Landscape Architect Registration Examination Printed April 2002 Council of Landscape Architectural

Landscape Architect Registration Examination
Printed April 2002
Council of
Landscape Architectural
Registration Boards
L.A.R.E. REFERENCE MANUAL
Click here to visit the CLARB web site at http://www.clarb.org to
find out about any changes to the L.A.R.E. and to download the
most recent L.A.R.E. Reference Manual. Simply follow the links
to “Examinations” to see “What’s New.”
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Ru les of P rofess ion al Co nduct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Zoning an d Con struction Stan dards for th e L.A .R.E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Setback Requ irements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P rop erty Lin e Setbacks. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stream, Lake an d Wetland Setb acks . . .
F lo odp lain Restrictio ns . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A ctiv e Recreation Setb ack . . . . . . . . . . .
Security Setback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Po licy : Bu ffer Zon e R equ ired .
Vehicu lar Requ irements . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Requ irements . . . . . . .
O ff-s treet Parking and Load ing
O ff-s treet Stackin g Spaces . . . .
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Requ irements .
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5
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A ccess ib le Park in g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
A ccess ib le R o ute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Cu rb Ramp s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Ramps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S lo pe an d R is e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Land in g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C ross Slope of Ramp Su rfaces and/or Land in gs . . . . . . .
R amp Hand rails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Steps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Treads and Ris ers . . . . .
No s ing s . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Step Han drails . . . . . . . .
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Guardrails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fasten ers and Rein fo rcin g Lis t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
M aterials Lis t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Pressu re Treated Lu mb er/Timber List . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Wo od Member Sizin g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M aximu m A llo wab le Sp an s fo r Spaced Bo ards . . . . . . .
M aximu m A llo wab le Sp an s fo r Jo ists. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
M inimu m Beam Sizes and A llo wab le Beam Sp an s . . . .
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Co nstructio n Detail Ev aluatio n Lis t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
D imens ion Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Lig h ting Sy mbo ls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Plant Ch aracteris tics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
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Values for Sizin g Site Drain age Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
No mog raph fo r Circu lar Pip es Flo win g Fu ll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
RULES OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Competence
(A)
In engaging in the practice of landscape architecture, a registered landscape architect shall
act with reasonable care and competence, and shall apply the technical knowledge and skill
which are ordinarily applied by registered landscape architects of good standing, practicing
in the same locality.
(B)
In designing a project, a registered landscape architect shall take into account all applicable
state and municipal building laws and regulations. While a registered landscape architect
may rely on the advice of other professionals, (e.g., attorneys, engineers and other qualified
persons) as to the intent and meaning of such regulations, once having obtained such advice, a registered landscape architect shall not knowingly design a project in violation of
such laws and regulations.
(C)
A registered landscape architect shall undertake to perform professional services only when
he or she, together with those whom the registered landscape architect may engage as consultants, is qualified by education, training and experience in the specific technical areas
involved.
(D)
No individual shall be permitted to engage in the practice of landscape architecture if, in the
Board’s judgement, such individual’s professional competence is substantially impaired by
physical or mental disabilities.
Conflict of Interest
(A)
A registered landscape architect shall not accept compensation for his or her services from
more than one party on a project unless the circumstances are fully disclosed to and agreed
to by (such disclosure and agreement to be in writing) all interested parties.
(B)
If a registered landscape architect has any business association or direct or indirect financial interest which is substantial enough to influence his or her judgment in connection with
his or her performance of professional services, the registered landscape architect shall
fully disclose in writing to his or her client or employer the nature of the business association or financial interest, and, if the client of employer objects to such association or financial interest, the registered landscape architect will either terminate such association or
interest or offer to give up the commission or employment.
(C)
A registered landscape architect shall not solicit or accept compensation from material or
equipment suppliers in return for specifying or endorsing their products.
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L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
(D)
When acting as the interpreter of building contract documents and the judge of contract
performance, a registered landscape architect shall render decisions impartially, favoring
neither party to the contract.
Full Disclosure
(A)
A registered landscape architect, making public statements on landscape architectural questions, shall disclose when he or she is being compensated for making such statements.
(B)
A registered landscape architect shall accurately represent to a prospective or existing client or employer his or her qualifications and the scope of his or her responsibility in connection with work for which he or she is claiming credit.
