Course Number/Program Name EDUC 8550 ... Middle Schools GRADUATE COURSE PROPOSAL OR REVISION,
Transcription
Course Number/Program Name EDUC 8550 ... Middle Schools GRADUATE COURSE PROPOSAL OR REVISION,
KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE PROPOSAL OR REVISION, Cover Sheet (10/02/2002) Course Number/Program Name EDUC 8550 Curriculum Theory & Practice in Secondary and Middle Schools Department Secondary and Middle Grades Education Degree Title (if applicable) Ed.D. in Teacher Leadership for Learning Proposed Effective Date Fall 2012 Check one or more of the following and complete the appropriate sections: New Course Proposal Course Title Change Course Number Change Course Credit Change Course Prerequisite Change X Course Description Change Sections to be Completed II, III, IV, V, VII I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III I, II, III Notes: If proposed changes to an existing course are substantial (credit hours, title, and description), a new course with a new number should be proposed. A new Course Proposal (Sections II, III, IV, V, VII) is required for each new course proposed as part of a new program. Current catalog information (Section I) is required for each existing course incorporated into the program. Minor changes to a course can use the simplified E-Z Course Change Form. Submitted by: Faculty Member Approved Not Approved Approved Not Approved Approved Not Approved Approved Not Approved Approved Not Approved Approved Not Approved Approved Not Approved Approved Not Approved [Type text] _____ Date Department Curriculum Committee Date Department Chair Date College Curriculum Committee Date College Dean Date GPCC Chair Date Dean, Graduate College Date Vice President for Academic Affairs Date President Date KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY GRADUATE COURSE/CONCENTRATION/PROGRAM CHANGE I. Current Information (Fill in for changes) Page Number in Current Catalog ___ Course Prefix and Number EDAD 8100 Course Title Curriculum Theory & Development in Secondary and Middle Schools Class Hours 3____Laboratory Hours___0___Credit Hours____3___ Prerequisites Admission to Doctoral Program Description (or Current Degree Requirements) This course is designed for students of curriculum theory, development, and design/planning. It provides an in-depth study of the foundations, principles, and issues of curriculum as they affect teachers, supervisors, and administrators who participate in curriculum making. The course consists of two major components: curriculum theory, which is an interdisciplinary study of philosophical, historical, psychological, social, and cultural foundations of curriculum; and curriculum development, which examines various models of curriculum as processes that have emerged and continue to shape education and schooling. II. Proposed Information (Fill in for changes and new courses) Course Prefix and Number ___EDUC 8550____________________ Course Title _______Curriculum Theory & Development in Secondary and Middle Schools__________ Class Hours 3 ____Laboratory Hours____0___CreditHours___3_____ Prerequisites Admission to Doctoral Program Description (or Proposed Degree Requirements) This course provides an in-depth study of the foundations, philosophies, and issues of curriculum as they affect teachers who participate in curriculum making as practitioners in the classroom. The course consists of two major components: curriculum theory, which is an interdisciplinary study of philosophical, historical, psychological, social, and cultural foundations of curriculum; and curriculum as it is practiced in secondary and middle schools. The focus of the class is on helping classroom teachers develop a deep understanding of foundations and philosophy of curriculum that will enable them to develop instructional practices to impact student learning. III. Justification Due to changes in PSC rules for teacher certification which led to name changes in most of our EDD and EDS programs, the original Adolescent Education program was divided into two primary areas with resultant name changes: Middle School Education and Secondary Education. As a result, the prefix to our courses had to be changed either to EDUC for courses that could be used outside our program area or EDSM for courses that pertain exclusively to middle schools and secondary schools. [Type text] IV. Additional Information (for New Courses only) Instructor: Text: Prerequisites: Objectives: Instructional Method Method of Evaluation - V. Resources and Funding Required (New Courses only) Resource Amount Faculty Other Personnel Equipment Supplies Travel New Books New Journals Other (Specify) TOTAL Funding Required Beyond Normal Departmental Growth [Type text] VI. COURSE MASTER FORM This form will be completed by the requesting department and will be sent to the Office of the Registrar once the course has been approved by the Office of the President. The form is required for all new courses. DISCIPLINE COURSE NUMBER COURSE TITLE FOR LABEL (Note: Limit 30 spaces) CLASS-LAB-CREDIT HOURS Approval, Effective Term Grades Allowed (Regular or S/U) If course used to satisfy CPC, what areas? Learning Support Programs courses which are required as prerequisites APPROVED: ________________________________________________ Vice President for Academic Affairs or Designee __ [Type text] EDUC 8550 Curriculum Theory & Practice in Secondary and Middle Schools Bagwell College of Education Kennesaw State University Spring 2013 I. INSTRUCTOR: Office Hours: Phone: Fax: Email: II. MEETING DAY(s)/ TIME: III. TEXTS Required: Tanner, D., & Tanner, L. (2007). Curriculum development: Theory into practice. Fourth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Schiro, Michael S. (2008). Curriculum Theory: Conflicting Visions and Enduring Concerns. