ORIGINAL ARTICLE INTERNAL FIXATION OF INTRA ARTICULAR CALCANEUM FRACTURES R. Neelakrishnan

Transcription

DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2014/3609
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
INTERNAL FIXATION OF INTRA ARTICULAR CALCANEUM FRACTURES
USING LOCKING COMPRESSION PLATE
R. Neelakrishnan1, P. S. Balamurugavel2, V. Barathiselvan3, M. Viswanathan4
HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE:
R. Neelakrishnan, P. S. Balamurugavel, V. Barathiselvan, M. Viswanathan. “Internal Fixation of Intra Articular
Calcaneum Fractures using Locking Compression Plate”. Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences
2014; Vol. 3, Issue 52, October 13; Page: 12184-12190, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2014/3609
ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: Calcaneum is the most frequently fractured tarsal bone. Historically
intra articular calcaneum fractures treated non-operatively which led to increased morbidity due to
in congruency of articular surface resulting in subtalar arthritis. With advent of CT scan, better
implants and improved methods of fixation. Operative treatment has now become a standard
method. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study the functional and radiological outcome of intra articular
calcaneum fractures treated by open reduction and internal fixation using locking compression plate.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with intra articular calcaneum fractures treated by
open reduction and internal fixation using locking compression plate from May 2012 to September
2014 at Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital with follow up of 6months. The fractures were
classified on the basis of computer tomography (CT) findings as Sanders type I to IV. The aim of our
treatment is to achieve anatomical reconstruction of all articular surfaces, restore Bohler’s and
Gissane angles, to carry out primary stable fixation and begin early mobilization. The patients were
evaluated by Modified Maryland Foot Score, with excellent defined as 90 - 100 points, good as 75 – 89
points, fair as 50 – 74 points and poor as <50 points. RESULTS: Fourteen patients were male and only
one female. Twelve patients due to fall from height, three patients due to RTA. The mean preoperative Bohler’s angle was 13 degree and mean post-operative angle was 26.2degree. The mean
pre-operative Gissane angle was 147.6 degree and the mean post-operative angle was 121 degree.
Excellent modified Maryland Foot score were achieved in 9 patients, good in 3, fair in 1patient.Only 2
had poor outcome. CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of intra-articular calcaneum fractures using
locking compression plate by lateral approach has good functional outcome. CT scan is required for
understanding the geometry of fractures and to assess subtalar disruption. Good timing of surgery is
of paramount importance to avoid early complications. Reconstruction of subtalar anatomy prevents
subtalar arthritis & maintains the foot biomechanics.
KEYWORDS: Calcaneum, locking compression plate, Bohler’s angle, gissane angle.
INTRODUCTION: Calcaneum is the most frequently fractured tarsal bone. Approximately 2% of all
fractures are calcaneal fracture. Displaced intra articular fracture constitutes 60-70% of calcaneum
fractures. Peak incidence in men is between 25 - 40 years of age. Bilateral calcaneum fractures in 510% of cases. Fall from height is the most common cause of injury.
Intra articular calcaneum fracture with communition remains a challenge to the treating
orthopedic surgeon. Because of serious potential complications controversies persisted regarding the
best treatment. Historically displaced intra articular fractures have been treated non-operatively.
Non-operative treatment led to increased morbidity due to in congruency of articular surface
resulting in subtalar arthritis and post-traumatic stiffness with loss of subtalar motion, widening of
heel.
J of Evolution of Med and Dent Sci/ eISSN- 2278-4802, pISSN- 2278-4748/ Vol. 3/ Issue 52/Oct 13, 2014
Page 12184
DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2014/3609
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
With the advent of CT scan with 3D reconstructions, appropriate timing of surgery, better
implants – locking compression plates, improved methods of fixation and rehabilitation, operative
treatment of intra articular calcaneum fracture has now become a standard method.
Operative goal includes - Restoration of congruity of subtalar articulation, restoration of
Bohler’s and Gissane angles, restoration of normal width and height of calcaneus, neutralization of
varus deformity of fracture.
Surgical treatment includes closed reduction and percutaneous k wire or cancellous screw
fixation, external fixation, primary fusion, open reduction and internal fixation using locking
compression plates with or without bone grafting.
In this study we are reporting the results of open reduction and internal fixation using locking
compression plate with or without bone grafting from our experience.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with intra articular calcaneum fractures treated by
open reduction and internal fixation using locking compression plate from May 2012 to September
2014 at Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital with a follow up longer than 6 months.
INCLUSION CRITERIA: Patient diagnosed to have intra articular fracture of calcaneum by x ray –AP,
lateral and Harris axial view. The fractures were classified on the basis of computer tomography (CT)
findings as Sanders type I to IV.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
Extra articular fractures.
Fractures associated with compartment syndrome.
Fracture associated with other tarsal bone injuries.
Compound fractures.
Head injury and poly trauma patients with GCS less than 8.
