GNU Web Translators Manual

Transcription

GNU Web Translators Manual
Documentation for translators of www.gnu.org
(last updated 27 June 2014, for GNUnited Nations version 0.9)
by Yavor Doganov <[email protected]>
This manual is a guide for the GNU Web Translators.
Last updated on 27 June 2014, for GNUnited Nations version 0.9.
c 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the
terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 or any later version
published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no FrontCover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”
i
Table of Contents
1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2
Team Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1
2.2
Joining a Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
How to Submit a Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 How to Submit a Translation in PO Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 How to Submit a Translation as Plain Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Leaving a Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
2
2
3
3
4
Team Co-ordinators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1
3.2
3.3
How to Form a New Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The Gentle Art of Managing a Translation Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Peer Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.3.1 How to Track Tasks and Bugs Using Savannah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.3.2 How to Proceed with Unreviewed Translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.4 CVS Commits and Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3.5 Taking Advantage of Savannah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
3.5.1 Managing Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5.2 Homepage of the Team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5.3 Support Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5.4 Tasks Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5.5 Bugs Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.5.6 News Tracker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5.7 Managing Mailing Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.5.8 Version Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.6 Promoting Members as Co-leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.7 Reporting Team Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.8 How to Retire Painlessly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4
Translation Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
What to Translate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Keeping Translations Current. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
When to CAPITALIZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Distribution Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Copyright Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Language-specific Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Related Mailing Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Savannah Projects Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Working with PO Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.9.1 Web-based Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.10 Migration to the New Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.11 Summary of SSI #includes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.12 How to Use Custom CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.12.1 Specific Issues Related to RTL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix A
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
18
18
19
19
21
21
GNU Free Documentation License . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Chapter 1: Introduction
1
1 Introduction
This manual is an attempt to describe in detail the process of translating www.gnu.org articles—
how to join a team, or start a new one, the responsibilities of the team members and leaders, as
well as some peculiarities of the GNU Project’s website when it comes to localization.
The GNU website contains hundreds of documents, most of them philosophical articles (essays) and technical documents which need to be translated to make them available to a broader
audience. This is especially important for the philosophy-related materials, as many people do
not speak English and even those that do usually prefer to read such articles in their native
language. Dealing with the task of translating a website this large is a hard job, and too often
people volunteering as translators get frustrated or lose interest in keeping up with that work.
Reading this manual, and the related GNUN manual (see Section “GNUnited Nations” in The
GNUnited Nations Manual), is just the tip of the iceberg. This is not meant to discourage any
potential volunteer; rather, we prefer to be honest and to give preliminary estimation of the
work/responsibility involved—if you feel you are not in a position to help you may move on to
a smaller project before going through all procedures.
It is important to realize that being a GNU Web Translator is a hard job at all levels, but
your help is much appreciated and is invaluable contribution to the society. While there are
many people who contribute to our community by writing free software (and their number is
constantly increasing), the ones actively engaged in teaching others to appreciate and defend
their freedom are only a few. Consequently and rather unfortunately, there are not so many
volunteers willing to maintain in the long term translations of the various essays that describe
the fundamental values of the free software movement.
Translators of the https://www.gnu.org website are organized in language teams. Each
team has one or more co-ordinators, who are responsible for the respective team; they are
also referred to as leaders or (when multiple in a single team) co-leaders. The co-ordinators
participate in the Savannah ‘trans-coord’ organizational project, which is managed by the
GNU Web Translation Managers (also known as Translation Managers or web-translators). The
manual is organized in chapters that follow the organizational structure of the whole translation
project.
If you wish to join a translation team or contribute a translation or two, see Chapter 2
[Members], page 2. If your intention is to form a translation team, see Chapter 3 [Leaders],
page 5.
Chapter 2: Team Members
2
2 Team Members
Being a team member means to co-operate with a group of other people, working under the
co-ordinatorship of the appointed team leader. Usually, this involves translating articles and
reviewing/proof-reading other people’s translations, participating in discussions about terminology issues, and sometimes performing clean-up tasks.
2.1 Joining a Team
To join a team, please first look at the existing teams in Translations README. Chances are
that there is already an established team. If there is no team listed for your language, this
means that:
• There is no team established and there are no translations to this language.
• Some translations were submitted by occasional contributors, but no team has ever been
formed.
• The page is not updated to reflect the current situation (this shouldn’t happen, but it’s a
possibility anyway).
If the team is marked as orphaned (“New coordinator needed”), there is no problem: you
can still submit your translation to [email protected] (see Section 2.2 [Submitting],
page 2). In case you want to establish a new translation team or become a co-ordinator of an
existing one, please refer to the next chapter, see Chapter 3 [Leaders], page 5.
Contacting the team is best done via Savannah—each translation team has its own project,
named ‘www-lang’, with the project page being https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/wwwlang. All teams should have mailing lists, typically in the form [email protected]. Some
teams have homepages, https://www.gnu.org/server/standards/translations/lang with
additional contact details and procedures for team members.
You could also write directly to the team leader via the Savannah interface—that way your
request will be recorded by Savannah and can be tracked or completed when the membership is
approved.
The actual process of submitting translations for review varies from team to team, as teams
have certain liberties to organize themselves as they see fit. Thus, this manual does not make
any attempt to cover that aspect—please refer to the team-specific documentation (if any) or
ask the co-ordinator.
Certainly, it is not mandatory to be an active team member to contribute a translation or
two. If you feel that you don’t have the time to participate actively, that is fine; you can still
send your translation to the team. No contributions should be rejected.
If you do not hear from the team within a reasonable time frame (say, two weeks), please
write to [email protected].
For general information about the translation process, see Chapter 4 [Translation Process],
page 14.
2.2 How to Submit a Translation
Everyone can still submit translations even if there is no translation team formed. There are two
ways to do that—following the existing procedures, which is the preferred way, and sending it as
plain text, which means more work for a limited group of volunteers (the Translation Managers)
to convert the translation in ‘.po’ format.
3
2.2.1 How to Submit a Translation in PO Format
All translations1 are maintained via GNUN), which significantly eases maintenance and avoids
the unpleasant situation where a translation is lagging behind the original. See Section “Advantages” in The GNUnited Nations Manual.
Since September 2008 all new translations at gnu.org are installed in ‘.po’ format, and the
‘.html’ is generated automatically. Here are the steps to produce and submit such a translation:
• Make a checkout of the CVS Web repository of the ‘www’ Savannah project. You can find
generic instructions at https://savannah.gnu.org/cvs/?group=www. All updates to the
website are done as commits in the repository, so you would need an up-to-date working
copy. Anonymous access works under any circumstances, i.e. it is not mandatory to have a
registered account at Savannah to use it. You can also check out only a specific directory,
for example:
cvs -z3 -d:pserver:[email protected]:/web/www co www/gnu
This command will fetch only the ‘/gnu’ directory—in other words, all articles at https://
www.gnu.org/gnu.
You can also fetch single files by their respective URLs. For example, the URL for the
template file of http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html is http://www.gnu.
org/philosophy/po/free-sw.pot; the URL for its lang PO file (when available) is always
http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-sw.lang.po:
wget http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/po/free-sw.pot
• Assuming you already know the article you want to translate, you have to create an empty
‘article.lang.po’ file and then translate all messages with a PO editor. See Section “New
Translation” in The GNUnited Nations Manual. For an almost complete list of PO editors,
see Section 4.9 [PO Files], page 18.
• When you are pleased with the translation, check that the PO file is valid and submit it to
[email protected], attached to your message. The web-translators will review (to
the best of their ability) the translation and will install it in the repository.