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. Recommended: Wiggins, G. & McTighe. (2007). Schooling by design: Mission, action, and achievement. Association for Supervision Curriculum Development. and Kliebard, H. (2004). The struggle for the American curriculum: 1893– 1958. New York: Taylor & Francis. IV. CATALOG COURSE DESCRIPTION 3-0-3. Prerequisite: Admission to Doctoral Program. This course provides an in-depth study of the foundations, philosophies, and issues of curriculum as they affect teachers who participate in curriculum making as practitioners in the classroom. The course consists of two major components: curriculum theory, which is an interdisciplinary study of philosophical, historical, psychological, social, and cultural foundations of curriculum; and curriculum as it is practiced in secondary and middle schools. The focus of the class is on [Type text] helping classroom teachers develop a deep understanding of foundations and philosophy of curriculum that will enable them to develop instructional practices to impact student learning. V. PURPOSE/RATIONALE Curriculum as a field of study is both complex and diverse with multiple perspectives and approaches. This course will approach curriculum study by looking at curriculum not as a technical document, but as a social process. The course will introduce various theoretical and development discourses in the field of curriculum and the representative works of several influential theorists and individuals instrumental in the development of curriculum models. It is an introduction, by no means complete. The study of curriculum continually undergoes change; students are expected to acquire a working knowledge of contemporary curriculum thought, its historical antecedents, and be able to articulate a position, however temporary, where they find themselves within the field. This course explores curriculum as a field of scholarly inquiry that endeavors to understand curriculum across the academic disciplines. Students will focus especially upon interdisciplinary themes, as well as the relations among curriculum, the individual, and society, in order to understand the overall educational significance of the curriculum. The scope of curriculum development will include traditional and common approaches to the field, i.e., the study of how curriculum is planned, implemented, and evaluated, along with the people, processes, and procedures involved in its construction. VI. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK & RELATED STANDARDS AND REQUIREMENTS Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching, Learning and Leadership “The Collaborative Development of Expertise in Teaching, Learning and Leadership” is the basis for all of Kennesaw State University’s teacher education programs. Working from a solid content background, the teacher as facilitator demonstrates proficient and flexible use of different ways of teaching to actively engage students in learning. Teachers as facilitators are well versed in the characteristics of students of different ages, abilities and cultural backgrounds. They are skilled in integrating technology into instruction and create an environment in which students can be successful and want to learn. Teachers as facilitators know when and how to assess learning by means of various forms of traditional and authentic assessments. They are well prepared for successful careers in teaching and are expected to act in a professional manner in all circumstances with colleagues, parents, community members and their own students. As a professional educator, the teacher facilitator values collaboration and seeks opportunities to work with other professionals and community members to improve the educational experiences for children and youth. This course contributes to the candidates’ understanding of their developing role as a professional facilitator by supporting their educational growth as they learn to effectively teach students. Knowledge Base Teacher development is generally recognized as a continuum that includes four phases: preservice, induction, in-service, renewal (Odell, Huling, and Sweeny, 2000). Just as Sternberg (1996) believes that the concept of expertise is central to analyzing the teaching-learning process, the teacher education faculty at KSU believes that the concept of expertise is central to preparing effective classroom teachers and teacher leaders. Researchers describe how during the continuum phases, teachers progress from being Novices learning to survive in classrooms toward becoming Experts who have achieved