¯ . " " . . .. ¯ . . . : ¯ – .

‫اﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم واﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﻌراق اﻝﻘدﻴم‪.‬‬
‫"دراﺴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ"‬
‫د‪ .‬اﺒراﻫﻴم ﻤرزﻗﻼل‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﺤﻤد ﺒوﻀﻴﺎف‪ -‬اﻝﻤﺴﻠﻴﺔ‪ -‬اﻝﺠزاﺌر‬
‫اﻝﺘﺄرﻴﺦ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﻫو ﺘﺄرﻴﺦ ﻝﻠﻔﻜر اﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻓـﻲ ﻤـﺴﻴرﺘﻪ وﻤـﺼﻴرﻩ‪ ،‬ذﻝـك ان‬
‫اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﻜﺎﻨت وﻤﺎ ﺘزال وﺴﺘظل ﻤﻌﻘﻼ ﻝﻬذا اﻝﻔﻜر ﺘﺤﺎﻓظ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺘﻘدﻤﻪ ﻤن ﺠﻴل‬
‫اﻝﻰ ﺠﻴل ﻋﺒر اﻝﻌﺼور‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت وﻤﻨذ ظﻬورﻫﺎ ارﺘﺒطـت ارﺘﺒﺎطـﺎ وﺜﻴﻘـﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺘرﺒﻴـﺔ‬
‫واﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤر اﻻزﻤﺎن وﻋﺒر ﻤﺨﺘﻠف اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات‪.‬‬
‫وﻤـن ﺒـﻴن اﻝﺤـﻀﺎرات اﻝﺘـﻲ ﺘﻤﻴـزت ﻗـدﻴﻤﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺠـﺎل اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻬـﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒـﺎت‬
‫واﻝﺘﻌﻠــﻴم ﻨﺠــد اﻝﺤــﻀﺎرة اﻝﻤــﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤــﺔ ﺠﻨﺒــﺎ اﻝــﻰ ﺠﻨــب ﻤــﻊ اﻝﺤــﻀﺎرة اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴــﺔ‬
‫اﻴــﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﺒــﺎﺒﻠﻴون ﻜــﺎﻨوا ﺸــﻌﺒﺎ ﻤﺤﺒــﺎ ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺎﺒــﺔ‪ ،‬وﻜــﺎن ﻝــدﻴﻬم ﻤﺠﻤوﻋــﺔ ﻤــن اﻝﻠوﺤــﺎت‬
‫اﻝﻤﻨﻘوﺸﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻜﺜﻴـر ﻤـن اﻝﻤـدن اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻏـرار ﻨﻴﺒـور وﺒورﺴـﺒﺎ وﻜوﺘـﺎ اﻀـﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻝــﻰ آﺸــور وﻨﻴﻨــوى‪..‬اﻝــﺦ اﻤــﺎ اﻝﺤــﻀﺎرة اﻝﻤــﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤــﺔ ﻓﻜﺎﻨــت اﺸــﻬر ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎﺘﻬــﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻻطــﻼق ﻤﻜﺘﺒــﺔ اﻻﺴــﻜﻨدرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘــﻲ ﻜﺎﻨــت ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒــﺔ ﻤﻨــﺎرة ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴــﺔ وﻋﻠﻤﻴــﺔ ﻓــﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺎل اﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم وﺤﻔظ ﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻨطﻼﻗﺎ ﻤن ﻫذا ﺠـﺎءت ﻫـذﻩ اﻝﻤداﺨﻠـﺔ ﻝﺘـﺴﻠط اﻝـﻀوء ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺘـﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﺘﻌﻠـﻴم‬
‫واﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒــﺎت ﻓــﻲ اﻝﺤــﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤــﺔ ﺨﺎﺼــﺔ اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻴــﺔ واﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴــﺔ ﻤــن ﺨــﻼل اﻝﺒﺤــث‬
‫ﻓـ ــﻲ اﻫـ ــم اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒـ ــﺎت وﺘﻨوﻋﻬـ ــﺎ واﻫـ ــم ﺨـ ــدﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﺘـ ــﻲ ﻜﺎﻨـ ــت ﺘﻘـ ــدﻤﻬﺎ ﻓـ ــﻲ ﻫـ ــﺎﺘﻴن‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن‪ .‬وذﻝك ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل وﻤﻨﺎﻗﺸﺔ اﻫم ﻫذﻩ اﻻﺤداث‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒــﺎت‪ -‬اﻝﻜﺘــب‪ -‬اﻝﺘﻌﻠــﻴم‪ -‬اﻝﺤــﻀﺎرة اﻝﻤــﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤــﺔ‪ -‬اﻝﻌ ـراق اﻝﻘــدﻴم –‬
‫دراﺴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١‬‬
Education and libraries in ancient Egypt and ancient Iraq
analytical study
Dr. Ibrahim Morzouglal
Mohamed Budyaf university – Algeria
History of libraries is the history of human thought in his career and
destiny , so that the library was and is and will remain a stronghold of
this thought keep it and progress from generation to generation
through the ages , Libraries and since its appearance been closely
associated with education and education over the times and through
different civilizations.
Among Civilizations , which was marked by old in the area of
interest to libraries and education , we find the ancient Egyptian
civilization along with the Babylonian civilization , too, Valabableon
were a people lover of writing , and they had a set of engraved plates
in a lot of the Babylonian cities like Niebuhr and Pursba , Kota
addition to Ashur , Nineveh . etc either the ancient Egyptian
civilization was months libraries at all, the Library of Alexandria ,
which was a historical and scientific beacon in the field of education
and preservation of knowledge sources.
Out of this came this intervention to highlight the history of
education and private libraries in the ancient Egyptian , Babylonian
ancient civilizations by searching the most important libraries ,
diversity and the most important services that were provided in these
two civilizations . This analysis and discussion of the most important
of these events .
key words:
Almktbaat- Ketb- education- Egyptian civilization Alkadimh- old Iraq
- analytical study
٢
‫ﺸﻌوب ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ودورﻫم ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎء أﺴس ﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻌراق اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫م‪.‬د‪ .‬اﺤﻤد ﺒﻬﺎء ﻋﺒد اﻝرزاق‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻜوﻓﺔ‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﻨﺎت‬
‫ان اﻝﺤــﻀﺎرة اﻝﺘــﻲ ﻗﺎﻤــت ﻓــﻲ ﺤــوض ﻨﻬــر دﺠﻠــﺔ واﻝﻔ ـرات ﻜﺎﻨــت ﻤــن اﺒــداع‬
‫ﺸــﻌوب ﻋدﻴــدة ﺘ ــﻀﺎﻓرت ﺠﻬودﻫــﺎ ﻓــﻲ ﺒﻨ ــﺎء اﺴــس ﺘﻠــك اﻝﺤ ــﻀﺎرة اﻝﻌرﻴﻘــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻠ ــك‬
‫اﻝﺸﻌوب ﻜﺎن ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻗد أﻏﻨﻰ اﻻﺨـر ﺒﻤـﺎ ﺘوﺼـل اﻝﻴـﻪ ﻓـﻲ ﻤﺠـﺎل اﻻدب واﻝﻌﻠـم‬
‫واﻝﻨ ـ ــﺸﺎط اﻝﻌﻤ ارﻨ ـ ــﻲ واﻝﻔ ـ ــن‪ ،‬وان اﻻﺴ ـ ــﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓ ـ ــﻲ ﻜﺜﻴ ـ ــر ﻤ ـ ــن اﻻﻤ ـ ــور ﺘﻌ ـ ــود اﻝ ـ ــﻰ‬
‫اﻝــﺴوﻤرﻴﻴن‪ .‬ﻜﻤــﺎ ﺴــﺎﻫﻤت وﺒﻘـ ِ‬
‫ـﺴط ﻜﺒﻴــر اﻝــﺸﻌوب اﻝــﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻤــن اﻜــدﻴﻴن واﺸــورﻴﻴن‬
‫وآﻤورﻴﻴن‪ ،‬وﻋﻨدﻤﺎ ازدﻫرت ﺒﺎﺒل أطﻠق ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻤرﻜﺒـﺔ أﺴـم اﻝﺤـﻀﺎرة‬
‫اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴـﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻝـﺴوﻤرﻴون وﻋﻠـﻰ اﻝــرﻏم ﻤـن اﻨـﺼﻬﺎرﻫم ﻤــﻊ ﺒـﺎﻗﻲ ﺸـﻌوب اﻝﻤﻨطﻘــﺔ‪ ،‬اﻻ‬
‫اﻨﻬـم وﻤـﺎ ﺘرﻜـوﻩ ﻤــن ﺘـراث ﻜـﺎن ﻝــﻪ ﺘـﺄﺜﻴر ﻜﺒﻴـر ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻝــﺸﻌوب اﻝـﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘـﻰ اﻨــﻪ‬
‫ﻤن اﻻﺼﺢ أن ُﻨﺴﻤﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ – اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ اﻝرﻏم ﻤن ﺤـﺼول اﻝﻜﺜﻴـر ﻤـن اﻝـﺼداﻤﺎت اﻝﻌـﺴﻜرﻴﺔ آﻨـذاك اﻻ اﻨﻬـﺎ ﻝـم‬
‫ﺘﻜن ﻝﺘﻌﻴق اﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋل اﻝﺤـﻀﺎري ﺒـﻴن اﻝـﺴوﻤرﻴﻴن واﻻﻜـدﻴﻴن وﺒـﻴن اﻝـﺸﻌوب اﻻﺨـرى‬
‫ـﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺴــﻴﻤﺎ ﻓــﻲ اﻻﻝــف اﻝﺜــﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺒــل اﻝﻤــﻴﻼد‪ ،‬إذ ﺤــﺼﻠت اﻝﻤــدن اﻝــﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ‬
‫أﻴـ ً‬
‫اﻝﺴﻴطرة اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﻨﺼﻬرت ﺘدرﻴﺠﻴﺎً اﻝﺸﻌوب ﻏﻴر اﻝـﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ وﺘﻘﻬﻘـرت ﻓـﻲ ﺤﻴﻨﻬـﺎ‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ أﻤﺎم اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻷﻜدﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ان اﻨـ ــﺼﻬﺎر اﻝـ ــﺸﻌب اﻝـ ــﺴوﻤري ﻓـ ــﻲ اﻝـ ــﺸﻌوب اﻝـ ــﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻗـ ــد راﻓﻘـ ــﻪ اﺴـ ــﺘﻴﻌﺎب‬
‫اﻝﺴﺎﻤﻴﻴن ﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼر ﻋدﻴدة وﻤﺼطﻠﺤﺎت ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ أﺼﺒﺤت‬
‫وﺒﻤرور اﻝوﻗت ﻝﻐﺔ ﻤﻴﺘـﺔ وﺨﺎﺼـﺔ ﻓﻴﻤـﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠـق ﺒﺎﻷﺴـﻤﺎء اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻴـﺔ واﻝﻤـﺼطﻠﺤﺎت‬
‫اﻝﻌﻘﺎﺌدﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ان اﻫــم ﻤــﺎ ﻜﺎﻨــت ﻗــد ﺘﻤﻴــزت ﺒــﻪ ﺸــﻌوب ﺒــﻼد اﻝﻨﻬ ـرﻴن ﻫــو اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒــﺔ واﻝﺘﻌﻠــﻴم‬
‫ﻓــﻀﻼً ﻋــن اﻝز ارﻋــﺔ واﻝــﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ وﻤﻤﺎرﺴــﺔ اﻝطﻘــوس اﻝدﻴﻨﻴــﺔ‪ .‬اذ وﻀــﻊ اﻝــﺴوﻤرﻴون‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء ﻨظرﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻘدة ﺤول ﻨﺸوء اﻝﻜـون‪ ،‬ﻓﺠﻤﻴـﻊ اﻨﺠـﺎزات اﻝﺒـﺸر ﻨﺘﻴﺠـﺔ ﺼـراﻋﻬم‬
‫ﻤ ــﻊ اﻝطﺒﻴﻌ ــﺔ واﻝﺘﺤ ــوﻻت اﻻﻗﺘ ــﺼﺎدﻴﺔ اﻝﻜﺒ ــرى ﻜز ارﻋ ــﺔ اﻝﻨﺒ ــﺎت وﺘ ــﺄﻨﻴس اﻝﺤﻴـ ـوان‬
‫وظﻬور اﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ وﻏﻴر ذﻝك ﻜل ﻫذا وﻏﻴرﻫـﺎ ﻤـن اﻝﻌواﻤـل اﻻﺨـرى ﻜـﺎن ﻝﻬـﺎ ﺒـﺎﻝﻎ‬
‫اﻻﺜــر ﻓــﻲ ﺘطــور ﺤــﻀﺎرة اﻝﻌ ـراق اﻝﻘدﻴﻤــﺔ ﻓــﻲ ظــل اﻝــدور اﻝــذي ﻗﺎﻤــت ﺒــﻪ ﺸــﻌوب‬
‫ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‪.‬‬
‫‪٣‬‬
The peoples of Mesopotamia and their role in building the
foundations of the ancient civilization of Iraq
Dr. Ahmed Bahaa Abdel-Razzaq
Kufa University\ College of Education for Girls
The civilization which has in the Tigris River and the Euphrates
was the creativity of many peoples have combined their efforts in
building the foundations of that ancient civilization، those peoples had
all of which have the richest other as reached in the field of literature،
science and activity of urban art، and that precedence in many things
go back to Sumerians. Also contributed to the large premium Semitic
peoples of Akadian, Assyrians, Amurien, and flourished when
Babylon was the name of that civilization composite Babylonian
civilization. Sumerians Although melting with the rest of the peoples
of the region، but they left him and heritage has had a significant
impact on the Semitic peoples، so that it is more correct to call the
Babylonian civilization Sumerian civilization - Babylonian.
Although for a lot of military clashes at the time but they were not
to hinder the cultural interaction between the Sumerians and
Akkadians and between other people as well, especially in the second
millennium BC, it got Semitism cities on the political control
gradually melting peoples non-Semitism and retreated at the time the
Sumerian language in front of Akkadian language.
The most important was what characterized the peoples of
Mesopotamia is writing and education as well as agriculture, industry
and the practice of religious rituals. As the ancient Sumerians develop
a complex theory about the evolution of the universe، all human
achievements as a result of their conflict with the nature of the major
economic shifts things such as plant and humanize the animal and the
emergence of the industry and so all of this and other factors have had
a profound impact on the evolution of the ancient civilization of Iraq
in light of the role played by the people Mesopotamia.
٤
‫د‪ .‬أﺤﻤد ﺴﻌﻴد اﻝﺨرادﻝﻲ‬
‫ﺘل اﻝﻔراﻋﻨﺔ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ طﻨطﺎ‪ -‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎء اﺒراﻫﻴم ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻴﻘﻊ ﺘل اﻝﻔراﻋﻨﺔ إﻝﻲ اﻝﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﺸرﻗﻲ ﻤن ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ اﻝﺤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ وﻋﻠﻲ ﺒﻌد ﺤواﻝﻲ‬
‫‪ ٣٠‬ﻜم وﻴﻘﻊ إدارﻴﺎً داﺨل ﻤرﻜز اﻝﺤﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓظﺔ اﻝﺸرﻗﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﺘل اﻝﻔراﻋﻨﺔ ﻗدﻴﻤﺎً‬
‫ﻴﻘﻊ ﺒﻴن ﻓرﻋﻲ اﻝﻨﻴل اﻝﺒﻠوزي ﺸرﻗﺎً واﻝﺘﺎﻨﻴﺴﻲ ﻏرﺒﺎً وﻴﻘﻊ ﻀﻤن اﻝﻤﻘﺎطﻌﺔ رﻗم ‪١٤‬‬
‫ﻤن ﻤﻘﺎطﻌﺔ اﻝوﺠﺔ اﻝﺒﺤري ) ﺨﻨت إﻴﺎب ( ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻤﻴز اﻝﺘل ﺒﺄن ﺘرﺒﺘﻪ ﺴﺒﺨﻴﺔ ﺤﻴث ﻴﺘﻤﻴز ﺒﺈرﺘﻔﺎع ﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻝرطوﺒﺔ واﻷﻤﻼح‬
‫وﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﺔ ﺤواﻝﻲ ‪ ٨٤‬ﻓدان ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﺎً وﻴﻌود اﻝﻔﻀل ﻓﻲ إﻜﺘﺸﺎف ﻫذا اﻝﻤوﻗﻊ إﻝﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻔﺘﻴش آﺜﺎر ﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﺸرﻗﻴﺔ وذﻝك ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ١٩٩٧‬ﺤﻴث ﺘم ﻜﺸﻔﺔ ﻤﺼﺎدﻓﺔ أﺜﻨﺎء‬
‫ﻋﻤل اﻝﻤﻌدات اﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﺘﺴوﻴﺔ وﻤﻨذ ذﻝك اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺒد اﻹﻫﺘﺎﻤﺎم ﺒﻬذا اﻝﺘل وﻗﺎﻤت ﺒﻪ‬
‫ﺤﻔﺎﺌر ﻗﺼﻴرة أﺴﻔرت ﻋن ظﻬور ﺒﻌض اﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼر اﻝﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫أﻏﺴطس ‪ ٢٠٠٢‬ﻗﺎم اﻝﻤﺠﻠس اﻷﻋﻠﻲ ﻝﻸﺜﺎر ﺒﺘﻨﻔﻴذ ﻤوﺴم ﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴب‬
‫ﺒﺘل اﻝﻔراﻋﻨﺔ وﻜﺎن اﻝﻬدف اﻝرﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻤن اﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴب ﻫو ﻤﻌرﻓﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘوﻴﺔ اﻝﻤوﻗﻊ‬
‫ٕواﻝﻲ أي ﻋﺼر وﻓﺘرة ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻴﻨﺘﻤﻲ إﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻫذا اﻝﻤوﻗﻊ وﺒدأت أﻋﻤﺎل اﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴب ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ٕ ٢٠٠٢/٨/١٠‬واﺴﺘﻤرت ﺤﺘﻲ ‪. ٢٠٠٢/١٢/٤‬‬
‫ﺤﻴث ﺘم اﻝﻜﺸف ﻋن ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ ﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻤن اﻝطوب اﻝﻠﺒن ﻴﺤﻴط ﺒﻬﺎ ﺴور ﻀﺨم‬
‫ﻤن اﻝطوب اﻝﻠﺒن وﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤدﻴﻨﺔ اﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺴﻤﺔ إﻝﻲ وﺤدات ﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻋن ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻝﺒﻌض ﻋﺜر ﺒداﺨﻠﻬﺎ ﻋن أدوات اﻓﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻝﻴوﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﺨدم ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﻤن أدوات ظراﻨﻴﺔ وﺘﻤﺎﺌم ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺒودﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺘوواﺠﻴت وﺤورس وأواﻨﻲ ﻓﺨﺎرﻴﺔ‬
‫وأواﻨﻲ ﻤن اﻝﻌﺎج وﺘﻤﺎﺜﻴل ﺼﻐﻴرة وﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺠﻌﺎرﻴن ﺘﺤﻤل ﻋن ﻗﺎﻋدﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت ﻫﻨدﺴﻴﺔ واﻝﺒﻌض اﻷﺨر ﻴﺤﻤل أﻝﻘﺎب ﺒﻌض اﻝﻤوظﻔﻴن اﻝﻤﻠﻜﻴن ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺜر ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺨرز اﻝﻤﺘﻨوع اﻝﻤﺼﻨوع ﻤن اﻝﻔﺨﺎر واﻷﺨر ﻤن‬
‫اﻝﺼداف اﻝﺒﺤرﻴﺔ ﻜذﻝك ﻋﺜر ﻋﻠﻲ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻷﻓران ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫو ﻤﺴﺘﺨدم‬
‫ﻝﺤرق اﻝﻔﺨﺎر وﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻫو ﻤﺴﺘﺨدم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ إﻨﻀﺎج اﻝطﻌﺎم وﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻝﺨﺒز ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
Tell el pharacna
Dr.Ahmed El- Kharedly
Dr.Hanaa Ibrahim Ali
Tanta university – Faculty of Arts
Anew tell in eastern nile deltaFrom theree years ago the
archaeoloists of antiquities department of sharqeyah discovered a new
tell in the nile delta , Tell el pharacna.
This site is about 40 km south el – hosseneya city,between some
other important archaeological site ,the tell is situated in the middle of
a large expanse of fish farmers and can be reached only by a dirt track
between the pools of water . the tell is very large ( approximately 800
long ) and rises to a maximum heigh of about 2 m , the surface of
high area shows evidence of fragments of pottery only . the site has
been divided into large areas ( 16 areas of 5 fedans square each )for
the fish growing . sex years ago ( 2000 – 2002 ) , a regular excavation
season have been continued on this site by an sca team from the
antiquities department of sharqeyah. The most important results on
this site was in the south paet of the site . we found there remains of
mud brick walls of houses inside an enclosure wall. Inside the houses
we found different size of pottery kiln and pottery used in the daily
life , dated almost to new kingdom dynastie , we alse found some
scarabs bearing geometrics designs and some inscribed scarabs on the
base with titles and names of officials dated almost exclusively from
the new kingdom , we also found some beads from pottery , and
aknife made of flint ,many divinties were worshipped at tell el
pharacna but the main goddess in this place was bastt.
٦
‫اﻻﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻝﺤدﻴﺜﺔ ﺒﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﻗوﻴﺴﻨﺎ اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ‬
‫ا‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤد ﻋﺒد اﻝرﺤﻤن‬
‫ا‪.‬د‪ .‬أﺤﻤد ﻋﺒد اﻝﺤﻠﻴم دراز‬
‫اﻝﺸرﻗﺎوي‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﻨوﻓﻴﺔ ‪-‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‬
‫ﻨﺠﺢ ﻗﺴم اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ واﻵﺜﺎر اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﻨوﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﺎون‬
‫ﻤﻊ اﻝﻤﺠﻠس اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻶﺜﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻜﺘﺸﺎف ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼر اﻝﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺒﺎﻨﺔ اﻵﺜرﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﻗوﻴﺴﻨﺎ اﻵﺜرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻔﺘرة ﻤن ‪ ٢٠١٢ /١١ / ٣‬إﻝﻰ ‪/ ٩‬‬
‫‪ .٢٠١٢ / ١٢‬وﻴﺘﻀﻤن ﻫذا اﻻﻜﺘﺸﺎف اﻝﺠدﻴد‪:‬‬
‫وﺤدة ﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻴﺔ ﺠدﻴدة )رﻗم ‪ (٦‬ﺘﺤﺘوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻐرف اﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌزﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺎﺒوت ﻤن اﻝﺤﺠر اﻝﺠﻴري ﻴﺤﺘوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤوﻤﻴﺎء ﺴﻴدة‪ .‬ﻋدد ﻤن اﻝﻬﻴﺎﻜل اﻝﻌظﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻝﻤوﻤﻴﺎوات‪ .‬ﺒﻌض اﻷواﻨﻲ اﻝﻔﺨﺎر وﺸﻘف اﻝﻔﺨﺎر‪ .‬ﺴﺒﻊ ﻋﻤﻼت ﻤن اﻝﺒروﻨز‬
‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺠﻴدة‪ .‬وﺘﻌﻜس ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼر ﺜراء ﻫذﻩ اﻝوﺤدة اﻝﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻴﺔ رﻏم‬
‫اﻝدﻤﺎر اﻝﺸدﻴد اﻝذي ﺘﻌرﻀت ﻝﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ أﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺴﻠط اﻝﻀوء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤظﻬر ﻫﺎم ﻤن‬
‫ﺤﻴﺎة اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء ﺨﻼل اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد ﺘﻘر ًﻴﺒﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧‬‬
Recent discoveries in Quesna archaeological area
prof. Mohamed Elsharkawy
prof. Ahmed Draz
Minufiyeh University - Faculty of Arts
Department of History and Archaeology, Faculty of Arts,
Minufiyeh University in collaboration with Supreme Council of
Antiquities (SCA), succeeded in the discovery of an important part of
the mausoleum at Quesna archaeological area, from 3/11/2012 to
9/12/2012. This new discovery included: new architectural unit (No.
6) contained eight funerary chambers. (b) Limestone sarcophagus
contained a mummy of a woman and some bones of a small child. (c)
Dozens of skeletons and mummies. (e) Seven complete pottery and
vast quantities of shards. (d) Seven bronze coins. These additional
features reflected the richness of this new architectural unit - despite
the heavy damage - and sheds light on an important aspect of the lives
of the ancient Egyptians during approximately the 2nd century B.C.
 ‫ﻤﻔردات أﻜدﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻠﻬﺠﺘﻴن اﻝﻌراﻗﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻗﻴس ﺤﺎﺘم ﻫﺎﻨﻲ اﻝﺠﻨﺎﺒﻲ‬.‫د‬.‫أ‬
‫ اﺤﻤد ﻤﺠﻴد ﺤﻤﻴد اﻝﺠﺒوري‬.‫د‬.‫أ‬
٨
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫‪‬‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻷﻜدﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻝﻐﺔ أﺤد اﻷﺠﻨﺎس اﻝﺒﺸرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ اﺴﺘوطﻨت ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن‪،‬‬
‫وﺘﻌود إﻝﻰ ﺤواﻝﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﺼف اﻷﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻝث ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ‪‬‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝراﻓدﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬إذ ﺘﻌد اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ ‪‬‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻷوﻝﻰ‪ ،‬وﺴﻤﻴت ﺒﺎﻷﻜدﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ إﻝﻰ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺼﻤﺘﻬﺎ أﻜد اﻝﻤﺠﻬوﻝﺔ اﻝﻤوﻗﻊ ﺤﺘﻰ اﻵن‪ ،‬وﻴﻌد ﺴرﺠون اﻷﻜدي )‪-٢٣٧١‬‬
‫‪٢٣٢٧‬ق‪.‬م( ﻤؤﺴﺴﻬﺎ وأﻫم ﻤﻠوﻜﻬﺎ وﻗد ﺤﻜم ﻨﺤو ‪ ٥٤‬ﻋﺎﻤﺎً‪ ،‬وأﺼﺒﺤت ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻷﻜدﻴﺔ ‪‬‬
‫ﻋﺼرﻩ ‪‬‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝرﺴﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﻼد‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻷﻜدﻴﺔ إﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ‪‬‬
‫ﺘﻌود ‪‬‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺎت اﻝﺠزرﻴﺔ )اﻝﺠزﻴرﻴﺔ( أو ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﻤن ﻗﺒل ﺒﻌض اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴن ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺎرﺒﺔ أو اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﺘﺤدﻴداً إﻝﻰ اﻝﻘﺴم اﻝﺸرﻗﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺘﻨﻘﺴم إﻝﻰ )اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ واﻵﺸورﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬وﺘﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﺒﻠﻬﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ‪‬‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻔﺼﺤﻰ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌود إﻝﻰ اﻝﻘﺴم اﻝﻐرﺒﻲ‪ ،‬وﺘﺤدﻴداً إﻝﻰ اﻝﻔرع اﻝﺠﻨوﺒﻲ اﻝﻐرﺒﻲ ﻤن‬
‫ﻋﺎﺌﻠﺔ ‪‬‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺎت اﻝﻌﺎرﺒﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻷﻜدﻴﺔ و ‪‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺘﻌددت أوﺠﻪ اﻝﺸﺒﺔ ﺒﻴن ‪‬‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻤن ﺤﻴث اﻷﻝﻔﺎظ‬
‫ﺘﺎرة وﻤن ﺤﻴث اﻝﻘواﻋد ﺘﺎرة أﺨرى‪ ،‬وﺘﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌض اﻷﺤﻴﺎن ‪‬‬
‫ﺤد اﻝﺘطﺎﺒق‪،‬‬
‫وﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل اﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻻ اﻝﺤﺼر‪ :‬اﻷﺼوات اﻝﺤﻠﻘﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﺸددة )اﻝﻤﻀﺨﻤﺔ‬
‫واﻝﻤﻔﺨﻤﺔ(‪ ،‬اﻝﺠﻨس )ﻤذﻜر وﻤؤﻨث( ﺒﺈﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺎء اﻝﺘﺄﻨﻴث اﻝﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ‪ ،‬اﻝﻌدد )ﻤﻔرد‬
‫وﻤﺜﻨﻰ واﻝﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻨوﻋﻴﺔ اﻝﻤذﻜر واﻝﻤؤﻨث اﻝﺴﺎﻝم(‪ ،‬ﺤرﻜﺎت اﻹﻋراب )رﻓﻊ وﻨﺼب‬
‫وﺠر(‪ ،‬اﻝﺼﻔﺔ واﻝﻤوﺼوف‪ ،‬اﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ واﻷﻋداد )اﻷرﻗﺎم(‪ ،‬اﻝﻀﻤﺎﺌر )ﻀﻤﺎﺌر‬
‫اﻝرﻓﻊ اﻝﻤﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ واﻝﻀﻤﺎﺌر اﻝﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ(‪ ،‬اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻝﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ )ﺜﻼﺜﻲ ورﺒﺎﻋﻲ(‪،‬‬
‫اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻝﻤﻌﺘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬اﺴﺘﺨدام اﻝﺴواﺒق واﻝﻠواﺤق‪ ،‬أﺒواب اﻝﻔﻌل وأزﻤﺎﻨﻪ )اﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ‬
‫واﻝﻤﻀﺎرع واﻷﻤر(‪ ،‬اﻝﻤﻔردات اﻝﻤﺘطﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻔظﺎً وﻤﻌﻨﻰ وﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺌﺎت‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن‬
‫ﻤواﻀﻴﻊ أﺨرى ﻤﺜل اﻹدﻏﺎم واﻻﻗﻼب واﻝﺘﻘدﻴم واﻝﺘﺄﺨﻴر ﻓﻲ ﺤروف ﻨﻔس اﻝﻜﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫)ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌرف ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺒﺎدل اﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪Akadian Vocabulary in Iraqi and Egyptian Dialects‬‬
‫‪٩‬‬
Prof. Dr. Ahmed Majeed Hameed\ College of Arts\ Babylon
University
Prof. Dr. Qais Hatim Hani\ College of Basic Education\ Babylon
University
Akadian language is one of the human language that settled in
Mesopotamian land. This language belongs to the half third thousand
B.C. it is considered the second old language because the first
language is the Sumerian one. The language is named Akadian
according to its capital unknown Akad. Akadian Sarjun (2327-2371)
is the founder and he ruled about (54) years. In this period, the
language became the formal one. The Akadian language belongs to
Al-Jazzira group or it is divided into Ashourian and Babylon
language. Also it is similar in its dialect with the formal Arabic
language which belongs to the west, specifically to the southern part
of Arabian language. The similarities phase of language is multiplied
between Akadian and Arabic language in terms of pronunciation and
grammar, for example, the sounds that produced by mouth and also
the sex, such as male and female and numbers, singular and plural, the
adjective and modified nouns, pronouns, verbs, verb tenses and
assimilations.
