: 24
Times Cited: 21
Title: Nanoscale probing of adsorbed species by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Author(s): Pettinger B, Ren B, Picardi G, Schuster R, Ertl G
Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 92 (9): Art. No. 096101 MAR 5 2004
Cited References: 23
Times Cited: 56
Ertl PK Somorjai
• 据一般的小道消息，国际上不少人对固体表面化学反应领域是否在这个
阶段能够得到诺贝尔奖的肯定有保留意见。而今年的固体表面化学反应
的诺贝尔奖只给了Ertl一个人，估计会引起一些异议。
• 美国加州大学Berkeley分校的Gabor Somorjai教授就是固体表面化学反应
研究领域中获得诺贝尔奖呼声很高的科学家之一。前不久的北京诺贝尔
峰会还专门邀请了Somorjai教授前来演讲和报告，他获得过Wolf奖和美
国国家科学奖，他的影响其实早已超过一般诺贝尔奖获得者。1998年的
Wolf化学奖，就是Gerhard Ertl和Gabor A. Somorjai二人合得的。小道消
息说，Somorjai教授最近些年每年都在等诺贝尔委员会的电话，可以肯
定的是明年他不用等了。
• 诺贝尔委员会的颁奖材料特别提到Ertl的研究相对来讲更彻底和透彻。固
体表面研究非常复杂，研究中经常会出错误的结果。
研究中经常会出错误的结果。Ertl
Ertl的研究更为系
的研究更为系
统，unforced
Somorjai教授要少，应该是
教授要少，应该是Ertl
Ertl胜出他
胜出他
统，unforced error更少，肯定比
error更少，肯定比Somorjai
人的一个重要因素。
“When a distinguished but elderly
scientist states that something is
possible, he is almost certainly right.
When he states that something is
impossible, he is very probably wrong.
------Arthur C. Clarke
The world's best known and bestselling
science fiction writer
From：王鸿飞 博客 http://www.sciencenet.cn/blog/user_content.aspx?id=8699
2
Outline of this lecture
• Phonetic and pronunciation review
• How to read formulas
• How to prepare scientific presentations
oral presentation
Syllable accent (stress)
Review-phonetics
Know the rules:
BiBi-syllable：
syllable： molar,
molar, matter,
matter, cation
cation
第一个重读
TriTri-syllable Element, microscope,
microscope, hydrogen
hydrogen
倒数第三个
Pentacular, anniver
sary
Penta-syllable socio
sociologist, perpendi
perpendicular,
anniversary
倒数第三个重读 倒数第五个次重读
Review-Chemistry Elements
Remember some exceptions:
~ation,
sium
ation, intera
interaction ~ium,
ium, magne
magnesium
~icient,
cient ~tative,
icient, coeffi
coefficient
tative, qualitative
qualitative quantitative
quantitative
~ique,
que,, techni
que,, ~ic,
fic,, optic,
stic
ique, obli
oblique
technique
ic, scienti
scientific
optic, characteri
characteristic
~ ism
magnetism,
gmatism, mechanism
magnetism, asti
astigmatism,
mechanism (前两个音节
(前两个音节))
School, schedule
Speak, expand
skÆsg
spÆsb
Student, stick
stÆsd
Some important compounds and ions
Elements
Hydrogen Sodium
Scandium
Germanium
Tin
Helium
Magnesium
Titanium
Arsenic *
Iodine
Lithium
Aluminum
Vanadium
Bromine
Barium
Chromium
Krypton
Tungsten
Beryllium Silicon
Boron
Phosphorous Manganese
Molybdenum Osmium
Carbon
Sulfur
Iron
Ruthenium
Iridium
Nitrogen
Chlorine
Cobalt
Rhodium
Platinum
Oxygen
Argon
Nickel
Palladium
Gold
Fluorine
Potassium
Copper
Silver
Mercury
neon
Calcium
Zinc
Cadmium
Lead *
CO32- carbonate
H2CO3 carbonic acid
HCO3- hydrogen carbonate
H2SO4 sulfuric acid
bibi-carbonate
HClO4 perchloric acid
SO42- sulfate
HClO3 chloric acid
HSO4- hydrogen sulfate
HCl
hydrochloric acid
bisulfate
HNO3
nitric acid
NO3- nitrate
H3PO4 phosphoric acid
PO43- phosphate
NaOH
sodium hydroxide
OHhydroxide
Occasionally
we refer to a
NH4+ ammonium
substance
by
its
formula rather
ClO4- perchlor
ate
perchlorate
than by its chemical name.