elegance in their teaching. We, like Sternberg (1998), believe that [Type text] expertise is not an end-state but a process of continued development. The knowledge base for methods of teaching students learning English continues to develop rapidly. Current directions include multiple intelligence models, content-based instruction, and L1/L2 approaches to teaching and learning. The field draws on research literature in the areas of second language acquisition, bilingualism and cognition, L1/L2 literacy, and social justice. Diversity Statement A variety of materials and instructional strategies will be employed to meet the needs of the different learning styles of diverse learners in class. Candidates will gain knowledge as well as an understanding of differentiated strategies and curricula for providing effective instruction and assessment within multicultural classrooms. One element of course work is raising candidate awareness of critical multicultural issues. A second element is to cause candidates to explore how multiple attributes of multicultural populations influence decisions in employing specific methods and materials for every student. Among these attributes are age, disability, ethnicity, family structure, gender, geographic region, giftedness, language, race, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. An emphasis on cognitive style differences provides a background for the consideration of cultural context. Kennesaw State University provides program accessibility and accommodations for persons defined as disabled under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A number of services are available to support students with disabilities within their academic program. In order to make arrangements for special services, students must visit the Office of Disabled Student Support Services (ext. 6443) and develop an individual assistance plan. In some cases, certification of disability is required. Please be aware there are other support/mentor groups on the campus of Kennesaw State University that address each of the multicultural variables outlined above. Field Experiences Leadership and School-based Activities & Graduate Field Experience Requirements: While completing your graduate program at Kennesaw State University, you are required to be involved in a variety of leadership and school-based activities directed at the improvement of teaching and learning. Appropriate activities may include, but are not limited to, attending and presenting at professional conferences, actively serving on or chairing school-based committees, attending PTA/school board meetings, leading or presenting professional development activities at the school or district level, and participating in education-related community events. As you continue your educational experiences, you are encouraged to explore every opportunity to learn by doing. Technology Technology Standards & Use: Technology Standards for Educators are required by the Professional Standards Commission. Telecommunication and information technologies will be integrated throughout the master teacher preparation program, and all candidates must be able to use technology to improve student learning and meet Georgia Technology Standards for Educators. During the courses, candidates will be provided with opportunities to explore and use instructional media, especially microcomputers, to assist teaching. They will master use of productivity tools, such as multimedia facilities, localnet and Internet, and feel confident to design multimedia instructional materials, create WWW resources, and develop an electronic learning portfolio. Candidates in this course will be expected to apply the use of educational technology in their classrooms. Candidates will have access to the ERIC CD-ROM database, [Type text] TRAC and the Educational Technology Center. Library research required in this course is supported by the Galileo system. GeorgiaVIEW is a tool available to use for use and will be the primary mode of communication, especially in case of weather related notices regarding class. Course materials will be posted on GeorgaVIEW two to three weeks before they are discussed in class. VII. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The objectives of this course are consistent with the Bagwell College of Education KSDs for Doctoral Candidates. Students will be able to: Course objective 1. Explain the ideological, philosophical, historical, psychological, political, and social frameworks that undergird curriculum design as they influence and impact student learning. 2. Analyze functions, purposes, history and organization of schools and schooling as contexts that must be considered when planning curriculum. Examine curriculum models that may be utilized to impact student learning. 3. Interpret research for curriculum improvement, including groups involved in making curriculum, the particular role of the teacher in improving curriculum, curriculum leadership groups, and collaborative approaches to curriculum improvement. 4. Demonstrate the ability to align curriculum across local, state, and national standards. 