• In order for GNUN to be able to generate (and subsequently update) a fully translated
page, the language should have the server templates available as PO files. These templates
are short, and translating them shouldn’t take much time. If the language code is present
in the TEMPLATE_LINGUAS variable at ‘server/gnun/gnun.mk’, then you don’t have to do
anything. If it is not, the required files are defined via the extra-templates variable in
‘server/gnun/gnun.mk’—you can translate and submit them in the usual way, together
with the translation of the essay.
If you don’t want to translate the templates for whatever reason—do not worry, the webtranslators will install empty templates (which means the English strings will be used).
It is quite possible that there will be errors or typos, so once you are informed that the
translation is online, check it carefully and if necessary, resubmit the PO file with corrections.
Do not forget to run cvs update first and edit the updated ‘.po’ file from the repository—most
probably the Translation Managers have already made some modifications to it, usually to fix
validation errors and to complete the PO file header.
2.2.2 How to Submit a Translation as Plain Text
If you feel the procedure described in the previous section is too burdensome and unfeasible for
you to follow, you can still submit a translation in plain text. It will be manually converted to
PO file by the GNU Web Translation Managers, which can be tricky sometimes, and naturally,
means more work for them and slower processing of your request.
1
Well—not really, but the goal is to maintain all of them.
4
You should never translate the HTML markup—i.e. do not use the “View Source” functionality of your browser to translate the raw HTML. Most of it is irrelevant, and automatically
inherited from the markup of the original article. Simply save your translation in a plain text file
(‘.txt’), preferably in UTF-8 encoding. You can use any decent text editor for that—Emacs,
Vim, gEdit, Kate, LibreOffice (the file should be saved as ‘.txt’, not ‘.odt’), etc.
Translate the title, the main heading and the body of the article up to the footer. For
example, for the Free Software Definition that would be:
What is free software? - GNU Project - Free Software Foundation
What is free software?
The Free Software Definition
The free software definition presents...
...
...You can review the complete list of changes to the page through
the cvsweb interface.
Since web-translators do not speak all languages, it is essential to mark somehow any inner
markup, because very often it is hard to figure out what translated text should be enclosed inside
<em> or <a> elements, to name a few. The easiest way to do this is just to use the corresponding
HTML markup, although anything else is suitable. For example, here is how to indicate that the
link “History section” at the first paragraph of the same article should correspond to “secci´
on
historial” in the translation:
Si quisiera revisar los cambios que hemos hecho, por favor vea la
{secci´
on historial} m´
as abajo para m´
as informaci´
on.
It is not necessary to include the value of the href attribute, as it is already known.
If you wish your name to appear in the footer as a translator of the article, please also provide a translation of ‘Translation: your name’ or ‘Translated by: your name’, as you prefer.
Please also state if you wish your email address to be published (some readers prefer to send
suggestions directly to the translator, but we certainly do not require that translators must
publish their address).
Finally, send the translation to [email protected], either inline or as an attachment
to your message. Once online, please check for any errors or omissions that may have resulted
from the conversion process, and report them back.
2.3 Leaving a Team
When you realize that you don’t have time or can’t devote sufficient resources to perform the
tasks anymore, it is prudent to inform the translation team co-ordinator and possibly all the rest
of the team-mates. The team leader should always have a rough estimation about the available
translators, even though there are no reliable means to establish that. Your announcement that
you are stepping down (temporarily or permanently) may help her in this regard.
Chapter 3: Team Co-ordinators
5
3 Team Co-ordinators
A gnu.org translation team leader is the person who is ultimately responsible for organizing
and managing the team, including, but not limited to, having the final say on contributed
translations and exercising levels of control as she sees fit.
A prospective team co-ordinator should have perfect understanding of the GNU Philosophy
and the various issues the free software movement set out to solve. Energy and time are always
needed, as well as certain communication skills.
However, a team leader is not a dictator (for life); every action and decision taken should have
its justification and should stem from the goals of the project at large. Inefficient or inoperative
leaders are replaced, if necessary.
3.1 How to Form a New Team
Establishing a new team is not hard, but a certain procedure ought to be followed. The most
important thing to realize is that this is somewhat a long-term engagement that requires a lot of
spare time, communication and technical skills, and devotion. The only “bonus” team leaders
have is more work and more responsibilities.
You should read all the documentation related to the translation process and at the very
least all important philosophy-related articles listed on the Translation Priorities page before
you decide to form a new team, or take over an orphaned team. Once you have the internal
feeling that having a gnu.org translation team for your language is a must, and you are the one
for this job, follow these steps:
1. If you do not have a Savannah account, register at https://savannah.gnu.org/account/
register .php. Write access to the repository and project membership is handled via
Savannah, so you would need an account in any case.
2. Checkout a complete working copy of the CVS Web repository as described at https://
savannah.gnu.org/cvs/?group=www. If you still don’t have a Savannah account or if you
have registered one, but are not yet member of any Savannah project, refer to the instructions under “Anonymous CVS Access”. If you are already a member of (any) Savannah
project, you can proceed with “Project Member CVS Access via SSH”, although you will
still lack permission to commit (later, when it is granted, you can use the same working
copy).
Examine the layout and structure of the repository. Basically, it is mapped to the URL
locations, more or less. Take a look at the most important materials to translate under
‘/philosophy’, ‘/gnu’, ‘/distros’, ‘/education’ and ‘/licenses’ directories just to get
a rough estimate about the amount of work involved1 . If you are still not scared and
determined to go on further, excellent.
As you have probably observed, every directory that contains translatable articles has a
‘/po’ sub-directory, which is where the canonical source format of the translations is stored.
3. Submit your first message stating that you would like to establish a new team to
[email protected]; please mention that you have read all the documentation and
list the issues that remain unclear for you. The Translation Managers will answer your
questions and send you the standard questionnaire for new team leaders. It is short and
shouldn’t take more than 10–30 minutes to complete. This questionnaire is important, as
we consider it crucial for any translation team co-ordinator to have a good understanding
of the philosophy of the free software movement.
1
As of December 2013, there are over 250 files to translate in “important” directories; their volume is about 4
MB.
6
4. Check if your language code is present in the variable TEMPLATE_LINGUAS in the file
‘server/gnun/gnun.mk’. If it is not, the first thing to do is to translate and submit to
[email protected] the following files (all in the ‘server/po/’ directory):
• ‘head-include-2.lang.po’
• ‘body-include-1.lang.po’
• ‘body-include-2.lang.po’
• ‘bottom-notes.lang.po’
• ‘footer-text.lang.po’
• ‘outdated.lang.po’
• ‘top-addendum.lang.po’
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
See Section “New Translation” in The GNUnited Nations Manual.
− The language code (lang) should be the ISO 639-1 code of the language, for example
‘hy’ for Armenian or ‘el’ for Greek. If the language is a variant such as Brazilian
Portuguese or Simplified Chinese, use small caps and a dash—‘pt-br’ and ‘zh-cn’
instead of ‘pt_BR’ and ‘zh_CN’.
− The PO file header and initial comments should be filled as documented.
Any prospective team leader should submit a few translations first. This is a process of
pointing errors and omissions (which are expected and natural); it’s an important thing to
do as the leader is going to carry out these checks on her own, once the team is approved.
If there are existing translations that are not yet in PO format, the best thing to do is
to migrate one or two. You can use find to find out what’s already in the repository, for
example:
find -name \*.lang.html
Submit at least two translations of your own. We maintain a list with priority articles on the
Translation Priorities page, although it is probably hard to start with one of them. Choose
whatever you wish, provided it is an essay and not an auxiliary page. Avoid translating the
homepage or ‘planetfeeds.html’—they are moving targets and keeping up would be only
a distraction for both parties in the process. As usual, send the completed translation to
[email protected].