(C)
If, in the course of his or her work on a project, a registered landscape architect becomes
aware of a decision taken by his or her employer or client, against such registered landscape
architect’s advice, which violates applicable state or municipal building laws and regulations and which will, in the registered landscape architect’s judgment, materially and adversely affect the safety to the public of the finished project, the registered landscape architect shall:
1.
report the decision to the local building inspector or other public official charged
with the enforcement of the applicable state, provincial or municipal building laws
and regulations;
2.
refuse to consent to the decision; and
3.
in circumstances where the registered landscape architect reasonably believes that
other such decisions will be taken, notwithstanding his or her objections, terminate
his or her services with respect to the project. In the case of a termination in accordance with this clause (3), the registered landscape architect shall have no liability
to his or her client or employer on account of such termination.
(D)
A registered landscape architect shall not deliberately make a materially false statement or
deliberately fail to disclose a material fact requested in connection with his or her application for a registration or renewal thereof.
(E)
A registered landscape architect shall not assist the application for a registration of an
individual known by the registered landscape architect to be unqualified in respect to education, training, experience or character.
(F)
A registered landscape architect possessing knowledge of a violation of the provisions set
forth in these regulations by another registered landscape architect shall report such knowledge to the Board.
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L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Compliance with Laws
(A)
A registered landscape architect shall not, while engaging in the practice of landscape architecture, knowingly violate any state, provincial or federal criminal law.
(B)
A registered landscape architect shall neither offer nor make any payment or gift to a government official (whether elected or appointed) with the intent of influencing the official’s
judgment in connection with a prospective or existing project in which the registered landscape architect is interested.
(C)
A registered landscape architect shall comply with the registration laws and regulations
governing his or her professional practice in any jurisdiction.
Professional Conduct
(A)
Each office in a jurisdiction maintained for the preparation of drawings, specifications,
reports or other professional landscape architectural work shall have a registered landscape
architect resident and regularly employed in that office having direct supervision of such
work.
(B)
A registered landscape architect shall not sign or seal drawings, specifications, reports or
other professional work for which he or she does not have direct professional knowledge
and direct supervisory control; provided, however, that in the case of the portions of such
professional work prepared by the registered landscape architect’s consultants, registered
in this jurisdiction, the registered landscape architect may sign or seal that portion of the
professional work if the registered landscape architect has reviewed such portion, has coordinated its preparation, and intends to be responsible for its adequacy.
(C)
A registered landscape architect shall neither offer nor make any gifts, other than gifts of
nominal value (including, for example, reasonable entertainment and hospitality), with the
intent of influencing the judgment of an existing or prospective client in connection with a
project in which the registered landscape architect is interested.
(D)
A registered landscape architect shall not engage in conduct involving fraud or wanton
disregard of the rights of others.
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L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Zoning and Construction
Standards for the L.A.R.E.
SETBACK REQUIREMENTS
Floodplain Restrictions
1. Enclosed structures and their appurtenances are not permitted within a flood
plain.
Property Line Setbacks
2. Any modification to a flood plain must be
mitigated on-site.
1. Paved vehicular circulation ways such as
parking, drives (except entrances) and
loading spaces shall be set back as follows:
Active Recreation Setback
•
•
At least 15' [4.5m] from any street
right-of-way (property line along a
street).
At least 10' [3m] from all other property lines.
2. Buildings shall be set back as follows:
•
•
All buildings shall be set back at least
25' [7.5m] from any street
right-of-way (property line along a
street).
All buildings shall be set back at least
15' [4.5m] from all other property
lines.
There shall be a 30' [9m] clear zone, free of
obstructions, around organized active recreation fields (i.e., soccer fields, baseball diamonds, etc.).
Security Setback
For security reasons in publicly accessible areas, site development elements such as
plantings shall not be placed in a manner that
creates hiding places by interfering with clear
visibility to pedestrians. A clear zone of 3'
[1m] shall be maintained when measured from
a height of 3' [1m] to 8' [2.4m] (see figure 1).
____________________________________
Stream, Lake and Wetland Setbacks
1. Site improvements such as structures and
their appurtenances, roads and parking
shall be set back at least 50' [15m] from
any designated stream edge or other water body.
3' [1m]
3' [1m]
2. Site improvements such as structures and
their appurtenances, roads and parking
shall be set back at least 100' [30m] from
the edge of any designated wetland area.
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Clearzone
8' [2.4m]
Publicly Accessible Area
____________________________________
Figure 1
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
1. There shall be a 25' [7.5m] buffer zone
provided on each side of the property line
between any parcel on which there is proposed any commercial or industrial use,
and any adjacent parcel zoned residential.
(Institutional uses are exempt).
of pavement when measured from a height
of 2' [0.6m] to 5' [1.5m] (see figure 2).
____________________________________
45' [11.5m]
45' [11.5m]
General Policy: Buffer Zone Required
2. Such buffer area shall not be utilized for
structures, roads and parking areas or for
any active recreation purpose such as tennis courts, swimming pools, playgrounds
or uses of a similar nature.