‫ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﺘوراة‬،‫ ﻤﻠك ﻗﻴدار‬،(‫م‬.‫ق‬٤٣٠-٤٥٠) ‫ﺠﺸﻤو اﻷول ﺒن ﺸﻬرو‬
َُ ُ"
"‫ دراﺴﺔ ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬-‫وﻨﻘوش ﻗدﻴﻤﺔ‬
١٠
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬أﺤﻤد ﻤﺤﻤود ﺤﺴﻴن ﺼﺎﺒون‬
‫أﺴﺘﺎذ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﻘدﻴم ﺒﺠﺎﻤﻌﺘﻲ دﻤﻨﻬور وأم اﻝﻘرى )ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺎً(‬
‫ﻻ‪ ،‬ﺘذﻜر اﻝﺘوراة أن ﻨﺤﻤﻴﺎ ﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤواﻓﻘﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻤﻠك اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻲ أرﻨﺎ‬
‫أو ً‬
‫ﻜزﻜﺴﻴس )أرﺘﺨﺴﺘﺎ( اﻷول )‪٤٢٤-٤٦٥‬ق‪.‬م(‪ ،‬ﺒﻌد ﻓك اﻷﺴر اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻹﻋﺎدة‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎء ﺤواﺌط ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ أورﺸﻠﻴم )اﻝﻘدس(‪ ،‬وﻝﻜن ﻜﺎﻨت ﻫﻨﺎك ﻤﻌﺎرﻀﺘﺎن إﺤداﻫﻤﺎ‬
‫داﺨﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ وﺠﻬﺎء اﻝﻴﻬود‪ ،‬واﻷﺨرى ﺨﺎرﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻤن ﺜﻼﺜﺔ زﻋﻤﺎء‪ ،‬أوﻝﻬم‬
‫ﻜﺎن ﺠﺸﻤو اﻝﻌرب‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻜذا‪ ،‬ﻴﻌرض اﻝﻤؤرﺨون اﻋﺘراﻀﺎﺘﻬم وﻋداوة ﻝﻨﺤﻤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘظﻬر إﻋﺎدة ﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫ﺤواﺌط أورﺸﻠﻴم وﺘﺤﺼﻴﻨﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ أن ﻨﺤﻤﻴﺎ ﺴﻴﺼﻴر ﻤﻠﻜﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ أورﺸﻠﻴم ﺒﻤﺴﺎﻋدة‬
‫اﻝﻔرس‪ ،‬واﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺘﻜون ﺨطﻴرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌرب‪.‬‬
‫ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺎً‪ :‬اﻝﻨﻘوش اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻗدور ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤﺴﺨوطﺔ‪:‬‬
‫اﻝﻘدر اﻝﺜﺎﻝث ﻤن ﺘﻠك اﻝﻘدور ﻴﺤﻤل اﻝﻨص اﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ‪" :‬ﻫذا ﻤﺎ ﺠﻠﺒﻪ ﻓﺎﻨﻴو ﺒن‬
‫ﺠﺸﻤو‪ ،‬ﻤﻠك ﻗﻴدار‪ ،‬ﻜﺘﻘدﻤﻪ إﻝﻰ ﻫﺎن‪ -‬اﻝﻼت"‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻨﻘش ﻝﺤﻴﺎﻨﻲ‪:‬‬
‫"ﺘوم ان ﺒن ﺤﺎﻀرو‪ ،‬ﻨﻘش اﺴﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ أﻴﺎم ﺠﺸﻤو ﺒن ﺸﻬرو ﻋﺒد ﻓد ﻓﺤت‬
‫)ﺤﺎﻜم( دﻴدان ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﻬد ﻝـ‪."...‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬ﻨﻘوش ﺼﻔوﻴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘؤرخ ﻨﻘوش ﺜﻼث ﻝﻔﺘرة ﻋﺼر اﻷﻨﺒﺎط‪ ،‬ﺘؤرخ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎً ﻝـ ﺠﺸﻤو‪ .‬ﻤن اﻝﻤﺤﺘﻤل‬
‫أن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻨﻘوش ﺘﺨص ﺠﺸﻤو ﺒن ﺸﻬرو‪ ،‬ﻤﻠك ﻗﻴدار‪ ،‬اﻝذي ﻜﺎﻨت ﺴﻠطﺎﺘﻪ‬
‫وﻨﻔوذﻩ اﻤﺘدت واﻨﺘﺸرت ﺒﺎﺘﺴﺎع‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ أﻴﺔ ﺤﺎل‪ ،‬إن ﺘﺄرﻴﺦ اﻝﻨﻘوش ﺘرﺠﻊ إﻝﻰ ﻓﺘرة اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻲ وأﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺘﺘطﺎﺒق ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎً ﻤﻊ ﺠﺸﻤو ﺒن ﺸﻬرو اﻝﻤذﻜور ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘوراة ﺒﺎﺴم ﺠﺸﻤو اﻝﻌرب‪،‬‬
‫ﻋدو ﻨﺤﻤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬اﻝذي ﻋﺎرﻀﻪ ﻓﻲ إﻋﺎدة ﺒﻨﺎء ﺤواﺌد ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ أورﺸﻠﻴم‪.‬‬
‫وأﺨﻴ ًرا‪ ،‬إن ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻗﻴدار ﻤﻨذ أواﺌل اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻲ زﺤﻔت ﺒﺎﺘﺠﺎﻩ اﻝﺸﻤﺎل‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ وﺼﻠت إﻝﻰ ﺴﺎﺤل اﻝﺒﺤر اﻷﺒﻴض اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط وأﻴﻀﺎً إﻝﻰ ﺸرق اﻝدﻝﺘﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻤﺼر‪.‬‬
‫‪"ashmu1, S. Shahhru (450-430B.C.) King of Qedar, Between‬‬
‫"‪Old Historical, Civilization and Analytic Study‬‬
‫‪prof. Ahmed Mahmoud Hesseen Sapoon‬‬
‫‪١١‬‬
Damanhur and Umm El-Qura Universities (Previously)
First. The Study Looks at: The Old Testament had
remembered that Nehemiah was obtained of agreement from the king
of Persia Artaxerxes 1 (465-424B.C.), after release of Babylonia
Captivation, to rebuilding of the walls of Jerusalem, but there were
objections, that once was inside from some of judaical notables and
another was outside, so that three of leaders. The first of them was
Gashmu the Arab.
Thus, the Researchers showing exextent of objections and
enemy of Nehemiah, which appearing of rebuilding the wall of
Jerusalem and its fortification. Then Nehemiah had became the king
of Jerusalem by assisting of the Persia, which that seriousness upon
the Arabians.
Second: Ancient Inscriptions:
1- The Tell el- Maskuta Bowls: The third of these bowls: "That which
Qaynn son of Gashmu, king of Qedar brought in offering to Han-'llat".
2- Lihyan inscription: "In this his name with name of his father
Sharhu.
3- Safatic Inscriptions: three inscriptions were dated to
Nabatean Period, completely dated to Gashmu. Probably, thes
inscriptions belong to Gashmu son Shahru, King of Qedar, who his
authority and power were extensive and spread.
Whether a dating of the inscriptions to the Persian period
justifies an identification of the Gashmu b. Sharhu mentioned in the
inscription with "Geshem the Arab", who opposed Nehemiah's
rebuilding & the wall of Jerusalem in 444B.C. and / or with Gashmu
the father of Qainu, King of Qedar.
Finaly, the kingdom of Qedar, since of early of the Persia
period was crawled toward to the north until arrived to the coast of the
Mediterranean Sea and the eastern of Delta at Egypt.
١٢
‫ﺘﺼورات اﻝﺨﻼص وﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﻓﻲ اﻝدﻴﺎﻨﺔ اﻝزرادﺸﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫د‪.‬أﺤﻤد ﻻﺸﻴن‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‪ ،‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻴن ﺸﻤس‬
‫ﺘرﺘﺒط ﻓﻜرﺘﻲ اﻝﺨﻼص وﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ارﺘﺒﺎطﺎً وﺜﻴﻘﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻝوﻋﻲ اﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫واﻝﻔﻜر اﻝدﻴﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤر اﻝﻌﺼور‪،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝدﻴﺎﻨﺔ اﻝزرادﺸﺘﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘؤﻤن ﺒﺄن‬
‫ﺨراب اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﺴوف ﻴﺴﺒق ظﻬور اﻝﻤﺨﻠص اﻝذي ﺴﻴﻤﻸ اﻷرض ﻋدﻻً وﻨو اًر ﺒﻌد‬
‫اﻨﺘﺼﺎرﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼر اﻝظﻼم اﻝﺸﻴطﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬وﻴﺼل ﺒﺎﻝوﺠود إﻝﻰ اﻜﺘﻤﺎﻝﻪ‬
‫اﻝروﺤﻲ‪،‬ﻋﻨدﻫﺎ ﻴﻔﻨﻰ اﻝﻜون وﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝﺜواب واﻝﻌﻘﺎب‪،‬وﺼوﻻً ﻝﻠﻤﻠﻜوت‬
‫اﻹﻝﻬﻲ اﻝﻨوراﻨﻲ‪،‬أو اﻝﺠﺤﻴم اﻝﻤظﻠم اﻝﺒﺎرد‪.‬وﻴﻨﺘﺼر أﻫوراﻤزدا )إﻝﻪ اﻝﻨور( وﻴﻔﻨﻰ‬
‫)أﻫرﻴﻤن( ﺸﻴطﺎن اﻝظﻼم‪.‬ﻓﺎﻝﺨﻼص وﺨﻠق اﻝﻌﺎﻝم وﻓﻨﺎءﻩ وﺼوﻻً ﻝﻴوم اﻝﺤﺴﺎب‬
‫ﺘﺸﻜل اﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻜوﻨﺔ ﻝﻠدﻴﺎﻨﺔ اﻝزرادﺸﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼر اﻝﺒﺤث‪:‬‬
‫أ( دورات اﻝﻜون وﺨﻠق اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘﺴم دورات اﻝﻜون إﻝﻰ اﺜﻨﻲ ﻋﺸر دورة رﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝز اردﺸﺘﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺘﺴﺘﻐرق‬
‫ﻜل دورة أﻝف ﻋﺎم‪،‬ﻴﺨﻠق اﻹﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤرﺤﻠﺔ ﻋﻨﺼر ﻤن ﻋﻨﺎﺼر اﻝﻜون‪،‬و‬
‫ﻴظﻠون ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺼﻤت وﺼوﻻً ﻝﻠدورة اﻷﺨﻴرة اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﻘﺴم إﻝﻰ ﺜﻼث ﻤراﺤل ‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﻴث ﺘﺒدأ اﻷوﻝﻰ ﺒﺤرﻜﺔ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﺒﺄﻤر أﻫوراﻤزدا‪،‬وﺒﻌﺜﺔ زرادﺸت وﺴطوع ﻨﺠم‬
‫اﻝدﻴﺎﻨﺔ‪،‬ﺜم ﻴﻠﻲ ذﻝك ﺨراب اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴد أﻫرﻴﻤن‪،‬ﺘﻌﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝﺨﻼص اﻷول‪.‬‬
‫ب( ﻤراﺤل اﻝﺨﻼص وﻓﻨﺎء اﻝﻜون ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﺒدأ اﻝﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻷوﻝﻰ ﺒﻤﻴﻼد اﻝﺨﻠص اﻷول ﻤن ﻨﺴل زرادﺸت‪،‬ﻴوﻝد ﻤن ﻓﺘﺎة‬
‫ﻋذراء ﺘﺴﺒﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺒﺤرﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻘدﺴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻨطﻔﺔ زرادﺸت ذات اﻷﺼل اﻝﻨوراﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻘدس‪،‬ﻓﺘﻌﻠق ﺒﻬﺎ وﺘﻨﺠب اﻝﻤﺨﻠص‪،‬اﻝذي ﺴوف ﻴﻬزم اﻝﺸر وﻫو ﻓﻲ اﻝﺜﻼﺜﻴن‬
‫ﻤن ﻋﻤرﻩ‪.‬ﺜم ﻴﻌﻘب ذﻝك ﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝﺨراب اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬وﻴظﻬر اﻝﻤﺨﻠص اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪،‬وﺼوﻻً‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻷﺨﻴرة اﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻴظﻬر ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﺨﻠص اﻷﺨﻴر‪،‬وﻴﻌﻘب ذﻝك ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ اﻝﻜون‬
‫وﻓﻨﺎءﻩ‪.‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺨﻠص ﻫو إﺸﺎرة ﻝﻠﻔﻨﺎء اﻝﻜوﻨﻲ وﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻻﻨﺘﺼﺎر اﻝﻤطﻠق ﻹﻝﻪ اﻝﻨور‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣‬‬
Perceptions of salvation and the end of of the world in
Zoroastrianism
Dr.Ahmed Lasheen
Ain Shams University -Faculty Of Arts
Research's Idea
Zoroastrianism believes that the destruction of the world
comes before the advent of the Savior ,Which will prevent the
existence of dark to light, and then the universe will exhaust, after
that the stage of reward and punishment coming .Then Ohoramzda
will win and Ahrimn die .The Salvation and creation ,ending of the
world are the basis of Zoroastrianism.
Research's Items
A) The sessions of the universe and creation of the world:
The sessions of the universe divided into twelve major session
in Zoroastrianism, the duration of each session is a thousand years, the
last session, divided into three phases, the first will starting with world
movement by Ohoramzda's order, and the Mission of Zoroaster, then
followed by the destruction of the world by Ahrimn , followed by the
first stage of salvation.
B) stages of salvation and the ending of universe:
The first phase begin by the birth of the first Savior from the
Zoroaster's seed , born of a virgin girl swim in the holy lake ,and give
birth to the Savior , who will defeat evil ,when he being thirty years
old. Then the second stage ruin come, and the second sincere, leading
for the final phase which will the last Savior come, followed by the
end of the universe.
١٤
Hawara Necropolis: Past – Present - Future
Prof.Adam Szynkiewicz (Poland)
Foundation „Wisdom of Nations”
Modern archaeological excavations in the Hawara Necropolis
area were initiated in the late nineteenth century by English
archaeologist Flinders Petrie. These studies were stopped in 1911.
Researchers have renewed their interest in the area of mud-brick
pyramid of Hawara only 100 years later. In February 2008, a group
led by Prof. Abbas Mohamed Abbas from Cairo National Research
Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (NRIAG), made a series of
complex geophysical survey in the area south and west of the
pyramid. Belgian Mataha Foundation financed this research.
The Scientific Research Cooperation Agreement between the
Cairo University’s Department of Archaeology and the University of
Wroclaw (Poland) initiated further research at Hawara Necropolis that
started in March 2008. This study was done during the period of
March 2008 - April, 2009 and was called: Egyptian-Polish
Archaeological Mission at Fayoum. The General Manager of the study
was Dean of the Cairo University Prof. Alaaeldin Shaheen. The
research was carried out in the immediate vicinity of the Hawara
pyramid, was fully financed by the University of Wroclaw (Poland).
The scientists from the Cairo University and the SCA team members
supervised the research. The Polish scientific involvement was in the
field of GPR research, geological investigations and preparing reports.
This research was performed with the following steps:
First, analysis of archival geological data from the area of the
pyramids in Hawara was prepared. It was obtained from Egyptian
geologists. At the request of Polish team - two geological drillings
were done. This data was used to prepare geological cross-sections
through the Hawara pyramid and its surrounding.
Secondly, preliminary Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
studies were done in the immediate vicinity of the pyramid on north,
east, south and west sides.
١٥
Thirdly, three geological control trenches were made on the
eastern and northern side of the pyramid.
In order to be able to perform further GPR studies, a written
request was submitted to the Supreme Council of Antiquities for
permission to clear heaps of sand by levelling the ground on the
eastern side of Hawara pyramid and get a flat and even surface. The
permission from the Supreme Council of Antiquities was granted. The
Cairo University Faculty of Archaeology supervised this work.
Numerous archaeological finds from the Greco-Roman times
were discovered during the clean up work near the eastern side of the
pyramid. All finds were documented and most of them are secured in
a storage room at Fayoum. Some of larger artefacts were placed in a
small, open-air museum, at the Hawara pyramid site.
For
a
reason unknown to us, Dr Zahi Hawass suddenly stopped the research
at the Hawara Necropolis area in April 2009.
Currently the mud-brick pyramid at Hawara is in very bad
condition. Its surface is seriously damaged. Around the pyramids are
great heaps of sand, through which it is difficult to pass. The southern
entrance to the pyramid is partially buried and needs to be restored
soon since it is in danger of collapsing. Chambers and channels under
the pyramid are flooded with water.
Local authorities want to carry out renovation of the
pyramid and make it available to tourists. However, this requires
additional study, research and technical projects. Polish Foundation
for the Support of Research to Disclose Ancient and Modern
Knowledge Wisdom of Nations in cooperation with Mataha
Foundation from Belgium, is ready to financially support the work in
cooperation with the Ministry of Antiquity and any Egyptian
Academic Institution that would be interested in such cooperation.
Such research could also be aimed at attracting many more tourists to
the Hawara pyramids Necropolis area. We propose the following
activities:
Removal of heaps of sand and levelling the surface of the north
and south side of the Hawara pyramid area.
١٦
GPR research in the 3D system around the pyramid, staring
with the east side, that is already cleaned. To do further GPR research
cleaning and levelling of the surface is necessary (see: pt. 1).
Several drillings up to 20+ m deep in order to verify geological
structures and lithology on north and south side of the pyramid.
Building a water level gauge in the Selah channel;
Perform chemical analyses of water: ground water, water in
the channel, the water inside the pyramid;
Preparation of the project to restrict the flow of water to the
pyramid.
Perform a GPR tomography (in 2D and 3D) of the Hawara
pyramid. Profiling can be conducted along the surfaces of all the walls
of the pyramid.
Implementation of the GPR research inside the pyramid.
Preparation of the project for the restoration of the pyramid.
Renovation of the southern entrance to the interior of the
pyramid in Hawara.
Preparation of the project (or projects) the construction of a
museum at the Hawara pyramid.
Construction of the museum near the pyramid in Hawara.
Preparation of the project for the tourism development at the
Hawara Necropolis area.
Preparation of a draft for tourism activation at the areas of
Hawara and Lahun (tour routes and infrastructure for communication,
etc.).
١٧
‫ﻤراﺤل ﺘطور اﻜﺘﺸﺎف وﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ اﻷﻤراض ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻲ وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن‬
‫واﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ )اﻝﻔراﻋﻨﺔ(‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬أﺴﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﺒد اﻝﻜﺎظم ﻤﻬدي اﻝﻌﺠﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒر اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ )اﻝﻔراﻋﻨﺔ(‪ ،‬وﺤﻀﺎرة ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‬
‫)ﺴوﻤر‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﺒل‪ ،‬أﻜد( ﻤن اﻗدم واﻋرق اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﺸﻬد ﻝﻬﺎ اﻝﺘﻘدم اﻝﻌﻤراﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻜﺒﻴر واﺴﺘﺨدام اﻝطب واﻝﻌﻠوم اﻻﺨرى‪ .‬اذ ﺘرﻜزت اﻻوﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻔﺎف ﻨﻬر‬
‫اﻝﻨﻴل‪ .‬وﻨﺸﺄت اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﻴن ﻨﻬري دﺠﻠﺔ واﻝﻔرات واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻝﻨﻬر اﻝﺨﺼﻴب‪ .‬ﺘﻌﻜس ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻝﻤﻴراث اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‬
‫واﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ وﻤﻘدار اﻝﺘﻔوق اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﺸﻌوب ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻘﺒﺔ‪ .‬وﺸﻬدت ﺘﻠك اﻝﻔﺘرة‬
‫ﺘطورات ﻜﺒﻴرﻩ واﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎت ﻤرﻜزﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌﻠوم ﻤﺜل اﻝﻔﻠك اﻝرﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎت واﻝطب‪ ،‬وﻗد‬
‫ﺤﺎز ﻤﺠﺎل اﻝطب اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻜﺒﻴ ار ﺒﺴﺒب اﻝﻤﻌﺘﻘدات اﻝﺴﺎﺌدة آﻨذاك‪ ،‬وﻴﺸﻴد اﻝﻤؤﻝف‬
‫)‪ (2000،Dawson‬ﺒﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء وأﻨﻬم ﻗوم ﻋﻠﻰ درﺠﻪ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤن‬
‫اﻝﻤوﻫﺒﺔ وﻗدرة ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻜون ان اﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ واﻝﻔﻜر اﻝﻤﺠرد ﻋﺠزت ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻔﺴﻴر ذﻝك‪ ،‬وأظﻬر ﻤؤﻝﻔون اﺨر ﻤﺜل )رﺸﻴد‪ (٢٠١٢ ،‬ان اﻝﺸرق ﻓﻲ ذﻝك اﻝﺤﻴن‬
‫اﻋﺘﻤد وﺒدرﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴرﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل اﻷﻤراض اﻝﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ‬
‫أﻋﺘﻘد اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴون إن اﻹﻝﻪ ﻫﻲ اﻝﻤﺴؤوﻝﺔ ﻋن اﻝﻤرض واﻝﺸﻔﺎء‪ ،‬وﺒﻌض اﻷﻋﺸﺎب‬
‫واﻝﺘﻌوﻴذات أو اﻝﺠراﺤﺎت اﻝﺒداﺌﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﺠﺒﻴر ﻝدﻴﻬﺎ اﻝﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ‪.‬وﻝﻌل اﻫم‬
‫ﻨظرﻴﺔ ﺘﺒرز ﻫﻨﺎ ﻫﻲ ان اﻷﻤراض ﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ وﺼﻔﺎءﻫﺎ اﻝﻬﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴن رﻜز‬
‫اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨوﻋﻴن ﻤن اﻝﻤرض وﻫﻤﺎ اﻝﻌﺎدي واﻻﻨﺸﺎء ﻤن اﻝﺴﺤر‬
‫وﻜﺎن ﻴﻌﺘﻘد ان اﻝﻨوع اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻘط ﻤن ﺼﻨﻊ اﻻﻝﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺨﺘﻼف أﻗوام ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن‬
‫اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن اﻝذﻴن اﻋﺘﻘدوا إﻨﻬﺎ ﻤن ﺼﻨﻊ اﻹﻝﻪ‪ .‬وﺘﺒﻴن اﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻷﻝواح اﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺜر‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ان اﻝطب ﻜﺎن ﻤوﺠودا وﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻝطﺒﻴب وﻤﺴﺎﻋدﻴﻪ اﻴﻀﺎ ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤوﺠودة‬
‫ﻤﻨذ اﻝﻘدم وﻴﻌﺘﺒر ﻜﻬﻨﺔ اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺒد اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻫم ﻤن ﻴﻤﺘﻠﻜون‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ ﻋن اﻝطب وﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻫم ﻤن ﻴﻤﺎرﺴون اﻝطب ﻓظﻼ ﻋن وﺠود ﻤدارس‬
‫طﺒﻴﺔ ﻤﻌروﻓﻪ آﻨذاك ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎن ﻝﻠﺴﺤر ﺘﺄﺜﻴرﻩ ﻜذﻝك اﻷﺼل اﻝﻐﻴﺒﻲ ﻝﻸﻤراض‬
‫واﻝﻌﻼج وﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌد ادﺨل اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﻴن اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴم اﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴص ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺘزاﻤن وﺠﻨﺒﺎ‬
‫اﻝﻰ ﺠﻨوب اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء واﺴﺘﺨدﻤوا اﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ واﻝﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎت اﻝﻤرﻀﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗدﻤوا‬
‫أدﻝﺔ اﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴص وطرق اﻝﻌﻼج واﻋﺘﺒر اﻝطب ﻤﺘﻘدﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ آﻨذاك‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘوﻤون ﺒﻪ‬
‫وﻴﻌود ذﻝك ﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺘﻬم ﺒﺘﻜوﻴن اﻝﺠﺴم اﻵدﻤﻲ وﺠﺎء ذﻝك ً‬
‫ﻤن ﺘﺤﻨﻴط اﻝﻤوﺘﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝرﻏم ﻤن اﻨﺘﺸﺎر اﻝﺨراﻓﺎت اﻻ ان ﻤن اﻫم اﻝﻌﻠوم اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫اﺘﺴﻤت ﺒﺎﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴﺔ آﻨذاك اﻝطب‪ ،‬واﻝذي ﻋﺒد اﻝطرﻴق ﻤﻊ اﻝطب اﻝﻤﺼري ﻝﻠﻘﻴﺎم‬
‫ﺒﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻜﺒﻴرﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﺠﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪١٨‬‬
The Evolution of the Discovery and Treatment of Diseases
in the Civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt (Pharaohs)
Dr. Usamah Abdul Kadhim Mahdi
College of Basic Education - University of Babylon
Egyptian and Mesopotamia such as (Sommer, Babylon, and
Akkad) consider the most two ancient civilizations, which is
witnessing a large urban progress, also using medicine and another
science. The first one centered on the banks of the Nile River, while
the second arose in the area, which lies between the Tigris and
Euphrates river that called the fertile area. These civilizations are
reflected through the huge cultural and historical heritage, and the
amount of scientific excellence for the people of that era. Significant
development and concerns centered on science has been grown at that
period for instance in astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. Thereby
the field of medicine has got considerable attention due to the
dominant beliefs at that time. Authors such as (Dawson, 2000) shed
light on the “Wisdom of the Egyptian” also mentioned that they were
a highly-gifted people, with a great capacity for practical achievement.
On the other hand authors like . said that East at that time depends
largely on the civilization of Mesopotamia. In terms of diseasescausing Sumerians believed that divine are responsible for the illness
and recovery. Some herbs and talismans or surgery and splinting has
the capability of processing. Perhaps the most important theory stands
out here is that diseases are caused and treat by divine. While the
ancient Egyptians focused on two types of the disease, either normal
or magical and they believed that the second type were caused by
divine, as opposed to the folks of Mesopotamia who thought both of
them caused by divine. Many of ancient panels revealed that medicine
were exist and naming a doctor and his assistants were exist since long
time ago. Priests of ancient temples in Mesopotamia were considered
the specific people, who possess knowledge about medicine, and thus
they were practicing medicine, as well as there were many famous
schools for medicine. Simultaneously, there were strong effects for
magic and originally metaphysical disease and treatment on people’s
life. Later on, ancient Babylon people used Diagnosis concepts along
with ancient Egyptians and used the a etiology. They gave such a great
evidence of Diagnosis. Therapy was considered as ahead in ancient
Egypt at the time, because of their knowledge about composition of
human body, and these knowledge came based on What they were
doing embalming the dead despite widespread myths. Medicine are
considered one of the main positive science in Mesopotamia, which
developed a concepts to achieve a major renaissance in this area.
١٩
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﻋﻠم اﻝﻔﻠك اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)اﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ واﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ واﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ(‬
‫ا‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻋﻔﺎف ﻋﺒد اﻝﺠﺒﺎر ﻋﺒد اﻝﺤﻤﻴد‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬اﺴراء ﺤﺴن ﻓﺎﻀل‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‪ /‬اﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒر ﻋﻠم اﻝﻔﻠك ﻤن اﻫم اﻝﻌﻠوم اﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﺎﻝت اﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻼد وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن واﻝﺘﻲ ﺤﻘﻘوا ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻨﺠﺎزات ﻋظﻴﻤﺔ وراﺌدة اﺴﻬﻤت ﺒدور ﻜﺒﻴر‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘطور اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻤﻠوا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤراﻗﺒﺔ اﻝﺴﻤﺎء وﺤرﻜﺔ اﻝﻨﺠوم واﻝﻜواﻜب‬
‫واﻝﺸﻤس واﻝﻘﻤر واﺘﺨذوﻫﺎ اﻝﻬﺔ ﻝﻬم ﻓﺎرﺘﺒطوا ﺒﻬﺎ ارﺘﺒﺎطﺎً دﻴﻨﻴﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻝﻘد ﺒرز اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴون اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻤﻼﺤظﺎﺘﻬم وﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎﺘﻬم اﻝواﺴﻌﺔ ﻝﻸﻓﻼك‬
‫واﻝﻜواﻜب‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨت ﺨﺒرﺘﻬم اﻝطوﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝرﺼد ﻤن اﻫم اﺴﺒﺎب ﺘﻔوﻗﻬم ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻏﻴرﻫم ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠم اﻝﻔﻠك‪.‬‬
‫ﺜم اﻨﺘﻘﻠت اﻝﺜروة اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻔﻠك اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن ﻓﻘد دﻝت اﻻﺒﺤﺎث‬
‫اﻝﺤدﻴﺜﺔ ان اﻝﻔﻠك اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﻬدﻴن اﻝﻘدﻴم واﻝﻤﺘﺄﺨر )اﻝﺴﻠوﻗﻲ( ﻜﺎن ﻤن اﺒرز‬
‫اﻝﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻸﺒﺤﺎث اﻝﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻌﻠق ﺒﺎﻝﺠداول اﻝﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺘﻲ ﻨظﻤوﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ اﻨﺘﻘل اﻝﺘراث اﻝﻔﻠﻜﻲ اﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻲ اﻝﻰ اﻝﻌرب اﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴن‪ ،‬ﻓﺎطﻠﻘوا ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫)ﻋﻠم اﻝﻬﻴﺌﺔ( او)اﻝﻨﺠوم(‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻨت ﻤن ﺒﻴن اﻝﻌﻠوم اﻝﺘﻲ ﺒرﻋوا ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻠم ﻴﻜﺘﻔوا‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘرﺠﻤﺔ اﻝﻜﺘب اﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺴرﻴﺎﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻰ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒل داﺒوا ﻤﻨذ‬
‫اﻝﺒداﻴﺔ اﻝﻰ اﻝﺘوﻓﻴق ﺒﻴن ﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎﺘﻬم اﻝﻔﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺤﺼﻠوا ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤن ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﻤﻼﺤظﺎﺘﻬم ﻝﻠﻜواﻜب واﻝﻨﺠوم وﻤﺎ ورﺜوﻩ ﻤن ﻋﻠوم ﺤﻀﺎرات ﻋﺎﺸت ﻓﻲ اﻝﺠزﻴرة‬
‫اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ وﺨﺎرﺠﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﺴﻴﻘﺴم اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻰ ﻤﺒﺤﺜﻴن رﺌﻴﺴﻴﻴن ﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻻول ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠم اﻝﻔﻠك ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻼد وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن وﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ ودورﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ واﺒرز‬
‫اﻻﺴﻬﺎﻤﺎت اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘرﻜﻬﺎ ﻝﻨﺎ اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴون ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﺠﺎل‪ ،‬اﻤﺎ اﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻓﺴﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻋﻠم اﻝﻔﻠك اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ اﻝﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫وﻤن ﺜم اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ واﻝوﻗوف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻨﺠﺎزات اﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻝﻌرب‬
‫واﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴن ﻓﻲ ﻋﻠم اﻝﻔﻠك‪ ،‬وﻤﺎ ﺘم اﺨﺘراﻋﻪ ﻤن اﻻت ﻓﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺴﺎﻋدت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘطوﻴر‬
‫ﻫذا اﻝﻌﻠم ﻝﻴﺼل اﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ وﺼل اﻝﻴﻪ ﺤﺘﻰ وﻗﺘﻨﺎ اﻝﺤﺎﻀر‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
The Influence of Babylonian Astronomy on the Human
Knowledge
(Babylonian, Greek, and Islamic Eras)
Dr. Israa Hassan Fadhil.
Dr. Afaf Abdul Jabbar Abdul Hameed.
Astronomy is considered the most important science which
takes the interest of mans' scientists of Mesopotamia. These scientists
achieved great and pioneer achievements which contributed in
developing the human knowledge. They worked on observing the
space, stars, planets, sun and moon movements.
The ancient Babylonian were well-known by their extensive
information and notes about planets and orbits as well as their
experience in observation was one of the reasons of their superiority in
Astronomy.
And then, the scientific wealth of the Babylonian astronomy
moved to Greece, recent research has shown that in the ancient
Babylonian astronomy and late Covenants (saluki) was the most
prominent sources of scientific research astronomical Greek especially
with regard to the astronomical tables they organized.
The Babylonian scientific knowledge of Astronomy, then, was
moved to Greece. The recent researches were showed that the
Babylonian Astronomy was the most important scientific resource in
the Greek orbits researches.
Also the Greek orbit heritage was moved to Arab Muslims.
Arab Muslims translated the Greek books into Arabic and linked
between their orbit information and what they got of sciences.
The research contains two sections. The first one deals with
Astronomy in Mesopotamia especially during the Babylonian Era,
while the second one deals with the movement of Babylonian
Astronomy to the other Human civilization like Greek and then the
Islamic Arabic Civilization, and what was his invention of the
astronomical machines helped develop this science to reach what
arrived to him until the present day.