The Translation Managers will review your translations, and eventually comment on them
(mostly technical details if there is no one among them speaking your language). Depending
on the case, it might be required to submit a corrected file. In any event, please take into
account the remarks in future work.
If all goes well, you will receive a response inviting you to apply for a new translation project
at Savannah. The project name should be ‘www-lang’ where lang is, unsurprisingly, the
language code. If such a project already exists, this step will be skipped and you’ll be made
an administrator of the project and its mailing lists. To register the project, go to https://
savannah.gnu.org/register/ and make sure you fill in the required fields. The “Group
type” should be ‘www.gnu.org translation team’, and “Project license”—‘WebSite Only’.
In the “Tarball URL” field enter a bogus URL such as ‘http://gnu.org’.
Pay attention: This step is a formality. You should proceed with the project registration
only when you have been asked by [email protected] to do so. Otherwise, the
submission may appear in the task list of the Savannah Hackers for a fairly long time, which
is troublesome.
When the project is approved, the team information will be added to the list at
‘README.translations.html’, you will become a member of the ‘www’ project (thus
granting you CVS write access to the whole repository—so be careful) and the
‘trans-coord’ project. You’ll also be subscribed to the following mailing lists:
7
− www-commits
− trans-coord-discuss
− www-discuss
10. When you are appointed the admin of the new project, please edit its configuration; in
particular, write its description, create a mailing list (don’t forget to subscribe yourself!),
optionally add a home page using Web CVS repository.
If you are taking over an orphaned team, the Translation Managers will make you the owner
of its mailing lists (if any).
The whole process should not take more than two weeks or maximum a month—if this period
turns out to be longer, it is an indication that you do not have the required time and resources
for this job, or web-translators are badly lagging behind and do not process the requests with
the expected pace.
Applications for new teams are sometimes processed in parallel2 —the most suitable candidate
is chosen in this case. This is, undoubtedly, based on a subjective judgment made by the
Translation Managers, and many factors are important.
The procedure for taking over an orphaned team is the same. Once completed, you will be
made an admin of the respective ‘www-lang’ Savannah project, or if it doesn’t exist, invited
to apply for registration. Do not automatically remove old members just because you are
starting “afresh”—some of them might want to continue to contribute. Contact them privately,
explaining that you’re the new appointed team co-ordinator, and ask them if they would be
willing to continue their involvement in the team.
3.2 The Gentle Art of Managing a Translation Team
It is not our ambition to describe all activities involved in managing a team—it’s very likely
that you will encounter new problems, take care of tasks nobody else is aware of, or invent
new techniques and approaches in your quest to keep things running. Managing a team is a
hard task on all counts: communication with others, recruiting volunteers (and keeping them
as long as possible), defending certain decisions, leading discussions about terminology issues,
handling personal conflicts within the team, technical skills when reviewing/merging/syncing
translations, etc. The list goes on and on.
This manual can only summarize some of the most common issues and suggest ways to deal
with them. It is up to the team leader to establish the precise team procedures and practices.
The [email protected] mailing list was specifically created to discuss issues
that leaders encounter while managing the teams, and for general organizational work. Feel free
to discuss anything related to the translation process there.
It is strongly recommended that translation teams attempt to recruit native English speakers
in order to improve their translation process. Translators sometimes misunderstand English
idioms and expressions, and as a result, they translate them incorrectly or in ways that are
suboptimal and confusing. These errors are trivial to discover for the native English speaker.
3.3 Peer Review
First and foremost, find at least one person for peer review. You will review her translations,
and she will review yours (at least in the beginning). Being a team leader does not mean that
you cannot make mistakes; everyone does. The mutual review (especially if done by a larger
group) is crucial for the quality of the translation process. Too many errors are just missed
(especially if they are obvious) when the translator does a final review of her own translation.
2
In general, we try to avoid this and direct all new volunteers to the person who is already carrying out the
process—this is also a verification if she can co-operate easily with others.
8
It is good to establish a practice: Do not commit officially (i.e. in ‘www’, which will appear
online at https://www.gnu.org immediately) a translation that is not yet reviewed by someone
else who is not the translator. Always perform a final review yourself even if the translation
has been checked by another member of the team. In other words, every translation installed
at gnu.org should pass through your hands (read: eyes).
One common technique for performing such reviews is to use a mailing list—the translator
sends the new translation and participants comment on specific parts, quoting them appropriately. The benefit of this approach is that it is straightforward, but the drawback is that there
is no automatic “record” about the conclusion of the specific discussion (or sub-thread) and
sometimes such discussions easily digress, making it even harder to come up with a solution.
Another way is to use Savannah’s built-in trackers (the ‘Tasks’ and ‘Bugs’ trackers, specifically). This is further explained in the next section, see Section 3.3.1 [Tracking Tasks], page 8.
One way or another, you should create some kind of review process.
3.3.1 How to Track Tasks and Bugs Using Savannah
The team leader has to make sure that prospective translations are reviewed, that they do not
contain obvious errors and confusing expressions and that they match the spirit and intention of
the original essay. However, many teams tend to suffer from a specific problem: team members
rely on the leader to make these extensive reviews. That is fine, as far as it goes, and the leader
should always review translations before installing them in the repository—but it is nearly
impossible (especially for a large team) to rely on a single person for such tasks. Team coordinators often do not manage to make such reviews in time, resulting in frustration among
the team members and generally slowing the translation process.
A solution to this specific problem is to distribute the load among more people. For example:
Member D makes a translation of ‘foo.html’ and uploads ‘foo.lang.po’ in the translation
project’s repository at Savannah, marking the relevant task as “Ready For Test” (of course,
the equivalent is sending a message with the attached translation to the team’s mailing list,
or similar). Then Member A, B and C (or only A and B if C is currently busy) review it
independently and post comments/suggestions/errors in the bug tracker. Discussion goes on
between them and D, problems are rectified and finally the leader (who may happen to be one
of A, B, C, D) makes a final review. It is easier to make the final review when most of the issues
are already fixed in previous revisions. Finally, the translation is published. The result is better
quality of the translation (since more people looked at it) and the whole burden does not fall
solely on the shoulders of the leader. You can also set up an internal formal rule: If a member
makes a translation, he has to review another one (or two) as well.
Some translations can take a fairly long time—the typical example is a complicated essay or
a transcript of a speech. It is best to avoid duplicate work by indicating, or better—recording,
that someone is working on this specific article. The ‘Tasks’ tracker is suitable for this purpose.
It is prudent to discuss the most convenient naming scheme and practice among team members, and publish the convention or rules at the team’s homepage. Note that you can create
Custom Fields in the trackers, and resolved bugs can be searched based on these custom values.
Thus, a possible straightforward way to manage these tasks is:
• If someone starts working on a new translation, she creates a new task with a ‘Subject’
indicating the article, for example simply ‘philosophy/bsd.html’ and assigns it to herself.
• When the translation is finished and ready for review, the translator changes the ‘Status’
to “Ready For Test”.
• Other members review it, and open bugs relevant to one specific problem. It is usually better not to conflate two different issues together—it makes them harder to discuss, and hard to track them by severity. Some are grammatical errors, some are fundamental ones that change the whole meaning, some are simply suggestions for improve-
9
ment. It helps if the project admin creates new Category fields for every article, for instance ‘gnu/gnu-history.lang.html’, ‘philosophy/microsoft.lang.html’—it would enable functionality like “Show me all bugs ever reported against this translation”, which is
useful.
• Once the bugs (or at least the important bugs) are fixed, the team leader can make the
final review and install the translation in the official repository, marking the task as ‘Done’.