VEHICULAR REQUIREMENTS
General Requirements
1. All required access streets, aisles,
travelways, and parking lots, shall be constructed and maintained with a paved surface. The maximum length for a
cul-de-sac shall be 800' [240m].
2. Street intersections must be directly
aligned or the street centerlines
[centrelines] must be offset a minimum of
150' [45m].
3. Driveway entrances must be directly
aligned with a street or the driveway
centerline [centreline] must be offset a
minimum of 75' [23m] from a street
centerline [centreline].
4. All off-street parking and road intersections are to be provided with safe and convenient access. A minimum sight triangle
shall be provided at such intersections to
provide a totally unobstructed view for 45'
[11.5m] from the intersection of the edge
____________________________________
Figure 2
5. If a drop-off is provided, it shall be designed to allow for the safe movement of
vehicles and pedestrians. It shall also be
designed to allow for traffic movement
around stopped vehicles.
• Drop-off areas shall have a minimum
lenght of 22’ [6.7m] per vehicle and a
minimum width of 9’ [2.7m].
6. Travelways shall be designed as follows:
• Two-way travelways shall be a minimum of 22' [6.7m] and a maximum of
26' [8m] wide.
• A one-way travelway may be a minimum of 11' [3.3m] in width provided
it is clearly marked with signs and
pavement markings.
• The minimum turnaround radius for
automobiles shall be 30' [9m] to outside edge of pavement.
• The minimum turnaround radius for
large vehicles (such as trucks, buses
and emergency vehicles) is 45' [13.5m]
to outside edge of pavement.
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L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Off-street Parking and Loading Requirements
6. The dimension of a standard loading space
shall be 12' x 45' [3.6m x 14m].
1. The dimension for a standard parking
space is to be 9' x 20' [2.7m x 6m].
7. Service areas must incorporate a minimum
20' [6m] turnaround to accommodate small
service vehicles (such as panel vans). (see
figure 4).
2. Open off-street parking areas with more
than forty (40) spaces shall have a maximum of 10 contiguous spaces without an
island. The minimum width of a parking
island shall be 9' [2.7m].
3. Parking areas must be graded at a slope
not to exceed 5%.
____________________________________
40' [12m] max.
20' [6m]
Parallel parking spaces shall have a minimum length of 22' [6.7m] and a minimum
width of 9' [2.7m].
20' [6m]
15' [4.5m] R
Service
Entry
Small Service Vehicle Turnaround
4. The design of parking shall not necessitate
backing from a space into a street, primary
circulation route or entrance.
____________________________________
Figure 4
5. No dead end parking areas shall be permitted (see figure 3).
Off-street Stacking Spaces
____________________________________
Not Acceptable
____________________________________
Figure 3
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1. For all uses with a drive-up window (restaurants, banks, etc.) and for all uses involving customers waiting in line while
in their vehicles (car washes, drive-in theaters, etc.), in addition to the parking space
requirements of this chapter, off-street
stacking spaces for at least six (6) vehicles
shall be provided for the first window or
unit, and thereafter two (2) off-street stacking spaces shall be provided for each additional window or unit.
2. Off-street stacking spaces shall be located
to allow for traffic movement around
stopped vehicles. The width of a drive
through travel lane shall not be less than
11' [3.3m]. A stacking space shall have a
minimum length of 18' [5.5m].
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
ACCESSIBLE PARKING
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Parking
1. If parking spaces are provided for
self-parking by employees or visitors, or
both, then accessible spaces shall be provided in each such parking area in conformance with the table below.
Total
Parking
in Lot
1 to 25
26 to 50
51 to 75
76 to 100
101 to 150
151 to 200
201 to 300
301 to 400
401 to 500
501 to 1000
1000 and over
Required
Minimum Number
of Accessible Spaces
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2 percent of total
20 plus 1 for each
100 over 1000
2. Accessible parking spaces shall be 8'-0" x
20'-0" [2.4m x 6m] and shall have a 5'
[1.5m] wide access aisle adjacent to one
side of the parking space. Access aisles
may be shared by two adjacent parking
spaces (see figure 5).
8' [2.4m]
min.
5' [1.5m]
min.
____________________________________
Figure 5
Location
Accessible parking spaces serving a particular building shall be located on the shortest
accessible route of travel from adjacent parking to an accessible entrance.
ACCESSIBLE ROUTE
At least 50% of all public entrances must be
accessible. At least one must be a ground floor
entrance. Public entrances are any entrances
that are not loading or service entrances.
Where feasible, accessible entrances shall be
the entrances used by the majority of people
visiting or working in the building.