٢١
‫ﻝﻐﺔ اﻝﺤوار ﻓﻲ ﻨص ﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺠﻠﺠﺎﻤش‬
‫م‪ .‬ﺤﺴﻨﻴن ﺤﻴدر ﻋﺒد اﻝواﺤد‬
‫ا‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬أﺴﻤﺎء ﺴﻌود إدﻫﺎم‬
‫وﻜﻴل ﻋﻤﻴد ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤوﺼل‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵﺜﺎر‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤوﺼل‬
‫ﺘﻌد ﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺠﻠﺠﺎﻤش ﻤن ﺸواﻤﺦ اﻷدب اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻲ وﻤن اﻗدم ﻤﻼﺤم اﻝﺒطوﻝﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ وﻤن اطول واﻜﻤل اﻝﻤﻼﺤم اﻝﺘﻲ ﻋرﻓﻬﺎ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ .‬دوﻨت اﻝﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺜﻨﻲ ﻋﺸر ﻝوﺤﺎ ﻤن اﻝطﻴن ﺒﺎﻝﺨط اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎري ﻗﺒل‬
‫ارﺒﻌﺔ اﻻف ﻋﺎم ﻤﻀﻰ اﻻ ان اﺤداﺜﻬﺎ وﻗﻌت ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬود اﻗدم ﻤن ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺘدوﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺸﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺸﺎن اﻵداب اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﺸﻬﻴرة واﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ زاﻝت ﺨﺎﻝدة ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴوﻤﻨﺎ ﻫذا‬
‫ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻬﺎ ﻗﻀﺎﻴﺎ اﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺘزال ﺘﺸﻐل ﺒﺎل اﻻﻨﺴﺎن وﺘﻔﻜﻴرﻩ وﺘؤﺜر ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ اﻝﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ واﻝﻌﺎطﻔﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻤﻤﺎ ﻋﺎﻝﺠﺘﻪ اﻝﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻤل اﺴم ﺒطﻠﻬﺎ ﺠﻠﺠﺎﻤش ﺨﺎﻤس ﻤﻠوك‬
‫ﺴﻼﻝﺔ اﻝورﻜﺎء اﻻوﻝﻰ اﻝﻠﻐز اﻝذي ارق اﻝﻜﺜﻴرﻴن وﻫو ﻝﻐز اﻝﺤﻴﺎة واﻝﻤوت وﻤﺎ ﺒﻌد‬
‫اﻝﻤوت واﻝﺨﻠود‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ﺘﻤﺜل اﻝﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺘﻤﺜﻴﻼ ﻤؤﺜ ار ﺒﺎرﻋﺎ ﺒﺄﺴﻠوب ادﺒﻲ رﻓﻴﻊ‬
‫اﻝﺼراع اﻻزﻝﻲ ﺒﻴن رﻏﺒﺔ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻝﺨﻠود وﺘﺸﺒﺜﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻴﺎة وﺒﻴن اﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤؤﻝﻤﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﻠم ﺒﻬﺎ وﻫﻲ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻝﻤوت واﻝﻔﻨﺎء‪ .‬وﻤن اﻝﻤﻌﻠوم ان اﻝﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﻗد‬
‫ﻨﻬﺠت اﺴﻠوب اﻝﺴرد اﻝﻤوﻀوﻋﻲ اذ ﺴﻴﻜون اﻝﻜﺎﺘب ﻤطﻠﻌﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺸﺊ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫اﻻﻓﻜﺎر اﻝﺴرﻴﺔ ﻝﻸﺒطﺎل‪ ،‬وﻴﺘﻤﻴز ﻫذا اﻝﻨوع ﻤن اﻝﺴرد ﺒﻬﻴﻤﻨﺔ اﻝﻤؤﻝف‪ ،‬وطﻐﻴﺎن‬
‫ﺼوﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺼوات ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت اﻝﻨص واﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ ﻴﺘراﺠﻊ ﻝﻴﺘرك اﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت ﺘﺘﺤدث‬
‫ﺒﻠﺴﺎﻨﻬﺎ وﻴﺘﺸﻜل ذﻝك ﺒﺎﻝﺤوار اﻝذي ﺴﺎﻋد ﻓﻲ اﻝﻜﺸف ﻋن طﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘوﺼﻴل اﻝﻔﻜرة واﻝﻤوﻀوع ﻓﺎﺘﺴﻌت وظﻴﻔﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨص‬
‫اﻝﻤﻠﺤﻤﻲ ﻓﺴﺎﻫم ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎﺌﻪ اﻝﻌﻀوي‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎن ﺤوا ار ﺒﻼﻏﻴﺎ ﺘﻌددت ﺘوﺠﻬﺎﺘﻪ واﻫداﻓﻪ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﻤﻊ اﺤداث اﻝﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ وﻤواﻗف ﺸﺨوﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن ان ﻫﻨﺎك ﺤﻴل أدﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋدة ﺘﻀﺎف اﻝﻰ اﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴر اﻝذي ﻴﺤدﺜﻪ ﺤوار اﻝﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺴﺘﻨﻜﺎرﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝدوام ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤوارات‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ وﺴﺎﺌل ﺸدﻴدة اﻝﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺨطﺎب‬
‫اﻷدﺒﻲ‪ .‬إﻨﻬﺎ ﺘؤﺜر ﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎﻻت اﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨص‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺒﻌض اﻷﺤﻴﺎن‬
‫ﻴﺘم ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ إﻴﺼﺎل ﺤﻘﺎﺌق ﺴرﻤدﻴﺔ وﻓﻠﺴﻔﺎت‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ أﺴﺌﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻘوم ﻜواﺴطﺔ ‪‬‬
‫أوﺘو‪ -‬ﻨﻔﺸﺘم اﻝﻰ ﮔﻠﮕﺎﻤش )اﻝﻠوح اﻝﻌﺎﺸر(‪ ،‬وﺒﻴن ﺤﻴن آﺨر‪ ،‬ﻴﺠﻴب اﻝﻤﺘﻜﻠم ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫ﺘﻬﺠﻤﺎت ﮔﻠﮕﺎﻤش ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺸﺘﺎر‪ .‬وﻨظ ار‬
‫ﻋن ﻫذﻩ اﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ اﻻﺴﺘﻨﻜﺎرﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ّ‬
‫ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ ادﺒﻴﺎ وﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺎ وﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻐﺔ اﻝﺤوار ﻓﻲ ﻴوﻤﻨﺎ ﻫذا ارﺘﺄﻴﻨﺎ أن ﻴﻜون‬
‫ﻤدار ﺒﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﻫذا ﻝﻐﺔ اﻝﺤوار ﻓﻲ ﻨص ﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺠﻠﺠﺎﻤش‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬
Language of Dialogue in the Epic of Gilgamesh text
Prof. Asmaa Saood Deham
Lecturer Hassanain Haider
Literature Faculty/Mosul University
College of Archeology
Gilgamesh epic is the high places of the international literature
and epics. It is one of the oldest championship in the history of ancient
civilizations, the longest and most complete epics defined by the
ancient history. This epic was recorded in a dozen panels of clay
cuneiform before four thousand years ago, but its events occurred in
eras of earliest date of recorded, like the world-famous literature
which remained an immortal to this day for processing general
humanitarian cases and still of concern to the man and his thinking
and affecting in his life mental and emotional. And what overtaken the
epic that hold the first name of hero Gilgamesh, the fifth king of
Warkaa dynasty ,that thinner many persons in the life and death, and
after death and immortality, where the saga represents an influential
representative brilliant senior literary style in eternal struggle between
man's desire for immortality and attachment to life and the painful
truth for granted the fact of death and annihilation. And as it known
that, the epic has adopted the style of thematic narration, as would be
the writer familiar with everything, even the secret thoughts of
Champions, this kind of narration was distinguished a dominance of
the author, ,and the tyranny of his voice to the voices of characters in
the text and sometimes retreat to let the characters speak with their
language ,this dialogue was formed to help in the detection of the
nature of the personal as well as its importance in delivering the idea
and topic which widen its function in the epic text which contributed
the organic construction, Was the rhetorical dialogue varied directions
and aims consistent with the events of epic and attitudes of its
characters as well as the that there are several literary tricks added to
the influence of the epic dialogue, Through disapproval questions in
the dialogues, which are highly efficient tools in literary discourse.
They even affect in the important transfer in the text, and sometimes
based centerpiece by which communicate eternal truths and
philosophies, as in Aouto questions- Nepeshtem to Gilgamesh ( slap
ten ), from time to time, the same speaker answers these disapproval
questions as in the attack of Gilgamesh in Ishtaar.
٢٣
‫اﺒرز ﻤظﺎﻫر اﻝﻨﻬﻀﺔ اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ واﻝﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن أﻨﻤوذﺠﺎً‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺴﻠﻤﻰ ﻤﺠﻴد ﺤﻤﻴد‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬أﺸواق ﻨﺼﻴف ﺠﺎﺴم‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ دﻴﺎﻝﻰ ‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻠوم اﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺴﺠﻠت اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرﻗﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻜوﻨت ﻓﻲ أﺤواض اﻷﻨﻬﺎر‬
‫اﻝﺜﻼﺜﺔ اﻝﻜﺒﻴرة دﺠﻠﺔ واﻝﻔرات واﻝﻨﻴل ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎﺒل وآﺸور وﻤﺼر واﻝﻬﻨد ﻤﺠداً ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺎً‬
‫راﺌﻌﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﺔ واﻝﻌﻠوم اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤن طب وﻫﻨدﺴﺔ ورﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎت وﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء وﻓﻴزﻴﺎء‬
‫وﻻ ﺸك أن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻌﻠوم ﻗد أﻓﺎد ﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻹﻏرﻴق‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد أﺤرز اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴون ﺘﻘدﻤﺎ ﻜﺒﻴ ار ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻌﻠم ﻷﻨﻬم ﻜﺎﻨوا ﺘﺠﺎ ار وﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ أوﺠدت اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﻋﻠوم اﻝرﻴﺎﻀﺔ وﺘﻌﺎوﻨت ﻤﻊ اﻝدﻴن‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ إﻴﺠﺎد اﻝﻔﻠك‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋرﻓوا اﻝﻜﺴوف واﻝﺨﺴوف وأﺜرﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺼﻴر اﻝﻤﻠوك‪،‬‬
‫وأﻋظم وﺜﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝطب اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﻨون ﺤﻤوراﺒﻲ اﻝذي ﺘﺤدث ﻋن اﻝﺠراﺤﻴن‪،‬‬
‫وﻗد ﻜﺎن اﺨﺘراع اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻫو أﻋظم ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎم ﺒﻪ اﻝﻤﺼرﻴون اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء‪ ،‬وﻗﻴل أول ﻜﺘﺎب‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء أﻝﻔﻪ ﻫرﻤس )ﻤﺜﻠث اﻝﻌظﻤﺔ(‪ ،‬وﻋدﻫﺎ اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻪ اﻝﺤﻜﻤﺔ وﺘﺴﺠﻴل‬
‫اﻝزﻤن وﻤﻌﻠم اﻝﺤروف ﻝذﻝك ﺴﻤﻲ ﻤﺜﻠث اﻝﻌظﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﺘرﻜزت ﺠﻬود اﻝﻬﻨود ﺒﺎﻜﺘﺸﺎف‬
‫اﻝﻨظﺎم اﻝﻌﺸري واﻝﻴﻪ ﻴﻌزو اﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﻨﺒوﻏﻬم ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﺴﺎب واﻝﺠﺒر واﻝﻬﻨدﺴﺔ وﺘﻌد‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن أول ﺤﻀﺎرة ﻋرﻓﻬﺎ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻬﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرة راﻗﻴﺔ ﻗﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻀﺎﻫﺘﻬﺎ ﺤﻀﺎرة ﻓﻬﻲ اﻝﻤﻌﻴن اﻷول ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻝﻔﻜر‬
‫واﻷدب واﻝﻌﻠوم واﻝﻔﻨون‪ .‬وﻝﻠﻌراق ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﻴرﺘﻪ اﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻨذ اﻝﻘدم واﻝذي ﻴﺒدأ ﻤن‬
‫أن اﻨﺤﺴر اﻝطوﻓﺎن واﺴﺘوت ﺴﻔﻴﻨﺔ ﻨوح ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺠودي‪ ،‬وﻫو اﻝﺠﺒل اﻝﻤطل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻌراق‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ اﻨﻪ ﺼﻤد ﻝﻤﺎ أﺼﺎﺒﻪ ﻤن ﻤﺤن أزال اﻷﺨف ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺜﻴ ار ﻤن اﻷﻤم‪،‬‬
‫ٕواذا ﻜﺎن ﺘﻨوع اﻷﺤداث ﻓﻲ طﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ وﻗوﺘﻬﺎ اﻨﻌﻜﺴت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻪ ﻓﺠﻌﻠت ﻓﻴﻪ‬
‫ﺤﻘﺒﺎ ﺤﻴﺔ ﻤزدﻫرة‪ ،‬وأﺨرى ﺨﺎﻤدة ﻀﺎﻤرة ﻓﺎن اﻝﺜﺎﺒت ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﺴﻴرة ﻫو إن‬
‫ﻤزروﻋﺎﺘﻪ ﻝم ﺘذو‪ ،‬وﻤﺴﺎﻜﻨﻪ ﻝم ﺘﻘﻔر وﺠذوة اﻝﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻲ أﻫﻠﻪ ﻝم ﺘطﻔﺄ‪ ،‬وﻗد ﻤرت‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬم ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻬم اﻝطوﻴل ﺤﻘب ﻗﻴدت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤرﻴﺘﻬم وﺤد ﻨﺸﺎطﻬم ﻓرﻜدوا إﻻ أﻨﻬم‬
‫ﻝم ﻴﻤوﺘوا‪ ،‬وﻋﻤﻠت ﻗوى أﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓرض إرادﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻫﻠﻪ‪ ،‬وﻏزﺘﻪ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت‬
‫ﻏرﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻪ وﻜﺎن ﺒﻌض ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻘوى ﻤدﻋوﻤﺎ ﺒﺠﻴوش ﻤﻘﺎﺘﻠﻪ وأﺴﻠﺤﺔ ﻓﺎﺘﻜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﻴر‬
‫إن أي ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻝم ﻴﻔﻠﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺒدﻴل ﺴﻤﺘﻪ أو ﻗﻠب ﻤﺴﺎرﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺤﺘﻔظ أﻫل اﻝﻌراق‬
‫ﺒﺴﻤﺎﺘﻬم اﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﺄﻨﻬم وﺠﻬوا ﻫذا اﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﻹﻏﻨﺎء ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬم وﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ اﺤﺘﻔﺎظﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺄﺴﺴﻬﺎ وﺠوﻫرﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻝﺒث اﻝﻐزاة أن ﺘﻌﻠﻤوا ﻝﻐﺔ أﻫﻠﻪ وﻗدﺴوا اﻵﻝﻬﺔ واﺤﺘرﻤوا‬
‫ﻤﻌﺎﺒدﻫم‪ .‬وﻗد دﻝﻠت اﻝدراﺴﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺜر اﻝذي ﺘرﻜﺘﻪ ﻤﻌرف اﻝﻌراﻗﻴﻴن اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن اﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻴﺔ وان ﻜﺜﻴ ار ﻤﻤﺎ ﻨﺴب إﻝﻰ ﻫﺎﺘﻴن ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن إﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫اﻨﺘﻘل إﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻤن اﻝﻌرب اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﻴن واﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﻴن واﻵﺸورﻴﻴن‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٤‬‬
The Prominent Appearance of Scientific and Educational
Reversal in Old Near East Civilization as a Sample
Dr. Ashwaq Nassaif Jassim
Dr. Selma Mageed Hameed
College of education for human science\ Diyalla University
The ancient eastern civilization that are established at the triple
rivers (phrases, Tigris and Neal) in babble ashore India and Egypt
recorded great cultural glory in the field of philosophy and different
sciences such as engineering medicine math chemistry and physics.
undoubtedly Greece got benefits from those science Babylonian
scored a great development in science because they were traders.
Trade found out athletic science and cooperated with religion to find
out sphere . in addition they figured out occultation and eclipse and
their effect on the dusting of kings . the most important document in
Babylon medicine is Hammurabi low. It talked about surgeons . the
invention of writing is the greatest thing that old Egyptians made. It
said that the first book in chemistry was synthesized by harems (the
triangle of greatness). Egyptians considered it as the god of wisdom
time record and the teacher of letters that why it was name the triangle
of greatness . Indians of fort focused on the discovery of decimal
system. The civilization of Mesopotamia is the first civilization that
human has known it is high civilization and first support of all
civilization in the field of intellect literature science and arts.
The human procession of Iraq started from cataclysm and
Noah’s ship anchored near Jody it is a mountain on to Iraq . it has
resisted for a long time. the diversity of event reflected on its history.
Those event made Iraq prosperous.
٢٥
‫اﻝﻔﻀﺎء اﻝﺸﻌري ﻓﻲ أدب اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬اﻤل ﻋﺒد اﻝﺠﺒﺎر ﻜرﻴم اﻝﺸرع‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻝﻘرآﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌد ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن واﻝﻨﻴل ﻤن اﻋرق اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺘﻤﻴز اﺒﻨﺎء ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎت اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺴواء أﻜﺎن ﻫذا اﻝﻨﺘﺎج‬
‫ﻓﻨﻴﺎ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻼ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻨﺎء واﻝﻌﻤران واﻝﻨﻘوش واﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻻﺨرى وﻜﻴﻔﻴﻪ اﻝﺘﺤﻨﻴط‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﺤﺎﻓظﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﻜل اﻝﺠﺴم ﻤن اﻝﺒﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ام ﻓﻲ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻷدﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻝدﻝﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻝك‬
‫ﻨﻠﻤﺢ اﺜﺎر ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻔﻨون ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤواﻗﻊ اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ واﻻﻫراﻤﺎت اﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﺎﺘزال ﺸﺎﺨﺼﻪ اﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻻن‪ ،‬واﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤف واﻝﻤدن اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺜل‪ :‬ﺒﺎﺒل وﺴوﻤر واﻝورﻜﺎء واﺸور واﻜد وﺴﻴﻨﺎء‬
‫واﻝﺠﻴزة وﺘل اﻝﻌﻤﺎرﻨﺔ وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ ﻤن اﻝﻤدن اﻻﺨرى‪ .‬وﻤن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺘﻲ ذﻜرﻨﺎﻫﺎ‬
‫وﺘﻨﺎﻗﻠﺘﻬﺎ اﻻﺠﻴﺎل ﻓن اﻝﺸﻌر واﻝﺨطﺎﺒﺔ واﻝﻤﺤﺎورات اﻝﻘﺼﺼﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﻪ‬
‫واﺨرى اﺴﺘورﻴﻪ‪ ،‬وﻗد ﻋرﻓﻬﺎ اﺒﻨﺎء ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات ﻤﻌﺒرﻴن ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻋن ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬم‬
‫اﻝﻴوﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﻪ اﻝﺘﺨﺎطب‪)) ،‬ﻓﺎﻷدب ﻫو ﻤن اواﺌل ﻤﺤﺎوﻻت اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋن‬
‫اﻝﺤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﺄﺴﻠوب اﻝﺨﻴﺎل واﻝﻔن((‪ .‬وﺒﺘﻌﺎﻗب اﻻزﻤﺎن وﺘطور ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات ﺘﻨﺒﻪ‬
‫اﺒﻨﺎءﻫﺎ اﻝﻰ ﺘدوﻴن ﻫذا اﻝﻨﺘﺎج ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻝواح واﻝرﻗم اﻝطﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﺜﺒت وﻴوﺜق ﻫذا‬
‫اﻝﻨﺘﺎج اﻻدﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻘدﻤﺎء اﻝﻤﺼرﻴن ﻨﻘﺸوا ارﺜﻬم اﻝﺤﻀﺎري ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺤﺠﺎر ودوﻨوﻩ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اوراق اﻝﺒردي‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴون ﻜﺘﺒوﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝواح طﻴﻨﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ان اﻝﻤوﻀوﻋﺎت‬
‫اﻝﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﻝﺠوﻫﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻤوﻀوﻋﺎت دﻴﻨﻴﻪ ودﻨﻴوﻴﺔ ﻓﻤن ﺸرح ﻋﻘﺎﺌد ﻗدﻴﻤﺔ اﻝﻰ ﺤﻜم‬
‫ﺨﺎﻝدﻩ واﻤﺜﻠﻪ راﺌﻌﺔ اﻝﻰ ﻗﺼص ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ وﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺨراﻓﻲ ﻴﻨم ﻋن ﺨﻴﺎل ﺨﺼب‬
‫وﺘﺼوﻴر ﺒﻌﻴد اﻝﻤدى اﻝﻰ اﻨﺎﺸﻴد رﺼﻴﻨﺔ اﻻﺴﺎﻝﻴب ﻋﻤﻴﻘﻪ اﻝﻔﻜر‪ .‬ﻓوﺼل اﻝﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻻدب اﻝﺴوﻤري واﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ واﻝﻤﺼري ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺘﻪ اﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺘب ودون ﺒﻘﻠم‬
‫ﻜﺘﺒﺘﻪ وﻋﻨد ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﻪ ادب وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﺒﺄدب اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺴﺒﻴل اﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻨﺠد وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن اﻗدم ادب ظﻬر ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‪ .‬ان ﻤﺎ ذﻜرﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻫذا اﻝﻤﻠﺨص ﻻ ﻴﺘﻌدى ﻜوﻨﻪ ﺼورﻩ ﻤﻨﺠزﻩ ﻋن اﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﻫذﻴن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن ﺒﺎﻝﻔﻨون‬
‫واﻵداب‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﻘﺴم اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ دراﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺤورﻴن اﺴﺎﺴﻴن ﻫﻤﺎ‪ :‬اﻝﻤﺤور‬
‫اﻻول‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻀﻤن دراﺴﺔ اﻝﻔﻀﺎء اﻝزﻤﻜﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬وﻫذا اﻝﻤﺼطﻠﺢ ﻴﺸﻤل ﻴدﻤﺞ اﻝزﻤﺎن ﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻜﺎن وﻫذا اﻝدﻤﺞ ﻝم ﻴﻜن اﻋﺘﺒﺎطﺎ ﺒل ﻴﻌود اﻝﻰ ﻤرﺠﻌﻴﺎت ﻋﻼﺌﻘﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ووظﻴﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻝزﻤن ﻤن ﺤﻴث ﻫو ﺘﻘدﻴر ﻝﻠﺤوادث واﻻﺴﺘرﺠﺎع اﻝﻰ اﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ‪ ،‬وﺘطﻠﻊ اﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‪ ،‬واﻫﻤﻴﻪ اﻝﻤﻜﺎن ﻝﻤﺎ ﻝﻪ ﺼﻠﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﺤداث وﻤﺸﺎﻋر اﻝﺨوف واﻝﻘﻠق اﻝذي‬
‫ﻴﻨﺘﺎﺒﻬم ﻤن اﻻﻤﺎﻜن اﻝﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن اﻝﻤﻌﺘﻘدات اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ اﻝﻤوت وﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻌد اﻝﻤوت‪ ،‬وﻫدﻓﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﺤور اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬دراﺴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻷدﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻝﺘراﺘﻴل‬
‫اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ اﺸﺒﻪ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻜون ﺘﻌﺎوﻴذ دﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻗطﻊ ﻗﺼﻴرﻩ ﻤن اﻻﺒﻴﺎت اﻝﺸﻌرﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻝﻤﻼﻤﺢ‪ ،‬وﻗد ظﻬر ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻝﺘﻜرار واﻻﻋﻤﺎر وﻫذﻩ اﻝﺴﻤﻪ واﻀﺤﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸﻌر‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺤوارات ﺒﻴن اﻝﻤﻠوك واﻝﻘﺎدة وﻋﺎﻤﻪ اﻝﻨﺎس واﻝرﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫واﻝﻤﺨﺎطﺒﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٦‬‬
Space Poetic in Literature of Ancient Civilizations
Assist Prof.Dr. Amel Abduljabar Kareem
University of Babylon\ College of Qur’anic Study
The civilization of Mesopotamia and the Nile one of the oldest
human civilizations, was characterized by the sons of those
civilizations different artistic production whether this output
technically represented construction and urbanization and inscriptions
and other industries and how embalming to preserve the body
structure of wear and tear, or in the literary arts, as evidenced by the
glimpse of these effects Arts in archaeological sites and pyramids,
which are still fastened to now, museums and ancient cities like
Babylon and Sumer and the Warkaa and Assyria said, Sinai and Giza
Tel el-Amarna and other cities. One of these arts we have mentioned
that speak to generations of poetry and rhetoric and discourse
narrative art, including real and another Asturian, was known to the
sons of those civilizations two crossings from which their everyday
life reached conversational, ((Literature is one of the first human
attempts to express the life style of imagination and art)). And the
alternation of times and the evolution of those civilizations alert their
children to the codification of this production on the boards and clay
tablets, in order to prove and document this literary output, the old
men Egyptians carved on stones bloodline civilization and wrote it on
papyrus, while the Babylonians wrote on clay plates, The topics dealt
with are religious and secular; one of explain an ancient doctrines to
the rule of immortality and the wonderful examples to real stories and
some fabulous shows a fertile imagination and the long-range shooting
to the songs of solid tactics a deep thought. Bringing us literature of
Sumerian , Babylonian and the Egyptian original body also wrote and
typed by, When comparing the literature of Mesopotamia politely
Greek and Egyptian civilizations, for example, we find Mesopotamia
oldest literature appeared in history. That reported in this summary is
only a picture Closed for the attention of these two civilizations, arts
and literature, and it divides the researcher studied on two grounds:
The first axis includes a space study in the same place and time, this
term includes merges time with the place and that the merger did not
arbitrarily but returns to references relational, and function of the time
in terms of is the estimate of the incidents and retrieval to the past, and
look to the future, and the importance of the place because of its relate
to events and feelings of fear and anxiety, worried enclosed areas, as
well as religious beliefs and the fact of death and after death, and our
goal in this second axis: the study of Literary Arts, and religious
Carols which is more like a spells religious With the short pieces of
poetry and features, and redundancy and reconstruction appeared
where and this attribute evident in the ancient poetry, as well as the
dialogues between the kings and leaders and the general public, letters
and correspondence.
٢٧
‫ﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻓﻲ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬اﻤﻴرة ﻤﺤﻤود ﺨﻀﻴر‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ دﻴﺎﻝﻰ‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻠوم اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻬدف اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ اﻝﻰ ﻤﻌرﻓﺔ ﺘطور اﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻋﺒر ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق‬
‫اﻻدﻨﻰ وذﻝك ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋن اﻝﺴؤاﻝﻴن اﻵﺘﻴﻴن اﻻﺘﻴﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﺤﻀﺎرة واد اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻓﻲ ﺘطور اﻝﻠﻐﺔ ؟‬
‫‪ -٢‬ﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﺤﻀﺎرات ﻤﺼر وﺒﻼد اﻝﺸﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺘطور اﻝﻠﻐﺔ ؟‬
‫وﻝﻺﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋن اﺴﺌﻠﺔ اﻝﺒﺤث اﻋدت اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ارﺒﻊ ﻤﺒﺎﺤث ﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﻤﺒﺤث‬
‫اﻻول ﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ واﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻻم ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻋرض ﻝﻠﺤﻀﺎرات‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ وﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻝﺜﺎﻝث اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ واﻝﺨط اﻝﺴوﻤري وﻤراﺤل اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ رﻜز اﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻝراﺒﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻠﻐﺎت اﻻﺨرى اﻝﻲ ﺘﻠت ﻝﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ان ﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ إﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘرﺘﺒط ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎن دون اﻝﺤﻴوان؛ وﻝذﻝك ﻋدﻫﺎ "وﻝﻴﺎم‬
‫وﻜﻠﻤﺎ اﺘﺴﻌت ﺤﻀﺎرة أﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻨﻬﻀت‬
‫وﻴﺘﻨﻲ" ﻤؤﺴﺴﺔ اﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻜﺎﺌن ﺤﻲ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ﻝﻐﺘﻬﺎ وﺴﻤت أﺴﺎﻝﻴﺒﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺘﻌددت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻨون اﻝﻘول‪ ،‬ودﺨﻠت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ أﻝﻔﺎظ ﺠدﻴدة ﻋن‬
‫طرﻴق اﻝوﻀﻊ‪ ،‬واﻻﺸﺘﻘﺎق واﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎس أو اﻻﻗﺘراض ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋن اﻝﻤﺴﻤﻴﺎت‬
‫واﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻝﺠدﻴدة‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﺤﻴﺎ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ وﺘﺘطور ﻋﺒر اﻝزﻤن وﺘﺘﻼﻗﺢ ﻤﻊ ﻏﻴرﻫﺎ ﻤن‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺎت‪ .‬ﺘﻤﺜل اﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎت اﻝﺼورﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻝواح اﻝطﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫اﻝورﻜﺎء أﻗدم ﻤﺤﺎوﻻت اﻹﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻌراﻗﻲ اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻓﻲ اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ وﺘدوﻴن اﻝﻠﻐﺔ وﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ إﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻐﻴر‪ ،‬وﻫﻨﺎك ﻤن ﻴرى أن ﻋﻼﻤﺎت ﻫذﻩ اﻷﻝواح ﻻ ﺘﻤﺜل أﻗدم اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎت ﺒل ﻜﺎن‬
‫ﻜﺎﺘﺒوﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫم ﻤن اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﻴن ﻗد اﺴﺘﺨدﻤوا ﻨظﺎﻤﺎ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﺎً ﻜﺎن ﻤوﺠودا أﺼﻼً إﻻ‬
‫أﻨﻪ ﻤن ﺼﻨﻊ ﺤﻀﺎرة ﻤﺒﻜرة ﻤﻔﻘودة ﺤﺘﻰ اﻵن‪ ،‬وﻴرﻗﻰ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﻫذﻩ اﻷﻝواح إﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻔﺘرة )‪٣٢٠٠–٣٥٠٠‬ق‪.‬م(‪ ،‬وﻴﺒدو أن اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻗﺒل ﻫذا‬
‫اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺒﻔﺘرة ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺘﺘزاﻤن وﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﺴﺘﻘرار اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﻴن ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨوب اﻝﻌراق‪ ،‬وﺨﻼل‬
‫اﻝﻨﺼف اﻷول ﻤن اﻷﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻝث ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد وﺤﺘﻰ ﻗﻴﺎم اﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻻﻜدﻴﺔ‬
‫)‪٢٣٧١‬ق‪.‬م(‪ .‬واﺴﺘطﺎع اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴون ﺘﺤﻘﻴق اﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻝﻤﻨﺠزات ﻓﻲ اﻗدم اﻨظﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻜم واﺒﺘﻜروا أﻗدم طرق اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ دوﻨت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝواح اﻝطﻴن اﻝطري‬
‫ﺒﻘﻠم اﻝﻘﺼب اﻝﻤﺜﻠث اﻝرأس ﺜم ﻴﻔﺨروﻩ ﻝﻴﻐدوا ﻤﻘﺎوﻤﺎً ﻝﻠظروف اﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﺒدﻋوا‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨون اﻝﻌﻤﺎرة وﻤﻬروا ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠف ﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻝﺸﻌر واﻷدب‪ ،‬وﻜﺎﻨوا ﻴروون‬
‫اﻝﻘﺼص اﻝﺒطوﻝﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﻼﺤم اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻜﺎﻨوا ﻴﻌﺘﻘدون ﺒوﺠود اﻵﻝﻬﺔ واﻨﺸﺄوا اﻗدم‬
‫اﻝﻤدارس اﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻤوﻫﺎ )ﺒﻴت اﻝطﻴن( وﻗد ﺴﻤوﻫﺎ ﺒﻬذا اﻻﺴم ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻷﻝواح‬
‫اﻝطﻴن اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨوا ﻴﻜﺘﺒون ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬
The Effect of Old Eastern Civilization in Language
Assist. Prof. Ameera Mahmood Khudair
College of Education\ Dyalaa University
The current research aims to know the development of language
in the old eastern civilization from the answers of these questions:
1. What is the effect of Mesopotamia civilization in the
development of language?
2. What is the effect of Egyptian civilization in the development
of language?
To answer the research question, the researcher prepares four
chapters. The first chapter deals with the meaning of language and the
mother language, whereas the second chapter deals with the showing
of the old civilization, and chapter three deals with the Sumerian
language and handwriting and the steps of writing whereas chapter
four focuses on the other language comes after the Sumerian language.
Language have humanist factor relates to the human without animals;
and that why William Witney considered it a social institute, whatever
the civilization of nation is wide, their language grew and new
vocabulary entered.
The signs pictures present on clay tablet discovered on AlWarkaa city the old vies of Iraqi human in writing and writing a
language then transferred it to other. And there are whose seen these
clay don’t represent the old writing but was written, and those people
from Sumerian were uses writing system was founded in the time of
(3500-3200 B.C).
The Sumerian language were used before this date in a certain
period in the south of Iraq through the first half from the third
thousand B.C. until the Akkadian kingdom.(2371B.C).
Sumerians could investigate much of achievements in old
investigations. The found the old way of writing which wrote on clay
tablet with reed pen. They created in the architecture with a various
field of poet, and they saw the stories of heroes and the ancient Epics,
and they believed in the Gods, and they established the old schools
which called the house of mud.
٢٩
‫اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻌرق وﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ واﺜرﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد‬
‫اﺴﻴﺎ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫م‪ .‬أﻨﺎس ﺤﻤزة ﻤﻬدي اﻝﺠﻴﻼوي‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﺘﻤﺘﻌت ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن )اﻝﻌراق( ﺒﻤوﻗﻊ ﻤﻬم ﻋﻠﻰ رأس اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‪،‬‬
‫وارﺘﺒطت ﺒرواﺒط وﺜﻴﻘﺔ اﺸﺘﻤﻠت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺠواﻨب اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ واﻹدارﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻫﻴﻤن اﻝراﻓدﻴﻨﻴون ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﺎﻝﻴم اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‪ ،‬وﻜﺎن ﻝﻬم أﺜر ﻤﻬم ﻓﻲ ﺘﺠﺎرة‬
‫اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻝﻤواﻨﺊ اﻝﺘﻲ أﻗﺎﻤوﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ أو ﻤن ﺨﻼل‬
‫إﺒﺤﺎرﻫم ﻋﺒر اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ إﻝﻰ ﻤواﻨﺊ ﺠﻨوب آﺴﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ وأن اﻝﻌراق ﻝﻪ ﺘﺄرﻴﺦ ﻫو‬
‫اﻷﻋرق ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ ،‬وﻫو اﻷﻜﺜر إﻨﺠﺎ اًز ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺘﺄرﻴﺦ اﻝﺒﺸرﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫واﻤﺘد ﺒﻨﻔوذﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ردﺤﺎً طوﻴﻼً ﻤن اﻝزﻤن‪ ،‬ﻝذا ﻜﺎن ﻤن اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﻲ‬
‫أن ﻴﺴﺘﻐل اﻹﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎت اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴوﻓرﻫﺎ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة‪ .‬اﺒﺘدأ‬
‫اﻝﺒﺤث ﺒﺈﻴﺠﺎز ﻴﺒﻴن اﻷﺼل ﻓﻲ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ وﻤوﻗﻌﻪ وﺤدودﻩ‬
‫وﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻪ‪ ،‬وﻋرﺠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺼﻼت اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ رﺒطت ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬
‫اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‪ ،‬ﺜم ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤواﻨﺊ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‪ ،‬إذ ﻜﺎن ﻝﻬذﻩ اﻝﺒﻼد ﻤواﻨﺊ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻔﺎف ﺸط اﻝﻌرب اﻝذي ﻴﺼب ﻓﻲ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ وﻴﻌد‬
‫ﻤﻨﺘﻬﻰ وﻤﺒﺘدأ اﻝرﺤﻼت اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘﺎدﻤﺔ أو اﻝﻤﻐﺎدرة ﻋﺒر اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‪ ،‬وﻤن‬
‫أﻫم ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤواﻨﺊ واﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎن ﻝﻬﺎ أﺜر ﻓﻲ اﻗﺘﺼﺎد ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن وذﻜرت ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻤﻴﻨﺎء ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ )ﺨﺎراﻜس(‪ ،‬وﻤﻴﻨﺎء ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ )ﻓورات(‪ ،‬وﻤﻴﻨﺎء‬
‫ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ )اﻷﺒﻠﺔ(‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ اﻝرﻏم ﻤن ﻜون ﻤﻴﻨﺎء )ﺠرﻫﺎ( ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺒﺤرﻴن إﻻ أﻨﻨﺎ‬
‫ارﺘﺄﻴﻨﺎ وﻀﻌﻪ ﻀﻤن ﻫذﻩ اﻝدراﺴﺔ ﻜوﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﺜل اﻤﺘداداً طﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎً ﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‪،‬‬
‫ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ وأن اﻝﺒﺤرﻴن )دﻝﻤون ﻗدﻴﻤﺎً( ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻝﺴﻴﺎدة ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‪ .‬‬
‫وﺒﻴﻨﺎ أﻫم‬
‫اﻝطرق اﻝﺒﺤرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘرﺒط ﻤواﻨﺊ اﻝﻌراق ﺒﺎﻝﻤواﻨﺊ اﻝﻬﻨدﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وأﻨواع اﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ‬
‫اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﻘﻠت ﻋﺒر ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤواﻨﺊ واﻝﻨظﺎم اﻝﻨﻘدي اﻝذي ﻜﺎن ﺴﺎﺌداً ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫واﻝﻀراﺌب اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺠﺒﻰ ﻤن اﻝﺴﻔن أو اﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤواﻨﺊ ﻤﻊ اﻝﻤواﻨﺊ واﻝﻤدن اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‪ .‬ﻝم ﻴﺘﻔق اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴن‬
‫اﻝﻘداﻤﻰ واﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرﻴن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ‪ ،‬إذ أطﻠق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨﺼوص‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ ﻝﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ )اﻝﺒﺤر اﻷدﻨﻰ( ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘﺎﺒل ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ )اﻝﺒﺤر اﻷﻋﻠﻰ(‬
‫اﻝﺘﻲ أطﻠﻘت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺒﺤر اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط‪ ،‬إذ أطﻠﻘت ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺎت ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻋﺒر اﻝﺤﻘب‬
‫اﻝﺘﺄرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤن ﻗﺒل اﻝﺸﻌوب اﻝﻤطﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴواﺤﻠﻪ‪ ،‬اﻷﻤر اﻝذي ﻴﺸﻴر إﻝﻰ أﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎة ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺸﻌوب اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴت ﻤن أﺠل اﻝﺴﻴطرة ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬واﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎدة ﻤن‬
‫ﻤوﻗﻌﻪ اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻲ اﻝذي ﻴﻌد واﺤداً ﻤن اﻜﺒر اﻝطرق اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫واﻝﺤدﻴث‪ .‬وﻋرف اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺼوص ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ اﻷﻜدﻴون‬
‫واﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴون واﻵﺸورﻴون ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎء ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺒﺤر اﻝﺠﻨوﺒﻲ واﻝﺒﺤر اﻷﺴﻔل واﻝﺒﺤر‬
‫اﻝﺘﺤﺘﺎﻨﻲ واﻝﺒﺤر اﻷدﻨﻰ وﻜﺎن ﻴﻘﺎﺒﻠﻪ ﻋﻨدﻫم ﻤن اﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ اﻷﺨرى اﻝﺒﺤر اﻷﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫وﻫو اﻝﺒﺤر اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط‪ ،‬إذ ﻜﺎن اﻝراﻓدﻴﻨﻴون ﻴﻬﻴﻤﻨون وﻝﻘرون ﻋدﻴدة ﺴﺒﻘت اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﻤﻤﺘدة ﻤن ﺤﺎﻓﺎت اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ﺠﻨوﺒﺎً وﺤﺘﻰ ﺴواﺤل اﻝﺒﺤر‬
‫ﺸﻤﺎﻻ‪ ،‬وﻜﺎﻨوا ﻴﻌدوﻨﻪ اﻤﺘداداً طﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎً ﻷرض ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‪ ،‬وﻝﻬذا‬
‫اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻨﺠد أن اﻝﻤﻠوك اﻷﻗوﻴﺎء اﻝذﻴن ظﻬروا ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﻴﺤرﺼون ﻋﻠﻰ إﺒﻘﺎء‬
‫ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ﺘﺤت ﺴﻠطﺘﻬم اﻝﻤرﻜزﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٠‬‬
The Economic Relations between Iraq and the Arab Gulf region
and Its effect on the Old Asia Economy
Instructor: Anas Hamza Mehdi Al-Gelawi
College of Basic Education\ University of Babylon
Iraq has an important location in the Arabian Gulf. It has bended
and flourished in many benders as political, administrative and
economical fields. Iraqis' have controlled on the Arabian Gulf region.
