Forecast Summary
Transcription
Forecast Summary
Forecast Summary (averages) Actual 2014 Oct Sep October 10, 2014 Nov Dec 2015 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Michael Gregory, CFA Deputy Chief Economist Benjamin Reitzes Senior Economist U.S. Rates BoC overnight 10-yr Canadas Fed funds 10-yr Treasuries 1.00 2.18 0.13 2.53 1.00 2.04 0.13 2.35 1.00 2.12 0.13 2.45 1.00 2.20 0.13 2.50 1.00 2.34 0.13 2.64 1.00 2.55 0.21 2.85 1.00 2.82 0.46 3.12 1.25 3.09 0.71 3.40 C$ per US$ US$/€ US$/£ ¥/US$ 1.101 1.29 1.63 107 1.110 1.26 1.61 109 1.113 1.26 1.62 110 1.115 1.27 1.63 110 1.122 1.27 1.65 111 1.133 1.26 1.64 112 1.143 1.25 1.62 113 1.150 1.23 1.61 115 QE done this month; Fed cautious about changing forward guidance Treasury yields slide as global economic and geopolitical risks weigh Greenback hits 5-year high, helped by capital inflows UNITED STATES (percent) 1.50 3.50% (Year-end ’15) 1.25 (lhs) 0.75 Fed policy…The FOMC’s policy announcement on September 17 contained few changes, apart from another reduction of asset purchases and another member joining the dissention Fed Funds 1.00 4 3 10-Year Treasury 2.50% (Year-end ’14) (rhs) 0.50 bandwagon. Treasury and MBS purchases were each cut by $5 billion (for the seventh consecutive meeting) to $10 billion and 2 0.25 $5 billion, respectively. The Fed said it would end QE in October (upping the Treasury taper to $10 billion). Dallas President forecast 0.00 12 13 14 15 Sources: U.S. Federal Reserve Board, U.S. Treasury, Haver Analytics, BMO Capital Markets Economics forecasts 1 Fisher joined Philadelphia’s Plosser in not supporting the policy statement. Mr. Fisher took issue with the forward guidance, U.S. BROAD TRADE-WEIGHTED DOLLAR that the policy rate would remain unchanged for a (January 1997 = 100) “considerable time” after QE ends. The Minutes subsequently 108 revealed that “several” participants were similarly concerned 106 this language “suggested a longer period before liftoff, and 104 perhaps also a more gradual increase in the federal funds rate 102 thereafter” than will likely be appropriate and “could be 100 misunderstood as a commitment rather than as data dependent.” However, the consensus view was that the market 98 forecast 96 12 13 14 15 understood this guidance was data dependent (and, if not, Chair Yellen made sure of it in her post-meeting presser). Sources: U.S. Federal Reserve Board, Haver Analytics, BMO Capital Markets Economics forecasts DOUGLAS PORTER, CFA, CHIEF ECONOMIST · www.bmonesbittburns.com/economics One reason why the Fed opted to keep the current language, as a “number” of participants noted, was that any change “might be misinterpreted as a signal of a fundamental shift in the stance of policy that could result in an unintended tightening of financial conditions.” It was “generally agreed” that alterations pose “communication challenges, and that caution will be needed to avoid sending unintended signals about the Committee's policy outlook.” This suggests language changes are likely to occur only if they are major (no minor tweaking) and in meetings followed with the Chair’s presser (for communications effectiveness). Thus, the announced end of QE on October 29 is unlikely to be accompanied with altered forward guidance. Through H2 and into 2015, we look for U.S. economic growth to average 3.0%, sufficient for continuing payroll gains near 200k per month. With the participation rate stabilizing, the jobless rate should continue drifting down to 5.8% by the end of this year and to 5.0% by the end of next year. FOMC participants project the longer-run unemployment rate in a 5.2%-to-5.5% central tendency range. This should be hit by mid-2015. From a risk management perspective, this would be a key juncture for rate hikes to begin (if they haven’t done so already). We are forecasting the first formal rate hike in June 2015 and a gradual quarter-per-quarter cadence during the first year of tightening. This should raise the range for fed funds to 0.75%-to-1.00% by 2015-end and 2.00%-to-2.25% by 2016-end (both are at least 50 bps below the FOMC’s