Width
The minimum clear width of an accessible
route shall be 3' [1m] except at doors.
Door Threshold
The maximum rise at a door threshold for an
accessible entry shall be 0.1' [0.03m].
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L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
CURB RAMPS
Width
Location
The minimum width of a curb ramp shall be
3' [1m], exclusive of flared sides.
Curb ramps shall be provided wherever an
accessible route crosses a curb.
Slope
The maximum slope of a curb ramp shall be
1:12. Transitions from ramps to walks, gutters, or streets shall be flush and free of abrupt
changes. Maximum slope of adjoining gutters, or accessible route shall not exceed 5%.
Sides of Curb Ramps
If a curb ramp is located where pedestrians
must walk across the ramp, or where it is not
protected by handrails or guardrails, it shall
have flared sides; the maximum slope of the
flare shall be 1:12 (see figure 6). Curb ramps
with returned curbs may be used where pedestrians would not normally walk across the
ramp (see figure 6).
______________________________________________________________________________
Planting or
Other NonWalking Surface
48" [1200mm] min.
flared side
1
12
Flared Sides
Returned Curb
______________________________________________________________________________
Figure 6
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L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
RAMPS
1. The landing shall have a 2% slope for
drainage.
General
2. The landing shall be at least as wide as the
ramp run leading to it.
Any part of an accessible route with a slope
greater than 5% shall be considered a ramp.
The minimum clear width of a ramp shall be
3' [1m].
3. The landing length shall be a minimum of
5' [1.5m] clear.
Slope and Rise
4. If ramps change direction at landings, the
minimum landing size shall be 5' x 5' [1.5m
x 1.5m].
The least possible slope shall be used for any
ramp. The maximum slope of a ramp in new
construction shall be 1:12. The maximum rise
for any run shall be 2.5' [0.75m]) (see figure
7).
Cross Slope of Ramp Surfaces and/or
Landings
The cross slope of ramp surfaces shall be no
greater than 2%.
Landing
Rise
Ramps shall have landings at the bottom and
top of each ramp and each ramp run. Landings shall have the following features:
______________________________________________________________________________
Slope of Ramp Surface
Landing
Landing
Horizontal Distance
Maximum
Rise
Slope
ft
>5% to 8.33%
2.5
m
0.75
Maximum
Horizontal Distance
ft
30.0
m
9.0
______________________________________________________________________________
Figure 7
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L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Ramp Handrails
3. Handrail extensions shall not extend into
adjacent walks.
If a ramp run has a rise greater than 6"
[150mm] or is greater than 6' [1.8m] long, then
it shall have handrails on both sides. Handrails are not required on curb ramps or adjacent to seating in assembly areas. Handrails
shall have the following features:
1. Handrails shall be provided along both
sides of ramp segments. The inside handrail on switchback or dogleg ramps shall
always be continuous.
2. Handrails shall extend at least 12"
[300mm] beyond the top and bottom of
the ramp segment and shall be parallel with
the floor or ground surface (see figure 8).
4. The clear space between the handrail and
the wall shall be 1 1/2" [38mm].
5. Top of handrail gripping surfaces shall be
mounted between 34" and 38" [850mm
and 1050mm] above ramp surfaces.
6. Ends of handrails shall be either rounded
or returned smoothly to floor, wall or post.
7. All handrails shall have a circular cross
section with an outside diameter of at least
1 1/4" [32mm] and not greater than 2"
[50mm].
______________________________________________________________________________
12" [300mm]
min.
12" [300mm]
min.
34"-38"
[850mm-1050mm]
Edge of
Adjacent
Walk
Edge of
Adjacent
Walk
Level
Ramp
Level
3' [1m]
min.
Clear
______________________________________________________________________________
Figure 8
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L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
STEPS
____________________________________
Treads and Risers
11"min.
[275mm]
Maximum riser height shall be 7" [175mm]
and minimum riser height shall be 4"
[100mm]. Minimum tread depth shall be 11"
[275mm], measured horizontally from the
tread’s leading edge to the next tread’s leading edge. Treads shall have a wash of 2%
from back to front to allow for drainage and
minimize hazards associated with water puddling and ice formation (see figure 9).
____________________________________
1.5"max.
11"min.
[275mm]
[38mm]
radius
radius
Flush Riser
Vertical Riser
1.5"max.
[38mm]
0.5"max.
[12mm]
radius
60
Angled Nosing
Brick Nosing
Acceptable Risers/Nosings
____________________________________
Figure 10
2%
____________________________________
Unsafe Nosing
____________________________________
Figure 9
radius
Nosings
The undersides of nosings shall not be abrupt.
The radius of curvature at the leading edge of
the tread shall be no greater than 1/2" [12mm].