This case has an important effect on the commerce that was done
through the harbors that they have established there or in their sealing
throughout these harbors towards the harbors in the south of Asia. Iraq
has it's rooted history in the old near east. It has the most known
accomplishments in the overall of the mankind history and has
continued in its authority in the Arabian Gulf for a long period of
time. It is logical that Iraq exploit these economical capacity that the
Arabian Gulf provides especially in commerce. The research begins
with a concise clarification of the roots of the name of the Arabian
Gulf, its location, its boundaries and its characteristics. There was a
glance on the old relationships between Iraq and the Arabian Gulf.
Then, there is an explanation of the harbors in Iraq, because Iraq has
many important harbors that overtook on the Arabian Gulf and go
along on the ''Shat Al-Arab'' banks which pours in the Arabian Gulf
and it is considered the beginning and the ending points of the trips.
The most important harbors that had an outstanding effect in the
economy, these harbors were mentioned in historical references:
- (Kharaks) harbor –(Furat) harbor. – (Al-Abla) harbor.
Despite that (Garha) harbor is situated in Bahrain, but we have
mentioned it throughout the study because it has a great role in the
region and it was under the control of Iraq.
We have clarified the sea ways that connect Iraqi harbors with
the Indian harbors and the kind of the goods that were transported and
money system that was used at that time and the taxation system.
There was a concentration on the relationships that connects these
harbors. The old and contemporary researchers do not agree on
naming the Arabian Gulf. The gulf, in the cuneiform writing, was
called as (The Lower Sea), and the Mediterian sea was called as (The
Upper Sea). The Mediterian Sea has many names and that reflects its
importance and the countries were vie on it to get benefit from its
geographical location. It is considered one of the longest commercial
ways in the old and modern world.
In Iraq, (Akadian, Babylonian and Assurians), the Arabian Gulf
was known as the eastern sea, the lower sea, the underneath sea and
the near sea.
As a result of this importance, the strong kings who appear in
that region assure on keeping the Arabian Gulf under their central
authority.
٣١
‫دراﺴﺔ اﺜر اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘﺤﻨﻴط ﻋﻨد اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻘداﻤﻰ‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬اﻨﺘﺼﺎر رﺤﻴم ﻋﺒﻴد اﻝﺴﻠطﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻫو ﻗﺼﺔ اﻝﺴﻌﻲ اﻝﺒﺸري‪ ،‬وﻫو ﺴﻌﻲ ﺸﺎرد ﻏرﻴب‬
‫اﻻطوار ﻤﺜل اﻝطﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﺒﺸرﻴﺔ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﻤﺎ‪ .‬ﻜﺎن اﻝﺘﻘدم ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨوﺒﺎت ﻤﺘﻘطﻌﺔ وﻜﺎن‬
‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻤن ﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻨﺤﺎء اﻝﻌﺎﻝم‪ .‬اﻤﺘدت ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﺒﺎﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻋﺒر ﻋﺼور‬
‫ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ طوﻴﻠﺔ ورﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎن اول ﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻲ اﺠراﻩ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﺘﻔﺎﻋل اﻻﺤﺘراق‬
‫ﺤﻴن اﻜﺘﺸف اﻝﻨﺎر واﺴﺘﺨداﻤﻬﺎ ﻻﻨﻀﺎج اﻝﻠﺤم ﺜم زادت ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺤﻴن اﻨﺘﺞ‬
‫اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻔﺨﺎر واﻝطﻴن واﻝزﺠﺎج ودﺒﻎ اﻝﺠﻠود واﻜﺘﺸف ﺒﻌض اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺎت ﻤﺜل‬
‫اﻝﻤﻠﺢ واﻝﻜﺒرﻴت واﻝﺸب وﺒﻌض اﻜﺎﺴﻴد اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن واﻻﺤﻤﺎض واﻝﻘﻠوﻴﺎت‪.‬‬
‫اول ﻤراﺤل اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﺒدأت ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﻴث ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻠم‬
‫اﻝﺼﻨﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث زاد اﻝﺘطور اﻝﻤذﻫل ﻓﻲ ﻓن ﻋﻤﺎرة اﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒر واﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻻﺤﺠﺎر‬
‫ﺘدرﻴﺠﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن ﺒﺤﻔظ اﻝﺠﺜﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺘﺤﻠل واﻝﻔﻨﺎء واﻋﺘﻨوا ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺌﻘﺔ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ اﻝﻀﻤﺎن اﻷﻜﺒر ﻝﻠﺤﻴﺎة اﻻﺨر وﻫﻜذا ﺘوﺼل اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻰ اﺒﺘﻜﺎر ﻓن‬
‫اﻝﺘﺤﻨﻴط‪ .‬وﻫو ﺤﻔظ ﺠﺜث اﻝﻤوﺘﻰ ﺒواﺴطﺔ ﻤواد ﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺤﺎﻓظ اﻝﺠﺴم ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤظﻬرﻩ وﻴﺒدوا ﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﺤﻲ ﻋﻨد ﺘﺴﺠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺎن ﻋﺎم ﻗﺒل اﺠراء ﻤراﺴم اﻝدﻓن وذﻝك‬
‫ﻷﺴﺒﺎب طﺒﻴﺔ او ﺘزﻤﻴﺜﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻝﻰ اﻨﻪ ﻴﻔﻲ ﺒﻤﺘطﻠﺒﺎت ﺒﻌض اﻝدﻴﺎﻨﺎت اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘؤﺨر اﻝدﻓن ﻝﻌدة اﻴﺎم‪ ،‬او ﺘﻀطر ﻝﻨﻘل اﻝﺠﺜﺔ اﻝﻰ ﻤﻜﺎن اﺨر ﻓﻴﻤﻨﻊ اﻝﺘﺤﻨﻴط‬
‫ﺘﻌﻔن اﻝﺠﺜﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ اﻝﺒﺤث ﺘدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻫم اﻝﻤواد اﻝﻜﻴﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤﻨﻴط‬
‫اﻝﺠﻤﺠﻤﺔ ﻤن ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻘداﻤﻰ ﻫﻲ ﻜرﺒوﻨﺎت اﻝﺼودﻴوم ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪،% ٥،٤‬‬
‫وﺒﻴﻜرﺒوﻨﺎت اﻝﺼودﻴوم ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،%٠،٢٥‬وﻜﻠورﻴد اﻝﺼودﻴوم ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪،%٩،٠٨‬‬
‫ﺴﻠﻔﺎت اﻝﺼودﻴوم ﺒﻨﺴﺒﺔ ‪ ،%٢،٠٧‬اﻤﺎ ﻝﺘﺠﻔﻴف اﻝﺠﺴد ﻓﻴوﻀﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻠﺢ اﻝﻨطرون‬
‫اﻝﺠﺎف وﻫو ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋن ﻤرﻜب ﻤن ﺒﻴﻜرﺒوﻨﺎت اﻝﺼودا ﻤﻊ ﻜﻠورﻴد اﻝﻜﺎﻝﺴﻴوم‬
‫وﺴﻠﻔﺎت اﻝﺼودﻴوم وذﻝك ﺒﻤﻘﺎدﻴر ﺘﺨﺘﻠف ﺒﺎﺨﺘﻼف اﻻﻗﺎﻝﻴم‪ ،‬وﺘﺴﺘﺨدم ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﺎدة‬
‫ﻻﺴﺘﺨراج ﻜل ذرة ﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻤوﺠودة ﻓﻴﻪ واﺴﺘﺨﻼص اﻝدﻫون وﺘﺠﻔﻴف اﻻﻨﺴﺠﺔ ﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﺎً‬
‫ﻜﺎﻤﻼ‪ ،‬وﻝطﻼء اﻝﺠﺜﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﺨدم راﺘﻨﺞ ﺴﺎﺌل ﻝﺴد ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﺴﺎﻤﺎت اﻝﺒﺸرة وﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻴﻜون ﻋﺎزل ﻝﻠرطوﺒﺔ وطﺎرداً ﻝﻸﺤﻴﺎء اﻝدﻗﻴﻘﺔ واﻝﺤﺸرات وﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠف اﻝظروف‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻝوﻀﻌت اﻝﺠﺜﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺎء او ﺘرﻜت ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌراء‪ ،‬واﺴﺘﺨدام ﻤﺎدة اﻝﻌﺴل‬
‫ﻷﻏﻼق اﻻﻨف واﻝﻌﻴﻨﻴن واﻝﻔم وﺸق اﻝﺒطن‪ ،‬وﺘﻠوﻴن اﻝﺸﻔﺎﻩ واﻝﺨدود ﺒﻤﺴﺘﺤﻀرات‬
‫اﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴل ﺜم ﻝف اﻝﻤوﻤﻴﺎء ﺒﺄرﺒطﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻴﺔ ﻜﺜﻴرة ﻤدﻫوﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﻝراﺘﻨﺞ ﻴﺘم ﺘﻠوﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﻜﺴﻴد‬
‫اﻝﺤدﻴد اﻻﺤﻤر ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺸﻤﻊ اﻝﻌﺴل ﻜﻤﺎدة ﻻﺼﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺨر اﻝﺴﺒﻌﻴن ﻴوﻤﺎً اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘم‬
‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﺤﻨﻴط‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٢‬‬
Study the Effect of Chemistry in Embalming
at the Old Egyptians
Ass.lec. Intesar Rahim Obaid
College of Basic Education\ Babylon University
The history of chemistry is the story of human endeavor, and it
striving weird like human nature itself. the progress comes in
intermittent bouts from all over the word. The relationship between
chemistry and human Extended across history ictal aster, perhaps it
was first chemical reaction done by man was combustion reaction
when human discovered fierce and use it for meat then increased this
relation when human generated pottery mead and taw and discovered
some chemicals such the salt, sulfur, alum and some metal oxides
Acids and alkalis.
First stages of chemistry began in ancient Egypt, where it was
called science of dually by Egyptians where they began to save the
corpses from decomposition and courtyard and they care it because
they believe that it the biggest guarantee for the life of the hereafter,
thus, the Egyptians turned to invent the art of mummification . It is
keeping dead bodies by chemicals , that the body maintains its
appearance, it seems alive. this was in line with the requirements of
some religions. It prevents embalming corpses from rotting. search
results indicate the most important chemicals used in the
mummifications of the skull by the ancient Egyptians is sodium
carbonate by 4.5% and sodium bicarbonate by 0.25%, sodium
chloride by 8.9% and sodium sulfate by 7.2% as for drying body
where it is placed in salt airtight, It is a composite of bicarbonate of
soda with calcium chloride and sodium sulfate in different amount
this article is used to extract each atom water found in it and extracting
fat issue and relieve complete drying paint the body uses liquid resin
to fill all the pores of the skin and even have in solution and moisture
repellent to revive minute and in sects and in different circumstances,
even if you put the body in the water or left in the open.
٣٣
‫اﻝﺘوراة وﻨظرﻴﺔ اﺨﺘﻼف اﻝﻠﻐﺎت‬
‫م‪ .‬ﺒﺎﻗر ﺠﺎﺴم ﻤﺤﻤد‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﻻ ﺸك أن ﻝﺒﺎﺒل وﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴ ار ً ﻜﺒﻴ ار ً ﻓﻲ ﺸﺘﻰ ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻌﺎﻝم‪ .‬وﻗد‬
‫اﺘﺨذ ﻫذا اﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﺼو ار ً ﺸﺘﻰ‪ .‬وﻤن اﻝﺜﺎﺒت ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺎ ً أن ﺒﺎﺒل ﺘﻌد ﻤﻌﻠﻤﺎ ً‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺎ ً ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ً ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌض اﻝﻌﻠوم ﻤﺜل اﻝرﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎت واﻝﻔﻠك واﻝﻘﺎﻨون‪ .‬ﺒﻴد أن أﺜر‬
‫ﺒﺎﺒل ﻓﻲ اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت واﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻷﺨرى ﻝن ﻴﺘوﻗف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ أﺒدﻋﻪ اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴون ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺸﺘﻰ ﻤظﺎﻫر اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة ﻓﻘط‪ٕ ،‬واﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﺴﻊ ﻝﻴﺸﻤل ﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺴب إﻝﻰ ﺒﺎﺒل وﺒرﺠﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻝﺸﻬﻴر ﻤن ﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﺤﺎﺴم ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ اﺨﺘﻼف اﻝﻠﻐﺎت‪ .‬إذ ﺒﻌد أن‬
‫ﻜﺎن اﻝﺒﺸر ﻴﺘﻜﻠﻤون ﻝﻐﺔ واﺤدة‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻘول اﻝرواﻴﺔ اﻝﺘوراﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻝﺴؤال ﺤول‬
‫اﻝﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤوﻝت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝواﺤدة إﻝﻰ ﻝﻐﺎت ﺸﺘﻰ ﻤﺎ زال ﻗﺎﺌﻤﺎ ً‪ .‬ﻓﻤﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒرج ﺒﺎﺒل ﺒﻨظرﻴﺔ اﺨﺘﻼف اﻝﻠﻐﺎت؟ وﻫل ﺘﻘدم ﻝﻨﺎ اﻝﻤﻌﺎرف اﻝﻤﺘراﻜﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻋن ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل وﻋن ﻤﺴﺎر ﺘطور اﻝﻠﻐﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻝﻘدﻴم أﻴﺔ ﻤﻌوﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠوﺼول إﻝﻰ ﻓﻬم أﻓﻀل ﻝﻤدى دﻗﺔ اﻝﻨظرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘوراﺘﻴﺔ ﺒﺨﺼوص اﺨﺘﻼف‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺎت؟ وﻝﻜن‪ ،‬ﻗﺒل اﻝﺸروع ﻓﻲ اﻹﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذﻴن اﻝﺴؤاﻝﻴن‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺒد ﻝﻨﺎ اﻹﺸﺎرة‬
‫إﻝﻰ ﻀرورة اﻝﺒﺤث ﻓﻲ ﻗﻀﻴﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ أﺨرى ﺘﺘراﺒط ﻤﻊ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ اﺨﺘﻼف اﻝﻠﻐﺎت‬
‫ﺘراﺒطﺎ ًوﺜﻴﻘﺎ ً‪ ،‬أﻻ وﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ أﺼل اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻷول‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﺸﺎﺌﻜﺔ أﺨرى ورد‬
‫ذﻜر ﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘوراة وﻓﻲ ﻜﺘب ﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ وﻏﻴر ﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ أﺨرى‪ .‬واﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ أم ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ‬
‫أﺼل اﻝﻠﻐﺔ أو اﻝﻠﻐﺎت اﻝﺒﺸرﻴﺔ ﻤن أﻫم اﻝﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ اﻝﻤﺜﻴرة ﻝﻠﺠدل ﺒﻴن اﻝﻤؤرﺨﻴن‬
‫واﻝﻤﺨﺘﺼﻴن ﺒﺎﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻝﻼﻫوﺘﻴﺔ واﻝﻠﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬل اﻝﻠﻐﺔ‪ ،‬أو اﻝﻠﻐﺎت‪ ،‬ﻫﺒﺔ رﺒﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘول أﺼﺤﺎب ﻨظرﻴﺔ اﻷﺼل اﻹﻝﻬﻲ ﻝﻠﻐﺔ؟ أم أﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﺎج ﺘطور اﻝﺘرﻜﻴب‬
‫اﻝﺘﺸرﻴﺤﻲ ﻝﻠﻜﺎﺌن اﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ‪ ،‬وذﻝك ﻝوﺠود اﻝﺤﻠق اﻝذي ﻴﻘﻊ ﺒﻴن اﻝﺤﻨﺠرة وﺒداﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺘﺠوﻴف اﻝﻔم‪ ،‬وﻫو ﺠزء ﻻ ﻴوﺠد ﻨظﻴر ﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺴواء ﻋﻨد اﻝﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎت اﻝﺸﺒﻴﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎن أو ﻋﻨد ﺴواﻫﺎ؟ أم أﻨﻬﺎ ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴد أﺼوات اﻝطﺒﻴﻌﺔ واﻝﺤﻴوان؟ أم أﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻝﺘطور اﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨداءات ﻏﻴر اﻝﻜﻼﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎن اﻝﺒﺸر اﻝﺒداﺌﻴﻴن‬
‫ﻴطﻠﻘوﻨﻬﺎ أﺜﻨﺎء اﻝﻌﻤل اﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ؟ أم أن أﺼل أﺼوات اﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻴﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠك‬
‫اﻷﺼوات اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴطﻠﻘﻬﺎ اﻝﺒﺸر ﻋﻨد اﻹﺤﺴﺎس ﺒﻤﺸﺎﻋر إﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل اﻷﻝم‬
‫واﻝﻐﻀب واﻝﻔرح‪ (١).‬ﻫذﻩ ﻫﻲ ﺤزﻤﺔ اﻷﺴﺌﻠﺔ واﻝﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻨﺤﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻝﻜﻲ ﻨﺘوﺼل إﻝﻰ ﻓﻬم أﻋﻤق ﻝﻠﻨظرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘوراﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺨﺘﻼف اﻝﻠﻐﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٤‬‬
Torah and The Different Languages Theory
Lecturer. Baqer Jassem Mohammed
College of Basic Education /Babylon University
There is no doubt that the Babylon civilization have the great
influence in various civilizations of the world. This influence has
taken diverse pictures. and from a historical established that Babylon _
a landmark important in some sciences, such as mathematics,
astronomy and law. However, the effect of Babylon in other cultures
and civilizations will not depend on what the Babylonians created it in
various aspects of civilization, but will extend to what is attributed to
the famous Babel's tower from a critical influence in the important
matter is a matter of the different languages. Since it was r that
humans speak only one language, as it says in the biblical story, the
question about how the one-language turned into the languages of
diverse remains. So what is the reality of the Tower of Babel
relationship theory the different languages? And whether give us
knowledge accumulated about the history of the city of Babylon and
on the path of development of languages of the ancient world any
scientific assistance to reach a better understanding of the extent of the
accuracy of the biblical theory about the different languages?
However, before embarking on the answer to these questions, we must
refer to the need for search another important issue interrelated with
the issue of the different languages closely related, Namely, a matter
of the origin of the first language, another prickly matter is mentioned
in the Torah and in the celestial books and other celestial. The truth or
the issue of the origin of human language or languages were the most
of controversial matters among historians and specialists the
theological studies and lingual's. Is the language, or languages, the gift
of the divine, as the theorists of divine origin says? Or is it the result
of the development of the anatomical structure of the human being,
and that the existence of the throat, which is located between the
larynx and the beginning of the mouth cavity, Which is part has no
unparalleled in either at the humanlike or upon other beings? Or is it
the result of imitating the sounds of nature and animals? Or is it the
result of the evolution in calls of non-spoken that humans were
primitive they call it during a teamwork? Or is the origin of sounds
was the language of those sounds fired by humans when a sense of
humanity, such as feelings of pain, anger and joy. (1) This is the
package the questions and issues that we will try to be searched in
order to arrive at a better understanding of the biblical theory in the
different languages.
٣٥
‫اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌراق اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺒﺴﻤﺔ ﻤﺤﻤد اﺤﻤد‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻠوم اﻝﺼرﻓﺔ اﺒن اﻝﻬﻴﺜم‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‬
‫ﻝﻘد ﻋرف ﺴﻜﺎن وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻋﻠم اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء وﻴظﻬر ذﻝك ﺒﺠﻼء ﻤن ﺨﻼل‬
‫اﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺒﻌض اﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻨذ اﻷﻝف اﻝﺴﺎدس ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد ورﺒﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل‬
‫ذﻝك اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﻜﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻝﻔﺨﺎر وطﻠﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻷﻝوان ﺒل ﺴﻤﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر ﺒﺄﻜﻤﻠﻪ )ﻋﺼر‬
‫اﻝﻔﺨﺎر اﻝﻤﻠون( ﻜﻤﺎ دﺨﻠت اﻝﻤﻤﺎرﺴﺎت اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝﻤواد‬
‫اﻝﻐذاﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﻝﺒﺎن وﺤﻔظ اﻝﻠﺤوم واﻝﻤﺸروﺒﺎت اﻝﻜﺤوﻝﻴﺔ وﺤﻔظ‬
‫اﻝﺨﻀ اروات واﻝﻔواﻜﻪ وﺘﺠﻔﻴﻔﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋرﻓوا اﻝدﺒﺎﻏﺔ وﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻝﺠﻠود واﻝزﻴوت‬
‫واﻝﺸﻤﻊ وﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻝﻨﺴﻴﺞ وﺼﺒﻎ اﻝﻤﻨﺴوﺠﺎت ﺒﺎﻷﻝوان وﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻝﺼﺎﺒون‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫اظﻬرت اﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﺎت اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ ﻋددا ﻤن اﻵﻻت واﻷدوات واﻷﺠﻬزة اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨت‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﻝﺒﻌض اﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل اﻝﻤدﻗﺎت واﻝﻬﺎوﻨﺎت واﻝﻤطﺎﺤن‬
‫اﻝﻤﺼﻨوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺤﺠر اﻝﺼﻠب‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ اﻝﻨﺼف اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤن اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺤﺠري‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌدﻨﻲ ﺘم اﻝﻜﺸف ﻋن اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﺸﻜﺎل اﻵﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﻤﺎرﺴﺎت‬
‫اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻝدوارق واﻝﺠرار ذات اﻷﺸﻜﺎل واﻷﺤﺠﺎم اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن أواﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻝﺘﺼﻌﻴد واﻝﺘﻘطﻴر واﻝﺒواﺘق اﻝﻔﺨﺎرﻴﺔ واﻝﻨﺤﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن ادوات ﻤﻌدﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ اﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠوا اﻷﻓران واﻝﻤواﻗد اﻝﻤﺘﻨﻘﻠﺔ )اﻝﻜورة ﻓﻲ اﻝوﻗت اﻝﺤﺎﻀر( واﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠوا‬
‫اﻝﺘﻨور‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ اﺸﺎرت اﻝﻨﺼوص اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ واﻵﺜﺎر اﻝﻤﺎدﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ اﻝﻰ أن‬
‫اﻝﻌراﻗﻴﻴن اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء ﻋرﻓوا اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﻤﻤﺎرﺴﺎﺘﻬم‬
‫اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل اﻝﻔﺨﺎر وﺘﻠوﻴﻨﻪ ٕواذاﺒﺔ وﺼب اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن وﻤزﺠﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﺤﺼول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎدن ﺠدﻴدة ﻜﺎﻝﺒروﻨز وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻤوا ﺒﻜرﺒﻨﺔ اﻝﺤدﻴد‬
‫ﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﺴﻠﺤﺔ واﺒﺘﻜروا اﻝﺜﻘﺎب ﻤن اﻝﻜﺒرﻴت واﺴﺘﺨرﺠوا اﻝﻤرﻜﺒﺎت اﻝﻌدﻴدة ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﻤﻠﺢ اﻷﻤوﻨﻴﺎ واﻝزﺌﺒق واﻝرﺼﺎص اﻷﺒﻴض وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ وﻜﺎﻨت ﻜل ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤﻌﺎرف ﺘﻨﺘﻘل‬
‫ﻤن ﺠﻴل اﻝﻰ ﺠﻴل ﻋن طرﻴق اﻝﺘدرﻴب واﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم وﺘرﻜت ﻝﻨﺎ آﺜﺎ ار ﻤﺎدﻴﺔ ﻴﻤﻜن‬
‫اﻝﺘﻌرف ﻋن طرﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤدى ﻤﺎ وﺼل اﻝﻴﻪ اﻷﻨﺴﺎن ﻤن ﺘﻘدم ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﺠﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٦‬‬
Chemistry in old Iraq
Assist. Prof. Dr. Basma Mohammed Ahmed
College of education for Pure Séances\ Baghdad University
Citizens in Mesopotamian valley Knew the Chemistry and
emerged Clearly through the use of some Chemical industries from
the sixth thousand B.C and may be before that time such as industry of
crockery and coat it with paint but the whole age was called (the age
of colored crockery), moreover, it internalized chemical experiments
in the industry of various nutrition’s like dairy industry, meat
preservation, wines, preservation of veg tables and fruits and drying
them besides, they were Known intoning and industry of peltries, oils,
wax, weaving and their paint with colors and soars and soap industry.
Fossilizations has shown visions has shown various array of
devices and tools that were used to some of Chemical industries like
hammers and mortars made of rocks.
In the second half of Neolithic period, various numbers of
garage forms and tools in chemical experiments like flasks and
drawers which have different forms and sizes in addition to plates of
fil realization and crucible of Crockery and cooper industry and the
used furnaces and mobile stores .
The nail texts and fossil materials, but the ancient Iraq citizens
Knew various of chemical industries through which their experiments
of arts in Crockery and Color them and melt the minerals and mix
them to get new minerals such’s bronze and so on . Also they make
the donation of iron to make weapons and they coin matches from
sulfur and they find out vehicles such as Ammonia salt, mercury and
lead more over the Know ledge move from one generation to another
by practice and learning and leave us material fossils at which they
can know them through the extent at which the humans get the
improvement in this field.
٣٧
‫ﺨراﺌط اﻝﺘوزﻴﻌﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د ﺘﻨزﻴﻪ ﻤﺠﻴد ﺤﻤﻴد‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ دﻴﺎﻝﻰ ‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻠوم اﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫أﺼﺒﺤت اﻝﺨراﺌط اﻝﻴوم ﺘﻤﺜل أدوات ﻻ ﺘﺨدم ﻋﻠم اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﺤﺴب ﺒل‬
‫ﺘﺨدم ﻓروع اﻝﻌﻠم واﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻜوﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺘرﺠم اﻝظواﻫر وﺘرﺒط ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻀﻼ‬
‫ﻋن أﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒرر ﻋﻼﻗﺎت اﻻرﺘﺒﺎط ﺒﻴن اﻝظﺎﻫرات‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻴﻤﻜن ﻝﻠﻤرء أن ﻴﻨﻜر أن ﻋﻠم‬
‫اﻝﺨراﺌط ﻝم ﻴﺼل إﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻫو ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤن اﻹﺘﻘﺎن واﻝﺘﻜﻨﻴك ﻝوﻻ اﻝﺒذور اﻝﻤﺒﻜرة اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺒذرﻫﺎ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﺠﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﻤن اﻝواﻀﺤﺎت أن اﻝﺨراﺌط ﻝﻴﺴت وﻝﻴدة‬
‫ﻫذا اﻝﻌﺼر ﺒل ﻫﻲ ﻗدﻴﻤﺔ ﻗدم اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ذاﺘﻪ وﻻ ﻨﺠﺎﻓﻲ اﻝﺼواب إذ ﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ أن‬
‫اﻹﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻗد رﺴم اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝظواﻫر اﻝﻤﺤﻴطﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻗﺒل إن ﻴﺘوﺼل ال‬
‫ﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﻨﻘش رﺴوﻤﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗطﻊ ﻤن اﻝﺠﻠد ﺘوﻀﺢ ﻤﺎ ﻏﻤض‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻤن اﻝﻤﺴﺎﻝك وﻗد ﻋدت ﻫذﻩ اﻝرﺴوﻤﺎت ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌد ﻨوﻋﺎ ﻤن اﻝﺨراﺌط‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ أن ﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻝﻤواﻗﻊ وﻋﻤل اﻝﺨراﺌط اﺴﺘﻌداد ﻓطري ﻝدى اﻝﺠﻨس اﻝﺒﺸري‬
‫ﻓﺎﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت اﻝﺼﺎﺌدة واﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻜﺎن ﻝزاﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ أن ﺘﺘﺠول وﺘﺴﺘطﻠﻊ اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق‬
‫اﻝﻤﺤﻴطﺔ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻐﻴﺔ اﻝﺤﺼول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗوﺘﻬﺎ ﻝذا ﻓﺎن ﻤﻌرﻓﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل اﻷﻤﺎﻜن ﻓﻀﻼ‬
‫ﻋن ﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت واﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت ﻝﻠطرق واﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝم اﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻤن وﺠﻬﺔ ﻨظرﻩ‬
‫آﻨذاك ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﻤﺜل ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﺒﻘﺎء أو ﻻ ﺒﻘﺎء‪ .‬وﺒﻌد أن ﺘطور اﻹﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻘدﻴم وﻋرف‬
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﺨذ ﻴﻨﻘش رﺴوﻤﺎﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻝواح ﻤن اﻝطﻴن اﻝﻤﺤروق وﺠﻠود اﻝﺤﻴواﻨﺎت‬
‫وورق اﻝﺒردي ﻝﻴﺘﺴﻨﻰ ﻝﻪ ﺤﻔظﻬﺎ وﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺒﻌد اﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴب ﻓﻲ أﺼول اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﺘﺠﻠﻰ أن اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴون أوﻝﻰ اﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت اﻝﺘﻲ أﺤرزت ﺘﻘدﻤﺎ ﻤﻠﺤوظﺎ ﻓﻲ رﺴم‬
‫اﻝﺨراﺌط إذ ﻋدت ﺨراﺌطﻬم اﻝﺘﻲ وﺠدت ﻤﻨﻘوﺸﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻝواح ﻤن اﻝﺼﻠﺼﺎل‬
‫اﻝﻤﻔﺨور ﻤن أﻗدم اﻝﺨراﺌط اﻝﺘﻲ أﻤﻜن اﻝوﺼول إﻝﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وأﺒرزﻫﺎ اﻝﻠوﺤﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻜﺘﺸﻔت ﻓﻲ ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ ﺠﺎﺴور إﻝﻰ اﻝﺸﻤﺎل ﻤن ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل واﻝﺘﻲ ﻴرﺠﺢ ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻬﺎ إﻝﻰ‬
‫‪ ٢٥٠٠‬ﺴﻨﺔ ق‪.‬م‪ .‬واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌد أﻗدم ﺨرﻴطﺔ ﺘوزﻴﻌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم‪ ،‬أﻤﺎ إذا وﻝﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫وﺠﻬﻨﺎ ﺸطر اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ ﺴﻴﺘﻜﺸف ﻝﻨﺎ اﻻﺴﺘﺨدام اﻝواﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻝدى ﻗدﻤﺎء اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﺴدت ﻓﻲ ﺨرﻴطﺔ أظﻬرت اﺤد ﻤﻨﺎﺠم‬
‫اﻝذﻫب اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌود ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻬﺎ اﻝﻰ ‪ ١٣٢٠‬ﺴﻨﺔ ق‪ .‬م واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌد أﻗدم‬
‫ﺨرﻴطﺔ ﺘوزﻴﻌﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم وﺒذﻝك ﺘﺄﺸر ﻝدﻴﻨﺎ ان ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ ﻜﺎن‬
‫ﻝﻬﺎ اﻷﺴﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤدﻴد ﻨﻘطﺔ اﻝﺒداﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﻋﻠم اﻝﺨراﺌط‪.‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬
Maps of Distributions in the Civilizations of the Near East
Dr. Tanzeeh Majeed Hameed
College of Education\ Dyalaa University
In this day, the maps was represented tools that do not serve
only geography but also serve the branches of science and knowledge
of the whole, being translated phenomena and connect with each other
as well as they justify the correlations between phenomena, no one
can deny that the cartography was not reach as it is from perfection
and technique without the early seeds which archaic humans seeded in
this area, It is obvious that the maps are not the result of this era, but
an old as the human himself, nor move away from the truth Since we
say that the old man had painted many of the surrounding phenomena
before to reach the knowledge of writing Through drawings engraved
on pieces of skin showing what shut him this tract graphics has
promised later kind of maps, In fact, the knowledge of the sites and
the work of the maps ready instinctive in the human race. The
communities are ruling and the League had to wander and explore the
surrounding areas in order to get its power, so the knowledge of the
details of the places as well as the directions and distances for roads
and environmental milestones from his point of view at the time
represented a matter of survival or do not survive. And then, And then
, the old human evolution , He knew the writing in order to drawings
engraved on plates from burnt clay and animal skins and papyrus to
allow him to save and transfer, after exploration in the origins of
ancient civilizations manifested that the first groups that have made
remarkable progress in mapping the Babylonians has promised maps
which found carved on slabs clay the oldest maps that can be
accessed, most notably painting discovered in the city of Jaasur to the
north of the city of Babylon, which are likely back to 2,500 years BC.