latest median projections). There are offsetting risks of a sooner or later tightening profile. The sooner scenario reflects the case in which wage pressures build more rapidly owing to a 5-handle jobless rate or global forces continue pulling down Treasury yields as domestic economic and inflation prospects prove resilient to global headwinds (the Fed would, in effect, be taking advantage of the situation to start/continue the normalization process, which we dub “opportunistic normalization”). The later scenario reflects the opposite case: continued subdued wage inflation (bolstering the “secular stagnation” argument) or domestic prospects being dimmed by global headwinds. Treasuries…Once again, 10-year Treasury yields took a stab at cracking the 2.60%-to-2.65% range through mid-September (a range held since April despite several attempts), but they backed off as pre-FOMC-meeting concerns that the Fed could turn less dovish were not realized. Meantime, dimmer global economic prospects (e.g., Euro Area, China, Japan and Brazil) and mounting geopolitical risks (e.g., Hong Kong, ISIS and Ukraine), not to mention Ebola fears, helped pull yields down to their lowest levels in 16 months (under 2.35%). Indeed, given the above prospects/risks/fears, the market is betting, apart from QE ending this month, that the next less-dovish policy turn and the first rate hike have been pushed back (fed funds futures are now pricing in a 25-bp higher average by September 2015, having moved away from June). We still judge U.S. economic performance will stay resilient amid all the global turmoil, probably imparting a bit of upward pressure on yields through the turn of the year. PAGE 2 But, recent ranges should hold. We look for 10-year yields to average around 2.50% by yearend. Heading into 2015, continued sturdy (3%-ish) real GDP growth and Fed policy shifting from neutral to tightening should apply additional upward pressure on yields. But, if recent history is any guide, this uptrend will be occasionally interrupted by indications of weaker growth/slower inflation, further flare-ups of global economic/geopolitical concern and bouts of buying as yields start hitting multi-year highs. We expect to see a ratcheting pattern, as 10year yields head to 3.50% by 2016-end. The uptrend in shorter-term yields should be smoother as policy rate hikes approach. We see 2-year yields around 0.60% by the end of this year and above 2.10% by 2015-end. Greenback… The U.S. dollar (trade weighted against the majors) hit its highest level since April 2009 in the wake of the employment report on October 3. Although it drifted a bit weaker in subsequent days, since early July (which was an eight-month low at the time), the greenback has appreciated some 6.3%, as it continues to garner strength from both sets of FX drivers. First, relative economic performance/monetary policy prospects (U.S. economy strengthening, Fed stopping QE while the ECB and BoJ are still in balance sheet expansion mode). Second, “risk on”/“risk off” (USD-boosting “off” owing to escalating geopolitical concerns). Even if the second driver calms, a glance at the economic and policy prospects in the major markets that make up the index suggests the greenback should gain even more ground in the months ahead. Among the U.K., Canada, Australia, Sweden, the Euro Area, Switzerland and Japan, only the U.K. appears to be ahead of the U.S. in terms of policy tightening prospects. Canadian Rates BoC in no hurry to hike rates, even if the Fed moves 10-year Canada yields keep pace with Treasuries Loonie hits 5-year weak spot to start October BoC Policy…The Bank is officially “neutral with respect to the next change to the policy rate,” meaning an equal chance of a rate cut or rate hike. But the odds of any action, any time soon, are very low. A resilient housing sector (the BoC said it was “stronger than anticipated” in its September policy announcement) and household debt dynamics (the Bank also said the risks associated with household imbalances have “not diminished”) are keeping the odds low on the rate-cut