Risers with nosings shall be sloped or the underside of the nosing shall have an angle not
less than 60 degrees from the horizontal.
Nosings shall project no more than 1 1/2"
[38mm] except for brick or other modular paving veneer which shall project no more than
1/2" [12mm] (see figures 10 and 11).
Not Permitted
____________________________________
Figure 11
- 11 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Step Handrails
Steps over 42" [1.1m] in width shall have continuous handrails on both sides. Intermediate
handrails are required so that all portions of
the required width of stairs are within 2.5'
[0.75m] of a handrail. Only one handrail is
required on stairways having a width of less
than 42" [1.1m].
1. Handrails shall extend at least 12"
[300mm] beyond the top and 12" [300mm]
plus one tread width beyond the bottom
of the steps and shall be parallel with the
floor or ground surface (see figure 12).
3. Top of handrail gripping surfaces shall be
mounted between 34" and 38" [850mm
and 1050mm] above step nosings.
4. Ends of handrails shall be either rounded
or returned smoothly to floor, wall or post.
5. All handrails shall have a circular cross
section with an outside diameter of at least
1 1/4" [32mm] and not greater than 2"
[50mm].
Exception: Handrails are not required for
stairways with two or less risers.
2. The clear space between the handrail and
the wall shall be 1 1/2" [38mm].
______________________________________________________________________________
12"min.
[300mm]
Edge of
Adjacent
Walk
[850mm-1050mm]
34-38"
34-38"
[300mm]
[850mm-1050mm]
12"[300mm]
plus one tread
12"
Edge of
Adjacent
Walk
Extension at Bottom of Run
Extension at Top of Run
______________________________________________________________________________
Figure 12
- 12 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
GUARDRAILS
A guardrail system is a system of components
located near the open sides of elevated walking surfaces for the purpose of minimizing the
possibility of an accidental fall from the walking surface to the lower level.
Guardrails are required on retaining walls
where differences in grade level on either side
of the wall are in excess of 2.5' [0.75m] and
are located closer than 2' [0.6m] to a walk,
path, parking lot or driveway on the high side.
Guardrails shall be a minimum of 42" [1.1m]
in height measured vertically from the leading edge of a stair tread or adjacent walking
surface.
Open guardrails shall have balusters or other
construction such that a sphere with a diameter of 4" [100mm] cannot pass through any
opening.
- 13 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
FASTENERS AND REINFORCING LIST
The following is a list of fasteners and reinforcing materials for answering questions in
Section D of the L.A.R.E. In some cases,
more than one choice is a correct response; in
such cases, you will receive credit for any
correct response.
Indicate ONLY one answer for each question
by darkening both one letter and one number
on the answer sheet corresponding with your
answer selection.
BOLTS:
A1 Carriage Bolt Assembly
A2 Eye Bolt
A3 J-Bolt Assembly
A4 L-shaped Anchor Bolt Assembly
A5 Lag Bolt
A6 Lag Bolt with Expansion Shield
A7 Lag Bolt with Fiber Plug
A8 Lag Bolt with Lead Shield
B1 Machine Bolt Assembly
B2 Machine Bolt with Expansion Shield
B3 Threaded Rod Assembly
B4 Toggle Bolt Assembly
SCREWS AND NAILS:
B5 Cement Nail
B6 Common Nail
B7 Finish Nail
B8 Hook Nail
C1 Machine Screw
C2 Masonry Nail
C3 Spike
C4 Wood Screw
- 14 -
METAL BRACKETS:
C5 Joist Hanger
C6 Plate Anchor
C7 Post Anchor
C8 Post Cap Tie Plate
D1 Strap Hanger
MISCELLANEOUS FASTENERS:
D2 Construction Adhesive
D3 Drive Anchor
D4 Duct Tape
D5 Epoxy
D6 Masonry Wall Tie
D7 Mastic
D8 Mortar
E1 Rivet
E2 Snap Tie
E3 Solder
E4 Staple
E5 Z-anchor
REINFORCEMENT:
E6 #3 Rebar
E7 #4 Rebar
E8 #6 Rebar
F1 #8 Rebar
F2 Cavity Wall Tie
F3 Fiber Mesh
F4 Geosynthetic Reinforcing Grid
F5 Steel Dowel
F6 Truss Design Reinforcement
F7 Welded Wire Mesh (WWM)
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
MATERIALS LIST
The following is a list of materials for answering questions in Section D of the L.A.R.E. In
some cases, more than one choice is a correct
response; in such cases, you will receive credit
for any correct response.
Indicate ONLY one answer for each question
by darkening both one letter and one number
on the answer sheet corresponding with your
answer selection.