ClO3 chlorate
chlorate
H2SO4 H two S O four
ClO2- chlorite
chlorite
ClO- hypochlor
chlorite
ite
hypo
C8H18 C eight H eighteen, Octane
3
Organic compounds
On(upon) heating, calcium carbonate decomposed to form
carbon dioxide and calcium oxide
Alkene
Propene 烯
Alkyne
ethyne (acetylene ) 炔
Alcohol
ethanol propanol
醇
Ether (i)
ethyl ether CH3CH2-O-CH2CH3 醚
Aldehyde
ethanal
CH3CHO 醛
Ketone
acetone CH3COCH3 酮
Carboxylic acid
benzoic acid C6H5COOH 羧酸
Amine (i)
Ester (e)
Amide
Chemical reactions
methane, decane 烷
Alkane
propyl amine
methyl acetate
benzamide
CH3CH2CH2NH2 胺
CH3CO-OCH3 脂
C6H5CONH2 酰胺
When magnesium is treated with hydrochloric acid, there is an
evolution of hydrogen accompanied by the formation of
magnesium chloride.
The formation of sodium sulfate and water occurs when
sulfuric acid is mixed with sodium hydroxide.
Reaction of diphosphorus pentoxide with water produces
phosphoric acid
Iron(III) oxide and hydrogen form iron and water
Treated with, mixed with, allowed to react
reactant
Evolution of, are produced, are formed
product
How to read numbers and formulas
109 ten to the 9 10-9 ten to the minus 9
23 two to the three; Two to the power of three;
A e –t A e to the minus t; or A e to the power of minus t;
Mathematic form and formulas
1/10 one tenth
2/5 two fifths
0.5
0.05 point zero five
“0.*”
K<0
point five
a few (several) tenths
4
2 two and four-sevenths
7
*0 several tens
k is smaller than 0
5-10 μm
5 to 10 micrometer(micron)
300 ºC three hundred degrees centigrade (or Celsius)
Au(110)
gold one one o
−
Au(1 00)
gold one bar o o
0.23 M point two three Molar
V=k[A]2 V equals k multiplied by the square of the molar
concentration of A
V equals k A square
English Presentation
cm-1 wavenumber
0.5 V point five volt (not voltage)
4
Distribution of research results
• Publishing papers
• Applying for patents
• Attending conference
give oral or poster presentations
Why oral presentation ?
Interpersonal discussions, exchange of ideas,
and sharing problems and achievements are very
important, extremely inspiring and shall never be
replaced by any other means of communication.
Type of presentations
• You may find the following phrases when
you dip into the program book of a
conference:
•
Plenary Lectures —Extremely important person
•
Keynote Lectures
•
Invited Lectures (Talks)
•
Oral presentations
•
Poster presentations
What is your opinion on a good
English presentation?
Clean and clear words, short sentences
Large font size and good contrast to the
background
Before going into the content, do give a concise
outline of the content you are going to talk about
Talking in as simple sentences as possible
Giving some emphasis during your talk by
increasing the volume or repeating very briefly
some sentences
Giving summaries whenever necessary
Making Scientific
Presentations
Nervous?!
I could somehow see nothing all around me but the paper, and I
felt as if my body was gone, and only my head was left.