5. Evaluate curriculum development and improvement activities in schools through an analysis of pedagogical practice and student performance data. 6. Examine society as curricular source and influence by assessing one’s involvement in school, district and community activities beyond one’s own classroom that are designed to positively impact student learning. NOTE: INSERT PERFORMANCE OUTCOME CHART HERE!!!!!! VIII. ACADEMIC INTEGRITY Professionalism- Academic Honesty: KSU expects that graduate students will pursue their academic programs in an ethical, professional manner. Faculty of the Ed.D. in Adolescent Education program abide by the policies and guidelines established by the university in their expectations for candidates’ work. Candidates are responsible for knowing and adhering to the guidelines of academic honesty as stated in the graduate catalog. Any candidate who is found to have violated these guidelines will be subject to disciplinary action consistent with university policy. For example, plagiarism or other violations of the University’s Academic Honesty policies could result in a grade of “F” in the course and a formal hearing before the Judiciary Committee. Professionalism- Participation, and Attendance: Part of your success in this class is related to your ability to provide peer reviews and feedback to your editing groups regarding their research and their writing. Furthermore, responding effectively and appropriately to feedback from your [Type text] peers and the professor is another measure of one’s professionalism. In addition, since each class meeting represents a week of instruction/learning, failure to attend class will likely impact your performance on assignments and final exams. Please be prepared with all readings completed prior to class. We depend on one another to ask pertinent and insightful questions. IX. COURSE REQUIREMENTS & ASSIGNMENTS 1. Curriculum Unit Project: This project is designed so that students can focus on a particular strand, aspect, or issue of curriculum theory and/or development. For your project you might choose from among the following ideas, or propose one of your own! The Curriculum Unit Project Rubric allows for flexibility, candidate interest, and various approaches to curriculum research. • Curricular Ideologies Paper, Personal History, or Theory Diagram. • Critique text or adopted series in a discipline and evaluate Learning Method, Instructional Approach, Curricular Approach: For example, you might examine the implications of the text for particular current contemporary educational reform, movement or problem. • Analyze the Curriculum Guide at the school, district, state, or national level. • Videotaped presentation that highlights or integrates Curricular Models; displays theory as related to teaching methods (actual or simulated). In other words, this assignment should allow the doctoral student to focus in depth on a particular issue; the student is expected to research other works to help develop ideas. Students will prepare a research paper and subsequent presentation of their project. The length of the paper is 10-12 pages, double-spaced with a reference page formatted in APA style. There must be 10 sources listed on the reference page. Each of these sources should be used in a significant way in the body of the paper. It is critical that the student choose credible and sterling sources to write this assignment. The student will access Galileo in order to gather materials from academic journals and books. Further guidelines will be discussed. 2. Reflective Writing on Reading Assignments, Including Blogging: Students will periodically be assigned reflections on assigned readings in which they will review/reflect upon salient points of the work and the particular curricular perspective which it embodies. Responses will be submitted on the GeorgiaVIEW discussion board. This assignment is designed to help the student develop concise and lucid writing. 3. Article Talks: Students will conduct small group discussions about assigned readings salient to curriculum theory, development, and practice. 5. Small Group Presentations: Students are required to participate in at least one small group presentation, which will focus on presenting a contemporary curricular discourse. The presentation should focus on how this particular perspective of curriculum makes sense of the world. What are the major ideas, what major thinkers or works does this perspective draw on, who are its major proponents and how have they helped us to see the world differently. These presentations are expected to be creative, interactive and engaging. Handouts with major ideas, bibliographies, biographies, etc. are most welcome. [Type text] 6. Attendance and Participation: Students are expected to take an active role in generating class discussions. To this end, students are expected to come to class having read the course material thoroughly. What this means is that students should be able to distinguish among the major themes or issues raised in each reading; identify concepts and vocabulary that are unfamiliar or confusing; articulate the significant contributions and/or shortcomings of the particular readings. If you cannot attend class, please contact the professor