side. Keeping the odds low on the rate-hike side, the expansion-critical export-capex nexus is just starting to kick in (and still needs nurturing) and policy rates are already at 1% (recall Governor Poloz: “In this world, that’s a high number when everything is starting at zero.”). Through H2 and into 2015, we look for economic growth to average around 2.5% as the “rotation in demand” from consumer spending/housing-led growth to export/capex-led activity PAGE 3 continues to unfold. We judge that the Bank will be reticent to CANADA raise an already “high number” until the pull of U.S. economic (percent) 3.0 4 BoC Overnight Rate 2.5 3.20% (Year-end ’15) (lhs) 2.0 in turn, business investment. As this reticence subsidies and the 3 10-Year GoC 1.5 performance is unequivocally evident in Canadian exports and, output gap steadily closes (and inflation risks rise), we look for the Bank to hike rates in October 2015. With the Fed expected (rhs) 2.20% (Year-end ’14) 2 to begin hiking in June, the prospects for narrower Canada-U.S. overnight spreads should add to the factors weighing on the 1.0 forecast 0.5 12 13 14 1 15 loonie. Canadas…Canada-U.S. 10-year spreads hit their most Sources: Bank of Canada, Haver Analytics, BMO Capital Markets Economics forecasts CANADIAN DOLLAR negative levels since mid-2008 to end July (-42 bps). After a (C$/US$) few days of deterioration (profit taking), spreads have been 1.20 relatively stable in the vicinity of -35 bps. Even as Treasury 1.15 yields rose nearly 30 bps from late August until midSeptember, only to rally back as much through early October, 1.10 spreads have moved no more than 2 or 3 bps around the -351.05 bp level. We see this stability continuing as the inclination for spreads to deteriorate owing to loonie depreciation is being 1.00 0.95 12 13 14 forecast mitigated by the prospects for Fed-lagged BoC tightening 15 actions and news that the federal government is well ahead Sources: U.S. Federal Reserve Board, Haver Analytics, BMO Capital Markets Economics forecasts of schedule to balance its budget (leaner supply is looming). Looking ahead, amid the general rise in yields, we see Canadas outperforming a bit at the short-end (where monetary policy prospects have more influence) and holding their own at the long end. We expect 2- and 10-year Canadas to average above 1.10% and around 2.20% by year-end, respectively, and above 2.20% and 3.15% by 2015-end. Loonie… As decent employment data were released south of the border on October 3, the Canadian dollar hit $1.1259 (Bank of Canada closing quotes), the weakest level since July 2009. The milestone reflected the combination of the greenback’s recent strengthening trend (against nearly everybody) and speculation the Bank will lag the Fed when it comes to raising policy rates (stoked by official comments). The Bank asserts that it does not actively promote a weaker currency, either via policy or pronouncement. However, the fact that export expansion is the critical ingredient in the “rotation of demand” scenario, the Bank is likely very “welcoming” of a weaker loonie. Although the currency has rebounded since its five-year extreme, we judge the depreciation trend will resume (for the same factors cited above), hitting $1.15 next autumn, just before we project the Bank will follow the Fed into tightening mode. PAGE 4 Euro ECB asset purchase plan details underwhelm Economic developments troubling Following up September’s surprisingly aggressive action—rate cuts and announcing asset purchases—the ECB unveiled the details of its ABS and covered bond buying programs, which will last at least two years. Purchases of the latter will commence in the second half of the month, while the ABS will start at some point in Q4. While EURO President Draghi reiterated that the ECB is targeting expanding (US$/€) its balance sheet back to mid-2012 peak levels (about 1 trillion 1.45 euros above current levels), he failed to specify the size of the 1.40 purchases. Indeed, the TLTROs will also play a role in 1.35 expanding the Bank’s balance sheet. The QE era has finally 1.30 