Charles Darwin
Yesterday I gave a
colloquium.... I spoke loudly
and looked at the audience
and not the blackboard,
although under the
circumstances the
blackboard seemed far more
appealing than some of the
people.
Lise Meitner
Physicist
Courtesy of the
Archives, Cal-Tech
Linus Pauling
an excellent technical presenter
5
Presentations have several
advantages over documents
Work can come alive
for audience
Presentations also have several disadvantages
C
A
Presenter can read
audience and react
Audience cannot
reread text
B
C
!
Presenter receives
instant reaction
?
!
audience
has one
chance
to hear
Audience cannot look
up background material
?
In a scientific presentation, you have
to juggle four aspects of style
Visual Aids
Supply plenums for each liner panel allow
for independent flow control
Structure
time limits
done alone or in a group
questions during or end
audience
Delivery
occasion
Speech
As with documents, the structure of presentations
should have clear beginnings, middles, and ends
B
e
g
i
n
n
i
n
g
?
D
You begin preparing a scientific presentation
by analyzing your constraints
purpose
? ?
Speaker has limited
chance to catch errors
Work
Generally, at the beginning and ending of a
technical presentation, you give comments
that address everyone in the room
Middle
The middle is a discussion and analysis
of that work, you may very well try to
help those not interested in definitions
and background information
Archives, Fermi Lab
Beginnings prepare the audience
Introduction
for the work to be presented
Defines
Defineswork
work
E
n
d
i
n
g
Shows
Showsimportance
importance
why is that topic
important?
Work = A + B
what topic are we
going to learn about?
Gives
Givesbackground
background
Maps
Mapspresentation
presentation
what information do I
A
need to know to
understand this subject?
B
C
D
How long will
this trip take?
6
The middle presents the work
in a logical order
In the middle, you make smooth
transitions between major points
The most important points for
organizing the middle are:
those divisions should be logical
there should not be too many
divisions
pre-combustion
methods
combustion
methods
combustion
methods
post-combustion
methods
Often good speakers use more than one of these clues that
the talk has moved from one section to another.
When an audience knows that the ending of the presentation is
approaching, they often sit up and concentrate
(even if they have gotten lost in the technical details of the middle).
The ending summarizes main points
and places them in the big picture
big picture
point 1
point 2
point 3
point 4
In a formal presentation, the slides
reflect the structure
point 5
point 6
point 7
point 8
overall perspective
summary
ending
summary
point 1
point 7
people remember only about 10% of
what they hear. At the end of a
presentation, the speaker should repeat
the most important points so that the
audience is more likely to walk out the
door with those points.
a discussion of the work that
needs to be done or
a list of recommendations or
a look at the technical work from
the vantage point of the big
picture
In a scientific presentation, you have
to play with four aspects of style
Structure
middle
provide a future perspective
Visual Aids
beginning
logical order
transitions
scope
importance
background
mapping
Audiences remember more when you
use well-designed slides
Supply plenums for each liner panel allow
for independent flow control
Hear
See
Delivery
Hear
& See
10
20
30
40
50
60
Recall (%)
Speech
Archives, Fermi Lab
7
No matter what type of projection you use,
you must make certain decisions
Choose a format that is professional
Choose legible type
What format
to choose?
Arial
Use easy-reading fonts
BOOK ANTIQUA
Avoid capital letters
Avoid clutter
What information
to include?
Included
Excluded
Font size can also make sense
Font size 44
Font size 36
Font size 32
Font size 28
Font size 24
Font size 20
Arial 36
Font size 44 bold
Font size 36 bold
Font size 32 bold
Font size 28 bold
words
words
words
words
words
words
words
words
Avoid too many
words or too
many images in
one slide
Trust your computer monitor or real
time projection?
• Do not trust what is on the monitor of your laptop
or desktop computer
• Always check your slides on the full size screen to
Font size 24 bold
ensure that the audience can read and understand
Font size 20 bold
your slides.