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
Angle Iron
Asphalt (Bituminous Concrete)
Brass Pipe
Brick
Butt Hinge
Caulk
Ceramic Tile
Concrete
Concrete Masonry Units (CMU)
Concrete Pavers
Copper Pipe
Epoxy Sealer
Expansion Joint Material
Filter Fabric
Flagstone
Flashing
Flat Steel
Floor Drain
Foam Insulation
Galvanized Electrical Conduit
Gate Latch Assembly
Geotextile grid
Granite
Gravel (crushed stone, granular
material, aggregate, peagravel)
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
E1
E2
E3
E4
E5
E6
E7
E8
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
G1
G2
G3
G4
Grout (non-shrink)
Joint Sealing Compound
Mastic
Metal Sleeve
Mortar
Mulch
Perforated PVC Pipe
Polyethylene Pipe
Porcelain Enamel
Portland Cement
Prefabricated Wall Drain
PVC Pipe
Sand
Soil
Soil Cement
Steel Tubing - Round
Steel Tubing - Square
Steel Washers
Stone
Stone Dust (Fines)
Strap Hinge
Stucco
Tar
Wall Reinforcement
Waterproofing (Bituminous)
Waterstop
Wood (Lumber)
Wrought Iron
- 15 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
PRESSURE TREATED
LUMBER/TIMBER LIST
The following is a list of pressure treated lumber/timber for answering questions in Section
D of the L.A.R.E. In some cases, more than
one choice is a correct response; in such cases,
you will receive credit for any correct response.
Indicate ONLY one answer for each question
by darkening both one letter and one number
on the answer sheet corresponding with your
answer selection.
A1 1x4 [25x100]
A2 1x6 [25x150]
A3 1x8 [25x200]
A4 1x10 [25x250]
A5 1x12 [25x300]
A6 5/4x6 [30x150]
A7 2x2 [50x50]
A8 2x4 [50x100]
B1 2x6 [50x150]
B2 2x8 [50x200]
B3 2x10 [50x250]
B4 2x12 [50x300]
B5 4x4 [100x100]
B6 4x6 [100x150]
B7 4x8 [100x200]
B8 4x10 [100x250]
C1 4x12 [100x300]
C2 6x6 [150x150]
C3 6x8 [150x200]
C4 8x8 [200x200]
- 16 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
WOOD MEMBER SIZING
For external wood structures with uniform joist and beam spacing.
Maximum Allowable Spans for Spaced Boards
Laid Flat
1 x 4 [25 x 100]
5/4 x 6 [30 x 150]
2 x 4 [50 x 100]
2 x 6 [50 x 150]
For Decking
12" [30cm]
16" [40cm]
24" [60cm]
24" [60cm]
For Benches
NA
NA
36" [100cm]
36" [100cm]
Maximum Allowable Spans for Joists
Joist Size
Joist Spacing
16" [40cm]
24" [60cm]
32" [80cm]
2 x 6 [50 x 150]
10' [3.0m]
8' [2.4m]
6' [1.8m]
2 x 8 [50 x 200]
12' [3.6m]
10' [3.0m]
8' [2.4m]
2 x 10 [50 x 250]
16' [4.8m]
14' [4.2m]
10' [3.0m]
Minimum Beam Sizes and Allowable Beam Spans
Spacing
Between Beams
4' [1.2m]
6' [1.8m]
8' [2.4m]
10'[3.0m]
12'[3.6m]
—
—
—
—
—
Beam Size*
6' [1.8m]
6' [1.8m]
—
—
—
4 x 6 [100 x 150]
10' [3.0m]
8' [2.4m]
6' [1.8m]
6' [1.8m]
—
4 x 8 [100 x 200]
12' [3.6m]
10' [3.0m]
8' [2.4m]
8' [2.4m]
6' [1.8m]
4 x 10 [100 x 250]
12' [3.6m]
12' [3.6m]
10' [3.0m]
10' [3.0m]
8' [2.4m]
4 x 12 [100 x 300]
Maximum Distance Between Posts (o.c.)
* - Two (2) 2 by’s [50's] are acceptable.
NOTE: Maximum cantilever for joists and beams is 24" [60cm].
- 17 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
CONSTRUCTION DETAIL EVALUATION LIST
The following is a list of common construction detailing errors for answering questions in Section
D of the L.A.R.E. You are to evaluate each detail and determine if there is an error in the detail. If
there is an error in the detail, select from the list below the response for the most significant error
which affects the health, safety and welfare of the public. Response A1 should be used when the
detail is correct.