Surgery was performed only after edema had resolved. The aim of our treatment is to achieve
anatomical reconstruction of all articular surfaces, restore Bohler’s and Gissane angles, to carry out
primary stable fixation and begin early mobilization.
In cases with impending compartment syndromes & soft tissue compromise closed reduction
and percutaneous K wire or cancellous screw fixation was done. In cases with gross communition
where the posterior facets could not be reduced primary orthrodesis was done.
Patient was given a below knee slab. Strict limb elevation and anti-edema measures were
done. Patient was watched for “wrinkle sign”. CT scan with 3D reconstruction was done to classify the
fracture and planned for surgery.
All patients were operated with an average of 7-15 days from the time of fracture if the soft
tissue condition was good. Locking plates of 3 sizes small, medium and large are available. In Indian
population the calcaneum is small, so small plate was used in all cases.
The plate was fixed with 3.5 cancellous screws. Artificial G bone was used to fill large gaps
with internal fixation to yield good results.
Surgery was performed in lateral position either in general or regional anaesthesia by
extensile lateral approach in all patients.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The land marks are lateral malleolus, calcaneo-cuboid joint and base of fifth metatarsal.
Incision made in a right angled fashion with the vertical line started 4cm above the lateral malleoli
between fibula and tendoachilles and extended downward till the junction of dorsal and plantar skin.
The horizontal line is extended distally up to the base of fifth metatarsal. The incision is carried
straight down to the bone at its angle and then developed to allow a single, thick flap to be lifted from
the periosteal surface. A “no touch” technique may be employed by retracting the flap with k wires in
the talus and cuboid.
SKIN INCISION
REDUCTION UNDER C ARM
A schanz screw, Steinmann pin or 3mm k wire is passed from the posterior inferior corner of
the calcaneal tuberosity. Reduction aided by periosteal elevator or osteotome. The posterior facet and
the anterior facets were reduced. Reduction verified with c- arm. Low profile locking compression
plates were contoured and positioned. The plate is secured by 3.5mm cancellous locking screws of
various lengths.
Subcutaneous tissue is closed using 1-0 vicryl and tension free skin closure done using 3-0
ethiolon. Multiple small drain tubes inserted in between. Tight dressing and compression bandage
applied. Below knee slab was given.
POST-OPERATIVE PROTOCOL AND FOLLOW UP: All patients were immobilized in posterior plaster
splint and limb elevated. Drain is removed after 48hours and first wound inspection done on 2nd day.
If soakage present early wound inspection done. Suture removal done after 13th day (13 to 18th
day). After suture removal below knee cast applied.
All patents were regularly followed up once a month for first three months. Two months once
for next six months. Standard AP, lateral and axial views x-rays are taken to assess the radiological
outcome. Bohler’s and Gissane angles were drawn.
Functional outcomes were evaluated by Modified Maryland Foot Score, with excellent defined
as 90 - 100 points, good as 75 – 89 points, fair as 50 – 74 points and poor as <50 points. Partial weight
bearing allowed by 12weeks and full weight bearing done after three and half months.
RESULTS: In our study of 15 patients with intra articular calcaneum fractures, twelve patients
resulted from fall from height, 3 following RTA. Fourteen patients were male and only one female. Six
patients had associated dorso lumbar spine injuries. Six patients were type 3 sander’s.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Nine patients had tongue type fracture and 6 patients had joint depression type fracture. The
mean pre-operative Bohler’s angle was 13 degree and mean post-operative angle was 26.2 degree.
The mean pre-operative Gissane angle was 147.6 degree and the mean post-operative angle was 121
degree. Excellent modified Maryland Foot score were achieved in 9 patients, good in 3, fair in 1
patient. Only 2 had poor outcome.
DISCUSSION: In the last decade, open reduction and internal plate fixation of dislocated intraarticular calcaneal fractures has become a standard surgical method with low complication rate and
better quality of life after the surgery.[9]
With the advent of CT scanning, (AO) principles of internal fixation, and introduction of
antibiotics, surgeons have been able to obtain better outcomes with operative intervention.[8]
In 2007 Jain et al studied 48 intra articular calcaneal Fractures treated by open reduction and
internal fixation with bone grafting via extensile lateral approach. Anatomic reduction of the
posterior calcaneal facet was achieved in 38 of 48 fractures. The Bohler and Gissane angles were
restored to between 92 and 99% of normal, respectively.[10]
In 2004 Zwipp, presented one of the biggest studies of calcaneal fractures: 496 patients with
553 fractures (90% patients treated operatively, 95% lateral approach). In the study implanting of
the LCP enable to decrease use of bone grafting from 53% (non-locking plate) to 3.8 % (LCP). In the
group of 453 fractures treated by ORIF wound necrosis is noted in 6.7%, soft tissue infection 4.3%
and bone infection in 2.2%. Good or excellent results were achieved in 72% of patients.[9]
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
In our analysis we operated only after edema had resolved. All fractures were treated with
extensile lateral approach. Implanting of LCP enables us to operate with less use of bone graft or G
bone, only in selected cases where there was a large gap G bone was used.