prior to class. Assignments are due on date assigned. All written assignments must be typed in 12 point font with standard margins. Work that is unedited or presented with little thought or planning will not be accepted. X. COURSE OUTLINE Topics: 1. Major curricular ideologies that guide teachers’ conceptions of instruction: Social Efficiency in an Age of Accountability 2. Curriculum Theory and impact on student learning: How educational philosophies manifest in the classroom 3. Curriculum & The Learner: Maximizing learning for all students 4. Curriculum Development: The role of the teacher and others in developing & improving curriculum 5. Curriculum Alignment and Implementation 6. Curriculum Evaluation 7. Models of Evaluation 8. Collaborative Reform of Curriculum 9. Using Technology to Support & Strengthen Curriculum Development and Reform 10. Controversies in Curriculum: state, national, local issues; Problems to Possibilities XI. REFERENCES & ADDITIONAL READINGS Anderson, L.W., Krathwohl, D.R., Airsian, P.W., Cruikshank, K.A., Mayer, R.E., Pintrich, P.R., Raths, J., & Wittrock, M.C. (2001). A taxonomy for learning, teaching, and assessing: A revision of Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. New York: Longman. Apple, M., Ideology & Curriculum. New York: Routledge. Armstrong, D.G. (2003). Curriculum today. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill-Prentice Hall. Ballantine, J.H., & Spade, J.Z. (2004). Schools and society: A sociological approach to education. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, Inc. [Type text] Banks, J.A., & Banks, C.A.M. (2003). Multicultural education: Issues and perspectives. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Barnett, D., & McKowen, C. (1998). A school without a principal. Educational Leadership, 55(7), 48-49. Bernauer, J. A. (1999). Emerging standards: Empowerment with a purpose. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 35(2), 68-70, 74. Bizar, M. & Barr, R. (2000). School leadership in times of urban reform. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Bliss, T., & Mazur, J. (2002). K-12 teachers in the midst of reform: Common thread cases. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill-Prentice Hall. Boyle-Baise, M. (2002). Multicultural service learning: Educating teachers in diverse communities. New York: Teachers College Press. Brooks, J.G., & Brooks, M.G. (2001). In search of understanding: The case for constructivist classrooms. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill-Prentice Hall. Cherniss, C. (1998). Social and emotional learning for leaders. Educational Leadership, 55(7), 28-29. Clark, S. N., Clark, D. C., & Irvin, J. I. (1997). Collaborative decision making. Middle School Journal, 28(5), 54-56. Clinchy, E. (1998). The educationally challenged American school district. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 80(4), 272-278 Comer, J.P., Ben-Avie, M., Haynes, N.M., & Joyner, E.T. (1999). Child by child: The Comer process for change in education. New York: Teachers College Press. Darling-Hammond, L. (1998). Teacher learning that supports student learning. Educational Leadership, 55(5), 6-11. Darling-Hammond, L., French, J., & Garcia-Lopez, S.P. (2002). Learning to teach for social justice. New York: Teachers College Press. Day, B. D. (Ed.). (1999). Teaching & learning in the new millennium. Indianapolis, IN: Kappa Delta Pi Demaine, J. (Ed.). (2000). Sociology of education today. New York: Palgrave. Dewey, J. (1956). The school and society: The child and the curriculum. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Dewey, J. (1963). Experience and education. New York: Macmillan. Dewey, J. (1966). Democracy and education. New York: The Free Press. Foster, M. 1997). Black teachers on teaching. New York: The Free Press. Freire, P. (1993). Pedagogy of the oppressed. New York: Continuum. Freire, P. (1998). Pedagogy of hope: Ethics, democracy, and civic courage. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. Fullan, M. (1998). Emerging standards: Empowerment with purpose. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 35(2), 6870, 74. [Type text] Garmston, R., & Wellman, B. (1994). Insights from constructivist learning theory. Educational Leadership, 51(7), 84-85. Garmston, R., & Wellman, B. (1998). Teacher talk that makes a difference. Phi Delta Kappan, 55(7), 3034. Giroux, H.A. (1997). Pedagogy and the politics of hope: Theory, culture, and schooling. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Giroux, H.A. (2001). Theory and resistance in education: Towards a pedagogy for the opposition. Westport, CT: Bergin and Garvey. Glasser, W. (1993). The quality school teacher. New York: Harper Perennial. Gollnick, D.M., & Chinn, P.C. (2002). Multicultural education in a pluralistic society. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill-Prentice Hall. Haberman, M., & Bracey, G. W. (1997). The anti-learning curriculum of urban schools. Part I: The problem. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 33(3), 88-89. Haberman, M. (1999). The anti-learning curriculum. Part 2: The solution. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 35(2), 71-74. Hansen, J., & Childs, J. (1998). Creating a school where people like to be. Educational Leadership, 56(1), 14-16. Henderson, J.G. (1996). Reflective teaching: A study of constructivist practices. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Merrill. Henson, K.T. (1996). Why curriculum development needs reforming. Educational Horizons, 74(4), 157162. hooks, b. (1994). Teaching to transgress: Education as the practice of freedom. New York: Routledge. Joseph, P.B., Bravmann, S.L., Windschitl, M.A. Mikel, E.R., & Green, N.S. (2000). Cultures of curriculum. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Johnson, C. A. (1998). Using the learning combination inventory. Educational Leadership, 55(4), 88-89. Kowalksi, T. J., Weaver, R. A., & Henson, K. T. (1994). Case studies on beginning teachers. New York: Longman Publishers. Lewis, C., & Tsuchida, I. (1998). The basics in Japan: The three C’s. Educational Leadership, 55(6), 3237. Liston, D.P., & Zeichner, K.M. (1996). Culture and teaching. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. Lorber, M.A. (1995). Objectives, methods, and evaluation for secondary teaching. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Marshall, J.D., Sears, J.T., & Schubert, W.H. (2000). Turning points in curriculum: A contemporary American memoir. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill-Prentice Hall. [Type text] Martin, J.R. (2002). Cultural miseducation: In search of a democratic solution. New York: Teachers College Press. Martusewicz, R.A., & Reynolds, W.M. (Eds.). (1994). Inside out: Contemporary critical perspectives in education. New York: St. Martin’s Press. McLaughlin, M.W., Irby, M.A., & Langman, J. (1994). Urban sanctuaries: Neighborhood organizations in the lives and futures of inner-city youths. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. McNeil, J.D. (2003). Curriculum: The teacher’s initiative. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill-Prentice Hall. Miller-Lachmann, L., & Taylor, L.S. (1995). Schools for all: Educating children in a diverse society. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers. Mitchell, R., Crawford, M., & Chicago Teachers Union Quest Center. (1995). Learning in overdrive: Designing curriculum, instruction, and assessment from standards: A manual for teachers. Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing. Nelson, W. W. (1999). The Emperor redux. Kappa Delta Pi Record, 80(5), 387-392. Oliva, P.F. (2005). Developing the curriculum, 6th Ed.. New York: Longman. Ornstein, A.C., Behar-Horenstein, L.S., & Pajak, E.F. (2003). Contemporary issues in curriculum. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Ornstein, A. C., & Hunkins, F. P. (2004). Curriculum: Foundations, principles, and issues. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Parker, P. (1999). The Courage to Teach. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Pinar, W., Reynolds, W., Slattery, P., and Taubman, P. (1996). Understanding Curriculum. New York: Peter Lang. Pinar, W., Reynolds, W., Slattery, P., and Taubman, P. (1996). Understanding Curriculum. New York: Peter Lang. Posner, G.J. (2004). Analyzing the curriculum. Boston: McGraw Hill. Rist, R.C. (1973). The urban school A factory for failure: A study of education in American society. Cambridge, MA: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1992). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectation and pupils’ intellectual development. Williston, VT: Crown House Publishing. Roskos, K. (1996). When two heads are better than one: Beginning teachers’ planning processes in an integrated instruction planning task. Journal of Teacher education, 47(2), 120-129. Ryan, K., & Cooper, J.M. (2004). Kaleidoscope: Reading in education. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Sapon-Shevin, M. (1999). 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Starko, A.J., Sparks-Langer, G.M., Pasch, M., Frankes, L., Gardner, T.G., & Moody, C.D. (2003). Teaching as decision making: Successful practices for the elementary teacher. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill-Prentice Hall. Tatum, B. D. (1997). Why are all the black kids sitting together in the cafeteria? And other conversations about race. New York: Basic Books. Tyler, R.W. (1949). Basics of curriculum and instruction. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Tyler, R.W. (1950). Basics of curriculum and instruction: Syllabus for education 305. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. Walker, D.F., & Soltis, J.F. (1997). Curriculum and aims. New York: Teachers College Press. Wang, M. C., Haertel, G. D., & Walberg, H. J. (1998). Models of reform: A comprehensive guide. Educational Leadership, 55(7), 66-71. Watras, J. (2002). The foundations of educational curriculum and diversity: 1565 to the present. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Wiggins, G. & McTighe. (2007). Schooling by design: Mission, action, and achievement. Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Wiles, J., & Bondi, J. (1998). Curriculum development: A guide to practice. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill-Prentice Hall. [Type text]