Arial 36 bold
Verdana 36
Verdana 36 bold
Comic Sans MS 36
Bold 36
Color can make great sense
Color can make great sense
Color can distinguish
a presentation
Color can make great sense
Color can make great sense
8
Color affects how fast
the audience can read
The color combination that is read most quickly
is black on yellow rather than black on white.
Color affects how fast
the audience can read
What is important is that the combination has
strong contrast—the one on this slide does not.
Color affects how fast
the audience can read
Color affects the emotions
of the audience
Combinations of red, green, and brown
are difficult for many people to read
Avoid having a hot color such as red or
orange as your background color.
Include slides that accent
important details
Headline/body formats orient
the audience
Use a headline that concisely states
the idea of the slide
Body supports
with words
Body supports
with images
Headline
Neptune has three moons
Images
words
words
words
Body
The reason to use short sentence ( or in the note area)
when the original speaker is not available
for your boss
the audience looks back at the slides to remember what occurred
The world is warming
Results
Six warmest
years of
century
1988
1987
1983
1981
1980
1986
9
Include slides that show organization
Beginning
Introduction
1. Topic A
Topic B
A
2. Topic
Topic B
Title
Topic A
Middle
Topic B
A
B
Exclude details that the audience
does not need or cannot remember
Avoid filler information
Avoid complex math
Roentgen discovered x-rays
in 1895. He found that a
cathode-ray tube produced
fluorescence in a distant platinum-barium-cyanide screen.
2
(x +2) ln x
2
(x + 1) (x-1) 2
Conclusion
Avoid long lists
Ending
Summary
of A and B
A common mistake that students often make is that they place and
remove slides so quickly (particularly the title and conclusion slides)
that the audience has no chance to take in the information.
Avoid complex images
DEARATOR
B
A
HOT
WELL
RGF
Audience, purpose, and occasion determine the
appropriate speech to give
In a scientific presentation, you have
to juggle four aspects of style
Structure
• Corrosion
• Acid rain
• Toxic materials
• Pulsed combustion
• Energetic materials
• Pyrogenic materials
• Smog
Supply plenums for each liner panel allow
for independent flow control
Visual Aids
General technical
audience
Technical
specialists
Non-technical
audience
Delivery
Speech
Archives, Fermi Lab
You have several choices for how you deliver
your speech
Memorizing the Speech
Reading From a Text
+ allows eye contact
- difficult for long speeches
- room for precision errors
-no room for improvising
（临时准备）
+ ensures precision
- does not sound natural
- no room for improvising
- hinders eye contact
Winging It ( 即兴表演)
Speaking From slides
+ sounds natural
- has much room for error
+ insures organization
+ allows eye contact
+ allows improvising
- some room for error
In a scientific presentation, you have
to juggle four aspects of style
Structure
Supply plenums for each liner panel allow
for independent flow control
Visual Aids
Delivery
Speech
Archives, Fermi Lab
10
Delivery is the speaker’s interaction with the
audience
Voice
Movements
Making Scientific
Presentations
Stage Presence
Yesterday I gave a
colloquium.... [I] spoke
loudly and looked at the
audience and not the
blackboard, although under
the circumstances the
blackboard seemed far more
appealing than some of the
people.
Lise Meitner
Physicist
Courtesy of the
Archives, Cal-Tech
Linus Pauling
Time estimation: average 1.5-2.0 minutes per slide
Manner in giving the oral
presentations
1. Keep the length of the talk strictly,
leave some time for questions
2. Good practice before presentation:
avoid walking too much or staying
static
3. Interact with the audience
Next lecture
How to give a presentation
How to chair a session
How to prepare posters
See you on Oct. 30!
• direct personal contact in the conduct of science.
• feel inspiring to hear the lectures given by wellrecognized scientists,
• meet and discuss science with those with known
“names” seen only in literatures.
• establish new contacts or further collaborations.
• provide a perfect opportunity to get a broad
overview of new activities and avenues of
research.
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