begun in Europe—only five years after the Fed and Bank of England—but the ECB is still holding back sovereign bond 1.25 forecast 1.20 12 13 14 15 buying for now. There’s massive easing coming from the ECB over the next few Sources: U.S. Federal Reserve Board, Haver Analytics, BMO Capital Markets Economics forecasts months with asset purchases, TLTROs and the latest rate cuts feeding through. In addition, the completion of the Asset Quality Review on commercial banks should give the sector confidence to increase lending, boosting economic activity. But all that stimulus can’t come soon enough for the region, with the latest German data suggesting GDP will be lucky to see any growth in Q3. France and Italy, both of which are lagging badly on much-needed reforms, are struggling mightily as well. Spain and Ireland are performing well, while Greece is finally growing after a multi-year recession, but that won’t be enough to lift the region. Another downward revision to growth and inflation forecasts could prompt the ECB to take further action. Diverging monetary policy, with the ECB on course for at least two years of QE (meaning rates aren’t going anywhere) versus likely Fed rate hikes by mid-2015, is expected to weaken the euro consistently through next year. Other than bottom-fishing, there are few compelling reasons to buy euros over the next year or two. U.K. Pound BoE inching toward rate hike, but not until early 2015 Housing cooling; Euro Area weakness weighs The U.K. economy remains in robust health, with GDP growing solidly in Q2 and on pace for a decent gain in Q3. The Bank of England has suggested that an early 2015 timeline for the start of tightening is reasonable, though it has also cautioned that there is no rush to move. That’s especially the case with housing showing signs of cooling and the Euro Area struggling mightily. Indeed, given below-target inflation, weakness across the Channel, and no sign of wage pressure, the risk is that the BoE will delay hiking rates until further into 2015. PAGE 5 Note that the U.K. holds national elections in May 2015, which could constrain the timing of policy changes. Carney has said that the Bank ignores politics, but waiting an extra month or two to tighten in order to avoid the appearance of being BRITISH POUND political would do little harm. (US$/£) 1.75 Sterling rallied into the Scotland referendum, but saw little 1.70 follow through after the “no” vote. Indeed, a weaker euro is 1.65 pulling the pound lower, but an early 2015 hike by Carney 1.60 would provide a big, though temporary, lift for the currency. 1.55 However, once it becomes clear that the Fed will be more 1.50 forecast 1.45 12 13 14 15 aggressive when it starts tightening by mid-year, look for Sterling to trend lower. Sources: U.S. Federal Reserve Board, Haver Analytics, BMO Capital Markets Economics forecasts Japanese Yen BoJ downgrades economic assessment More easing possible, but likely not until 2015 The Bank of Japan has stayed on the sidelines following April 2013’s aggressive easing announcement. Since then, officials have consistently voiced confidence that inflation remains on a path to the 2% target. However, the lack of rebound following this past April’s 3 ppt sales tax hike prompted the BoJ to downgrade its economic assessment in October. The BoJ meets again at the end of the month when it will release new forecasts, but policymakers are unlikely to make a decision on further easing until they are certain activity won’t gain momentum and more stimulus is needed. Given the weakness in activity, it looks as though the 2% inflation target probably isn't achievable in 2015, which leans toward more action from the BoJ. And, the government has to decide shortly on whether to raise the sales tax again in October 2015, creating yet another potential hurdle for the economy. A weaker yen is helping exporters, but it does no favours for the domestic economy, hitting consumers and service JAPANESE YEN providers with higher import costs. (¥/US$) 120 The yen weakened sharply through September, briefly 110 breaching 110 