Bugs that are not resolved should remain open, naturally.
If there are compelling reasons, teams can choose to manage these things using external
resources and eventually other bug (or issue) tracking systems. Whatever you decide, please
make sure that bugs can be reported using free software only, and that the software providing
that service is free. It makes an extremely bad impression if a reader has to report a problem
about a gnu.org translation via nonfree hosting platforms like SourceForge.
If you use a certain facility (i.e. a bug tracking system) to manage bugs in translations,
it is best to take advantage of ‘generic.lang.html’ and advertise it on every page. See
[generic.html], page 19, for details.
3.3.2 How to Proceed with Unreviewed Translations
Sometimes a translation (typically your own) is not reviewed by anyone else for a fairly long
time. This is unfortunate, but there is no reason to keep it in draft state forever. If nobody
reviewed it for a substantially long period (like 3 or 4 months), commit it as it is. Readers may
report bugs as well (and they do!).
It is important to record somehow that this published translation still lacks appropriate
review. If the suggestion in the previous section is implemented, it would mean leaving the
relevant task ‘Open’ and ‘Ready For Test’ despite the translation being officially online. You
may also add a comment to the PO file.
3.4 CVS Commits and Best Practices
As all team leaders have write access to the CVS repository of the ‘www’ project, this technically
means that they are able to modify every single file in it. This vote of confidence should never
be abused—the only files team co-ordinators should add/update are those relevant to their
translation work. It is OK to fix an obvious typo in an original article; for anything else please
report to [email protected].
If you wish to volunteer as webmaster and help with generic webmaster work and RT tickets,
that is perfectly fine—please follow the established (by the GNU Webmasters) procedure. If you
are approved, you can modify such pages wearing your “webmaster’s hat”.
If a particular page has issues with the markup which create problems for your language,
please inform [email protected]. For general issues that affect more articles, or
for severe problems, please write to [email protected].
If you are not familiar with CVS, it is recommended to read CVS manual, for a basic understanding of how this VCS works. See Version Management with CVS. It is not necessary to
become an expert—the ‘www’ project does not use complex features like tags, vendor branches,
merging, etc. as they are not very useful for a live website.
However, you’d probably have to learn how to use CVS for effective work—to extract information from the history, review diffs and specific changes, synchronize with the working repository
of the team (if any), adding/removing files, etc.
If you make changes that affect more than one file but the change is coherent, please do it as
a single commit. This will generate only one message to [email protected], which is better
than 5 messages for 5 files about semantically the same change. Always write commit logs in
10
English3 , providing a short description of the change. If you modify a file that is not an article
but a script or part of software (such as ‘server/gnun/gnun.mk’), it would be nice to follow the
GNU Coding Standards and describe the change precisely (see Section “Change Logs” in The
GNU Coding Standards). For example, do not write:
Added support for Nepali.
or
Yay!
First commit of the Panjabi homepage!
Instead, write the log as follows:
(TEMPLATE_LINGUAS): Add ‘ne’.
and
(FUZZY_DIFF_LINGUAS): Add ‘pa’.
This makes it easier for others to search for a particular change in the history.
If you add a binary file (for example, ‘.png’), do it with cvs commit -kb file. This turns off
keyword substitution, which prevents RCS keywords like ‘$Id$’ to get expanded, subsequently
corrupting the file. See Section “Substitution Modes” in Version Management with CVS. More
importantly, using ‘-kb’ prevents corruption of the binary when people using CVS clients under
infamous OS checkout modify the file, and then commit it with messed ends of lines.4
Although not absolutely compulsory, it is recommended that every team leader subscribes
to [email protected]. It is useful to examine the diffs of your own messages, if you miss
something while inspecting the diff before the commit. In any case, a team leader should be
subscribed to that list to avoid his own commit messages to be moderated. If you absolutely do
not desire receiving all traffic, just disable mail delivery in Mailman’s user interface.
3.5 Taking Advantage of Savannah
Every translation team should have a project in Savannah. There are some teams that use
their own resources outside Savannah; although there’s no obligation to use Savannah for team
work, the need for a Savannah project for each language is obvious: it’s a standard way to find
information for translation teams and their contacts.
Using external hosting facilities may seem justified sometimes. Some teams may have already
established repositories or bug tracking systems where usual contributors already have access.
Some team members prefer to work within the established infrastructure of a broad translation
team (for whatever reason), but this is discouraged. It is required that every team has a mailing
list at Savannah (see Section 3.5.7 [Savannah Mailing Lists], page 12), because it is easier to
pass its management to the new co-ordinator when the old one steps down, and it helps to keep
the archives at one place for future members of the team. Likewise, it is better to use Savannah
for team’s repository and bugs/tasks.
However, it is important to remember that regardless of the technical resources which a team
decides to use, the responsibility of the team co-ordinator remains the same.
Those teams that are using Savannah have a broad variety of tools at hand: team membership
management, documents, trackers (bugs, tasks and support), alerts, CVS (and any other VCS
that Savannah supports), home pages, etc. How each team uses these resources is up to the
team itself, but it often turns out to choose Savannah for nearly all of the team activities, as it
requires almost zero work; the Savannah Hackers are happy to support us.
3
4
This advice is applicable for the ‘www’ repository only—feel free to write logs in your native language when
committing in your team’s repositories.
Few years ago there still were committers using nonfree operating systems—we don’t dictate what OS people
use, but we can at least prevent this technical kind of damage.
11
Whatever you (in your capacity as a team leader) decide, please do it with caution: some
organizational decisions may become ineffective as time goes by, and some may not scale well
when the team grows. If the team is young and has a couple of members, it is better to refrain
from such decision and discuss them with all the members when their number grows. Two or
three people do not need a rocket platform or complex wizardry to do their work.
The next sections contain suggestions about how a team can use the facilities provided by
Savannah. It is not mandatory to follow them, they are just suggestions.
3.5.1 Managing Members
You should add active translators as members of the translation team, and remove them when
they leave. Team members should have access to all of the project’s resources, and tracking
their number is one of the ways for web-translators to determine the status of the team.
It is OK if a particular contributor wants to translate an article or two and does not want to
be engaged with the team on a long-term basis. In such situations, there is no need to add her
as a member.
It is a good idea to mark inactive members, for example if there is no interaction (bug reports,
new translations, updates to existing translations, proof-reading) for at least six months. You
can do that by unmarking the ‘On Duty’ checkbox for the respective project member under
‘Set Permissions’. Inactive members have absolutely the same rights as active ones—the only
exception is that they don’t count for the total number of members, and they appear separately
on ‘View Members’.
3.5.2 Homepage of the Team
Every Savannah project has a Web repository, which is, for technical and historical
reasons, only CVS. By default it is mapped to http://www.gnu.org/server/standards/
translations/lang; to add files to it first make a checkout, following the instructions at
https://savannah.gnu.org/cvs/?group=www-lang.
It is recommended to describe all team-specific procedures, if there are any. That way, you
can point potential team members to the corresponding page containing these instructions,
instead of repeatedly explaining every volunteer separately.
All team-specific pages should follow the usual linking criteria in GNU Webmastering Guidelines, and the FSF HTML Style Sheet Guidelines.
3.5.3 Support Tracker
This tracker is supposed to be related to things about the project management itself, i.e. project
members may report here missing functionality and features that requires the project admin’s
action. Do not use it for anything else as it quickly becomes confusing. It is OK to disable it if
the team is small.
3.5.4 Tasks Tracker
This is a way to manage all sorts of tasks. They appear in the personal Savannah page of the
assignee, so it is difficult to miss them out. It is possible to use this tracker to “announce” to the
team members that a specific article should be translated. The one who volunteers may assign
the task to herself.