M, which is the oldest map of distributions in the world, But if we
turned our faces bisect Egyptian civilization tell us the conscious use
in surveying processes in the ancient Egyptians and exemplified by
the map of one of the Egyptian gold mines dating back to 1320 years
BC showed. M, which is the oldest map of distributions in the world
,so our civilizations of the Near East had a precedence in determining
the starting point in the history of cartography.
٣٩
‫ﻝﻐﺎت ﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ ‪ -‬دراﺴﺔ ﺒظﺎﻫرﺘﻲ اﻝﺘﺸﺎﻜل واﻝﺘﺒﺎﻴن ﻓﻲ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫د‪ .‬ﺠﺎﺴم ﻤﺤﻤد ﺤﺴﻴن‬
‫أ‪ .‬اﻨوار ﻋﺒد اﻝﻤطﻠب ﻋﺒد اﻝﻜرﻴم‬
‫وزارة اﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻲ واﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ‪ /‬داﺌرة اﻝﺒﻌﺜﺎت واﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻨﺒﺜﻘت ﻤن ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝﻠﻐﺎت ﻝﻌﻤق ﺠذور‬
‫ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة وﺸﻴوﻋﻬﺎ وﺘوﺴﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻤن اﻫم ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻠﻐﺎت ﻫﻲ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬إذ‬
‫اﻤﺘﺎزت اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻨزول ﻜﺘﺎب ﺴﻤﺎوي ﺤﺎﻓظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻴوﻋﻬﺎ ودﻴﻤوﻤﺘﻬﺎ وﻫو )اﻝﻘران‬
‫اﻝﻜرﻴم(‪ ،‬وﻫذﻩ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻜﺒﻘﻴﺔ اﻝﻠﻐﺎت ﺘﺘطور وﺘواﻜب ﻤﺘطﻠﺒﺎت اﻝﺤﻴﺎة ﻜوﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻝﻐﺔ ﻋرﻴﻘﺔ وﻋدد اﻝذﻴن ﻴﺘﺤدﺜون ﺒﻬﺎ ﻜﺒﻴر ﻤن ﻗﺒل ظﻬور اﻻﺴﻼم اﻝﻰ ﻴوﻤﻨﺎ ﻫذا‬
‫وﺴﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذا اﻻﻤر )اﻝﻘران اﻝﻜرﻴم(‪ ،‬وﻤﺎزاﻝت ﻓﻲ ﺘوﺴﻊ وﺘطور ﻝﺘواﻜب‬
‫وﺘﺴﺎﻴر ﺘطورات ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة‪.‬‬
‫وﻜﻤﺎ ﻨﻌﻠم إن ﺘطور اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻲ اﻝوﻗت اﻝراﻫن ﻗد ﺘوﺴﻊ‬
‫ﻝﻴﺸﻤل ﻨواﺤﻲ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻌﻠوم واﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت واﻝﺘﻜﻨوﻝوﺠﻴﺎ اﻝﺤدﻴﺜﺔ؛ اﻝﺘﻲ دﺨﻠت‬
‫ﺒﻜل ﺴﺒل اﻝﻌﻠوم واﻝﻔﻨون‪ ،‬وﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻝﻠﻐﺎت وﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻐﺘﻨﺎ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ وﻤواﻜﺒﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻝﺘطورات اﻝﻌﺼر ﺘﺄﺜرت ﺒﻬذﻩ اﻝﻌﻠوم‪ ،‬وﻤﺎ اﻨﻔك أن ﻴﺸﻤل اﻝﻨص اﻝﺸﻌري وﻋﻠوم‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ واﻝﻨﻘد وﻜذﻝك اﻷﺴﻠوﺒﻴﺔ واﻝﺒﻼﻏﺔ وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ ﻤن ﻋﻠوم اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻤن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﺼطﻠﺤﺎت اﻝﺠدﻴدة اﻝﺘﻲ اﻨﺘﻘﻠت ﻤن اﻝﻌﻠوم اﻝﺤدﻴﺜﺔ إﻝﻰ اﻝﻠﻐوﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻻﻝﺴﻨﻴﺔ ﻫو ﻤﺼطﻠﺤﺎ )اﻝﺘﺸﺎﻜل واﻝﺘﺒﺎﻴن(‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ﺴﻴظﻬر ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻝﺒﺤث‬
‫ﻤﻔﻬوم ﻫذﻴن اﻝﻤﺼطﻠﺤﻴن وﻴﺘم ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺤدى اﻝﻨﺼوص اﻝﺸﻌرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﺸﻌر اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬
Languages of the Near east civilization_ Study of
phenomena of isomorphism and contrast in the Arabic language
Dr. Jassem Mohammed Hussain
Lecturer. Anwar Abd_Al Mutalib
Ministry of Higher Education
Emanated from the ancient civilizations of the Near East many
languages for the depth of the roots of this civilization's popularity
and expansion, and the most important of these languages are Arabic,
as it was characterized by its importance Descent the divine book kept
his popularity and longevity which called (the Koran), and this
language is like other languages evolving and cope with the demands
of life as an prestigious languages and the large number of people who
talk this language by the rise of Islam to the present day and has
helped on it (the Koran), and is still in the expansion and the
development of to cope with and keep pace with developments in this
life.
As we know that, the scientific development taking place at the
present time has expanded to include aspects of life all from science
and technology and modern technology; that entered all the ways
science and arts, including the languages Because of the importance
the Arabic language and keep pace with the modern developments
affected by this science, And what has continued to that includes
poetic text and the science of language and criticism as well as
stylistic and rhetoric and other Arabic language sciences.
One of these new terms, which moved from modern science to
language and linguistics is a term (isomorphism and contrast), where
he will by searching through the concept of these two terms are
applied to one of the poetic texts in Arabic poetry.
٤١
‫دراﺴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺄرﻴﺦ وﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺠﺎﺴم ﻤﺤﻤد رﻴﺤﺎن‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫أﺴﺘﻤد ﻤﺼطﻠﺢ اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ ﻤن أورﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠزء‬
‫ﻤن ﺠﻨوب ﺸرق أورﺒﺎ ﺤﻴث ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺤت ﺴﻴطرت اﻝﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴون‪ ،‬وﻜذﻝك ﻴدﺨل‬
‫ﻀﻤن ﻫذا اﻹطﺎر اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ﺸرﻗﺎ وﺸﻤﺎل ﺸرق اﻓرﻴﻘﻴﺎ وﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‬
‫ﺸﻤﺎﻻ‪ .‬أن دراﺴﺔ ﻫذا اﻝﺘﺄرﻴﺦ ﻜوﻨﻬﺎ اﻗدم ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ )اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ( ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺄﻗدم‬
‫ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺤﻴث ﺘﺘﻀﻤن وﺜﺎﺌق اﺜرﻴﻪ ﺘﺨص اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ .‬ﻴﻀﺎف اﻝﻰ‬
‫ذﻝك ﻜوﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻨطﻘﻪ ﻨﺸﺄت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻗدم اﻝﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن‬
‫وروﻤﺎ واﻝﻬﻨد واﻝﺼﻴن‪ .‬وﺘﻤﻴزت ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻴﻀﺎ ﺒﻨظﺎﻤﻬﺎ اﻻداري واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‬
‫واﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ‪ .‬وﻜذﻝك ﺘﻤﻴزت ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﺤﺘواﺌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺜﻨﻴن ﻤن‬
‫ﻋﺠﺎﺌب اﻝدﻨﻴﺎ اﻝﺴﺒﻊ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ وﻫﻲ ﻫرم ﺨوﻓو ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر‬
‫وﺤداﺌق ﺒﺎﺒل اﻝﻤﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌراق‪ .‬ﻫذﻩ ﻤﻘدﻤﻪ ﻤﻘﺘﻀﺒﻪ ﻝﻠﺒﺤث وﺴوف ﺘﺄﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻝﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺘن اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝذي ﺴﻴﻠﻘﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻤؤﺘﻤرﻜم أن ﺸﺎء اﷲ‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٢‬‬
An analytical study of the History and Civilization
of the Old Near East
Prof. Dr. Jassim Mohammed Rihan
College of Basic Education\ University of Babylon
This term is derived from Europe in the nineteenth century
because it was under the ottomans control. The Arabian Gulf is
included in this range from The east and northern east of Africa.
The study of the history of this region is because it has the
Longest history and contains vestigial documents concerning mankind
in the old era. In this region, many of the marked old carination’s as
Greece, Rome, India and china. It is also distinguished in its
administer, economic, cultural and social systems. It is distinguished
because it contains two of the world’s seven warders; Khufu Pyramid
in Egypt and the hanged gardens in Babylon.
٤٣
‫أﺜر ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻌراق اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻓﻲ ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴم ﻋﻠم اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ وﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺠﻤﻴل ﻤوﺴﻰ اﻝﻨﺠﺎر‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬اﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝرواﻴﺔ اﻝﺸﻔﻬﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻝﺼورة اﻝﺒداﺌﻴﺔ اﻷوﻝﻰ ﻝﻠﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وذﻝك ﻗﺒل أن ﻴﺘدرج )اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ( ﻓﻲ اﻝرﻗﻲ وﻴﻤﺘزج ﺒﻌد ﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝرواﻴﺔ اﻝﺸﻔﻬﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻨﺎﺼر ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻝرﺴم واﻝﻨﻘش‪ ،‬ﺜم ﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝﺘدوﻴن ﺒﻌد اﻜﺘﺸﺎف اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﻓﻲ ﺤواﻝﻲ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪ ٣٣٠٠‬ق‪.‬م‪ .‬وﻗد ﻤﺜﻠت اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺤداً ﻓﺎﺼﻼً‬
‫ﺒﻴن ﺤﻘﺒﺘﻴن ﻤن ﻤﺴﻴرة اﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ اﻝﺒﺸري‪ ،‬اﻜﺘﺴﺒت اﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ اﺴﻤﻬﺎ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌد‬
‫ﻤن )اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ( اﻝﻤﻜﺘوب ﻓﻌرﻓت ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻷﻤر اﻝذي ﺠﻌل ذﻝك‬
‫اﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ )ﻤﻌرﻓﺔ( ﺘﺴﺘﻨد إﻝﻰ اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‪ ،‬وﺘﺴﺘﻤد أﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻤن )اﻝوﻋﻲ( أو )اﻝﺤس(‬
‫اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ اﻝذي ﺘﻤﻴزت ﺒﻪ ﻤﻨذ أواﺨر اﻷﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻝث ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﺎن‬
‫اﻝﻌراﻗﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻜﺎن ﻝذﻝك )اﻝوﻋﻲ( اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ ﻤﻌطﻴﺎت رﻓدت ﻤوﻀوع اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﻋﺒر‬
‫ﻤراﺤل ﺘطورﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن اﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ اﻝروﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺼوﻻً إﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻐرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﺤدﻴﺜﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ اﻤﺘﻠﻜت )ﻓﻜ اًر( ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺎً أﻓرز ﻤﻨﻬﺠﺎً ﻝﻠﺒﺤث‬
‫اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ ﻤﻨذ أواﺨر اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸر ﺠﻌل ﻤن اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ )ﻋﻠﻤﺎً( ﻤن اﻝﻌﻠوم‪،‬‬
‫وﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺨﻼل اﻝﻨﺼف اﻷول ﻤن اﻝﻘرن اﻝﻌﺸرﻴن‪ ،‬وﻗد ﺘوﻝت دراﺴﺘﻨﺎ رﺼد‬
‫ﺒﻌض اﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴم واﻵﻝﻴﺎت اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﻨﺎﻫﺎ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ اﻝﺤدﻴث‪ ،‬وﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺒﺸﻘﻴﻬﺎ اﻝﺘﺄﻤﻠﻲ واﻝﻨﻘدي‪ ،‬اﻝﺘﻲ اﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ )اﻝﻔﻜر( اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ اﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ اﻝﻐرﺒﻲ‪،‬‬
‫واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺘد ﺒﺠذورﻫﺎ إﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘوﺼل إﻝﻴﻪ )اﻝوﻋﻲ( اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات‬
‫اﻝﻌراﻗﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺘﻌﻠﻴل ﺤوادث اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ وﺘﻔﺴﻴرﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﺘﺤﻘﻴب اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‪ ،‬وﻓﻜرة‬
‫اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝدراﺴﺔ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻷﻤﺎﻨﺔ اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﻜرة رﺒط‬
‫اﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺎﻀر ﻝﻔﻬم اﻝﺤﺎﻀر واﺴﺘﺸراف اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‪ ،‬وﺴوى ذﻝك ﻤن وﺴﺎﺌل‬
‫وﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴم‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٤‬‬
Impacts of the Ancient Civilizations of Iraq in the Concepts
of Science of History and Methodology
Prof. Jameel Mousa Al_Najaar
College of Education Basic Education\ Mustenserya University
The oral novels is the picture the first primitive historical
knowledge, before that one can graded (date) in the sophistication and
mixed after the novel oral technical elements, such as drawing and
engraving stage and then a notation stage after writing discovered in
Mesopotamia in about 3300 BC. Writing has represented a watershed
between the eras from last march of the human and each one acquired
its name later from (date) that written knew historical Ages, Which
made that past (knowledge) based on the writing, derives its
importance from (awareness) or (sense of history) that characterized
him since the end of the third millennium BC Iraqi and Egyptian
civilizations. And was therefore (awareness) historical data reinforced
the theme of history through the stages of its development in the two
civilizations Greek and Romanian, Islamic and Arabic, to the modern
Western civilization, which is owned (thought a historical) produced a
method of historical research since the late nineteenth century made
history (noted) from science, philosophy history during the first half of
the twentieth century, Our study, has taken over monitoring of some
of the concepts and mechanisms adopted by the method of historical
modern research k, and the philosophy of history, both contemplative
and critical, produced by the (thought) historical Western
philosophical, which rooted to the findings of the (awareness) of the
historical in the ancient Iraqi civilizations, to accidents history and
interpretation, and the notion of universal history, sources of historical
study, scientific integrity, and the idea of linking the past with the
present to understand the present and foreseeing the future, and only
means of concepts.
٤٥
‫دور اﻷﺴرة ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻴم اﻷﺒﻨﺎء ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻓﻼح ﻤﺤﻤود ﺨﻀر‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺤﺴن ﻋﻠﻲ ﻓرﺤﺎن اﻝﻌزاوي‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﺒن رﺸد‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‬
‫إن ﻤﻤﺎ ﻻ ﺸك ﻓﻴﻪ أن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة ﺘﻘوم ﻋﻠﻰ أﺴﺎس اﻝﻌﻠم‪ ،‬وﻝذﻝك أوﻝت‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎً ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺎً ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻠم‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎن ﻤن ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ذﻝك‬
‫أن أﺼﺒﺤت ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺒﻼد اﻝﺴﺒﺎﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻨﺘﺎج اﻝﻤﺒﺘﻜرات اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ وﺘطوﻴرﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻜﺎن ﻝﻸﺴرة ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن أﺜ اًر ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻠﻴم أﺒﻨﺎءﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻴﺒدو أن‬
‫اﻷﺴرة ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﻌﻲ ﺼﻌوﺒﺔ ﺘﻌﻠﻴم اﻷطﻔﺎل ﻝوﺤدﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﺒذﻝك‬
‫ﺘﺴﻬم ﻤﻊ اﻝﻤدارس اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘوم ﺒﺘﻌﻠﻴم اﻷطﻔﺎل ٕواﻋدادﻫم أﻓراداً ﻤﺘﻨورﻴن‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻠم واﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻘوم ﻫؤﻻء ﺒﺘﻨظﻴم ﺸؤون اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻝﻴوﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤدﻨﻬم ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌﻠق ﺒﺘﺴﺠﻴل وﻀﺒط إﻴرادات اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺒد وﻤﺼروﻓﺎﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻜﺎﻨت اﻷﺴرة ﺘﻌﻠم أوﻻدﻫﺎ اﻝﻔروض اﻝﻤدرﺴﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻠف ﺒﻬﺎ اﻝﺘﻼﻤﻴذ ﻤن‬
‫ﻗﺒل ﻤﻌﻠﻤﻴﻬم ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤدارس اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴرﺘﺎدوﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻬم أﺒﻨﺎءﻫم ﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻝﻘراءة‬
‫واﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ وﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ إﺠراء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت اﻝﺤﺴﺎب اﻷرﺒﻊ‪ ،‬وﻴﺒدو أﻨﻬم ﻜﺎﻨوا ﻴﺘﺎﺒﻌون‬
‫اﻤﺘﺤﺎﻨﺎت أﺒﻨﺎءﻫم‪ ،‬إذ ﻜﺎن ﺤرص اﻵﺒﺎء ﻜﺒﻴ اًر ﻋﻠﻰ رﻋﺎﻴﺔ أﺒﻨﺎءﻫم ﻓﻲ اﻝﺠﺎﻨب‬
‫اﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ ﻜﻲ ﻴﺼﺒﺤوا ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎً ﻤؤﻫﻠﻴن ﻝﻠﻌﻤل ﻓﻲ اﻝوظﺎﺌف اﻝﺤﻜوﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨت‬
‫ﺘوﻓر ﻝﻬم اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻝﻜرﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺘﺸﻴر اﻝﻨﺼوص اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ إﻝﻰ أن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻤن اﻷﺒﻨﺎء ﻤن ﻴﺘﻘﺎﻋس ﻋن‬
‫ﻋن أداء اﻝﻔروض اﻝﻤدرﺴﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻜﻠف ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤن ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻌﻠم رﻏم ﻤﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ أﺴرﻫم ﻝﻬم‪،‬‬
‫اﻷﻤر اﻝذي ﻴﻀطر اﻷﺴرة إﻝﻰ ﺘﻨﺒﻴﻪ اﺒﻨﻬم إﻝﻰ ﺼﻌوﺒﺔ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘظرﻩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺎل ﻝم ﻴﺘﻌﻠم‪ ،‬وﻴﺤﻔزوﻨﻪ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﻠم ﺒذﻜرﻫم ﻝﻔواﺌد اﻝﺘﻌﻠم وﺤﻴﺎة اﻝرﻓﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺘظرﻩ‬
‫إذا ﻤﺎ اﺘﻘن ﺘﻌﻠﻤﻪ‪ ،‬وﻫﻨﺎ ﻨرى أن اﻷﺴﻠوب ذاﺘﻪ ﻤﺎ زال ﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌراق رﻏم‬
‫اﻝﺒﻌد اﻝزﻤﻨﻲ‪ ،‬وﻴﺒدو أن اﻝطﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌراق ﻫﻲ اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫أداﻤت اﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻝﻤوروﺜﺎت اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ وﻤﻨﻬﺎ دور اﻷﺴرة ﺘﻌﻠﻴم أﺒﻨﺎﻫم‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٦‬‬
The Role of the Family in the Education of Children in
Mesopotamia
Prof.Dr. Hassan Ali Farhan al-Azzawi\ College of Education, Ibn
Rushd\ University of Baghdad's
Prof.Dr. Falah Mahmoud Khadr\ College of Basic
Education\ University of Babylon
The trades the picture of economies picture we don’t care if
we said that it is the more famous picture specially the old civilization
and first ischemic period tried was an important side of economic life
activity which become the most well- known activity from other from
the side of the world beside the which depends on grow the daily food
and in some time was depends on providing the source of living there
for tried was the most active in this side specially if we know that
industry was few in the Arabic areas through the pride of the study.
Grow from old east civilizations many languages from departs
this civilization and become famous and well- known one of these
languages is Arabic which characterized its importance by the full
down the holy book which keep it fame and continuity is the Quran
this language is the same to the other languages.
In no dompt the civilization depends on the basis of science
civilization in Iraq give more important in science as a result it
becomes the frost country in producing civilization exploring and its
development. Iraqi family had an important effect in their sons
teaching it seems that Iraqi family know the difficult of teaching their
children alone for this family contributed with different school that
teach children and make them knew the knowledge and science the
family learned their children the homework which given by their
teachers in school that they are studding in teach them the basis of
reading and writing ,the Sumerian texts refer that there are many
children who ignore the homework . the matter that the family should
give a hint for their children about the difficult of life if he will not
learn and motivate him to learn by mention the advance of teaching
and the beautiful life will waited him if he perfect his learning here we
see that the same style still use in Iraq in spite of the difference of
time.
٤٧
‫دور ﺒﻼد ﻓﺎرس وﻤﺎ وراء اﻝﻨﻬر ﻓﻲ اﺜراء اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺤﺴن ﻤﻨدﻴل ﺤﺴن اﻝﻌﻜﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﻨﺎت‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜن ﺘﺴﻠﻴط اﻝﻀوء ﻋﻠﻰ دور ﺒﻼد ﻓﺎرس وﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬر ﻓﻲ اﺜراء‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ وﻋﻠوم اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻝﺴﻌﺘﻪ وﺘﺸﻌﺒﻪ ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن‬
‫ﺸﻤوﻝﻪ ﻓروع اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ واﻝﻔﻨون واﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻌﺠﺎﻝﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺸﺎرﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤؤﺘﻤر ﺒﻌد اﻻطﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤطوﻴﺔ اﻝﻤؤﺘﻤر‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺘﺎح ﻝﻲ ﻓرﺼﺔ اﻻطﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ودور ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ وراء اﻝﻨﻬر ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎء اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬اذ ﻴﻌد ﻫذا اﻝﻤؤﺘﻤر‬
‫ﺨطوة ﻓﻲ اﻝطرﻴق اﻝﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻴﺘﻴﺢ اﻻطﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺸﺘرﻜﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻴن اﻝدول اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ واﻝدول اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻴﻌزز اﻝﺜﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﺴﻼم اﻝذي ﺒﺎت ﻤﻬددا‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺼراﻋﺎت اﻝدوﻝﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻘد ﻨﺸر اﻹﺴﻼم رﺴﺎﻝﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد ﻓﺎرس وﻤﺎ وراء اﻝﻨﻬر‪ ،‬وﺤرر اﻹﻨﺴﺎن‬
‫ﻤن ﻋﺒودﻴﺔ اﻝﺸرك واﻝﻐراﺌز اﻝﻤﺎدﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺤﺎوﻻ ردم اﻝﻬوة ﺒﻴن اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت ﻤﻤﻬدا‬
‫اﻝطرﻴق إﻝﻰ ﺤوار إﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻝﻘرآن اﻝﻜرﻴم‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد أﺴف ﺒﻌض اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺸرﻗﻴن أﻜﺜر ﻤن اﻝﻌرب واﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴن ﻝﺴﻘوط اﻝدول‬
‫اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ وﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ واﻝﻘﻀﺎء ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤن اﻝﻘوى اﻝﻐرﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻹﻋﺠﺎﺒﻬم ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻌد دراﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺄرﻴﺨﻬﺎ وﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻬﺎ وﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﻤن روﺤﻴﺔ وﻨﻘﺎء وﻤﺎ أﺨرﺠﺘﻪ ﻋﻘول ﻋﻠﻤﺎﺌﻬﺎ ﻤن‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرة وآداب وﻓﻨون أﻋﺠﺒوا ﺒﻬﺎ أﺸد اﻻﻋﺠﺎب‪ ،‬ذﻝك اﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻨﺄى ﻋن اﻝﻤﺎدﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺨذﻫﺎ اﻝﻌﻘول اﻝﻐرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ واﻝطﻤﻊ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﺘﻔﻜر اﻻ ﺒﺎﻝواﻗﻊ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺎدي‪ .‬وﻜﻤﺎ وﺼﻔﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺸرق ﺒراون ﻗﺎﺌﻼ‪) :‬ﺒﻤﺎ رﻜب ﻓﻲ طﺒﺎﻋﻬم ﻤن ﺠﺸﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻤﺘﻼك اﻝﻜون وﺤﺒﻬم ﻝﻠﺘﻔرد(‪ .‬وﻗﺎل )ﻜﻠﻤﺎ زاﻝت ﻤن اﻝوﺠود واﺤدة ﻤن ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻝدول اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎن اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﻴﻔﻘد ﺸﻴﺌﺎ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜن ﺘﻌوﻴﻀﻪ(‪ .‬وﺤﻤل‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴؤوﻝﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴن أﻨﻔﺴﻬم ﻗﺎﺌﻼ‪) :‬ﻝﻴس ﻤن ﺸك ﻋﻨدي ﻓﻲ أن اﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴن‬
‫أﻨﻔﺴﻬم ﻤﺴؤوﻝﻴن ﻋن ذﻝك ﺒﻌض اﻝﺸﻲء وان اﻝﺸﻌور ﺒﺎﻝﻔﺘور واﻻﻫﻤﺎل اﻝذي‬
‫رﻜﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻨﻔﺴﻬم ﻴﺴﺎﻋد اﻻورﺒﻴﻴن‪ ...‬ﻋﻠﻰ ازاﻝﺘﻬم(‪.‬‬
‫‪٤٨‬‬
The Role of Persia and Beyond the River in Enriching the
Arab-Islamic civilization
Prof. Dr. Hassan Mandeel Hassan
College of Education for Girls/Baghdad University
You cannot highlighting on the role of Persia and between the
river in enriching the Arab-Islamic civilization and Arabic science, for
the capacity and its complexity as well as the inclusion in the branches
of knowledge, arts and culture in general, especially in this quick to
share the conference after seeing the folded Conference, that permitted
A chance for me to access and the role of Transoxiana in the
construction of the Islamic civilization. This conference is a step in the
right path allows access to the common Islamic civilization between
the Arab states and the Islamic countries. And enhance the confidence
of Islam, which is now threatened international conflicts.
Islam's massage has spread in Persia and beyond the river, and
free the human from the slavery of polytheism and physical instincts,
trying to fill the gap between cultures clearing the way to a
humanitarian dialogue through the Koran. Some Orientalists has come
very sorry more from Arabs and Muslims of the fall of the Islamic
state and lack of it and eliminate them from Western powers, to their
admiration after Study of its history and its culture, and because of its
inherent spiritual purity And what brought out the minds of scientists
from civilization and literature and the arts which admired even more
impressive, that it dissociates from material taken western minds
based on selfishness and greed, and think only of material reality. As
described by the orientalist Brown said: (including riding in the
temperament from the greed in the possession of the universe and their
love for uniqueness). He said (remains more than one existence from
these independent Islamic nations, the world loses something that
cannot be compensated). Muslims carry themselves carry
responsibility, saying: (I have no doubt that the Muslims carry
themselves all the e responsible for that a little bit and that feeling of
coolly , and neglect that in helping the Europeans ... to remove them).
٤٩
‫ﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم وأﺜرﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘﺒﺎدل اﻝﻔﻜري واﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ واﻝﺤﻀﺎري ﺒﻴن ﻤﺼر واﻝﻌراق‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ﻝﻴث اﻝﻌﺘﺎﺒﻲ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺤﺴﻴن ﻝﻔﺘﻪ ﺤﺎﻓظ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻌﻠوم اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪/‬‬
‫ﻤرﻜز دراﺴﺎت اﻝﻜوﻓﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻜوﻓﺔ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‬
‫ﻜﺘﺎب اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺒﺄن اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن وﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻴل ﺘرﺠﻊ‬
‫أورد ُ ّ‬
‫إﻝﻰ ﻋﺼور ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‪ٕ ،‬وان ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻴز اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴن أي ﺒﻠدﻴن ﻫو وﺠود‬
‫اﻝﺘﺒﺎدل اﻝﺘﺠﺎري‪ ،‬واﻝﺘﺄﺜر اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻨﺘﻘﺎل اﻝﻌﺎدات واﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴد ﺒﻴﻨﻬم واﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﺼل إﻝﻰ ﺤد اﻻﺸﺘراك‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺤدى ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻌض وﻤن ﻜﻼ اﻝطرﻓﻴن ﺒﺄن ﻴﺴم‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻪ ﺒـ )أم اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات(‪ ،‬وﻜل واﺤد ﻴورد أدﻝﺔ أﺴﺒﻘﻴﺔ ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴرﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫رﻏم أن أﺼل اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة ﻫو )اﻹﻨﺴﺎن( أﻴﺎً ﻜﺎن ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ‪ ،‬أو ﻝوﻨﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﻌم‪ ،‬ﺘرﺠﻊ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن وﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻴل إﻝﻰ ﻋﺼور ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل )اﻷﺴر‬
‫اﻝﺤﺎﻜﻤﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد ﻜﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻜﺒﻴر ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨون ﻜﻼ اﻝﺒﻠدﻴن‪ ،‬وﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫واﻝﻌﻤﺎرة‪ ،‬وﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒر وﻤداﻓن اﻝﻤوﺘﻰ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ اﻷﺨﺘﺎم اﻷﺴطواﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﺒﺎﻝﺨﺼوص ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻴل اﻝﺤﻴواﻨﺎت ﺒﺄﺴﻠوب ﻀﺨم وأﺴطوري واﻀﺢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴذﻜر اﻝﻜﺎﺘب )ﺴﺘﻴون ﻝوﻴد(‪) :‬أن أﺤد ﻤظﺎﻫر اﻝﺘﺄﺜر ﻫو ﺘﺄﺜر ﻤﻌﺎﺒد ﺒﻼد‬
‫اﻝراﻓدﻴن اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻘرﻤﻴد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎت اﻝﻤﻌﻤﺎرﻴﺔ ﻝﻘﺒور ﻋﺼر ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل‬
‫اﻝﺴﻼﻻت اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر(‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذا أﺘﺠﻪ أﺤد اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴن إﻝﻰ اﻝﻘول‪) :‬أن ﻓﻜرة اﻝﻬرم اﻝﻤدرج ﻤﺴﺘوﺤﺎة‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﻔن اﻝﻌراﻗﻲ اﻝﻘدﻴم واﻝﻤﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل اﻝزﻗورات(‪ ،‬وﻗﻴل ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻜس‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ﻫذا‬
‫اﻝﻤوﻀوع ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ إﻝﻰ دراﺴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴﻀﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﻠﺤظ أن ﺒﻌد ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻔﺘرة ﻴﺒدو أن اﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻗد ﺘوﻗف ﻗﻠﻴﻼً ﻝﻔﺘرة ﻤﺎ إذ‬
‫اﻨطوت ﻤﺼر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ وﻴﺒدو أﻨﻬﺎ اﻜﺘﻔت ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ ﻓﻘط‪.‬‬
‫ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث ﻴﺤﺎول ﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﻤﺸﺘرﻜﺎت اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺒﻴن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﺴب‬
‫وﻤﻘررات اﻝﻤؤﺘﻤر‪ ،‬وﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺎﺴب اﻝﺤﺠم اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﻲ اﻝﻤطﻠوب‪ ،‬وﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘق اﻝﻔﺎﺌدة‬
‫اﻝﻤطول‪ .‬داﻋﻴن ﻤن اﷲ‬
‫وﻴﺒﺘﻌد ﻋن اﻹﺴﻬﺎب وﻋن اﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ واﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ّ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ اﻝﺘوﻓﻴق إﻨﻪ ﻨﻌم اﻝﻤوﻝﻰ وﻨﻌم اﻝﻨﺼﻴر واﻝﺤﻤد ﷲ رب اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴن‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٠‬‬
Ancient Near East and their impact civilization
In the Intellectual Cultural Exchanged Between Egypt and
Iraq
Ass.Prof.Dr. Hussain Lafta Hafith\ Kufa Center for Study
Ass.Lec. Laith Al Etabi\ Kufa University
History book cited that relations between Mesopotamia and the
countries of Nile back to prehistoric times, but what distinguishes the
relationship between any two countries is the existence of trade, and
its influenced by cultural , through transmission of traditions and
customs, including that amount to participate, which led the
interconnected and from both sides to name his or her own with
(mother of cultures), and each one provides evidence of precedence
civilization on the other, even though the origin of civilization is the
(human) regardless his place, or color. Yes, Mesopotamia relations
and the countries of Nile back to prehistoric times (the ruling
families), there was a great similarity in the arts of both countries, , the
similarity in construction and architecture, the similarity in the graves
, and tombs of the dead, and cylindrical seals, especially in animals
represent a huge way , and clear mythic.