Indicate ONLY one answer for each question by darkening both one letter and one number on the
answer sheet corresponding with your answer selection
A1 The detail is correct
MATERIAL APPLICATION
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
An element is missing causing the detail to be structurally unsound
Material type is not appropriate for the application
Material application does not meet code requirements
Alterations have compromised the structural integrity of the material
Concrete thickness is not appropriate (too thick or thin)
Lumber size is not sufficient for spacing and/or span
Appropriate drainage is not indicated
FOOTING AND SUBBASE
B1
B2
B3
B4
Footing is inappropriate for the application (size or position)
Footing embedment is not deep enough for specified frostline or soil conditions
Subgrade is not adequately prepared
Base material is inappropriate
CONNECTIONS AND FASTENERS
B5
B6
B7
B8
C1
- 18 -
Fasteners are missing or insufficient
Fastener type or method of attachment is inappropriate for the application
Fastener orientation or distance from edge of material is inappropriate
Fastener or material embedment is not sufficient for the application
The material securing a masonry unit is inappropriate for the application
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
REINFORCING
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
D1
Masonry joint reinforcing is missing where required
Masonry wall ties are missing where required
Rebar is missing where required
Rebar sizes shown are not appropriate (too large or small)
Reinforcing is improperly placed
Reinforcing is not sufficient in the vertical plane (length only)
Reinforcing is not sufficient in the horizontal plane (length only)
Reinforcing does not tie the wall to the foundation
JOINTS
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
D8
E1
Detail does not show or specify an appropriate control joint
Detail does not show or specify an expansion joint where required
Joint size is inappropriate or unsafe
Joint should be designed to prevent differential vertical movement, but fails to do so
Joint requires a waterstop
Expansion joint is incorrectly located
Expansion joint does not allow for free movement for expansion and contraction
Dowled expansion joint is inappropriate for this application
FINISH
E2 Surface treatment is inappropriate or unsafe
- 19 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
DIMENSION GRID
The following is a dimension grid used for answering questions in Section D of the L.A.R.E. In
some cases, more than one choice is a correct response; in such cases, you will receive credit for
any correct response.
Indicate ONLY one answer for each question by darkening both one letter and one number on the
answer sheet corresponding with your answer selection. (Example: 5" [125mm] = B7.)
1
2
c "
/16 "
1
3
4
d"
¼"
5
6
e "
½"
7
¾"
8
1"
A
1.5mm
1¼"
3mm
1½"
6mm
1¾"
9mm
2"
12mm
3"
15mm
4"
18mm
5"
25mm
6"
B
32mm
7"
38mm
8"
45mm
9"
50mm
10"
75mm
11"
100mm
12"
125mm
14"
150mm
16"
C
175mm
18"
200mm
20"
225mm
22"
250mm
24"
275mm
26"
300mm
30"
350mm
32"
400mm
34"
D
450mm
3'
500mm
3½’
550mm
4'
600mm
5'
650mm
6'
750mm
7'
800mm
8'
850mm
9'
E
1.0m
10'
1.1m
11'
1.2m
12'
1.5m
13'
1.8m
14'
2.1m
15'
2.4m
16'
2.7m
18'
F
3.0m
- 20 -
3.3m
3.6m
3.9m
4.2m
4.5m
4.8m
5.5m
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
LIGHTING SYMBOLS
4' [1.2m]
24' [7.2m]
3' [1m]
24' [7.2m]
12' [3.6m]
4' [1.2m]
-AL
-BL
1 footcandle
[10 lux]
1 footcandle
[10 lux]
0.5 footcandle
[5 lux]
0.5 footcandle
[5 lux]
Area Light -AL
Bollard Light - BL
4'[1.2m]
1 footcandle
[10 lux]
1 footcandle
[10 lux]
0.5 footcandle
[5 lux]
12' [3.6m]
-LD
24' [7.2m]
-DL
4'[1.2m]
12' [3.6m]
30' [9m]
15' [4.5m]
30' [9m]
______________________________________________________________________________
0.5 footcandle
[5 lux]
Down Light - DL
Low Down Light - LD
__________________________________________________________________
1 footcandle
[10 lux]
0.5 footcandle
[5 lux]
2'[0.6m]
-AC
12' [3.6m]
12' [3.6m]
Accent Light - AC
_______________________________
- 21 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
PLANT CHARACTERISTICS
Graphic sections of the L.A.R.E. which require the preparation of planting plans shall be completed as follows. Location of plants shall be graphically indicated on the planting plan using the
symbols given. The type and function of the plant or plant groupings shall be indicated in accordance with the graphic conventions. Botanical names of plant material should NOT be indicated.
Plant material shown is mature size and must be drawn at the size indicated. The intended use of
the plant material will be evaluated based on the circle size and symbol shown on your solution.