Teams may use this tracker to avoid duplicate work, by declaring that they intend to work
on a specific translation.
Feel free to organize the ‘Tasks’ management as you see fit.
3.5.5 Bugs Tracker
The ‘Bugs’ tracker is designed for tracking bugs. You can use for several purposes:
12
• Suggest readers to report bugs there.
• Use it for all kinds of internal team tasks.
• Forward bugs reported against lang translations in the ‘trans-coord’ project and assign
them to the specific maintainer (who is supposed to be a ‘www-lang’ project member), if
you have such policy.
3.5.6 News Tracker
That is a way to inform newcomers and interested people (who visit the project page from time
to time, or subscribe to the ‘News’ RSS feed) about a major change or event within the project.
You can also setup news entries to be sent to a mailing list (that’s possible for the other
trackers as well).
The purpose of this feature is informational—if members need to know about an important
change (in practices, procedures, etc.), it is perfectly OK to announce it here. Some teams use
it to announce new translations, which is also fine.
3.5.7 Managing Mailing Lists
Every team should have a mailing list on lists.gnu.org and use it for internal communications.
All active translators should be on the list. The list owner should be the co-ordinator of the
team. The name of the list should begin with ‘www-lang-’. The team co-ordinator is in the
position to decide about the settings like being public or private.
The list will make it possible for the GNU project to contact the team when the co-ordinator
disappears; its archive will also give access to the history for new translators.
You can create new mailing lists via the Savannah interface. However, this should be done
after some thought. If the project membership is low (<= 10 members), there is no need to
create more than one mailing list.
You can redirect all messages generated by the trackers to any list.
3.5.8 Version Control Systems
An easy way to keep up with changes in the original articles and to manage continuous contributions is to keep all translations in the translation project’s Sources repository. That way, it
is easy to edit draft translations and install them in ‘www’ only when they’re ready. It is also
convenient to update the translation (merge any changes from the original) while it is still under
review.
See Section “Team’s Repository” in The GNUnited Nations Manual, for more information.
Remember: A choice of a particular VCS is a sensitive matter—some modern ones provide
compelling features, but they also bump the barrier for participation higher. The VCS is supposed to ease collaborative maintenance—if it eases only you, project members just won’t use
it so that won’t be a net win.
3.6 Promoting Members as Co-leaders
When the team grows large and it becomes hard for a single person to manage, there is no
problem to add another (or even two other) people to help. Note that a subsequently appointed
team co-ordinator is not simply a committer with write access to the ‘www’ repository; she has
full responsibilities just like a single leader, although the latter still remains the primary contact
for the team.
If you’d like another person to act as a co-leader and help you with the management tasks,
send a message to [email protected] with her name and Savannah account. She has
to be already an administrator of ‘www-lang’.
13
The procedure for co-leaders is a simplified version of the one for a new team or taking over
an existing team. See Section 3.1 [New Team], page 5.
To remove co-ordinators, please write to [email protected] with details and rationale for the removal. Do not edit ‘README.translations.html’ yourself; this is a final formality
step to be performed by the Translation Managers.
3.7 Reporting Team Status
Team leaders must send an annual report about the status of the team. A good report should
include:
• General information about the team’s accomplishments during the past year, like:
− A list of new translations.
− New members since the last report.
− Solved problems and other issues, if any. (Usual bug reports and other improvements/fixes to the existing translations do not count as problems in this sense.)
• Current active members.
• Current problems (technical or social), conflicts, and ideas for sorting them out.
• Anything else you consider important or worth mentioning.
The best time to send a report is near the end of the year, for example November.
If there is no sensitive information in the report and you feel like sharing it, you can send it
to [email protected] (which is still a private mailing list). That way, other list
readers may help with suggestions how to solve a particular issue. Informing each other about
the progress improves the community spirit.
If you do not wish to share some information that is in the report, please send it to
[email protected].
3.8 How to Retire Painlessly
When you feel you don’t have the energy to manage the team successfully, or perhaps you start
losing motivation, please inform [email protected]. It would be substantially easier if
you try to find a replacement or recommend a specific person—we will try to find someone in
any case, but your judgment is important and it will be considered with priority.
An excellent way to step down is to do it with a “plan”—suggest the person you consider
capable of doing the job as co-leader (see Section 3.6 [Co-leaders], page 12) and retire completely
when she is absolutely ready to proceed without your further help and advice.
Chapter 4: Translation Process
14
4 Translation Process
In general, it is expected that all participants in the translation process apply common sense
for all of the decisions (important or not) they are going to take in their capacity as a manager,
team leader, or contributing member. Certainly, many decisions are not easy, and require some
thought.
This manual is a work in progress—it is not set in stone, and it will never be finished—
the ultimate goal is to constantly improve the translation process, and as a consequence, the
documentation. Every participant in the process should be free to suggest modifications to
the current procedures and suggestions how to improve the current state of affairs. Ideally,
they should be accompanied with patches to the Texinfo source, but that’s not mandatory. In
any event, please write to [email protected]—the goal of this list is precisely to
discuss improvements of the translation process.
4.1 What to Translate
The Web Translation Priorities page lists the most important essays to translate. In general, articles in the directories ‘philosophy’, ‘gnu’, ‘education’, ‘distros’, ‘copyleft’ and ‘licenses’
are important. The others may be deferred for a time when a team completes most of the important translations, or they can be translated as a “rest”—in translators’ parlance this means
doing something in between which is typically easier to handle.
You can find links to automatic reports about current status of translations of all active
teams sorted by their priority in GNUN Reports. If the page for your team is missing there,
please ask [email protected] to add it to the cron job.
Do not translate articles under these directories:
‘software/pkg/’
These pages are maintained by the respective pkg maintainers. GNUN does not support them for the time being, as they reside in separate repositories. The procedures
for contributing translations of such articles are not yet settled.
‘brave-gnu-world’
The Brave GNU World initiative has been abandoned long time ago, and it’s in a
separate repository—thus not supported by the automatic GNUN build job.
‘home.html’
There is no problem to translate this page, but don’t make the mistake to pick it up
as your first translation. It is modified often, sometimes intensively, and only active
team members should take that road.
‘server/whatsnew.html’
This is “What’s New”, also known as “GNU’s Flashes”, also known as “GNU News”.
Historically, it was processed separately, and its support was dropped. It may be
added as an ordinary page after GNUN 0.9 release.
4.2 Keeping Translations Current
It is very important to keep existing translations up-to-date with the respective English originals.
This task should be higher priority than translating new articles. We developed various means
to automate the process of tracking outdated translations.
• GNUN’s report rule can help you identify precisely which articles need updating; see
Section “report” in The GNUnited Nations Manual. There is a monthly cron job which
sends the output of this rule to each team as requested by their leaders. If you want the
addresses changed, please write to [email protected].
15
• The gnun-report script produces a HTML page listing detailed status of translations; see
Section “gnun-report” in The GNUnited Nations Manual. A cron job commits updated
reports for all active teams to GNUN project web repository, typically twice an hour. The
links to those reports are provided on the GNUN Reports page.
• GNUmakefile.team provides a more detailed report target: unlike the output of the previous tools, it analyzes the status of files in team’s repository as well as of those in ‘www’
repository; see Section “report in GNUmakefile.team” in The GNUnited Nations Manual.
• GNUmakefile.team also has a means to send more detailed reports to specific translators; see
Section “notify in GNUmakefile.team” in The GNUnited Nations Manual. The notification
facility takes the output of the report target, adds the URLs of relevant files, and the results
are sent with attached HTML files of team’s-against-‘www’ differences to the translators who
requested tracking particular files.