The writer (Styon Lloyd): (one of the aspects can affected by is
the influenced temples of Mesopotamia built tile on the architectural
design of the tombs of the era before the Pharaonic dynasties in
Egypt).
and because of this, one of researcher might turn to e rers say
(that the idea of the step pyramid inspired by the old Iraqi art, in the
form of ziggurats), and was told the contrary, however, that this topic
needs to be extensively studied.
and it notes that after this period, the connections seems that
may stop a little bit for a while since Egypt have involved themselves
and they seem to merely trade relations only. This research is trying to
address the cultural participants between the two civilizations,
commensurate with the decisions of the conference, , and to suit the
written size that required, and to move away from elaborate and
historical and scientific analysis prolonged. Praying of God luck Allah
the best Lord and the best supporter , and thank God.
٥١
‫اﻝﺘوزﻴﻊ اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎدن واﻷﺤﺠﺎر اﻝﻜرﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻴﻤن واﻝﺤﺠﺎز ﻗﺒل‬
‫اﻻﺴﻼم‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺤﺴﻴن وﺤﻴد ﻋزﻴز اﻝﻜﻌﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨت ﺤﺎﺠﺔ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺎدن واﻷﺤﺠﺎر اﻝﻜرﻴﻤﺔ أﺜر ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺴﻌﻴﻪ ﻝﻠﺒﺤث ﻋﻨﻬﺎ واﺴﺘﺨراﺠﻬﺎ واﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻤورﻩ اﻝﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﻠف‬
‫اﻷﺼﻌدة‪ ،‬ﺴواء أﻜﺎﻨت ﻝﻼﺴﺘﺨدام اﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ أو ﻝﻠﻤﺘﺎﺠرة ﺒﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﻌد اﻝذﻫب واﻝﻔﻀﺔ واﻷﺤﺠﺎر اﻝﻜرﻴﻤﺔ ﻤن أﻫم اﻝﻤواد اﻝﺜﻤﻴﻨﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻌﻰ‬
‫اﻹﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ﻗﺒل اﻻﺴﻼم ﻻﻤﺘﻼﻜﻬﺎ واﻝﻤﺘﺎﺠرة ﺒﻬﺎ ﻝﻤﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤن ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﺎدﻴﺔ‬
‫وﻤﻌﻨوﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﻴرﺘﻴن‪ ،‬واﺸﺘﻬرت ﻋﻨدﻫم ﺴﺒﻌﺔ ﻤﻌﺎدن ﻫﻲ‪ :‬اﻝذﻫب واﻝﻔﻀﺔ واﻝﻨﺤﺎس‬
‫واﻝﺤدﻴد واﻝﻘﺼدﻴر واﻻﺴرب واﻝﺨﺎرﺼﻴن‪ ،‬واﻝﺒﺤث ﻴﺤﺎول أن ﻴﺒرز اﻝﺘوزﻴﻊ‬
‫اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻲ ﻝﻬذﻩ اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرب ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻴﻤن واﻝﺤﺠﺎز اﻝﻠﺘﺎن‬
‫اﺸﺘﻬرﺘﺎ ﺒوﺠود ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن‪ ،‬وﻤن اﻝطﺒﻴﻌﻲ أن ﺘوزﻴﻊ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن ﻻ ﻴﻜون‬
‫ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻓﺌﺎً ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﺘﻲ اﺴﺘﻘر ﻓﻴﻬﺎ إﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫اﺴﺘﺜﻤر وﺠود ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴن أن اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﺘﻲ ﺨﻠت ﻤن اﻝﻨﺸﺎط‬
‫اﻝﺴﻜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﻘﻴت ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن ﻤطﻤورة ﻓﻲ ﺒﺎطن اﻷرض‪ ،‬وﻫذا ﺒﺼورة ﻤؤﻜدة أﺜر‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺴﺘﺨراﺠﻬﺎ واﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎدة ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﺒدو أن اﻝﻌرب ﻗﺒل اﻹﺴﻼم ﻜﺎﻨت ﻝﻬم ﺨﺒرة ودراﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﺴﺘﺨراج‬
‫وﺘﺼﻨﻴﻊ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن اﻷﻤر اﻝذي أﺜرى اﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻝﻌرب ﺒﺴﺒﺒﻪ‪ ،‬وﻫذا ﻤﺎ اﺸﺎر‬
‫إﻝﻴﻪ اﻝﻘرآن اﻝﻜرﻴم ﻓﻲ ﻤواﻀﻊ ﻋدة‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن إﺸﺎرات ﻤﺒﺎﺸرة ﻜﺜﻴرة وردت ﻋﻨد‬
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎب اﻝﻜﻼﺴﻴك ﻤن وﺼﻔﻬم ﻝﻤوارد ﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬إذ ذﻜروا وﺠود اﻝذﻫب‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﻘرﻴﺒﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺴﺎﺤل اﻝﻐرﺒﻲ ﻝﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة ﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﺴﺒﺄ ﺒﺼورﻩ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺘﻌددة‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد اﺴﺘﻔﺎدوا ﻤن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن ﺒﻤﻘﻴﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺄﺨرى ﻏﻴر ﻤوﺠودة ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎطﻘﻬم‬
‫ﻜﻤﻘﺎﻴﻀﺘﻬم اﻝذﻫب ﺒﺎﻝﻔﻀﺔ واﻝﻨﺤﺎس ﻤﻊ اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﻤﺠﺎورة ﻝﻬم‪ ،‬وﻗد اﻜﺘﺸﻔت‬
‫اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن أدوات اﺴﺘﺨراج اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن وﺘﻌدﻴﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﺠﺎز واﻝﻴﻤن ﻤن ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ رﺤﻰ‬
‫وأدوات ﺘﻨظﻴف وﻤدﻗﺎت وﻤﺼﺎﺒﻴﺢ ﺘﺸﻴر ﺒوﻀوح إﻝﻰ ﻤدى ﺒراﻋﺘﻬم وﺴﻌﻴﻬم ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﺤﺼول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن وﺘﺼﻨﻴﻌﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وأﺸﺎرت اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎت اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ إﻝﻰ اﻤﺘﻼك اﻝﺴﺒﺄﻴﻴن‬
‫ﻝﻠذﻫب واﻝﻔﻀﺔ واﻻﺤﺠﺎر اﻝﻜرﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻴﺒدو أن اﻷﺤﺠﺎر اﻝﻜرﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﺘواﻓرة‬
‫ﺒﻜﺜرة ﻓﻲ وﺴط وﺠﻨوب ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرب‪ ،‬وﺘﺸﻴر ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﺼﺎدر إﻝﻰ أن اﻝﻌرب‬
‫ﻗﺒل اﻹﺴﻼم اﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠوا ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن ﻓﻲ ﺘزﻴﻴن اﻷﺒواب واﻝﺠدران واﻝﺴﻘوف ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺴﺒﺄ إذ ﻜﺎﻨوا ﺘرﺼﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺎج واﻝﻔﻀﺔ واﻝﺤﺠﺎرة اﻝﻜرﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫذﻩ دﻻﻝﺔ واﻀﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤدى اﻝﺜراء اﻝﻔﺎﺤش ﻝﻠﺴﺒﺄﻴﻴن‪ ،‬وﻗد اﺴﺘﻤر اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺒﺈﻨﺘﺎج ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻌﺎدن‬
‫واﻷﺤﺠﺎر اﻝﻜرﻴﻤﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺒﻌد ظﻬور اﻹﺴﻼم‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٢‬‬
The geographical distribution of metals and precious
stones in Yemen Hijaz before Islam
Prof. Hussain Waheed Azeez
College of Basic Education\ Babylon University
Because of the needed of ancient man to the minerals and
gems, impact in his quest to search for and extraction and use in the
his affairs of life at various levels, whether for personal use or for
trading them.
The gold, silver and precious stones were the most valuable
materials, which the Arab man sought by own and trade it, because of
its intrinsic value on and moral major it is d famous to have seven
metals are: gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, Al-Sserb and zinc. , and this
research tries to justify the geographical distribution of these metals in
the Arabian Peninsula, especially in Yemen and Hijaz, which Achthrta
the presence of these metals, It is normal that these metals distribution
is not equal in this area, in areas where people of the ancient world
settled have invested the existence these metals, while the areas that
are free of population activity of these metals remained embedded in
the ground, and this is uncertain impact on the extraction and benefit
from it. It appears that Arabs before Islam were familiar and
experience in how the extraction and processing of these metals which
enriched many Arabs because of it, , and this indicated by the Koran
in several places, as well as many direct references received when you
classic book what he described as the resources of the Arabian
Peninsula, as They said the existence of gold in the vicinity of the
western coast of the peninsula areas north of Saba are multiple
pictures. Has benefited from these metals exchanged for another nonexistent in their areas as exchanged of gold with silver and copper
with their neighborhood, many mineral extraction tools discovered d
of mining it in the Hijaz and Yemen, including a millstone clean tools
and the rammers and the lights clearly indicate that the extent of their
skill d seeking to get the minerals and manufactured. The cuneiform
pointed classical sources to acquire the Sabaeans of gold, silver and
precious stones, and it seems abundantly available in the center of the
Arabian Peninsula and the South, These sources indicated that the
Arabs before Islam used these metals to decorate the doors and walls
and ceilings in the Kingdom of Sebaa since they were studded with
ivory and the silver and the precious stones, and this is a clear
indication of that extent the super-rich to Spoaan, that has continued
interest in the production of these minerals and precious stones until
after the advent of Islam.
٥٣
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴق طرﻴق اﻝﻨﺒﻲ ﺼﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺴﻠم ﻓﻲ رﺤﻠﺘﻴﻪ ﻤن ﻤﻜﺔ اﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻝطﺎﺌف‪ ،‬وﻤﺎ ارﺘﺒط ﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﻤن ﻤواﻗﻊ وﻤﻌﺎﻝم ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ وأﺜرﻴﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻤﻘﺘرح ورؤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘوﺜﻴﻘﻴﺔ‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤد ﻋﺒد اﻝرزاق اﻝﻤﻜﻲ‬
‫أ‪.‬د ﺨﺎﻝد أﺤﻤد ﺤﻤزة ﻋوض‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب ‪ -‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻻﺴﻜﻨدرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب ‪ -‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﻨوﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺎول ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث رﺼد وﺘﺤﻘﻴق اﻝطرﻴق اﻝﺘﻰ ﺴﻠﻜﻬﺎ اﻝﻨﺒﻲ ﺼﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫وﺴﻠم ﻓﻰ ﺨروﺠﻪ إﻝﻰ اﻝطﺎﺌف داﻋﻴﺎً أو ﻏﺎزﻴﺎً وذﻝك ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﺘﺤﻘﻴق اﻝﻤﺼﺎدر‬
‫اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ واﻷدﺒﻴﺔ وﻜﺘب اﻝﺘراﺠم واﻷﺨﺒﺎر اﻝﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﺒﻬﺎﺘﻴن اﻝرﺤﻠﺘﻴن‪ ،‬وﻗد‬
‫ﺤرﺼت اﻝدراﺴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺘﺒﻊ اﻷﺨﺒﺎر واﻝرواﻴﺎت ﻓﻰ ﻤظﺎﻨﻬﺎ اﻝرﺌﻴﺴﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﺒﻌدﻴن ﻜل‬
‫ﻤﺎﻻ ﻴﺘﺼل ﺒﻤوﻀوع اﻝﺒﺤث اﺘﺼﺎﻻً وﺜﻴﻘﺎً ‪،‬واﺴﺘﺒﻌدت ﻤﺎ دوﻨﻬﺎ ﻤن أﺨﺒﺎر ﻏﻴر‬
‫ﻤوﺜﻘﺔ ‪،‬وﻏﻴر ﺼﺤﻴﺤﺔ اﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺤﺎوﻝت اﻝدراﺴﺔ إﻴﺠﺎد ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻴﻤﻜن ﻤن‬
‫ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ وﻀﻊ ﺘﺼور ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻴﺴﺘﻨد إﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘواﻓر ﻤن وﺜﺎﺌق وﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت ﻋن‬
‫اﻝطرﻴق اﻝﺘﻰ ﺴﻠﻜﻬﺎ اﻝﻨﺒﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺼﻼة واﻝﺴﻼم ﻤن ﻤﻜﺔ اﻝﻰ اﻝطﺎﺌف ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺨروﺠﻪ ﻝدﻋوة ﺜﻘﻴف وﻝﺨروﺠﻪ ﻏﺎزﻴﺎً ﻝﺤﺼﺎر اﻝطﺎﺌف وﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺨط ﺴﻴر ﻫﺎﺘﻴن‬
‫اﻝرﺤﻠﺘﻴن ‪،‬وﻤﺎ ارﺘﺒط ﺒﻬﻤﺎ أو ﺘﻤﺨض ﻋﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤن ﻤواﻗﻊ وﻤﻌﺎﻝم ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ وأﺜرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺤرص اﻝﺒﺤث اﺨﻴ ار ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴز ﺒﻴن اﻷﻤﺎﻜن‬
‫ً‬
‫وﺘرﺘﻴﺒﻬﺎً ﺘرﺘﻴﺒﺎ ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺎً‬
‫واﻝﻤواﻀﻊ ﺘﺒﻌﺎً ﻝطﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻔرﻗﻨﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻘرى واﻝودﻴﺎن واﻝطرق واﻝﻤﺤطﺎت‪ ،‬ورﺼد‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻝﻨﺒﻲ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻤرور واﻝﺘوﻗف واﻝﻤﻜوث ‪.‬‬
‫و ﺘﻨﻘﺴم اﻝدراﺴﺔ إﻝﻰ ﻤﺒﺤﺜﻴن رﺌﻴﺴﻴن ؛اﻨﺼرف أوﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﺼوب ﺘﺤﻘﻴق‬
‫اﻝطرﻴق اﻝﺘﻰ ﺴﻠﻜﻬﺎ اﻝﻨﺒﻰ ﺼﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺴﻠم ﻓﻰ ﺨروﺠﻪ اﻷول إﻝﻰ اﻝطﺎﺌف‬
‫ﻝدﻋوة ﺜﻘﻴف ‪،‬وﺸﻐل اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺒﺘﺤﻘﻴق اﻝطرﻴق اﻝﺘﻰ ﺴﻠﻜﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻝﺼﻼة واﻝﺴﻼم ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺨروﺠﻪ اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﻝﺤﺼﺎر اﻝطﺎﺌف وﻗد آﺜر اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎن ذﻜر اﻝﻤواﻗﻊ واﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝم واﻵﺜﺎر‬
‫اﻝﻨﺒوﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻰ ﻤر ﺒﻬﺎ اﻝﻨﺒﻰ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻝﺼﻼة واﻝﺴﻼم ﻓﻰ ﻜل رﺤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤدة ؛ذﻝك‬
‫ﻝﻤرورﻩ ﺒﺒﻌض اﻝﻤواﻀﻊ ﻓﻰ ﻜﻠﺘﺎ اﻝرﺤﻠﺘﻴن ‪،‬وﻫو ﻤﺎ ﻗد ﻴﺤدث ﻝدى اﻝﻘﺎرئ ﻨوﻋﺎً‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﻠﺒس ‪،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺤرص اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺘﻤﻴﻴز ﺒﻴن اﻷﻤﺎﻜن واﻝﻤواﻀﻊ ﺘﺒﻌﺎً‬
‫ﻝطﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻔرﻗﻨﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻘرى واﻝودﻴﺎن واﻝطرق واﻝﻤﺤطﺎت‬
‫وﺨﺘﻤت اﻝدراﺴﺔ ﺒﺨﺎﺘﻤﺔ ﺘﻀﻤﻨت أﻫم ﻤﺎ اﻨﺘﻬﻰ إﻝﻴﻪ اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎن ﻤن ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ‬
‫‪،‬ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻻﺌﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻬواﻤش واﻹﺤﺎﻻت ‪،‬وﻗﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﺒﺄﻫم اﻝﻤﺼﺎدر واﻝﻤراﺠﻊ اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫اﻋﺘﻤدت ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻝدراﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٤‬‬
An Investigation of the Route Taken by Prophet Muhammad
(peace be upon him) on his Two Journeys from Mecca to Taif, and
the Related Historical and Archaeological Sites and Landmarks A
Proposed Methodology and Documentary Vision
Prof. Dr. Khaled Ahmed Awad
Faculty of Arts
Minufiyeh University
Dr. Mohamad almakky
Faculty of Arts
Alexandria University
This research is conducted to investigate the route taken by
Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) when he left for Taif, either to call its
people to Islam or to conquer it, through the investigation of historical
and literary sources, biographies and news associated with these two
trips. The research was interested in tracking the news and narratives,
limiting them to their most likely aspects after excluding everything
that is not closely related to the subject matter and ruling out the
undocumented and unnecessary news. The research also tried to
outline general features through which we can develop a scientific
visualization based on the available documents and information about
the route taken by Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) from Mecca to Taif
with the intention of calling Thaqif to Islam and conquering Taif. It
also tracks the itinerary of those two trips ‫ ـ ـ‬in addition to the historical
and archaeological sites and landmarks related to or brought forth
from these two trips ‫ ـ ـ‬and identify their chronological and scientific
order. Finally, the research was concerned with distinguishing
between places and areas depending on their nature; therefore it
classified them into villages, valleys, roads and rest points, and with
examining which ones Prophet Mohamed (p.b.u.h.) passed by, stopped
at, or stayed in.
The research is divided into two main topics: the first is about
investigating the route taken by Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.) when
he initially left for Taif to call its people to Islam, and the second is
about investigating the route taken by Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h.)
when he secondly left for sieging Taif. The two researchers preferred
to report the sites, landmarks and historical places honored by the
Prophet's visit on each journey because he passed by some places in
both trips, which may confuse the reader. The two researchers were
also keen to distinguish between places and areas depending on their
nature; therefore they divided them into villages, valleys, roads, and
rest points .
The study ended with a summary of the most important findings
presented by the two researchers, followed by a list of footnotes and
referrals and a list of the most important sources and references that
were used throughout this research
٥٥
‫اﻝﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻴوﻨﺎن وﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ﺴﺠﻰ ﻋﺒد ﺴرﻫﻴد ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫م‪ .‬ﺨﺎﻝد ﺠواد ﺴﻠﻤﺎن‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺘﻀﺢ اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺒراي ﻤﻨﺸل ﺒﺎن اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻴﺔ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺒﻴن وﺠﻬﺘﻲ ﻨظر اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ واﻝﻌﻠوم اﻝطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ وﻤن ﻫذا اﻝﻤﻨطﻠق ﻻﺒد ﻤن اﺒرز دور‬
‫اﻝﻤراﺤل اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠورة اﻻﺼﺎﻝﺔ اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻴﺔ ﻝدى اﻝﻔﻼﺴﻔﺔ اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن‪.‬‬
‫ان ﻤوﻗﻊ اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨوب اورﺒﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺒﺤر اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط ﺠﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺘﺘوﺴط‬
‫ﻗﺎرات اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻝﻘدﻴم اﺴﻴﺎ اوروﺒﺎ اﻓرﺒﻘﻴﺎ وﻫذا ﻤﺎ ﺘرك اﺜﺎرﻩ ﻓﻲ ظﻬور اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن ﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫اﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﻴن ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻝﻘدﻴم وﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻲ وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ووادي اﻝﻨﻴل‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ان ﻝﻬذا اﻝﻤوﻗﻊ ﻤﻴزة ﻓﻲ اﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﺘوﺴﻊ واﻗﺎﻤﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤرات اﻝﺨﺎرﺠﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﻘﺎذ‬
‫اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن ﻤن اﻝﻤوت اﺒﺎن اﻝﻤﺠﺎﻋﺎت وﻴؤﻴد ذﻝك ﻗول ﻫﻴرودوت ‪٤٨٩‬ق م ان اﻝﻔﻘر‬
‫ﻫو وراﺜﺔ ﻝﻬﻴﻼس وﻫذا اﻴﻀﺎ ﻜﺎن ﻝﻪ ﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﻓﻲ ﺘﻤﻜن اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن ﻤن اﻝﺘﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻌﺎﻝم واﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎدة ﻤن ﺘراﺜﻬﺎ اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻝذي ﻜﺎن ﻝﻬﺎ دور ﻓﻲ اﺤداث‬
‫ﻨﻬﻀﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝدﻴﻬم وﻓﻲ اﻝوﻗت ﻨﻔﺴﻪ اﺼﺒﺤت اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن ﻤﺴرﺤﺎ ﻝﻠﺼراﻋﺎت‬
‫اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺸﻬدﻫﺎ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﻋﺒر ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻔﻲ اواﺨر اﻻﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‬
‫ﺘﻌرﻀت اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن اﻝﻰ ﻤوﺠﺎت ﻤن ﻏزو اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل اﻝﻬﻨد‪ -‬اورﺒﻴﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل وﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺨﺎﻤس ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد ﺘﻌرﻀت ﻝﻠﻐزو اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻲ ﻤن اﻝﺸرق وﻤﻨذ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد ﺘﻌرﻀت ﻝﻠﺘوﺴﻊ اﻝروﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻐرب واﺼﺒﺤت اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن ﺘﺤت اﻝﺤﻜم‬
‫اﻝروﻤﺎﻨﻲ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼف اﻻﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻴﻼد اذ ﻀﻤت اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن وﺠزرﻫﺎ اﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻜم اﻝﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ اﻝذي اﺴﺘﻤر اﻝﻰ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺜﺎﻤن ﻋﺸر ﻝﻠﻤﻴﻼد ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ اﺴﺘﻘﻠت‬
‫اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤدة وﻴﻤﻜن اﻴﺠﺎز اﻫم اﻝﺤﻘب اﻝﺘﺄرﻴﺨﻴﺔ اﻝﻤؤﺜرة ﻓﻲ اﻝﻔﻜر‬
‫اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻲ اﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻲ ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻝﺒﺤث‬
‫‪٥٦‬‬
Historical Background of Yunnan and its Relationship with the
Civilization of Old Near East Orient
Lecturer Khalid Jawad Salman
Asst. Lec. Saja Abd Sirheed Ali.
College of Basic Education\ University of Babylon
According to mantilla geography combines the view point of
history and natural sciences thus we should investigate the role of
historical periods in how to make geography important by the Yunnan
philosophers. The place of Yunnan in the southern arena of Europe in
the meditation sea made it in the middle of Asia Europe and Africa
thin made Yunnan join civilization of old world especially the those of
Iraq and Egypt .Yunnan also an advantage of expanding so that it
could make relationships with other countries in order to save the
people of Yunnan of death .
According to Herodotus 489b.c poverty is the heritage of Helens
this has in effect of enabling Yunnan to know the civilization of the
world and make use of their sciences. As the same time Yunnan
became an area of political problems that the world has witness
throughout its history Yunnan was invested by the indo- European
tribes that came from the north . on the other hand Yunnan was
invested by Iran from east . in the second century the control of roman
This research tries to investigate the important historical periods
the have an effect or the Yunnan geographical ideology.
٥٧
‫دور ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻓﻲ ارﺴﺎء ﻗواﻋد ﺤﻘوق اﻻﻨﺴﺎن‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ﺨﺎﻝد ﺴﻠﻤﺎن ﺠواد‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ دﺠﻠﺔ اﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻻﻫﻠﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺒﻐداد‬
‫اﻝﺤﻘوق ردﻴﻔﺔ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن وﻝدت ﺒوﻻدﺘﻪ اﻻ ان ﻤﺒﺎﺸرﺘﻬﺎ واﻝﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻗد ﻤر‬
‫ﻋﺒر اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺒظﻼﻤﻴﺔ اﻨﺘﻬﺎك ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻘوق او ﻤﻤﺎرﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺤﺴب طﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﻨظﺎم‬
‫اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ اﻝﺤﺎﻜم واﻝوﻋﻲ اﻝﺠﻤﻌﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﺒوﺠوب اﻨﺘزاع ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻘوق ﻤن‬
‫ﻗﺒﻀﺘﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ان اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ واﻝﺸراﺌﻊ اﻝﺴﻤﺎوﻴﺔ ﻜرﺴت ﺒﻨﺴب ﻤﺘﻔﺎوﺘﺔ ﺒﻌض‬
‫اﻝﻘواﻋد اﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺤﻘوق اﻻﻨﺴﺎن وﻝﻌل اﺒرزﻫﺎ ﺤﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة واﻝﺤرﻴﺔ واﻝﻐذاء‬
‫وﺒوﺠوب ﻋدم ﺘﻌرﻴﻀﻪ واﻤواﻝﻪ ﻝﻼﻋﺘداء او اﻝﺘﻌذﻴب او اﻻﺴﺘﻴﻼء دون وﺠﻪ ﺤق‬
‫ﻤﻊ وﺠوب اﺤﺘرام ﺤﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻋﺘﻨﺎق اﻝدﻴﺎﻨﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻘد ﺒﻬﺎ وﻝﻌل ﻤن ﺒﻴن اﻫم ﺘﻠك‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن اﻝﺘﻲ اﻤﺘدت ﻤن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ ﺜم اﻷﻜدﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ واﻻﺸورﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﻲ اﻤﺘﺎزت ﻨﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻝرﻗﻲ واﻝﺘﻘدم ﻓﻲ اﺤﺘراﻤﻬﺎ ﻝﺤﻘوق‬
‫اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﺒﻌض اﻝﻘواﻋد اﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻀﻤﻨﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﻘواﻨﻴن اﻝﺘﻲ ﺸرﻋت‬
‫آﻨذاك ﺴواء ﻗﺎﻨون اوروﻜﺎﺠﻴﻨﺎ ﺤﺎﻜم ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻜش او ﻗﺎﻨون اور ﻨﻤو وﺒﻼﻻﻤﺎ ﻤﻠك‬
‫اﺸﻨوﻨﺎ وﻝﺒت ﻋﺸﺘﺎر ﺜم ﻗﺎﻨون ﺤﻤوراﺒﻲ اﻝذي اﻋﺘﻤد ﻓﻲ اﻏﻠب ﻨﺼوﺼﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺸراﺌﻊ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺒﻘﺘﻪ واﻓﺎد ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺜﻴ ار ﻓﻲ ﺴن ﻗﺎﻨون ظل ﻤﻌﻤوﻻ ﺒﻪ ﻝﻤﺌﺎت اﻝﺴﻨﻴن‬
‫ﻀﻤن ذﻝك اﻝﻨطﺎق ﺘدور اﻝورﻗﺔ اﻝﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ اﻋددﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﺘﺴﻠﻴط اﻝﻀوء ﻋﻠﻰ طﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻘوق اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ ظل ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن‪.‬‬
‫‪٥٨‬‬
Role of Mesopotamia Civilization in Setting Bases Human Rights
Ass.Lec. Khalid Salman Jawad
National university Dijla College- Baghdad
The human rights are similar to the man, they are born at the
time of its birth, but their starting had passed through history in which
they are broken as per the political ruling regime and the total enders
standing for societies to set such rights free.
The ancient civilization and heavenly religion had steadied some
human rights differently. Of which the man's right in his life, freedom,
food, and he should neither be tortured nor his money be taken by
force. Mesopotamia civilization was one of those civilizations which
started from the Sumerian, Akadean, Babel, Ashorian one relatively
showing developing in respecting the human rights through some
important bases involved in the laws presented at that time either
Urokajina, ruler of Lakish, or Ur Nimo low king of Ishnona and
Hammu Rabi low which depended, in most of its texts, on the
previous religions making use of coding start by low valid in hundred
years un that in that from. The paper highlights the national of human
rights in the Mesopotamia civilization.
٥٩
‫اﻝﻌﻼج ﺒﺎﻝﻘراءة ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت اﻝﻌراق وﻤﺼر ﻋﺒر اﻝﻌﺼور‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺨﺎﻝدة ﻋﺒد ﻋﺒد اﷲ‬
‫اﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼرﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻬدف اﻝدراﺴﺔ إﻝﻰ إﻝﻘﺎء اﻝﻀوء ﻋﻠﻰ وظﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻤن وظﺎﺌف اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت‬
‫ﻋﻨﻲ ﺒﻬﺎ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻲ وادي اﻝﻨﻴل ووادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻓﻲ أن ﻤﻌﺎ أو‬
‫ﺘﺒﺎدﻝﻴﺎ‪ ،‬وذﻝك ﻴدل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤدى اﻝرﻗﻲ اﻝذي ﺒﻠﻐﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻘب اﻝﻤوﻏﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻘدم‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝوﻗت اﻝﺤﺎﻀر ‪‬‬
‫ﺘﻌد ارﻗﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘدﻤﻪ اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﻤن أﻨﺸطﺔ‬
‫وﺨدﻤﺎت وﻫﻲ وظﻴﻔﺔ ﻗﻠﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت ﻓﻲ أﻜﺜر ﺒﻠدان اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﺘطو ار ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝوﻗت اﻝﺤﺎﻀر‪ ،‬ﺘﻬﺘم ﺒﺘﻘدﻴم ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﻴزة ﻤن ﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت ﻝﻐرض‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻘراءة وﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺒ ـ"اﻝﺒﺒﻠﻴوﺜرﻴﺒﻴﺎ" وﻗد ﻻ ﻴﺨﻔﻰ اﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻝﺨﺎص ﺒﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫"اﻝﻘراءة"‪ ،‬إذ إن اﺤد ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻬﺎ ﻴﺘﻀﻤن ﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴن‪ :‬ﻓﻨﻲ ﻴﻌﺒر ﻋن إﺒداع اﻝﻤؤﻝف‬
‫واﻷﺨر ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﺘذوﻗﻪ اﻝﻘﺎرئ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت وﻤﻨذ أﻗدم اﻝﻌﺼور ﻗد ﺘﻨﺒﻬت إﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺒﻌد ﺜﺎﻝث ﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ "اﻝﻘراءة" وﻫو اﻝﺒﻌد اﻝﻌﻼﺠﻲ‪ ،‬وﻫو ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ‬
‫ﺴﺒر أﻏوارﻩ‪ ،‬واﻝﻜﺸف ﻋن أﺴ اررﻩ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٠‬‬
Reading as a Remedy in the Iraqi and Egyptian Libraries through
Ages
Assist. Prof.Dr. Khalid Abd Abdullah
College of Basic Education\ Mustansriyah University
The present study aims at highlighting an important job done
libraries which the man undertook in both Mesopotamia Civilization
and the Nile Civilization together or separately. This indicates the
range of development they readied at that time. In the present time,
they represent the most developed model the libraries show from
activities and services rarely found in the world developing libraries
nowadays. Such libraries are interesting to give distinct group of
information references to make treatment by reading. One of its senses
contains two fold: artist which denotes the anther’s creativity and as
the tic tasted by the reader. Rather the libraries, in the old time, had
found a third diamantine for reading, i-e., treatment the present study
tries to deals with and uncover its secrets.
٦١
‫اﻝﻘﻴم اﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﺒواﺒﺎت اﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ‬
‫د‪ .‬داﻝﻴﺎ اﺤﻤد اﺤﻤد دروﻴش‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﻪ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ‪-‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻪ ﺤﻠوان‬
‫ﻴﻌد ﻤﺠﺎل دراﺴﺔ ﺒواﺒﺎت اﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ ﻤن اﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻝﻬﺎﻤﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻴﺢ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻗراءة اﻝﻌﻤل اﻝﻔﻨﻲ اﻝذي ﻴدﺨل ﻓﻲ اﺴﺘﻤ اررﻴﺔ ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻴث ﻴرﺘﺒط ﺒﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻘﻪ وﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ ﻤن أﻋﻤﺎل ﻓﻨﻴﺔ وﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث دراﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝوﺼف واﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل واﻝﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﻨﻤﺎذج ﻤن ﺒواﺒﺎت اﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤن إﻴران واﻝﻌراق‬
‫واﻻﻨﺎﻀول اﻝﺘﻲ ﺼورﻫﺎ اﻝﻔﻨﺎن اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻤﻊ ﺘوﻀﻴﺢ اﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼر واﻝرﻤوز اﻷﺴطورﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﺒر ﻋﻨﻬﺎ واﻝﺘﻲ ظﻬرت ﻝﺘﻠﺒﻲ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻤﻌﻴﺸﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻫداف اﻝدراﺴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻴﺴﻌﻰ اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻰ ﺘوﻀﻴﺢ ﻤدي ﺘﺄﺜﻴر اﻝﻤﻌﺘﻘدات اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ادت إﻝﻰ ﻋﻤل ﺒواﺒﺎت ﻝﻠﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺒطرﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋن ﻫذا اﻝﻤﻀﻤون اﻝﻔﻜري‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻴﻬدف اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻰ اﺒراز اﻝرؤﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﻨﻤﺎذج ﻝﺒواﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸرق اﻝﻘدﻴم وﻜﻴف أﺒداع اﻝﻔﻨﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒطرﻴﻘﺔ ﻤدروﺴﺔ ﺒدﻗﺔ‬
‫ﻝﺘﻌﻜس ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤدى وﻋﻰ اﻝﻔﻨﺎن‪.‬‬
‫اﻹطﺎر اﻝﻨظري ﻝﻠدراﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤد اﻝﺒﺤث ﻓﻲ اطﺎرة اﻝﻨظري ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝوﺼﻔﻲ واﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬‫اﻝﻤﻘﺎرن ﻝﻠﻜﺸف ﻋن اﻝﺠﺎﻨب اﻹﺒداﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ وذﻝك ﻤن ﺨﻼل دراﺴﺔ‬
‫اﻝرؤﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻤن ﺤﻴث‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬اﻝﺤرﻜﺔ‪.٢ ،‬اﻝﺘوازن‪ .٣،‬اﻝﻤﻠﻤس‪ .٤،‬اﻝﻀوء واﻝظل‪ .٥،‬اﻝﻠون‪،‬‬
‫‪.٦‬اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴر‪ .٧ ،‬اﻝﺒﻨﺎء اﻝﻬﻨدﺴﻲ ﻝﻠﻌﻤل اﻝﻔﻨﻲ‬
‫وﻗد ﺘوﺼﻠت اﻝدراﺴﺔ اﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ان ﺒواﺒﺎت اﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم أوﻀﺤت ﺒراﻋﺔ وﻤﻘدرة اﻝﻔﻨﺎن‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋن اﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﺘﻌﺒﻴرﻴﺔ وﻤرﺌﻴﺔ ورﻤزﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗد ﻗﺎم اﻝﻔﻨﺎن‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم ﺒﺘوظﻴف اﻝﻔن اﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺨدﻤﺔ ﻋﻘﺎﺌدﻩ اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ وﻗدم ﻝﻨﺎ ﻋﻤل‬
‫ﻓﻨﻲ ﻝﻪ رؤﻴﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻤدروﺴﺔ ﻗواﻤﻬﺎ اﻝﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻝﻠﺤدث واﻻﻴﺤﺎء ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻀﻤون‪ ،‬ﻓﻠم ﻴﻜن‬
‫ﻫدف اﻝﻔﻨﺎن اﻝﺘﻘﺎط ﺼور ﺒﻌﻴﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒل ﻜﺎن ﻫدﻓﻪ اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﻴﺘﻘﻨﻬﺎ وﻴﻌﺒر ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻝﻜﻲ ﻴﺴﺘطﻴﻊ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻌﺎدي ﻗراءة ﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﺘﺒﻪ ﺒﻠﻐﺘﻪ وﻴﻘﺼدﻩ ﺒرﻤزﻴﻪ ﺒطرﻴﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻬﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٢‬‬
Aesthetic values of the protection gates in the Near East
Dr. Dalia Ahmed Ahmed Darwish
Helwan University
The field of study is protection gates in the Near East allow us to
read the art work that goes into the historical continuity-related terms
associated with a relationship with what preceded and what comes
from the art works , the study descript models of protection gates in
each of Iran , Iraq and Anatolia photographed by old artist with
mythical and symbols elements , which expressed the needs of human
living.