versus the US$ for the first time since 2008. The 100 yen retraced some of those losses early in October, but is 90 expected to continue weakening through the end of 2015, as the U.S. economy outperforms and the Fed tightens policy 80 forecast 70 12 13 14 15 Sources: U.S. Federal Reserve Board, Haver Analytics, BMO Capital Markets Economics forecasts PAGE 6 while the BoJ contemplates further easing. Australian Dollar RBA remains neutral Concerns about high A$ persist The Reserve Bank of Australia held rates steady at a record-low 2.5% in October, maintaining a neutral stance and leaving policy unchanged for over a year. The Bank continues to believe that "monetary policy is appropriately configured" and "the most prudent course is likely to be a period of stability in interest rates.” A strengthening housing market, driven by low rates and Asian inflows, is being offset by declining business investment as large commodity-related AUSTRALIAN DOLLAR capital projects are completed. This backdrop suggests the RBA (US$/A$) is comfortable holding rates steady for some time yet. The 1.10 October statement added some concern about the housing 1.05 market, but that’s unlikely to push rates higher and precludes 1.00 any rate cuts. 0.95 The statement again noted that even with the recent weakness 0.90 the A$ “remains high by historical standards.” Look for those 0.85 forecast 0.80 12 13 14 15 Sources: U.S. Federal Reserve Board, Haver Analytics, BMO Capital Markets Economics forecasts Chinese Yuan currency worries to ebb over the coming year, as the risks are tilted toward the RBA lagging the Fed’s tightening cycle, suggesting the A$ will face downward pressure. August economic data point to decelerating growth in Q3 Yuan little changed in September Worries about China’s economic growth have returned following a sharp deterioration in the August data. Industrial production growth was the weakest since 2009, fixed asset investment gains were the slowest in nearly 14 years, and retail sales disappointed as well. Part of the softness in the first two indicators could be at least partially explained by a shift toward more services-driven growth, but the dip in retail sales suggests troubles are deeper. If the September figures don’t show a sizeable rebound, Q3 GDP growth will probably come in well shy of Q2’s 7.5% (which is also the government growth target). And, while policymakers have introduced some minor stimulus measures to boost activity, they’ve repeatedly said that more significant action is not forthcoming. CHINESE YUAN The Chinese yuan stabilized in September, ending an (CNY/US$) 6.40 appreciating trend which retraced about half of the losses seen 6.30 from February to June. China’s trade surplus remains extraordinarily large which should give authorities confidence 6.20 that the currency can strengthen without harming activity 6.10 significantly. Look for the yuan to strengthen at a modest pace, 6.00 reflecting the recent record trade surpluses and an ongoing push forecast 5.90 12 13 14 15 Sources: U.S. Federal Reserve Board, Haver Analytics, BMO Capital Markets Economics forecasts PAGE 7 to boost domestic demand. Foreign Exchange Forecasts Local Currency per U.S. Dollar (averages) Actual Sep 2014 Oct Nov Dec 2015 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Canadian Dollar C$ per US$ US$ per C$ Trade-Weighted 1.101 0.908 110.5 1.110 0.901 110.0 1.113 0.898 109.8 1.115 0.897 109.5 1.122 0.891 108.8 1.133 0.883 107.9 1.143 0.875 107.2 1.150 0.870 106.7 U.S. Dollar Trade-Weighted* 104.8 105.5 105.7 105.7 106.0 106.7 107.4 108.1 European Currencies Euro** Danish Krone Norwegian Krone Swedish Krona Swiss Franc U.K. Pound** 1.29 5.78 6.35 7.13 0.94 1.63 1.26 5.90 6.35 7.30 0.94 1.61 1.26 5.90 6.40 7.30 0.95 1.62 1.27 5.90 6.45 7.30 0.96 1.63 1.27 5.85 6.45 7.30 0.97 1.65 1.26 5.90 6.40 7.25 0.98 1.64 1.25 6.00 6.40 7.25 1.00 1.62 1.23 6.05 6.35 7.20 1.01 1.61 Asian Currencies Chinese Yuan Japanese Yen Korean Won Indian Rupee Singapore Dollar Malaysian Ringgit Thai Baht Philippine Peso Taiwan Dollar Indonesian Rupiah 6.14 107 1036 60.9 