The feature is supposed to be invoked via a cron job; such jobs already run for some teams
on our server. If you’d like GNU Web Translation Managers to setup a job for your team,
please write to [email protected].
• If your editors don’t highlight differences against previous messages, you may find it useful
to track the changes in the messages with gnun-add-fuzzy-diff. For more details, see
Section “gnun-add-fuzzy-diff” in The GNUnited Nations Manual.
4.3 When to CAPITALIZE
The English language has some rules for capitalization of titles, chapters, acronym expansions
and the like. These rules are neither strict nor uniform, although the gnu.org website strives to
apply them consistently. They do not make sense for many other languages, but unfortunately,
many translators erroneously duplicate the capitalization in their translation.
Examples for common (and correct) English capitalization is the title of the article “Why
Software Should Be Free” or “Free Software Foundation” (FSF). However, in languages that
do not have such grammar rules it is wrong to write “Dlaczego Oprogramowanie Powinno By´c
Wolne” (Polish) or “Fondation Pour Le Logiciel Libre” (French).
Another prominent and widely spread mistake is to write your own language with a capital
letter in the list of translations when languages are written beginning with a small letter according to your own rules1 . In other words, it is right to write ‘English’ or ‘Deutsch’ (because
in English and German languages are capitalized), but not ‘Fran¸
cais’ or ‘Portugu^
es’—write
them as ‘fran¸
cais’ or ‘portugu^
es’, respectively.
4.4 Distribution Terms
Most www.gnu.org articles are released under the terms of the Creative Commons AttributionNoDerivs 3.0 United States license. The exact HTML for English pages to use is:
This page is licensed under a <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/">Creative
Commons Attribution-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License</a>.
Pages in other languages should translate this notice, and should link to a translated version
of the Creative Commons license “deed” if it’s available. Creative Commons provides standard
text for this in all the languages they support, and we should use that wording whenever possible.
To do that, follow these steps:
• Check at the bottom of the English deed page to see the list of languages they support.
Follow the link the language that you want a translation for, if available.
1
The lists of translations are generated automatically. The names of the languages are defined in a specific file,
languages.txt (see Section “languages.txt” in The GNUnited Nations Manual).
16
• Follow the “Use this license for your own work” link near the bottom of the translated deed
page—it’s in distinct yellow text.
• The textarea on that page provides standard HTML. Note that we’re not using the graphic,
just the text.
For example, here’s the text they provide for Dutch:
Dit werk is gelicenseerd onder een <a rel="license"
href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/3.0/us/deed.nl">
Creative Commons Naamsvermelding-GeenAfgeleideWerken 3.0 Verenigde
Staten licentie</a>
Note that the link in this text is changed to point directly to the Dutch language deed. We
should always link to a copy of the license deed that’s in the same language as the page itself.
Pages in languages that aren’t supported by CC should prepare their own translation, use it
consistently throughout pages translated to that language, and link to the English language deed.
Also, please write your own translation when the translation provided by CC is not satisfactory
for some reasons—for instance, as of May, 2012, their German translation uses “Content”, which
is a word to use with caution (see Words to Avoid (or Use with Care)).
Note that translations should not change the jurisdiction of the license; they should always
link to the CC BY-ND 3.0 United States license, and not a different port like CC BY-ND 3.0
Japan. This is because there are substantive differences between the way different ports handle
moral rights issues, and we prefer the specific terms that are in the United States license.
4.5 Copyright Notices
Don’t translate the word “Copyright” in copyright notices; for more info, see Section “–version”
in The GNU Coding Standards.
Also, please maintain a proper copyright notice in the translation, see Section “Copyright
Notices” in Information for maintainers of GNU software.
4.6 Language-specific Terminology
This is a very important topic, not yet covered by this manual.
Some tips are given in Translations README.
4.7 Related Mailing Lists
Here is a summary of the mailing lists relevant to the translation process, and a brief description
about how they relate to the various participants in the process.
[email protected]
The basic discussion list of the GNU Webmasters. All team leaders are required to
subscribe.
This is a private mailing list.
[email protected]
Commits to the ‘www’ repository are sent here. All Translation Managers are required
to subscribe. It is strongly recommended that team leaders subscribe—in any case
they should, and mail delivery can be disabled personally.
This is a public mailing list, so everyone can subscribe and review the archives. The
‘www’ CVS repository is also public.
[email protected]
The main discussion list for the GNU Web Translators. Team leaders must subscribe, as errors from GNUN are mailed here. It’s highly recommended that active
17
team members join as well, because the changes in general policies for translations
are also announced and discussed here.
This is a private mailing list.
[email protected]
This is a list for notifications about GNUnited Nations releases. It is not mandatory
to subscribe to it, although the traffic is very low. If you want to track only GNUN
release announcements, subscribe to the ‘gnun’ topic via Mailman’s user interface.
Automatic announcements for new gnu.org translations (provided they’re handled
by GNUN) are also delivered here. There are separate ‘lang-ann’ topics for every
GNUN-aware language, so it is a good idea to advertise this capability widely among
your local community. For example, if a reader wants to be informed only about
new Spanish translations, she can just subscribe to the ‘es-ann’ mailing list topic.
This is a public mailing list.
[email protected]
All development of GNUN happens here. Commits to the ‘trans-coord’ repository
are also sent to this list.
This is a public list, and [email protected] is an alias.
[email protected]
This is a tracker for GNU Webmasters. It is used for bug reports and other suggestions for (English) www.gnu.org web pages.
This is a private tracker.
[email protected]
This is the tracker and the primary contact of GNU Web Translation Managers.
It is used for bug reports against www.gnu.org translations and submitting new
translations for the languages lacking an active team, requests for help from the
teams and various translation-related requests from GNU people.
This is a private tracker.
Every team should also use at least one mailing list on Savannah, see Section 3.5.7 [Savannah
Mailing Lists], page 12.
4.8 Savannah Projects Membership
Participants in the www.gnu.org translation process normally have to be members of the following Savannah projects, depending on the case:
‘www’
The main project which hosts the ‘gnu.org’ Web repository. Administrators are the
Chief Webmaster, entrusted webmasters and the Translation Manager (in order to
approve leaders’ applications). All team leaders (and co-leaders) should be members
of this project.
Note that this project has no direct relation to translators, although almost anything
happening in ‘www’ directly affects them. The ‘www’ project is managed separately
and has a different (entirely unrelated) process for approving contributors.
‘trans-coord’
An organizational project especially created for co-ordination and improvement of
the translation process. All team leaders are required to be members, as bugs
reported to [email protected] are often redirected to the ‘trans-coord’
‘Bugs’ tracker.
The admins of this project are the GNU Web Translation Managers.
18
‘www-lang’
All translation team leaders of the language lang should be admins of the project
‘www-lang’. The leaders may also appoint some other members as ‘www-lang’ admins for team’s internal reasons.
4.9 Working with PO Files
We anticipate that some gnu.org translators will find this format odd or inconvenient, if they
never happened to work with PO files before2 . Don’t worry, you will soon get accustomed to it.
It is the established format for translations in the Free World, and if you have any problems,
other translators will help you.
The most efficient way to edit a PO file is using a specialized PO editor, because each of
them represents and treats gettext messages in a consistent and predictable way. It is possible
to edit a PO file with an ordinary plain text editor, but extra effort would be necessary to make
the result valid.
Note that recent versions of some PO editors (both offline and web-based) offer access to
various translation services that do machine translation for their users. Using a machine translation service is a clear example of SaaSS (see Who does That Server Really Serve?), so please
don’t use such editors unless they only submit requests to your (or GNU project’s) own servers.