Objectives of the study:
١-The research seeks to clarify the environmental impact of
religious beliefs that led to the protection gates to express this
intellectual content.
٢-The research aims to highlight the artistic vision through
models of the protection gates in the ancient Near East, and how
creativity of the artist formed in a measured way to accurately reflect
the extent of our awareness of the artist.
The theoretical framework of the study:
The research depends on the descriptive and analytical
comparative method for the detection of the creative and the artistic
side of the study and it contains:
١-Movement 2.altoazin
3. Texture
4. Light and shade
5. Color,
6.altobeir
7. Construction of artwork.
The Study found a range of results including:
The protection gates in the ancient Near East showed the
versatility and the ability of the ancient artist to express the shapes in
visual and symbolic language.
The old artist services art in religious and environmental beliefs
and gave us artistic vision, the artist goal was not to capture specific
images،
However, his aim was to write in a mastered language in order
to be able to read what drown in his own language and symbolism
meant in easy way.
٦٣
‫اﻝرؤﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻸﺨﺘﺎم اﻝدﻝﻤوﻨﻴﻪ واﻝﺴﻨدﻴﺔ‬
‫د‪ .‬داﻝﻴﺎ اﺤﻤد اﺤﻤد دروﻴش‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﻪ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ‪-‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﻪ ﺤﻠوان‬
‫ﺘﺸﻜل دراﺴﺔ اﻷﺨﺘﺎم‪ ،‬ﻤوﻀوﻋﺎً رﺌﻴﺴﺎً ﻤن ﻤوﻀوﻋﺎت ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻝﻜوﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻴر اﻝﻰ اﻝﻤﺴﺘوى اﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺎن‪ ،‬ﻤن ﺤﻴث اﻝﻤﻬﺎرات‬
‫اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻻﺴﺎﻝﻴب اﻝﻤﻌﺘﻤدة ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺘﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻝﻤوﻀوﻋﺎت اﻝﻤطروﺤﺔ ﻝﺘﺼوﻴرﻫﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻝك طرق اﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴذ واﻹﺨراج اﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻜﻤﺎ ان ﻝﻔن ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺨﺘﺎم‪ ،‬دور أﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘوﻀﻴﺢ ﻤدى ﺘﻤﻴز ﺤﻀﺎرة ﻋن أﺨرى‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﻴر‬
‫ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ ﺒﻴن ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث دراﺴﺔ اﻝﻤراﺤل اﻝﺘطورﻴﺔ ﻝﻸﺨﺘﺎم اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘم اﻝﻌﺜور ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻲ اﻝدﻝﻤون ووادي اﻝﺴﻨد‪.‬‬
‫اﻫداف اﻝدراﺴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .١‬ﻴﺴﻌﻰ اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻰ ﺘوﻀﻴﺢ ﻤدي ﺘﺄﺜﻴر اﻝﻌواﻤل اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ اﻝﻰ اﻝﻔﻜر اﻝﻌﻘﺎﺌدي ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺨﺘﺎم وﺘﺸﻜﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒطرﻴﻘﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋن ﻫذا اﻝﻤﻀﻤون اﻝﻔﻜري‪.‬‬
‫‪ .٢‬ﻴﻬدف اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻰ اﺒراز اﻝرؤﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻷﺨﺘﺎم اﻝدﻝﻤوﻨﻴﻪ واﻝﺴﻨدﻴﺔ ﻤن‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﻨﻤﺎذج ﺘظﻬر ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺎﺼر ﻤﺴﺘﻤدﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺴﺎس ﻤن اﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ اﻝﻤﺤﻴطﺔ وﻜذﻝك‬
‫اﺒراز اﻝﺴﻤﺎت اﻝﻤﻤﻴزة ﻝﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اﻹطﺎر اﻝﻨظري ﻝﻠدراﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻤد اﻝﺒﺤث ﻓﻲ اطﺎرة اﻝﻨظري ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝوﺼﻔﻲ واﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬‫اﻝﻤﻘﺎرن ﻝﻠﻜﺸف ﻋن اﻝﺠﺎﻨب اﻹﺒداﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻤﺎذج ﻤن اﻻﺨﺘﺎم اﻝدﻝﻤوﻨﻴﻪ واﻝﺴﻨدﻴﺔ‬
‫وذﻝك ﻤن ﺨﻼل دراﺴﺔ اﻝرؤﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻤن ﺤﻴث‪:‬‬
‫‪ .٣‬اﻝﻤﻠﻤس ‪ .٤‬اﻝﻀوء واﻝظل ‪ .٥‬اﻝﻠون‬
‫‪ .١‬اﻝﺤرﻜﺔ ‪.٢‬اﻝﺘوازن‬
‫‪.٦‬اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴر‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺘوﺼﻠت اﻝدراﺴﺔ اﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ﺘﻌد اﻷﺨﺘﺎم ﻨﻘﻠﺔ ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻤظﻬ اًر ﻤن ﻤظﺎﻫر ﺘطور اﻝﻔن‪ ،‬وﺘﺴﺎﻋد ﻓﻲ‬
‫رﺼد اﻷﺤداث اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ وﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺘﻌطﻲ ﻓﻜرة ﻋن اﻷﻗوام اﻝﺘﻲ اﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﺘﺸﻴر اﻻﺨﺘﺎم ﻝوﺠود اﻝﻤواد اﻝﺨﺎم وﻫﻲ ﻤؤﺸر ﻝﻠﺘﺒﺎدل اﻝﺘﺠﺎري وﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻻﻤﺎﻜن اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺘوﻓر ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻝﻤواد اﻝﺨﺎم ﻝﻠﺨﺘم ﺴواء ﻜﺎن ﺤﺠ ار أو ﻤﻌدﻨﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ أوﻀﺤت ﺒراﻋﺔ وﻤﻘدرة اﻝﻔﻨﺎن اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋن اﻻﺸﻜﺎل ﺒﻠﻐﺔ ﺘﻌﺒﻴرﻴﺔ‬
‫وﻤرﺌﻴﺔ ورﻤزﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٤‬‬
Artistic Vision of Dilmun and Sindhi Seals
Dr. Dalia Ahmed Ahmed Darwish
Helwan University
Studying seals history, in ancient civilizations is an important
topics, for being refers to the technical level and skills, adopted in the
industry. Also, the art of seals industry, a key role in clarifying the
extent to distinguish civilization from the other, it indicates trade
relations between these civilizations.
This study deals with the evolutionary stages of seals that
found in the civilizations of Delmon and the Indus Valley.
Objectives of the study:
.١Clarify the impact of the political ،social and economic
factors in addition to seeking ideological thought the seals and used a
certain way to express this intellectual content.
.٢The research aims to highlight the artistic vision of Dilmun
and Sindhi seals through models show the elements derived mainly
from the surrounding environment ،as well as highlight the distinctive
features of each.
The theoretical framework of the study
-Research depends on the descriptive and analytical
comparative method for the creative side in the models of Dilmun and
Sindhi seals ،through the study of artistic vision in terms of:
١.Movement, 2.altoazin
5. Color,
3. Texture
4. Light and shade
6.altobeir.
The study found a range of results including:
Seals is a leap of civilization, and a manifestation of the
evolution of art, historical events help in monitoring, diagnosis, and
give an idea of the clans that used. The seals indicate the presence of
raw materials, an indicator of commercial exchange, especially in the
places that were the raw materials available to seal whether a stone or
minerals. As explained the versatility and ability of the ancient artist
to express graphical formats and visual and symbolic language
٦٥
‫ﺤﻘوق اﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم وأﺜرﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻼﻩ ﻤن‬
‫ﺘﺸرﻴﻌﺎت‬
‫د‪ .‬رﺠﺎء ﻋﺒد اﻝرﺤﻤن ﻴوﻨس‬
‫اﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼرﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨت ﻝﻠﻤرأة ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻗد ﺘﺒدو ﻋﺼرﻴﻪ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﻔﺎﺠﺊ وذﻝك‬
‫ﻋﻨد ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺸﻐﻠﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﻤرأة ﻤﻌظم اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرة وﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻝرﻏم ﻤن أﻨﻪ ﺘﻘﻠﻴدﻴﺎً ﻴﺤظﻰ اﻝرﺠﺎل واﻝﻨﺴﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﺎت ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﺎﻨﻪ ﻤن اﻝﺠﻠﻲ ﻋدم وﺠود ﻋواﺌق ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜن ﺤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻤن أراد‬
‫اﻝﺨروج ﻋن ﻫذا اﻝﻨﻤط وﻝﻘد ﻋﺒرت اﻝدﻴﺎﻨﺔ اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ واﻷﺨﻼق ﻋن ﻫذا‬
‫اﻝرأي وﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺄﻜﻴد ﻤن اﻝﺼﻌب ﺘﺤدﻴد ﻤدى ﺘطﺒﻴق ﻫذا اﻝرأي ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻴوﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﻨت ﻗﻠﻴل ﻤن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ اﻝﻤرأة ﻤن ﺘﺤﻘﻴق ﻤراﻜز‬
‫اﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﻤــﺔ‪.‬‬
‫أﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻠن ﺘوﻀﺢ اﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻘط ﻋﻠﻰ وﺠود ﻨﺴﺎء ذوات‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎﺼب ﻋﻠﻴﺎ وﻝﻜن ﻫﻨﺎك ﻨﺴﺎء ﺸﻐﻠن اﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻨﺎﺼب وﻫو ﻤﻨﺼب ﻓرﻋون‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﺘﻌدى ﻫذا اﻻﻤر ﻓﻜرة اﻝﻤﺴﺎواة ﺒﻴن اﻝﺠﻨﺴﻴـن‪ ،‬ﻓﻬو إﺸﺎرة اﻝﻰ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺜﻴوﻗراطﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻜوﻤﺔ اﻝﻜﻬﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﻤﺼري‪ .‬ﻓﻠم ﻴﻜن ﻨﺎد ار ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ان ﺘﺘوﻝﻰ اﻤرأة اﻝﻌرش ﻜﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺤﺘﺸﺒﺴوت اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘوﻝت اﻝﻌرش ﻤن‬
‫ﺒﻌد ﺘﺤﺘﻤس اﻝﺜﺎﻝث‪ .‬ﻓﻨﺠد اﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻨﺠدﻫﺎ ﻤﺤروﻤﺔ ﻤن أي ﺤﻘوق ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ذﻝك ﺤﻘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﻤﻴراث ﻻن اﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻲ ﺸرﻴﻌﺔ ﺤﻤوراﺒﻲ اﻝﺘﻲ اﺸﺘﻬرت ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﺒل ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺤﺴب‬
‫ﻤن اﻋداد اﻝﻤواﺸﻲ اﻝﻤﻤﻠوﻜﺔ ﻓﻼ ﻴﺤق ﻝﻠزوﺠﺔ ان ﺘرث زوﺠﻬﺎ ﺒﻌد ﻤوﺘﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺤق ﻝﻬﺎ ان ﺘرث أﺒﺎﻫﺎ ﻷن اﻝﺘرﻜﺔ ﻜﺎﻨت ﻝﻠذﻜور وﺤدﻫم‪.‬‬
‫واﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ اﺴوا ﺤﺎﻻ ﻤن ﻨظرة اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴون اﻝﻴﻬﺎ ذﻝك‬
‫أن اﻝﻔرس ﻴﻌﺘﺒرون اﻝﻤرأة ﻤﺨﻠوﻗﺎ ﻨﺠﺴﺎ ﻴﺠب ﺘﺠﻨﺒﻪ ﻓﺎذا ﻜﺎﻨت ﻫذﻩ ﻨظرﺘﻬم ﻝﻠﻤرأة‬
‫ﻓﻤن اﻝﺒدﻴﻬﻲ أﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﺤروﻤﺔ ﻤن ﻜل ﺤﻘوﻗﻬﺎ واﻝواﺠﺒﺎت ﻓﻠم ﻴﻜن ﻝﻬﺎ أي‬
‫ﻤﻨزﻝﺔ او ﻤﻘﺎم ﻜرﻴم‪.‬‬
‫أﻤﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ودور اﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻨﺠد اﻨﻪ ﻻ ﻴﺨﺘﻠف ﻜﺜﻴ ار ﻋن‬
‫دور وﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ اﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ واﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻴﺔ؛ ذﻝك ﻷن اﻻﻏرﻴق ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨوا‬
‫ﻴﻌدون اﻝﻤرأة ﻤن اﻝﻤﺨﻠوﻗﺎت اﻝﻤﺤﻨطﺔ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ زﻋﻤﻬم ﻴﻨﺒوع ﺠﻤﻴﻊ آﻻم اﻹﻨﺴﺎن‬
‫وﻤﺼﺎﺌﺒﻪ؛ ﻝذا اﻋﺘﺒرﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻠﺴوف اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن ﺴﻘراط ﻤﺼدر ﻜل اﻻزﻤﺎت واﻻﻨﻬﻴﺎرات‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم وﻜﺎن ﻴﺸﺒﻬﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺠرة اﻝﻤﺴﻤوﻤﺔ ظﺎﻫرﻫﺎ ﺠﻤﻴل وﻝﻜن ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ ﺘﺄﻜل‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻝﻌﺼﺎﻓﻴر ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻤوت‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٦‬‬
The Woman right in the Ancient Near East Civilization
Dr. Rajaa Abdul Rahman Younis
College of Basic Education\ Mustansiriyah University
In the ancient Egypt, woman had an important part in the society
when we compare her place with the other modern societies. In Egypt
society men and women had different jobs obviously there is no
problem that could not be solved in the society. The religious of the
ancient Egypt and moralities represented that opinion, but we couldn’t
know that opinion was proved. In the old Egypt, woman was given
high places in the life like the queen.
In the culture of Babylon had no rights of everything according
to (Hamorabies rules) she had no right to take anything from her
father fortune. All fortune back for the male. They treat her as an
animal.
In the Persian culture she had a worse treatment rather than the
Babylonian. They considered her as a sin creature. So she had no right
in that society.
The Greek had the same treatment to woman like the Persian
and the Babylon and they considered her as a less creature.
٦٧
‫اﻝﺼورة اﻝﺸﻌرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸﻌر اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫د‪ .‬رﺤﺎب ﻝﻔﺘﺔ ﺤﻤود‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬اﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌد اﻝﺼورة اﻝﺸﻌرﻴﺔ ﻤن أﻗدر اﻝوﺴﺎﺌل ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘل اﻷﻓﻜﺎر اﻝﻌﻤﻴﻘﺔ واﻝﻤﺸﺎﻋر‬
‫اﻝﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ أوﺠز ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻓﺘﻜﺸف ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋن ﻤوﻫﺒﺔ اﻝﺸﺎﻋر اﻝﺸﻌرﻴﺔ وﻤﻘدرﺘﻪ اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫وطﺎﻗﺎﺘﻪ اﻹﺒداﻋﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل ﺠوﻫر اﻷﺒداع اﻝﻠﻐوي اﻝذي ﻴوﻝد طﺎﻗﺎﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬
‫واﺸﻜﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ اﻝدﻻﻝﻴﺔ ﻝذا ﻓﻬﻲ اداة اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴر اﻝوﺤﻴدة ﻋن اﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ ووﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺘﻔﻜﻴرﻫﺎ‬
‫ورؤاﻫﺎ وﻫﻲ ﻤن ﺠﻬﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﻠق ﻝدى اﻝﻤﺘﻠﻘﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ اذﻋﺎن واﻨﻘﻴﺎد ﻨﻔﺴﻲ‬
‫ﻝﻸﻗﻨﺎع‪.‬‬
‫وﺒﻤﺎ ان اﻝﻘﺼﻴدة ﻨظﺎم ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﺘﺘداﺨل ﻓﻴﻪ اﻝﻤﺤﺴوﺴﺔ واﻝﻼﻤﺤﺴوﺴﺔ وﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻤوﺠﻬﺔ ﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﻴﻜﺸف ﻋن ﺘﻐﻴر ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘﺎﺌق اﻝوﺠود واﻝﻜون وﻫذا اﻝﻜﺸف ﻻ ﻴﺘم اﻻ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺼورة ﻝﻜوﻨﻬﺎ اﺒرز اﻝﻤﻜوﻨﺎت اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺼﻴدة واﻜﺜرﻫﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻝﻴﺔ وﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﻜﻤن اﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤن ﺤﻴث ﺘﺠﺴﻴدﻫﺎ ﻝﻸﺸﻴﺎء واﻋﺘﻤﺎدﻫﺎ وﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﻜم ﻋﻠﻰ اﺼﺎﻝﺔ اﻝﺸﺎﻋر ﺘﻌﻜس‬
‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺘﻪ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻘول ﻫرﺒرت رﻴد‪ ،‬وﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﺼورة ﻓﻲ اﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ ﺘﺠﺴﻴدا ً ﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت‬
‫ﻤﺘﻌددة داﺨل اﻝﺒﻨﺎء اﻝﺸﻌري ﺤﺎوﻝت اﻝﻘﻴﺎم ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺸف ﻋن ﺘﻠك اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت وﻤدى‬
‫ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻜﻬﺎ وﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ داﺨل اﻝﻨص اﻝﺸﻌري اﻝﻘدﻴم‪.‬‬
‫‪٦٨‬‬
The poetic image of the ancient Arabic poetry
Dr. Rehab Lefta Hamood
Basic Education/ Mustanserya University
The poetic image considered of the appreciate the means to
transfer the deep thoughts and feelings dense summarizing phrase
revealing re l the talent poet poetic and ability artistic and creative
energies ,they represent the core of linguistic creativity that generates
potential aesthetic and therefore the only way for expressing
personality and a way of thinking ,These sources from a second hand
create the recipient state's compliance and subjugation self to impress.
Since the poem is an integrated system in which the sensible and
non-sensible and it is directed to the world reveals a change in the
facts of existence and the universe and this disclosure is not only the
image of being the most prominent artistic components of the poem
and the most effective and Herein lies its importance in terms of her
portrayal of things and adopt a way to judge the authenticity of the
poet reflects the reality as the Herbert Reed says, and when the image
is in the basis of which the embodiment of a multi-building within the
poetic relations try to do to disclose those relationships and the
complexity and interaction within the ancient poetic text.
٦٩
‫أﺒول اﻝﻬول اﻝﺠدﻴد اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺸف ﺒﻤﻌرﻓﺘﻲ ﺒﻤﻨطﻘﺔ آﺜﺎر اﻝﻬرم‬
‫د‪ .‬رﻀﺎ ﻋﺒداﻝﺤﻠﻴم‬
‫وزارة اﻻﺜﺎر‪ -‬ﺠﻤﻬورﻴﺔ ﻤﺼر اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﺤﺴب اﻝرﻓﻊ اﻝﻤﻌﻤﺎري اﻝذي ﻗﺎم ﺒﻪ ﻤﻬﻨدس أﻤﻼك اﻝﻬرم ‪:‬‬
‫طوﻝﺔ ‪ ٦٠ :‬ﻤﺘ اًر ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﺎً ‪ .‬إرﺘﻔﺎﻋﻪ ‪ ١٤ :‬ﻤﺘ اًر ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﺎً ‪ .‬ﻋرﻀﻪ ‪ ٩ :‬ﻤﺘ اًر ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﺎً ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤوﻗﻌﻪ اﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ ‪ :‬ﺒﻤﻨطﻘﺔ آﺜﺎر اﻝﻬرم ﻀﻤن ﺠﺒﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻨف اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﻤﻨطﻘﺔ آﺜﺎر اﻝﻬرم‬
‫‪ ،‬وﺘﺤدﻴداً ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺠﻨوب اﻝطرﻴق اﻝﺼﺎﻋد ﻝﻬرم اﻝﻤﻠك ﺨﻌﻔرع ﺼﺎﺤب اﻝﻬرم‬
‫اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﻴزة ‪ ،‬وﻴﺤدﻩ ﺸﻤﺎﻻً ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒر أوﻻد اﻝﻤﻠك ﺨﻌﻔرع وﻜﺒﺎر رﺠﺎﻻت‬
‫ﻋﺼرة ‪ ،‬وﻤن اﻝﺠﻨوب ﻤﻘﺒرة اﻝﻤﻠﻜﺔ )ﺨﻨﺘﻜﺎوس( زوﺠﺔ اﻝﻤﻠك ﺨﻌﻔرع ) وﻴﻘﺎل‬
‫أﻨﻬﺎ أﻤﻪ وﻝﻴﺴت زوﺠﺘﻪ ( وﻤﻘﺒرﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﺘﺎﺨﻤﺔ ﻝﺼﺨرة أﺒﻲ اﻝﻬول اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺸف ‪،‬‬
‫ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻝدى اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻵﺜﺎرﻴﻴن )ﺒﺎﻝﻬرم اﻝراﺒﻊ( ﻨظ اًر ﻝﻀﺨﺎﻤﺔ أﺤﺠﺎرﻫﺎ اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻻﺘﻘل ﻋن ﻀﺨﺎﻤﺔ أﺤﺠﺎر اﻷﻫراﻤﺎت اﻝﻘرﻴﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻴﺤدﻩ ﺸرﻗﺎً ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤﻘﺎﺒر‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺤﻔظ ﺒﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺠﻨوب اﻝطرﻴق اﻝﺼﺎﻋد ‪ ،‬وﻏرﺒﺎً ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ‬
‫أﺨرى ﻤن ﻤﻘﺎﺒر اﻝﻨﺒﻼء ﺒﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺠﻨوب اﻝطرﻴق اﻝﺼﺎﻋد ﻝﻠﻤﻠك ﺨﻌﻔرع ﺒﺄﻫراﻤﺎت‬
‫اﻝﺠﻴزة ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎدﺘﻪ اﻷﺼﻠﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻜﺘﻠﺔ ﺤﺠرﻴﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺤﺠر اﻝﺠﻴري اﻝﻐﻴر ﺠﻴد اﻝﺼﻨﻊ ‪ ،‬وﻴﺒدو‬
‫ﻝﻠﺒﺎﺤث أﻨﻬﺎ أﺤد ﺒﻘﺎﻴﺎ اﻝﻤﺤﺠر اﻝذي ﻜﺎن ﻴﺴﺘﺨدم ﻓﻲ ﻗطﻊ اﻷﺤﺠﺎر اﻝﺠﻴرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﺒﻨﺎء اﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒر واﻷﻫراﻤﺎت اﻝﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗت اﻹﻜﺘﺸﺎف ﻝﻬذا اﻷﺜر اﻝﻌظﻴم ‪ :‬ﻝﻘد ﻋﻤل اﻝﺒﺎﺤث ﺒﻤﻨطﻘﺔ آﺜﺎر اﻝﻬرم ﻤﻨذ‬
‫ﺘﺨرﺠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵﺜﺎر – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻘﺎﻫرة ‪١٩٨٥‬م ‪ ..‬ﺒدرﺠﺔ ﻤﻔﺘش )ﻤﺴﺎﻋد(‬
‫ﻝﻶﺜﺎر ﺒذات اﻝﻤوﻗﻊ اﻝذي ﺘﻘﻊ ﺒﻪ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺼﺨرة اﻝﻀﺨﻤﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻜل )ﻓﻲ رأي‬
‫اﻝﺸﺨﺼﻲ( أﺒواﻝﻬول اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻬرم واﻝذي ﻴﻨظر ﻋﻜس إﺘﺠﺎﻩ أﺒو‬
‫اﻝﻬول ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ إذ ﻴﺘﺠﻪ ﺒرأﺴﻪ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ اﻝﻐرب وﻝﻴس اﻝﺸرق ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋﻬدﻨﺎ اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫ﻴﺘﻠﻘف اﻝﺸﻤس ﺸرﻗﺎ وﻜﺎن ﻤن اﻝﻀروري أن ﻴﻜون ﻫﻨﺎك ﻤن ﻴودﻋﻬﺎ ﻏرﺒﺎً‬
‫ﺤﺎﻝﺘﻪ اﻝراﻫﻨﺔ ‪ :‬وﻫذﻩ اﻝﺼﺨرة ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺴﻴﺌﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺤﻔظ وﺒﻬﺎ ﻓﺘﺤﺎت ﻜﺜﻴرة‬
‫أﺴﺘﺨدم ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﻘﺎﺒر ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﻤﺘﺄﺨرة ‪ .‬وﻗد رأي اﻝﺒﺎﺤث أﻜﺜر ﻤن ﺴﺒب‬
‫ﻝﻨﺸر ﻫذا اﻝﻤﻘﺎل اﻝﺨﺎص ﺒﺄﺒﻲ اﻝﻬول اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺸف ﺤدﻴﺜﺎً ﺒﻌد أن طﺎﻝﻊ اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن‬
‫اﻵراء ﻝﻶﺜﺎرﻴﻴن واﻝﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴن وﻗد أﺠﻤﻌوا ﻋﻠﻰ وﺠود ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺼﺨرة‬
‫وﺒﻴن اﻝﺸﻜل اﻝﻌﺎم ﻷﺒﻲ اﻝﻬول ﺨﺎﺼﺔ أﻨﻪ ظﻬر ﻓﻲ ﻝوﺤﺔ اﻝﺤﻠم إزدواﺠﻴﺔ أﺒو‬
‫اﻝﻬول أﺤدﻫﻤﺎ ﻴﻨظر ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ اﻝﺸرق واﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴﻨظر ﻤﺘﺠﻬﺎ اﻝﻐرب ‪ ،‬وﻫذﻩ اﻹزدواﺠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻗد ظﻬرت ﻜذﻝك ﻓﻲ ﻨﻘوش ﺒﻌض اﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒر اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴرﺠﺢ ﺒﻘﺒول ﻓﻜرة‬
‫وﺠود أﺒﻲ اﻝﻬول اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ اﻝذي ﻴﻨﻘﺼﻪ ﻓﻘط اﻝﻜﺴﺎء اﻝﺨﺎرﺠﻲ اﻝذي ﺘم ﻝﻨظﻴرة‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌروف ﻝﻠﺠﻤﻴﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫اﺼل اﻝﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‪:‬اﻤﺎ ﻋن اﺴم "أﺒو اﻝﻬول" واﻷﺸﺘﻘﺎق اﻝﻠﻐوي ﻝﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺒدو أن اﺼﻠﻪ‬
‫ﻴرﺠﻊ إﻝﻲ اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻝﺤدﻴﺜﺔ ﺤﻴن ﻨزل ﻗوم ﻤن اﻝﻜﻨﻌﺎﻨﻴﻴن إﻝﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻝﺠﻴزة وﺸﺎﻫدوا اﻝﺘﻤﺜﺎل اﻝذي ﻴﻤﺜل اﻹﻝﻪ "ﺤور" ورﺒطوا ﺒﻴﻨﻪ وﺒﻴن إﻝﻪ‬
‫ﻝدﻴﻬم ﻫو "ﻫورون" ﺜم ﺤرف ﻫذا اﻻﺴم إﻝﻲ "ﺤوروﻨﺎ" اﻝذي ﺤرف ﺒدورﻩ إﻝﻲ‬
‫"ﻫول" ﺤﻴث ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻹﺒدال ﺒﻴن اﻝﺤﺎء واﻝﻬﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‪ .‬أﻤﺎ ﻝﻔظﺔ "أﺒو"‬
‫ﻓﻴﺒدو أﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺤرﻴف ﻝﻠﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ "ﺒو" اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ "ﻤﻜﺎن"‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﻨﻲ اﻻﺴم "ﻤﻜﺎن اﻹﻝﻪ ﺤور" ‪،‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻗﺎم اﻹﻏرﻴق‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻨﺴﺎخ ﻨﺴﺨﺘﻬم اﻷﻨﺜوﻴﺔ ﻤن ذﻝك اﻝﻜﺎﺌن‪.‬‬
‫‪٧٠‬‬
The New Sphinx which discovered by me ( located at
the pyramid area )
Dr. Reda Abdel-Halim
Ministry of monuments - Egypt
Long,: 60 m (almost) meters.
Height: 14 m (fourteen) meters
approx.
Width : 9 meters approx.
Its current location: the effects of the pyramid area within the
necropolis of ancient Memphis, specifically in the south of the
causeway area of the pyramid of King Khafra owner of the second
pyramid at Giza, and bounded on the north range graves boys of King
Khafra and senior men of his time, on the south by the Queen
Cemetery (Khantkaus), wife of King Khafra (and is said to be his
mother but not his wife) and the cemetery adjacent to the rock of the
Sphinx discovered, called by many archaeologists specially our great
late archaeologist Prof Selim Hasan , (fourth pyramid) given the
magnitude of the stones that are less than the magnitude of the stones
pyramids nearby, and bounded on the east tombs range in a bad state
of conservation area south of the causeway, and west another group of
graves nobles area south of the causeway of king Khafra pyramid of
Giza. construction of royal tombs and pyramids.
Original article: a block of stone from the limestone of others
well-made, and it seems the researcher remains of a quarry that was
used to cut limestone for the
Description:
Huge rock look like mother rock represent high stone bordering
what is known as the tomb of part (Khantkaus) or fourth pyramid
tombs south of the causeway to the pyramid of Khafra effects of the
pyramid area district, after research and study of the nature of this
rock, which is very much like the original Sphinx statue However, it is
moving to the west, changing the direction of the original statue,
which looks toward the east, which is about a distance of 250 meters
approximately, and the statue or that the researcher suspected of being
a new statue unfinished Sphinx include several side pits in the
southern side of the statue and the pits side take random shape and
with different areas and some of them seem like a holes in the body
of the statue or drilling or natural breakdown in this side of the rock.
The most of these pits were used for burial in later times ,
٧١
‫ﻨظرﻴﺔ اﻝﺤﻜم اﻻﻝﻬﻲ ﻋﻨد ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ )دراﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ(‬
‫د‪ .‬زﻤن ﺤﺴن ﻜرﻴدي‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ذي ﻗﺎر ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻘﺎﻨون‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻘد اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻓﺠر ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻪ ﻝم ﻴرﻀﺦ ﻝﻘواﻋد ﺘﻨظم‬
‫ﺴﻠوﻜﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪ ،‬اﻻ اذا اﻋﺘﻘد ﺒﺄن ﻤﺸﻴﺌﺔ اﻻﻝﻬﺔ ﻗد ﻗﻀت ﺒﺄﺘﺒﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻜﺎن‬
‫ﻴﻨﻘل اﻝﻴﻪ ﻤﺸﻴﺌﺔ اﻻﻝﻬﺔ ﻤن ﻜﺎن ﻴﻘوم ﺒﺎﻝطﻘوس اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ وﻴدﻋﻲ ﺒﻠﺘﻘﻲ اﻝوﺤﻲ ﻤن‬
‫اﻻﻝﻬﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄن ﻨظرﻴﺔ اﻝﺤﻜم اﻻﻝﻬﻲ ﻋﻨد اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ اﻝﺸرﻗﻴﺔ واﻝﻐرﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺤد ﺴواء اﺨﺘﻠﻔت ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺴﻴر اﺤﻜﺎم وﻗواﻨﻴن ﻨظرﻴﺔ اﻝﺤﻜم اﻻﻝﻬﻲ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨظم ﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻤن ﺠﻬﺔ‪ ،‬واﺨﺘﻠﻔت ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌﻴﻴن اﻝﻔﺌﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘوم ﺒﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻨﻘل ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻴم اﻻﻝﻬﺔ‬
‫وﻓرض اﺤﻜﺎﻤﻬﺎ وﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻤن ﺠﻬﺔ اﺨرى‪ ،‬ﻝذﻝك ﺠﺎء ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث‬
‫ﻝﻴوﻀﺢ ﻤﻔﻬوم اﺨﺘﻼف اﻻﺤﻜﺎم اﻝﻘﺎﻨوﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻨظرﻴﺔ اﻝﺤﻜم اﻻﻝﻬﻲ ﺒﻴن ﺤﻀﺎرات‬
‫اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ وﻨظﻴراﺘﻬﺎ ﻤن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻐرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺨرى‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن‬
‫اﺴﺘﻐﻼل اﻝﻔﺌﺎت اﻝﻤﺘﻨﻔذة ﻓﻲ اﺼدار ﻫذﻩ اﻻﺤﻜﺎم وﺘﺸرﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧٢‬‬
Devine Judgment upon the Theory of Civilizations of the Near
East (A Comparative Study)
Dr. Zaman Hasan Kraidi
Thi Qar University\ College of Law
Human thought at the dawn of his social life that he did not
yield to the rules governing behavior in the community, but if I think
that the will of the gods had ruled to follow them, and was transferred
to him the will of the gods he performed religious rituals and claims
Beltqa revelation from God, the divine judgment theory when Eastern
and Western ancient civilizations both differed in their interpretation
of the provisions and the laws of the theory of divine judgment that
regulate the life of society on the one hand, and differed in the
appointment of the class that the task of the transfer of the teachings of
the gods and to impose its rules and apply them to the public on the
other hand, so I came this research to explain the concept of the
different legal provisions of the theory of divine judgment between the
civilizations of the ancient Near East and their counterparts from other
Western civilizations, as well as the exploitation of influential groups
in the issuance of these terms and legislation on the public.