1.26 3.22 32.2 44.2 30.1 11921 6.12 109 1040 61.5 1.26 3.21 32.5 44.3 30.1 12000 6.11 110 1045 61.8 1.27 3.22 32.6 44.5 30.2 12075 6.10 110 1050 62.1 1.27 3.24 32.6 44.7 30.3 12150 6.08 111 1070 62.7 1.28 3.27 32.7 44.9 30.4 12250 6.05 112 1085 63.7 1.28 3.30 33.0 45.3 30.7 12400 6.02 113 1100 64.7 1.29 3.33 33.2 45.8 30.9 12550 5.99 115 1110 65.7 1.30 3.36 33.5 46.3 31.2 12700 Other Currencies Australian Dollar** N.Z. Dollar** Mexican Peso Brazilian Real Russian Ruble South African Rand 0.904 0.813 13.24 2.34 38.0 11.0 0.880 0.780 13.25 2.35 38.7 11.0 0.874 0.770 13.30 2.36 39.3 11.3 0.868 0.760 13.30 2.37 40.0 11.6 0.855 0.770 13.35 2.39 39.1 11.7 0.836 0.768 13.45 2.41 38.4 11.7 0.821 0.757 13.55 2.42 38.0 11.9 0.808 0.746 13.65 2.44 37.5 12.0 * Federal Reserve Broad Index ** (US$ per local currency) Cross Rates Versus Canadian Dollar Euro (C$/€) U.K. Pound (C$/£) Japanese Yen (¥/C$) Australian Dollar (C$/A$) 1.42 1.79 98 0.996 1.40 1.79 98 0.977 1.40 1.80 99 0.973 1.41 1.82 99 0.968 1.43 1.85 99 0.959 1.43 1.86 99 0.947 1.42 1.85 99 0.938 1.42 1.85 100 0.929 Versus Euro U.K. Pound (£/€) Japanese Yen (¥/€) 0.79 138 0.78 137 0.78 139 0.78 139 0.77 141 0.77 141 0.77 141 0.77 142 PAGE 8 Interest Rate Forecasts Percent (averages) Actual Sep 2014 Oct Nov Dec 2015 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 1.00 0.92 0.95 1.00 1.14 1.16 1.65 1.80 2.18 2.71 1.00 0.90 0.93 1.00 1.09 1.11 1.53 1.68 2.04 2.56 1.00 0.90 0.93 1.01 1.10 1.13 1.58 1.74 2.12 2.63 1.00 0.90 0.93 1.02 1.13 1.16 1.63 1.80 2.20 2.71 1.00 0.90 0.93 1.07 1.22 1.26 1.74 1.92 2.34 2.84 1.00 0.90 0.93 1.19 1.46 1.50 1.98 2.15 2.55 3.05 1.00 0.90 0.93 1.37 1.82 1.90 2.29 2.47 2.82 3.29 1.25 1.16 1.19 1.67 2.17 2.35 2.62 2.86 3.09 3.55 1.24 1.28 1.37 1.48 1.25 1.27 1.37 1.47 1.25 1.27 1.37 1.48 1.25 1.27 1.37 1.49 1.25 1.27 1.37 1.54 1.25 1.27 1.37 1.66 1.25 1.27 1.37 1.84 1.49 1.52 1.62 2.13 Prime Rate U.S. Yield Curve Fed funds 3 month 6 month 1 year 2 year 3 year 5 year 7 year 10 year 30 year 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.25 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.57 1.05 1.77 2.22 2.53 3.26 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.52 0.99 1.65 2.07 2.35 3.07 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.55 1.02 1.70 2.13 2.45 3.13 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.60 1.07 1.76 2.19 2.50 3.20 0.13 0.02 0.04 0.23 0.78 1.24 1.91 2.34 2.64 3.30 0.21 0.10 0.12 0.49 1.22 1.63 2.22 2.60 2.85 3.49 0.46 0.33 0.36 0.82 1.65 1.99 2.49 2.82 3.12 3.72 0.71 0.56 0.60 1.12 2.01 2.32 2.78 3.09 3.40 3.97 1m LIBOR 3m LIBOR 6m LIBOR 12m LIBOR 0.15 0.23 0.33 0.58 0.15 0.23 0.33 0.57 0.15 0.23 0.33 0.58 0.15 0.23 0.33 0.61 0.15 0.23 0.33 0.70 0.24 0.32 0.41 0.96 0.50 0.58 0.67 1.31 0.77 0.85 0.92 1.63 Prime Rate Other G7 Yields ECB Refi 10yr Bund 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.25 3.35 3.60 3.85 0.05 1.00 0.05 0.95 0.05 0.95 0.05 1.00 0.05 1.10 0.05 1.20 0.05 1.35 0.05 1.45 BoE Repo 10yr Gilt 0.50 2.48 0.50 2.30 0.50 2.40 0.50 2.50 0.65 2.65 0.75 2.90 0.90 3.15 1.15 3.40 BoJ O/N 10yr JGB 0.06 0.53 0.05 0.50 0.05 0.60 0.05 0.65 0.05 0.75 0.05 0.85 0.05 0.95 0.05 1.05 Cdn. Yield Curve Overnight 3 month 6 month 1 year 2 year 3 year 5 year 7 year 10 year 30 year 1m BA 3m BA 6m BA 12m BA PAGE 9 General Disclosure “BMO Capital Markets” is a trade name used by the BMO Investment Banking Group, which includes the wholesale arm of Bank of Montreal and its subsidiaries BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc., BMO Capital Markets Ltd. in the U.K. and BMO Capital Markets Corp. in the U.S. BMO Nesbitt Burns Inc., BMO Capital Markets Ltd. and BMO Capital Markets Corp are affiliates. Bank of Montreal or its subsidiaries (“BMO Financial Group”) has lending arrangements with, or provide other remunerated services to, many issuers covered by BMO Capital Markets. The opinions, estimates and projections contained in this report are those of BMO Capital Markets as of the date of this report and are subject to change without notice. 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