Here is a list of widely used PO editors we can recommend:
• PO mode. We recommend using GNU Emacs in PO mode, because Emacs is the program
that is suitable for performing any task when it comes to maintaining the GNU Project’s
website. Provided that you have GNU gettext installed, any ‘.po’ file you visit should
automatically switch to PO mode. You can enable/disable it with M-x po-mode RET. On
some GNU/Linux distros such as gNewSense, PO mode is available in a separate package,
gettext-el. See Section “PO Mode” in GNU gettext tools.
• Gtranslator—the GNOME PO editor. See http://projects.gnome.org/gtranslator/.
• Lokalize—the KDE 4 editor. See http://userbase.kde.org/Lokalize.
• KBabel—the KDE 3 editor. No longer supported, but might be available on some old
systems.
• Poedit—another popular editor that is based on the wxWidgets graphical toolkit. See
http://www.poedit.net.
• po.vim—ftplugin for the Vim editor. The best option for people who use Vim as their
editor. See http://www.vim.org/scripts/script.php?script_id=2530.
• GNU instance of Pootle, a web-based editor.
4.9.1 Web-based Systems
If your team would like to use a web-based editor, we recommend using the official Pootle server
of the GNU project. We make sure that working with it will not compromise your freedom
via nonfree JavaScript or SaaSS. If you decide to use our server, please contact GNU Web
Translation Managers to register your team.
Also, that Pootle server has a simple facility to preview your translations as they will appear
on www.gnu.org. In order to test a page, log in the server and visit https://chapters.gnu.
org/pootle/gnun/test.html. That page contains a menu to upload a PO file; then the server
will generate the translation and show you the build log (including errors), and the generated
web page (when the build is successful).
2
For detailed information about editing PO files, see Section “Working with PO Files” in The GNUnited
Nations Manual.
19
4.10 Migration to the New Style
Migration to the new style should be straightforward, and this is one of the problems GNUN
set out to solve. If you have to migrate old-style translations, see Section “Migrating” in The
GNUnited Nations Manual. If the old translation is HTML 2.0 (or 3.2), you still have to take
care about the inner markup. Overall, it is substantially easier than doing all of it manually.
Subsequent migrations to newer HTML standards and newer look and feel of the website are
supposed to happen semi-automatically, although this manual will be updated as needed.
4.11 Summary of SSI #includes
The GNU Project’s website uses SSI (Server Side Includes) to manage some common parts that
are the same in many of the articles. With the help of GNUN their handling should be behind
the scenes, but for some of them manual intervention is needed. Here is an incomplete list of
the #include’s used:
‘server/banner.html’
This file contains only #include directives, so the “translation” should be almost
identical, with filenames modified to have the lang extension. The only other difference is including ‘server/top-addendum.lang.html’ at the end.
‘server/body-include-1.html’
Contains the top menu with useful “skip to” links.
‘server/body-include-2.html’
This is the file containing the menus, the FSF widget, and any visible announcements made from time to time. If a string gets “fuzzy” or “new” here, it will
appear in English in all translations, until ‘server/po/body-include-2.lang.po’
is updated.
Note that some validation errors originate from an error in
‘server/body-include-2.lang.html’ or some other template file.
‘server/bottom-notes.html’
A link to the FSF page explaining how to report possible copyright infringements.
‘server/footer-text.html’
This is a short file currently containing the footer links, the FSF mission statement
and the “back to top” link.
‘server/generic.html’
This file is empty; its “localized” versions may contain optional short messages
providing more information about the translation team or where to report bugs.
<p>To join the Fooish translation team, see <a
href="http://gnu.org/server/standards/translations/foo">the
Foo team homepage</a>.</p>
This file is not under GNUN’s control, you should edit HTML directly.
‘server/header.html’
The declaration that is included in literally every file (unless the
‘html5-header.html’ is used as the alternative).
It is maintained manually, as it does not make much sense to put it under GNUN’s control (there are
no translatable strings). Remember to specify the proper xml:lang and lang
attributes, and for RTL languages, the dir attribute. For example, the file
‘header.ar.html’ should contain this line:
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="ar" lang="ar"
dir="rtl">
20
‘server/head-include-1.html’
This file (included from ‘server/header.html’) is very important: the encoding is
defined here. Even if a specific PO file is deliberately encoded in another encoding,
the generated HTML will contain the encoding declared in the <meta> element at
‘server/head-include-1.lang.html’, so browsers will obey it.
The encoding must be UTF-8, because the English text in the “no-grace” articles
serves as a replacement of the translation when the latter is not complete, and
because all translated pages share automatically generated lists of translations.
‘server/html5-header.html’
This file is included in pages using some entities introduced in HTML5 draft. We
have to distinguish those pages since some features of HTML4 were rejected in
HTML5, and our old pages don’t validate as HTML5.
‘server/html5-head-include-1.html’
Likewise, this file replaces head-include-1.html for HTML5 pages.
‘server/head-include-2.html’
Imports the standard CSS, which can be overridden. See Section 4.12 [CSS], page 21.
‘server/home-pkgblurbs.html’
This header includes short descriptions of all GNU packages; it is included from the
homepage and ‘manual/blurbs.html’.
‘server/footer.html’
This is a very short and simple file, containing another #include directive. It
is maintained manually, so just add lang to the filename, in order the localized
‘footer-text.lang.html’ to be included.
‘server/outdated.html’
This file is automatically included in outdated translations. It contains a message
with links to the English file and to a generated difference of the current revision
of the English file against the most recent revision that has a complete translation.
It is only included in articles affected by “grace period” because in those cases the
outdated passages are replaced with English text, and it is evident without any
notices that there is no complete and up to date translation.
‘planetfeeds.html’
Includes automatically extracted news items.
‘server/top-addendum.html’
The text saying that the page is a translation.
‘licenses/gpl-3.0-body.html’
‘licenses/fdl-1.3-body.html’
‘...’
Some of the licenses have the text of the license itself separated in another file.
This serves two purposes: 1) to provide a “standalone” HTML version of the license
without the gnu.org style; 2) to prevent strings sneaking in the ‘.pot’ files, as licenses
have only unofficial translations, hosted elsewhere. Nothing special should be done
about these SSI directives; the files generated by GNUN include them verbatim as
they should not be translated.
The files
− ‘header.html’
− ‘head-include-1.html’
− ‘html5-header.html’
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
21
‘html5-head-include-1.html’
‘head-include-2.html’
‘banner.html’
‘body-include-1.html’
‘body-include-2.html’
‘bottom-notes.html’
‘footer.html’
‘footer-text.html’
in the ‘server’ sub-directory are what webmasters call “the server templates”. These files
are included in almost every article, translated or not. They are somewhat important, as an
error made in translating them may break every translated page. The server templates and the
homepages are rebuilt by GNUN whenever the original English files change; the GRACE variable
has no effect on them. See Section “Runtime Variables” in The GNUnited Nations Manual.
4.12 How to Use Custom CSS
The CSS file ‘layout.css’ gets included (with three other CSS files) in almost all the English articles through ‘server/head-include-2.lang.html’. However, sometimes this style
isn’t quite right for translations—many languages have much longer expressions, and that is
natural. To include your own CSS, create a file ‘style.lang.css’ and add it after the directive to include ‘server/head-include-2.lang.html’ and before the closing </head> tag in
‘server/banner.lang.html’, i.e.


<link rel="stylesheet" href="/style.bg.css" media="screen" />
</head>
Override only what is necessary and looks broken in your language; do not invent your own
style. This is important for the consistency of the gnu.org website. Also, please check if the
issue is language-independent; in this case a change for ‘layout.css’ should be discussed with
the webmasters.