Our study results are also in concordance with the above mentioned studies. Anatomic
reduction of the posterior calcaneal facet was achieved in 13of 15 fractures. The Bohler and Gissane
angles were restored in 86% of cases. Not even single case with wound necrosis, soft tissue infection
or bone infection was noted. Excellent or good results were achieved in 80% of patients.
CASE PHOTOS
CT SCAN
POST OP X RAY
PRE OP X RAY
FOLLOW UP X RAY
CONCLUSION: Surgical treatment of intra-articular calcaneum fractures using locking compression
plate by extensile lateral approach has good functional outcome. CT scan is required for
understanding the geometry of fractures and to assess subtalar disruption. Good timing of surgery
and minimal handling of soft tissue is of paramount importance to avoid wound complications.
Calcaneum being a cancellous bone expected to unite with collapse. Autologous cancellous bone graft
or artificial G bone is needed to fill large gaps with internal fixation to yield good results.
Reconstruction of subtalar anatomy prevents subtalar arthritis & maintains the foot biomechanics.
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
REFERENCES:
1. Sanders RW, Clare MP. Fractures of the calcaneus in the Surgery of the Foot and Ankle, Coughlin
MJ, Mann RA, Saltzman CL. (eds), Mosby Elsevier 8th ed. 2007; 2017-2073.
2. Clare MP, Sanders RW. Kalkaneusfrakturen. Unfallchirurg 2011; 114:869-876.
3. Swanson SA, Clare MP, Sanders RW. Management of intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus.
Foot and Ankle Clin 2008; 13: 659-678.
4. Crosby LA, Kamins P. The history of the calcaneal fracture. Orthop Rev. 1991; 20 (6): 501-9.
5. Essex-Lopresti P. The mechanism, reduction technique, and results in fractures of the oscalcis.
Br J Surg 1952; 39: 395-419.
6. Calcaneal fractures - the orthopaedic challenge. Lesic AR1, Atkinson HD, Bumbasirević V,
Bumbasirevic MZ2012; 59 (3): 339.
7. Palmer, I: The mechanism and Treatment of fractures of the calcaneus: open reduction with the
Use of C ancellous graft. J Bone and Jint Surg. 30-A: 2-8 (1948).
8. Calcaneus Fractures: A Review Article John D. Maskill, MD, Donald R. Bohay, MD, John G.
Anderson, MD Operative treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures with calcaneal plates
and its complications Vaclav Rak, Daniel Ira, and Michal Masek.
9. Operative treatment of intra-articular calcaneal fractures with calcaneal plates and its
complications. Vaclav rak, Daniel Ira, and Michal Masek.
10. Jain V, Kumar R, Mandal DK, Osteosynthesis for intra-articular calcaneal fractures. J of
orthopsurg 2007; 51(2): P 144-148.
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Clinical orthopaedic and related research 1993; 290: 76-86.
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15. Potter MQ Nunley JA, Long Term Functional outcomes after operative treatment for intraarticular fractures of the calcaneus. J Bone Joint surg Am.2009; Aug 91(8): 1854-1860.
16. Carr JB, Hansen S, Benirschke S. Subtalar distraction bone block fusion for late complications of
oscalcis fractures. Foot Ankle 1988;9: 81–6.
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112 – 5.
18. Myerson M, Quill G. Late complications of fractures of the calcaneus. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1993;
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19. Catani F, Benedetti MG, Simoncini L. Analysis of function after intra-articular fracture of the
oscalcis. Foot Ankle Int 1999; 20: 417– 21.
20. Sangeorzan B. Salvage procedures for calcaneus fractures. Instr Course Lect 1997; 46: 339–46.
21. Bohler L. Diagnosis, pathology, and treatment of fractures of the oscalcis. J Bone Joint Surg
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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
23. Rammelt S, Zwipp H. Calcaneus fractures: facts, controversies and recent developments. Injury
2004; 35: 443–61.
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AUTHORS:
1. R. Neelakrishnan
2. P. S. Balamurugavel
3. V. Barathiselvan
4. M. Viswanathan
PARTICULARS OF CONTRIBUTORS:
1. Professor, Department of Orthopaedics,
RMMCH, Annamalai University.
2. Lecturer, Department of Orthopaedics,
3. Lecturer, Department of Orthopaedics,
4. Final Year Post Graduate Student,
Department of Orthopaedics, RMMCH,
Annamalai University.
NAME ADDRESS EMAIL ID OF THE
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR:
Dr. M. Viswanathan,
No. 77, Phase I, Chakra Avenue,
Opposite RMMCH OP,
Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India.
Email: [email protected]
Date of Submission: 29/09/2014.
Date of Peer Review: 30/09/2014.
Date of Acceptance: 08/10/2014.
Date of Publishing: 11/10/2014.
Page 12190

ORIGINAL ARTICLE INTERNAL FIXATION OF INTRA ARTICULAR CALCANEUM FRACTURES R. Neelakrishnan

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