Plant material must be selected based on the shape and size shown. Plant shape or size cannot be
altered to meet specific requirements.
Note: Vignette problems may be at a different scale than the scale of the symbols shown, therefore,
plan symbols should be drawn at the scale given on the vignette problem.
Form
Elevation
Plan View
______________________________________________________________________________
Tree - Multi-stem
20'
[6m]
15' [4.5m]
15' [4.5m]
5'
[1.5m]
Tree - Palm
- 22 -
20' [6m]
30' [9m]
40' [12m]
20' [6m]
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Form
Elevation
Plan View
______________________________________________________________________________
Tree - Rounded
40' [12m]
30' [9m]
30' [9m]
8'
[2.4m]
25' [7.5m]
30' [9m]
25' [7.5m]
8'
[2.4m]
- 23 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Form
Elevation
Plan View
______________________________________________________________________________
Tree - Columnar
15' [4.5m]
10' [3m]
10' [3m]
20' [6m]
20' [6m]
15' [4.5m]
15' [4.5m]
20'
[6m]
30' [9m]
15' [4.5m]
20'
[6m]
30' [9m]
Tree - Pyramidal
- 24 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Form
Elevation
Plan View
______________________________________________________________________________
Shrub
Massing
6' [1.8m]
6' [1.8m]
6' [1.8m]
Massing
3'
[1m]
3'
[1m]
3'
[1m]
Massing
2'
[0.6m]
2'
[0.6m]
1.5'
[0.45m]
Groundcover
Variable
1'
[0.3m]
Lawn
- 25 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Graphic Convention
______________________________________________________________________________
Type
____________________________________
Deciduous
Evergreen
D
E
Function
____________________________________
Accent/Flower
Background
Circulation Control
Erosion Control
Hedge
Shade
Spatial Definition
Specimen
Visual Screen
Wind Screen
Illustrative Sample
____________________________________
- 26 -
Example
____________________________________
A deciduous tree with a rounded form that
would be used for shade would be indicated
as follows:
D - Shade
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Values for Sizing Site Drainage Systems
(C values from the L.A.R.E. Reference Manual should be used unless the values are given in the
problem).
R unoff Coefficient for the Rational M ethod
Surface M ate rial
C=
Rooftop
.90
Paving (i.e.; concrete, aspha lt)
.90
Gravel
.65
Bare Soil
.30
Lawn
.30
Rational Method formula:
q=CiA [q=CiA/360]
q=
Quantity of runoff in cubic feet per second [cubic metres per second].
C=
Runoff coefficient.
i=
Intensity of rainfall in inches per hour [millimetres per hour].
A=
Area in acres [hectares].
- 27 -
L.A.R.E. Reference Manual
Nomograph for Circular Pipe Flowing Full (Manning’s Equation - Concrete Pipe n=0.013)
1800
0.500
15
60
1600
54
1400
48
1200
0.400
42
0.300
0.00004
0.004
0.00005
0.005
0.006
0.007
0.008
0.9
0.010
1.0
0.0001
0.8
1.2
0.02
36
900
1.3
0.03
3.0
0.080
0.070
0.060
2.0
0.050
1.5
0.040
0.030
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.020
0.6
0.015
0.5
Pipe Diameter in Inches (Available pipe sizes indicated)
0.100
0.090
Flow in Cubic Meters Per Second (q)
Flow in Cubic Feet Per Second (q)
4.0
600
21
525
18
450
15
12
8
6
4
375
300
200
150
100
0.001
0.4
0.005
0.01
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.05
0.9
1.0
1.1
4
1.2
1.3
4.0
1.4
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10
20
5
1.5
1.6
1.7
6
1.8
1.9
7
2.2
0.006
40
2
50
0.50
1.0
- 28 -
3
3.0
30
0.003
0.8
2.0
75
0.004
0.1
0.6
0.7
0.3
0.007
0.005
2.0
0.2
0.008
0.2
1.8
15
3
0.5
1.9
0.4
0.3
1.7
0.15
0.10
0.010
0.009
1.6
Velocity in Feet Per Second
24
5.0
1.5
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
Slope in Percent
0.150
0.4
1.4
0.04
Slope in Feet Per Foot/Meters Per Meter
30
800
Pipe Diameter in Millimeters (Available pipe sizes indicated)
0.200
0.3
1.1
0.015
1050
10
0.25
50
60
70
80
90
100
8
2.4
2.6
9
10
2.8
3.0
Velocity in Meters Per Second
72
0.600
20
The Material in this booklet is for use on the Landscape Architect Registration Examination
(L.A.R.E.) only.
Printed April 2002
- 31 -