A typical language-specific ‘style.lang.css’ file looks like this:
.inner { max-width: 85em; }
#fssbox {font-size: 50%;}
This widens the menu and the area where the articles are displayed (because the menu entries
are much longer than the English equivalents when translated), includes a localized logo, and
makes the font size for the FSF widget twice smaller (because in this language, the translations
are almost twice longer and displayed truncated, which is undesirable).
When creating your own ‘style.lang.css’, don’t forget to include the license notice from
the ‘layout.css’, with a short comment.
If using the default CSS style for translations does not give the expected good results, or
there are other problems (significant or not) that obstruct reading or worsen the look from an
aesthetic point of view, please write to [email protected] with a description of the issue.
If there are several unrelated problems, send separate messages with appropriate explanation
(which may include a demonstration of the bug, such as a screenshot).
4.12.1 Specific Issues Related to RTL
Unfortunately, the http://gnu.org website does not have excellent support for RTL (right-toleft) languages, although best efforts are made. If your language is in this category, make sure
to:
22
• Set the attribute dir="rtl" in the html element at ‘server/header.lang.html’.
• You must include an additional CSS, ‘style.rtl.css’, to override some of the pre-defined
values. See template files for Arabic and Farsi to understand how these two languages solve
some of the problems. See Section 4.12 [CSS], page 21.
Important: Some articles contain their own <style> redefinitions, or style attributes in the
form <p style="...">. In such situations, it is quite possible that the general language-specific
CSS does not help, and the translation of this specific article does not look correct. Please write
to [email protected]; if you have a working solution that works for both cases—so much
the better. For general issues that affect your language and require a general solution, write to
[email protected] as well, precisely describing the problem.
Appendix A: GNU Free Documentation License
23
Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
c 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Copyright http://fsf.org/
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other functional and useful
document free in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy
and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.
Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their
work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative works of the document
must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License,
which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free
software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the
same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published
as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium, that contains a notice
placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License.
Such a notice grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration, to use that
work under the conditions stated herein. The “Document”, below, refers to any such manual
or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept
the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way requiring permission under
copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the Document or a
portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another
language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document
that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document
to the Document’s overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document is in part a textbook of
mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship
could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of
legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as
being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released
under this License. If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it is not
allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections.
If the Document does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or
Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
A Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may be at most 25
words.
24
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a
format whose specification is available to the general public, that is suitable for revising
the document straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels)
generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is
suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format
whose markup, or absence of markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is not Transparent if used for
any substantial amount of text. A copy that is not “Transparent” is called “Opaque”.
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ascii without markup,
Texinfo input format, LaTEX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD,
and standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats
include proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available,
and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word processors
for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages
as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page.
For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title Page” means the
text near the most prominent appearance of the work’s title, preceding the beginning of the
body of the text.
The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies of the Document to the
public.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document whose title either
is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses following text that translates XYZ in
another language. (Here XYZ stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such
as “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.) To “Preserve the
Title” of such a section when you modify the Document means that it remains a section
“Entitled XYZ” according to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice which states that
this License applies to the Document. These Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be
included by reference in this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and has no effect on the
meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying
this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no
other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures
to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.
However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large
enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly
display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly have printed covers) of the
Document, numbering more than 100, and the Document’s license notice requires Cover
Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both
25
covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front
cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible.
You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to
the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions,
can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the
first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you
must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy,
or state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using public-standard network protocols a
complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the latter
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the
stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy
(directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before
redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an
updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions
of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely
this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In
addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the
Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be
listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous
version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for
authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of
the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has fewer than
five), unless they release you from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the
publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public
permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form
shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover
Texts given in the Document’s license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title, and add to it an item stating
at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given
on the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the Document, create
one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its
26
Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous
sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a
Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the
Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the “History”
section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four
years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to
gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”, Preserve the Title
of the section, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the
contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their
titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section may not be included in
the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled “Endorsements” or to conflict in title
with any Invariant Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as
Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your
option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to
the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s license notice. These titles must be
distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties—for example, statements of peer review
or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up
to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified
Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added
by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes
a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the
same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the
old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to
use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under
the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the
combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice, and that you
preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical
Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant
Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section
unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or
publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to
the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.
6.
7.
8.
9.
27
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled “History” in the various original
documents, forming one section Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
“Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You must delete all sections
Entitled “Endorsements.”
COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under
this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with
a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this
License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually
under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document,
and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent
documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, is called an
“aggregate” if the copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the legal
rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual works permit. When the
Document is included in an aggregate, this License does not apply to the other works in
the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document,
then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover
Texts may be placed on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must
appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the
Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations
requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations
of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant
Sections. You may include a translation of this License, and all the license notices in
the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also include the original
English version of this License and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In
case of a disagreement between the translation and the original version of this License or a
notice or disclaimer, the original version will prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, or “History”,
the requirement (section 4) to Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing
the actual title.
TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute
it is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a) provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the copyright holder fails to
notify you of the violation by some reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated permanently if the
copyright holder notifies you of the violation by some reasonable means, this is the first
time you have received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from that copyright
holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days after your receipt of the notice.
28
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate the licenses of parties
who have received copies or rights from you under this License. If your rights have been
terminated and not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the same
material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the
present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See http://
www.gnu.org/copyleft/.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document
specifies that a particular numbered version of this License “or any later version” applies
to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified
version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software
Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document specifies that a proxy can decide which future versions of this License can be
used, that proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently authorizes you
to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any World Wide Web
server that publishes copyrightable works and also provides prominent facilities for anybody
to edit those works. A public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server. A
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the site means any set of
copyrightable works thus published on the MMC site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 license published
by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit corporation with a principal place of
business in San Francisco, California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or in part, as part of
another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this License, and if all works that
were first published under this License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover texts or invariant sections,
and (2) were thus incorporated prior to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the site under CC-BYSA on the same site at any time before August 1, 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for
relicensing.
29
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document
and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) year your name.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ‘‘GNU
Free Documentation License’’.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover Texts, replace the
“with. . . Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being list their titles, with
the Front-Cover Texts being list, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being list.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other combination of the three,
merge those two alternatives to suit the situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing
these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General
Public License, to permit their use in free software.
Index
30
Index
.
P
.odt files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
plain text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
planetfeeds.html . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
PO editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
PO, editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Pootle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
previewing web pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
B
Brave GNU World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
C
capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
checking out web pages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
co-leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
co-ordinators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
contacting team . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
copyright notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Creative Commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
custom CSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
CVS, using . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
R
review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
right-to-left languages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
S
distribution terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
SaaSS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Savannah account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Savannah projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Savannah, registering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
server templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 20
SourceForge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
SSI includes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
E
T
Emacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
encoding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, 20
external resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
tasks, tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
team homepage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
team leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
team mailing lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
team members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
team news . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
team status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11, 13
team’s repository. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
team, contacting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
tracking changes in files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14, 16
tracking tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
[email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
translation priorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Translations README . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 16
translations, keeping current . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
translations, review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
translations, unreviewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
D
G
generic.html . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
GNUN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Gtranslator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
H
home.html . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
HTML5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
L
language code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
U
M
unreviewed translations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
mailing lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
V
N
native English speakers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
news items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
O
ODF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
outdated translations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
outdated translations, notification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
VCS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
W
web pages of GNU packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
web pages, checking out . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
web pages, previewing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
web-based editing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
[email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
[email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
[email protected] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

GNU Web Translators Manual

Transcription

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