٧٣
‫اﻻﺴطورة ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻝطﻴﻔﺔ ﻤﺎﺠد ﻤﺤﻤود‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬زﻫرة ﻤوﺴﻰ ﺠﻌﻔر‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ دﻴﺎﻝﻰ ‪/‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻠوم اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث ﻋدة ﻤﺒﺎﺤث ﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻫﻤﻴﺔ دراﺴﺔ اﻻﺴﺎطﻴر ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ ﺘﺸﻜل‬
‫اﻝﺠزء اﻻﻫم ﻤن ﻤﻴراث اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ وﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﻴراث اﻝذ ﻴﺴﺎﻋدﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻬم اﻝﺤﺎﻀر واﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل اذ ان اﻻﺴﺎطﻴر اﻝﻬﻤت اﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻻدﺒﺎء‬
‫واﻝﺸﻌراء واﻝﻔﻨﺎﻨﻴن ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث اﺴﺒﺎب اﺨﺘﻴﺎر ﻫذا اﻝﻤوﻀوع وﻤن ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻻﺴﺒﺎب ﺘﻌدد اﻵراء اﻝذي ﺘﻌرض ﻝﻪ ﻤﺼطﻠﺢ‪ ،‬ان اﻻﺴطورة ﻝون راﺌﻊ ﻤن‬
‫اﻻدب ﻝذﻝك ﻴﺠب اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺒﻪ‬
‫اﻫداف اﻝﺒﺤث‪ :‬ﻴﻬدف اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ اﻝﻰ‪ -‬اﻻطﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ اﺴﺎطﻴر‬
‫اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت ﻓﻤن ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻴﺴﺘطﻴﻌون اﻝﺘﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻋراف واﻝﻘﻴم واﻝﻌﺎدات‬
‫اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﺴك ﺒﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻬدف اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻰ ﺠﻌل اﻻﺴطورة ﻤﻜوﻨﺎ ﻤن ﻤﻜوﻨﺎت اﻝﻔﻜر اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫وﻤرﺠﻌﺎ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻝﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ واﻝﻔﻠﻜﻠورﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺘﺒت ﻋن اﻻﺴﺎطﻴر‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺘم‬
‫ﺘﺤدﻴد ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴم اﻝدراﺴﺔ وﻫﻲ ﻤﻔﻬوم اﻻﺴطورة وﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺘﻨﺎول‬
‫اﻝﺒﺤث اﻫم اﻝﻨظرﻴﺎت اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎوﻝت اﻻﺴطورة ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث ﻋﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻻﺴطورة ﺒﻐﻴرﻫﺎ ﻤن اﻝﻤﺼطﻠﺤﺎت اﻝﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧٤‬‬
The Legend in the Civilization of Al-Rafidain Valley
Assist.Prof.Dr. Zahra Musa Ja'far
Assist.Prof.Dr. Lateefa Majed Mahmood
College Education for Human Sciences\ Dyala University
This research will talk about many sections; one of them is the
importance of legends studying which is considered the important part
of the humanity civilization legacy and education, which helps us to
understand the present and future, because the legends inspired a lot of
poets and artists. This research will also talk about the reasons of
choosing this subject and one of these reasons is the variety of the
opinion that shows the concept. The legend is a wonderful part of
literature so we should take care of it.
Knowing the legends of societies because through it we can know
the behavior traditions and the social habits, which the societies hold it.
This research aims to make the legend a part of the human
thought and an educated background to a lot of folklore, histories,
social and ministries studies. This research contains the old studies
about legends. Knowing the study concept, which is a legend concept
and Al-Rfidain Valley civilization. This research contains the
important theories that talk about the legend. This research contains
the relationship between the legend and the other similar concepts.
٧٥
‫اﻝﺴﺤر واﻝﺸﺎﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺼور ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫د‪ .‬زﻴﻨب ﻋﺒد اﻝﺘواب رﻴﺎض‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻻﺜﺎر – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ أﺴوان‬
‫ﻴﺤﺘل اﻝﺴﺤر ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎة اﻨﺴﺎن ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ‪ ،‬وﻴظﻬر ذﻝك ﻤن‬
‫ﺨﻼل اﻝرﺴوم اﻝﺼﺨرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻰ ﺘم اﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝﻤواﻗﻊ ‪ ،‬واﻝﺘﻰ ﻜﺎﻨت‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝدﻻﺌل ذات اﻝﻤﻐزى اﻝﺴﺤرى‪ ،‬اﻝﺘﻰ ﻋﺒر ﻋﻨﻬﺎ اﻝﻔن اﻝﺒداﺌﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ ﺼور ﻝﻨﺎ ﻫﻴﺌﺎت اﻝﺸﺎﻤﺎن واﻝﺴﺤرة ‪ ،‬واﻝﺤﻴواﻨﺎت ذات اﻝدﻻﻝﺔ اﻝرﻤزﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴن ﺸﻜل اﻝﺤﻴوان واﻝرﻤزﻴﺔ اﻝﺴﺤرﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫وﻜﺎن ﻤن اﻫم اﻝرﻤوز اﻝﺘﻰ ﻜﺎن ﻝﻬﺎ دﻻﻝﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﺴﺤرﻴﺔ اﻴﻀﺎ " طﺒﻌﺎت اﻷﻴدى " أو‬
‫ﺒﺼﻤﺎت اﻷﻴدى وﻫﻰ ﻤن اﻝﺴﻤﺎت اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻰ اﻨﺘﺸرت ﻓﻰ اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝرﺴوم‬
‫واﻝﻨﻘوش اﻝﺼﺨرﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن ﻜﻬوف اﻝﻌﺎﻝم وﻜﺎﻨت ﻀﻤن اﻫم ﻋﻨﺎﺼر ﻓن‬
‫اﻝرﺴوم اﻝﺼﺨرﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻜﺎﻨت طﺒﻌﺎت اﻷﻴدى إﻤﺎ ﺘﺼﺎﺤب ﻤﻨﺎظر ﺤﻴواﻨﻴﺔ أو‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎظر ﺼﻴد ‪ ،‬أو ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺄﺘﻰ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن ﺒﺼﻤﺎت وطﺒﻌﺎت أﻴدى ﻋدة‬
‫ﻝرﺠﺎل وﻨﺴﺎء ‪.‬‬
‫واﻝﺸﺎﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ دﻴن ﺒداﺌﻲ ﻴﺘﻤﻴز ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎد ﺒوﺠود ﻋﺎﻝم ﻤﺤﺠوب ﻫو ﻋﺎﻝم اﻻﻝﻬﺔ‬
‫واﻝﺸﻴﺎطﻴن وارواح اﻝﺴﻠف ‪ ،‬وان ﻫذا اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺠﻴب اﻻّ ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻤﺎن وﻫو ﻜﺎﻫن‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺨدم اﻝﺴﺤر ﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ اﻝﻤرﻀﻰ واﻝﺴﻴطرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺤداث ‪.‬‬
‫وﻝﻘد ﻜﺎن ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻤﺎن دور ﻫﺎم ﺒﺎﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات ﻤﻨذ ﻋﺼور ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫‪ ،‬اذ ﻜﺎن ﻴﺸﻜل ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل اﻝﺒداﺌﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬو ﺴﻴد اﻝﻘﺒﻴﻠﺔ اﻝذى‬
‫ﻴﻤﺘﻠك ﻗوى ﺘﻔوق ﻗوى اﻝطﺒﻴﻌﺔ واﻷرواح واﻷﻤراض واﻷﻋداء ‪ ،‬وﻫو ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﻠم اﻜﺘﺸﺎف اﻝﻤﺠﻬول واﻝذى ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺘواﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻪ‬
‫اﻝﻰ ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺘﻪ اﻝﺴﺎﺤر اﻝذي ّ‬
‫ﻴﺘﻌرض ﻝﻬﺎ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ٕواﻋطﺎء‬
‫وﺒﻴن اﻝﻤوﺘﻰ ‪ ،‬وﻴﻘوم ّ‬
‫ﺒﺤل اﻝﻜرب واﻝﻤﺸﺎﻜل اﻝﺘﻲ ّ‬
‫أﺠوﺒﺔ وﺤﻠول ﺘﺴﺎﻫم ﻓﻲ إرﺴﺎء اﻝﺘوازن ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﻘﺒﻠﻲ وﻫو اﻝﻤﺴؤول ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫إﺨﻤﺎد ﻏﻀب اﻹﻝﻪ واﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻤن اﻷرواح اﻝﺸرﻴرة ‪.‬‬
‫وﻤن ﺜم ﻴﻤﻜن اﻝﻘول ان اﻝﺴﺤر واﻝﺸﺎﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻫﻤﺎ أﺴﺎس اﻝﻌﻘﻴدة اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻗﺒل اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ‪ ،‬وﻫﻤﺎ ﺤﺠر اﻷﺴﺎس ﻝدراﺴﺔ دﻴن اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﺤﺎﻝﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل‬
‫اﻝﺒداﺌﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٧٦‬‬
Magic and shamanism in prehistoric times
Dr.Zainab abd El-Twab riyad.
Faculty of Archaeology – Aswan University
Occupying a magic an important place in the life of prehistoric
man, and shows through rock paintings that have been discovered in
many locations, which was carrying many meaningful magical
evidence, expressed by art primitive when the picture to us shamans and
sorcerers bodies, animals Significantly Avatar that combine animal and
symbolic form of magic.
One of the most important symbols that had a magical
significance as well. "Editions hands" or imprints of hands, one of the
technical features that have spread in many of the drawings and rock
inscriptions in many of the caves of the world and was among the most
important elements of rock drawings art, and the editions hands either
accompany the animal or views hunting scenes, or they come in a set of
fingerprints and several editions of the hands of men and women.
And primitive shamanic religion is characterized by the belief
that there un seen world is the world of the gods and demons and spirits
of advances, and that this world is not only responds to a priest shaman
magic is used to treat patients and control the events.
It was the Shaman an important role in many civilizations since
prehistoric times, as it was a special figure in the primitive tribes, he is
the master of the tribe, which has forces beyond the forces of nature and
of life, disease and enemies, which is in relation to his tribe magician
who learn the unknown to discover which works to communicate
between him and among the dead, and that eliminates stress and
problems of human exposure and to give answers and solutions that
contribute to a balance in the tribal society is responsible to quell the
anger of God and protection from evil spirits.
And then we can say that the magic and shamanism are the basis
of religious belief of prehistoric man, and are the foundation for the
study of religion in the current human primitive tribes.
٧٧
‫ﻓﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌر ﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺸﺎﻋر اﻝﺒرﻋﻲ اﻨﻤوذﺠﺎ‪-‬‬‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬اﺴراء ﺨﻠﻴل ﻓﻴﺎض اﻝﺠﺒوري‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬زﻴﻨب ﻓﺎﻀل اﺤﻤد اﻝﻨﻌﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼرﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﺒﻘﻰ اﻝﺜﺒﺎت واﻻﺴﺘﻘرار ﻏﺎﻴﺔ اﻝﻔرد ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﻤل ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﺨﻠود واﻝﺘﻤوﻀﻊ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻤﺤورت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ وﺠود اﻝﻤﻜﺎن وﺘﻌﺎطﻔﻪ اﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﻊ دﻝو اﻝﻔرد‪.‬‬
‫ﻻن اﻝﻤﻜﺎن ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ اﻻﺸﻴﺎء ﻓﻬو اﻝﺤﺎوي واﻝﺤﺎﺌز واﻝﻤﺤل ﻝﻤﺠﻤل اﻝﻔﻀﺎﺌل واﻻﻓﻌﺎل‬
‫واﻻﺤداث اﻝﻤﺤﻴطﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎن‪.‬‬
‫وﺘﻌﻔﻴﻨﺎ ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤزاوﺠﺔ اﻝوﺠداﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻤﻜﺎن واﻝﻔرد‪ ،‬ﻋن اﻝﺤدﻴث طوﻴﻼ‬
‫ﻋن وطﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻜﺎن‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻹﺤﺴﺎس ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻜﺎن ﻴﺼل ذروة اﻝﺘوﺤد ﻓﻲ ﻗﻠب اﻝﻔرد‪ ،‬ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻔﺘرﺸﻪ اﻻﺨﻴر ﻤﻬﺎد ﻝﻨﺸﺄﺘﻪ وﻗﺒ ار ﻝﺠﺜﻤﺎﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ اطﺎر اﻻﻨﺘﻤﺎء اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻲ ﻓﻼ ﻴوﺠد‬
‫ﺠﺴم دون ﻤﻜﺎن ﺨﺎص ﺒﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬذﻩ اﻝﻤزاوﺠﺔ اﻝﺤﺴﻴﺔ واﻀﺤﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺸف ﻋن ﻤﻔﻬوم‬
‫اﻝوطن‪ ،‬وﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ اﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻝﻔﺔ واﻝﺘﺄﻝف اﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ ﻤﻊ اﻝﻔرد ﻤﻨذ اﻝﺨﻠﻘﻴﺔ اﻻوﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺼورة ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜن اﻨﻜﺎرﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﺘطرح وﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻘدﻤﺔ اﻝﺘﻌرﻴﻔﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﻔﻬوﻤﺎ واﻀﺤﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺎن اﻝذي ﻴﺘﻨﺎوﻝﻪ‬
‫اﻝﺸﺎﻋر اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر وﺘﺤدﻴدا ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﻤﻤﻠوﻜﻲ واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘراوﺤت طﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫اﺤواﻝﻬﺎ اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻤن ﻤﻜﺎن ﻻﺨر ﻓﻲ إﻏﻨﺎء اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒرﺼﻴد أدﺒﻲ ﻤﺘﻤﻴز اﺤﻴﺎﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻻ رﻴب ان ﻝﻤﺤﻨﺎ ذﻝك اﻻﺜر اﻝﺠﻠﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻨظم ﺸﻌراء اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺜﺎﻤن‬
‫اﻝﻬﺠري وﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ اﻝﺸﺎﻋر اﻝﻤﺼري ﻋﺒد اﻝرﺤﻴم ﺒن اﺤﻤد ﺒن ﻋﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﻝﻴﻤﺎﻨﻲ‪،‬‬
‫اﻝﻤﺸﻬور ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺎﻋر اﻝﺒرﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ اطﺎر ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤطﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻝﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻜﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر‬
‫اﻝوﺴﻴط ﻝﻨﺠد ﺸدة ﺘﻌﻠﻘﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻜﺎن وﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻪ ﻤﻊ ﻤداﻩ اﻝﻨﻔﺴﻲ واﻝﺤﺴﻲ‪ ،‬ﺒﻔﻴض‬
‫ﺘﺠرﺒﺘﻪ اﻝﺸﻌرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨظم اﻝﻤداﺌﺢ اﻝﻨﺒوﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻤن ﻤﻨطﻠق ﺘﻠك اﻝرؤﻴﺔ اﻝﺘوظﻴﻔﻴﺔ طرح‬
‫اﻝﻤﻜﺎن ﻝدى اﻝﺸﺎﻋر اﻝﺒرﻋﻲ دﻻﻻت رﻤزﻴﺔ ﺨرﺠت ﻋن اﻝﻤﻌﺎن اﻝﻤﺄﻝوﻓﺔ ﻝدى‬
‫اﻝﺸﻌراء‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎن ﻨﺴﻜﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤراب ﻤﺤﺒﺘﻪ ﻝﻠرﺴول )ﺼﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻪ‬
‫وﺼﺤﺒﻪ وﺴﻠم( وﺴﻨﺘﻪ اﻝﻨﺒوﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﺼدق ﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋن اﺠﺘﻬﺎداﺘﻪ اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﻤل ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻤن ﻤﺸﺎﻋر ﻨﺤو ﺨﺎﻝﻘﻪ وﻨﺒﻴﻪ ﻓﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﻤواﻀﻊ واﻻﻤﻜﻨﺔ ﻜﻤﻜﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻜرﻤﺔ واﻝﻤدﻴﻨﺔ اﻝﻤﻨورة ﻝﻬﺎ ﻨظرات ورؤى ﺠدﻴدة ﻓﻲ ﻨظم اﻝﺸﺎﻋر اﻝﺒرﻋﻲ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤدﻴﺢ اﻝﻨﺒوي‪.‬‬
‫‪٧٨‬‬
The effectiveness of the place in ancient Egypt - Borai poetry
as the model
Ass.Prof.Dr. Zainab Fathel Ahmed\ College of Basic
Education\ mustenserya university
Ass.Prof.Dr. Esraa Khalil Faiyath\ College of Education\
Mustenserya university
Consistency and stability remain a destination for the individual
in the whole of his life, and repositioning and immortality are the
humanitarian philosophy centered on the back of the existence place
and the psychological his sympathy with a bucket of individual.
Because the place is the end of things so it is containing and winning
the whole virtues ,actions and events surrounding the human being. and
this relieve us of those empathy between the location and the individual,
for a long speech and the national place k, feeling of the place reaches
the peak of autism in the heart of the individual, when sat last as beds
for the growing up and the graves of his body as part of the
geographical belonging, there is no body without its own place, this
pairing sensory clear to reveal the concept home, and his relationship
based on psychological familiarity and harmony with the individual
since birth in the undeniable way. This tariff introduction raises a clear
understanding of the place covered by the Arab poet in Egypt,
specifically in the Mamluk period, which ranged from the nature of the
political and social their conditions of the one place to another in the
enrichment of Arab culture with a distinct literary occasionally.
There is no doubt that, the great tribulations were impact for the
place in the systems of poets of the eighth century AH, especially the
Egyptian poet Abdel Rahim bin Ahmed bin Ali Al-Yamani, the famous
poet El-Borai in the framework of those conforming to the effectiveness
of the place in the Middle Ages to find attachment to the place and its
interaction with the psychological and sensory scope, abundance his
poetic experience in praise of the Prophet systems. And out of those
functional vision , the place subtracted re in the poet Borai symbolic
connotations out of the subsidized familiar to poets, was Nasca in his
love of the Prophet (Allah bless him and his family) and his Sunnah of
the Prophet, believe in the expression of the religious of his efforts. And
what fermenting the same feelings towards the Creator and His Prophet
were placements and places as Mecca and Medina have new insights
into the poet Borai systems for the praise of the Prophet.
٧٩
‫ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒوﻝﺘون ﺒﻴن اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻴن اﻝﻌراﻗﻲ واﻝﻤﺼري‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ﺴﺎﻤر ﺴﺎﻝم ﻋﺜﻤﺎن‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ﻤﻨﺎد ﺠﻬﺎد ﻋﺎﺸﺞ‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬ﻓﺎروق اﺤﻤد ﺤﺴﻴن‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒر ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻲ وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌراق ووادي اﻝﻨﻴل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر ﻤن‬
‫اﻋرق اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻝﺸرق اﻻوﺴط وﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم وﻴرﺠﺢ اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜون ﻨﺸوء‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن ﻓﻲ زﻤن ﻤﺘﻘﺎرب‪ ،‬ﺒﻌض اﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻋﺘﻘدت ان ﺸﻌﺒﻲ وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن‬
‫ووادي اﻝﻨﻴل ﻴﻨﺤدران ﻤن اﺼول واﺤدة وﻝﻐرض اﺜﺒﺎت او ﻨﻔﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻝدراﺴﺎت‬
‫ﺘﻬدف اﻝدراﺴﺔ اﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ اﻝﻰ اﻴﺠﺎد ﻤدى اﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ واﻻﺨﺘﻼف ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎس اﺒﻌﺎد‬
‫اﻻﺴﻨﺎن ﻝﻠﺸﻌﺒﻴن وﻤدى ﺘﺄﺜﻴر اﻝظرف اﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ واﻝﺠﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻝك‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﺎن اﻝﻬدف ﻤن اﻝدراﺴﺔ اﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻫو اﻝﺘﺤﻘق ﻤن اﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ وﺠود اﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﺠوﻫرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺒوﻝﺘون اﻻﻤﺎﻤﻴﺔ واﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﻘﻴﺎس واداة ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ ﻝﻤرﻀﻰ ﺘﻘوﻴم‬
‫اﻻﺴﻨﺎن ﻝﻜل ﻤن اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻴن اﻝﻤﺼري واﻝﻌراﻗﻲ وﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺤﺎﻻت ﺴوء اﻻطﺒﺎق‬
‫اﻝﺜﻼث‪ ،‬وﺘﻀﻤن اﻝﺒﺤث ﻤﺎﺌﺘﺎن وارﺒﻌون ﻗﺎﻝب ﺠﺒﺴﻲ ﻝﻤرﻀﻰ ﺘﻘوﻴم اﻻﺴﻨﺎن‬
‫ﻗﺒل ﻋﻼﺠﻬم ﻤﺎﺌﺔ وﻋﺸرون ﻗﺎﻝب ﻝﻜل ﺸﻌب‪ ،‬ﺘم ﻗﻴﺎس‬
‫ﻋرض اﻷﺴﻨﺎن ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام ورﻨﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﻨﺎن ﻝﺤﺴﺎب ﻨﺴب ﺒوﻝﺘون اﻻﻤﺎﻤﻴﺔ واﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻤت اﻝﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺎت اﻻﺤﺼﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﺴﺘﺨدام ﺘﺤﻠﻴل اﻝﺘﺒﺎﻴن‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻴوﺠد اﺨﺘﻼف ﻤﻌﻨوي‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌدل اﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﺒوﻝﺘون ﺒﻴن ﺤﺎﻻت ﺴوء اﻻطﺒﺎق اﻝﺜﻼث ﻝﻜﻼ‬
‫اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻴن اﻝﻌراﻗﻲ واﻝﻤﺼري ‪.‬ﻜذﻝك ﻝم ﻴوﺠد اي ﻓرق ﻤﻌﻨوي ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻤﻌدل‬
‫اﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﻤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﺒوﻝﺘون ﺒﻴن ﺤﺎﻻت ﺴوء اﻻطﺒﺎق اﻝﺜﻼث ﻝﻠﺸﻌب اﻝﻌراﻗﻲ ‪.‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ‬
‫وﺠد ﻓرق ﻤﻌﻨوي ذو اﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴم ﻤﻌدﻻت اﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻻﻤﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﺒوﻝﺘون ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻻت‬
‫ﺴوء اﻻطﺒﺎق اﻝﺜﻼث ﻋﻨد اﻝﺸﻌب اﻝﻤﺼري‪ ،‬وﻤن اﻝﻤﻤﻜن ﺘوﺤﻴد اﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻝﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﺒوﻝﺘون ﻜﻤﻘﻴﺎس واداة ﺘﺸﺨﻴﺼﻴﺔ ﻝﻤرﻀﻰ ﺘﻘوﻴم اﻻﺴﻨﺎن ﻝﻜﻼ اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻴن اﻝﻌراﻗﻲ‬
‫واﻝﻤﺼري‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٠‬‬
Compared the Proportion of Bolton
Between the Iraqi and Syrian peoples
Ass.Lec. Manad Jihad Ashj Ass.Lec.
Samer Salim Othman
Ass.Lec. Farooq Ahmed Hussein
The civilizations of Mesopotamia in Iraq and the Nile Valley in
Egypt considered that, one of the oldest civilizations in the Middle
East region in the world, researchers are likely the emergence of
civilizations in a close time, some studies have thought that the people
of Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley scions from the same origin, and
one for the purpose of proving or deny these studies designed the
current study to find the extent of the similarities and differences in
the measurement of the dimensions of the teeth of the two peoples and
the impact of environmental and genetic circumstances on it. The aim
of the present study was to verify possibility of the existence of
substantial differences in the proportion of Bolton for both front and
overall as a measure and diagnostic tool for patients with orthodontic
each of the Egyptian and Iraqi peoples and all cases of the three
dishes. This research included two hundred and forty gypsies template
for patients with orthodontic before treatment, one hundred and
twenty template for all the people , it was measured using a tooth
width and fernier teeth to calculate ratios Bolton front and college.
Statistical comparisons were using analysis of variance, And there is
no significant difference in the value of the total proportion of Bolton
rate among cases of three dishes for both Iraqi and Egyptian peoples.
Nor did there was no significant difference in the value of the ratio of
the front Bolton rate among cases of three dishes for the Iraqi people.
While a significant difference was found in the importance of the
values of the ratio of the front Bolton rates in the cases of the three
dishes when the Egyptian people, it is possible to unify the overall
proportion of Bolton as a gauge and diagnostic tool for patients with
orthodontic for both Iraqi and Egyptian peoples.
٨١
‫اﻝﻤوروث اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ واﻝدﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن وأﺜرﻩ اﻝﺒﻼﻏﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨص‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴرﺤﻲ ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋر ﻤﺤﻤد ﻋﻠﻲ اﻝﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺴﺎﻫرة ﻋدﻨﺎن وﻫﻴب اﻝﻌﻨﺒﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻜل اﻝﻤوروث اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ واﻝدﻴﻨﻲ واﻝﺤﻀﺎري ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن راﻓدا ﻗوﻴﺎ‪،‬‬
‫وﻤرﺘﻜ از ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺎ ﻝﻠﺸﺎﻋر اﻝﺨﻔﺎﺠﻲ‪ ،‬وﻷﻋﻤﺎﻝﻪ اﻝدراﻤﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﺴرﺤﻴﺔ ﺒوﺠﻪ ﺨﺎص‪ ،‬ﻓﻬو‬
‫ﻨﻘطﺔ ﺘﺤﻔز واﻨطﻼق ﻨﺨو آﻓﺎق اﻝﺤﺎﻀر واﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒل‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد اﺘﺨذ ﻤن ﻤوﻫﺒﺘﻪ‪،‬‬
‫وﺨﺒرﺘﻪ اﻝدراﻤﻴﺔ وﺴﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬واداة ﻝﺨدﻤﺔ واﻀﺎءة اﻝﺘﺄرﻴﺦ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ واﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وﺒﻌﺜﻪ‬
‫واﺴﺘﻠﻬﺎﻤﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻋﻤﺎﻝﻪ ﻤن ﺠدﻴد‪ ،‬اذ وظف اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺘوظﻴﻔﺎ ﻤﺒﺎﺸ ار ﺒﺤﻀور‬
‫اﻝﺸﺨﺼﻴﺎت واﻷﺤداث واﻝﻨﺼوص ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺘن اﻝﺤﻜﺎﺌﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﺴرح‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺒﺎس واﻝﺘﻀﻤﻴن ﻤن اﻝﻘرآن واﻝﺸﻌر اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‪ ،‬واﻷﺨذ‪ ،‬واﻝﺘﻨﺎص أو اﻝﺘﻌﺎﻝق‬
‫اﻝﻨﺼﻲ ﻤﻊ اﻝﻨﺼوص اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﺴﺘﺤﻀﺎر اﻝﻤوروث اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬واﻝﻘﺼص‬
‫اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺴرح اﻻوﺒراﻝﻲ ﺒﻤﻨﺠزﻴﺔ‪ :‬اوﺒ ار ﺴﻨﻤﺎر‪ ،‬واوﺒ ار ﻜﺎوة اﻝﺤداد‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ‬
‫ﻋن ﻤﺴرﺤﻴﺘﻪ اﻝﺸﻌرﻴﺔ اﻝﻨﺜرﻴﺔ اﻝﺤﺴﻴن واﻗف ﻓﻲ ﻴﺴﺎري‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻤن ﻤﻨﺠزاﺘﻪ‬
‫اﻝﺤدﻴﺜﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻤن اﻝﻤﻌروف ﻋن اﻝﺸﺎﻋر ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎﺘﻪ اﻝﺘداﺨل ﺒﻴن اﻻﺠﻨﺎس‪ ،‬وﻜذﻝك‬
‫ﻤﻨﺠزاﺘﻪ اﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺴرح ﻜﺄﺒﻲ ذر ﻴﺼﻌد ﻤﻌراج اﻝرﻓض‪ ،‬وﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺊ‬
‫اﻝﺤﺴﻴن‪ ،‬واﻝﺠﺎﺌزة‪.‬‬
‫ﻝﻘد اﺴﺘﻠﻬم اﻝﺸﺎﻋر اﻝطﺎﻗﺎت اﻝرﻤزﻴﺔ واﻻﻴﺤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﺎرﻴﺦ وﺘروﻴﻀﻪ ﺒﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺨﻴﻠﺔ اﻝﺸﻌرﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻋﺎدة ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺘﻪ اﺒداﻋﻴﺎ‪ ،‬وﺒث اﻝروح اﻝﺠدﻴدة ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤن ﺨﻼل رﺒط‬
‫اﻝواﻗﻊ اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼر ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ واﺴﺘﺤﻀﺎر اﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺨدم اﻝﺤﺎﻀر واﻻﺤداث‬
‫اﻝﺠدﻴدة ﺒرؤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺼرة‪ ،‬وأﺜر ذﻝك ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨص اﻝﻤﺴرﺤﻲ ﺒﻼﻏﻴﺎ وﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺨدم اﻝدرس‬
‫اﻝﺒﻼﻏﻲ واﻻﺴﻠوﺒﻲ اﻝﺤدﻴث‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٢‬‬
Cultural and Religious Heritage in Mesopotamia and their Impact
in the Rhetorical Theatrical Text
Poet. Mohammed Ali AL Khafaji
Dr. Sahira Adnan Waheeb
College of Basic Education\ Mustansiriya University
The form of religious and cultural heritage in Mesopotamia
strong, and an anchor steady for Khafaji, for his dramatic and
theatrical in particular, it stimulates the starting point towards the
present and future prospects, he taken his talent, and experience
dramatic way, and a tool for lighting the Arab and Muslim history.
The mission inspired in his work again, as history main
employers hired directly in the presence of personalities, events and
texts in the met in Gail theater, as well as a citation and modulated
from the Quran and Arabic poetry taking intertextuality or text
correlation with historical texts, and evoke the cultural heritage, and
stories in the popular operatic theater as in The: Obra Shamar Obra
Kaveh the black smith, as well as his play poetic petty Hussein
standing in my left, this achievements of modern Than poet, known
for his writings the overlap between the races, as well as previous
achievements in the theater Kabi Dhar Climb ascension rejection, AL
Hussein coming again. The poet was inspired by tamed energies
symbolic and suggestive of history effectively imagination of poetry,
and re-writing creatively, and transmit the new spirit in it by
connecting the contemporary reality of the past the past and evoke
serve present new contemporary vision and events, and its impact on
the theatrical text rhetorical and to serve the lesson rhetorical modern
and stylistic.
٨٣
‫اﺜر اﻝﻌﺎدات واﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴد اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼر ﻓﻲ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺴﺘﺎر ﻋﻠك اﻝطﻔﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﻴﺘﻤﻴز اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ﻋن ﻏﻴرﻩ ﻤن اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﺒطﺒﻴﻌﺘﻪ اﻝﺼﺤراوﻴﺔ‬
‫وﺴﺎﺤﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺠﻤﻴل اﻝذي ﺸﻜل ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺒداﺌﻴﺔ ﻤﻨذ ﺒداﻴﺘﻬﺎ اﻨﻌﻜﺴت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎداﺘﻪ‬
‫وﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴدﻩ اﻝﺘﻲ اﻨﻔرد ﺒﻬﺎ ﻋن ﻏﻴرﻩ ﻤن اﻝﺸﻌوب واﻷﻤم اﻷﺨرى ﻤن اﻝﻌﺎدات‬
‫واﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴد اﻝﺘﻲ ﺠﻌﻠﺘﻪ ﻴﺘﻤﺴك ﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ إرﺜﺎ ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺎً وﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺎ ﻝﻬذﻩ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﺤﻴث اﻤﺘزﺠت ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻌﺎدات واﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴد اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﺒﻤدﻴﻨﺔ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼر ﻓﻲ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ وﻫﻲ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻤن اﻵﺒﺎء اﻝﻰ اﻷﺒﻨﺎء ﺒﺸﻜل ﻴﺘﺠدد ﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻝﺘطور اﻝﺤﺎﺼل ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ إﻻ أن ﻫذا اﻝﺘطور اﻤﺘدت ﺨﻴوطﻪ إﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ اﻝﺘﻠﻴد ﻷﻨﻪ ﻴﺸﻜل ﻋﻤﻘﺎً ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺎً ٕواﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤر اﻝﻌﺼور ﻝﻸﺠﻴﺎل‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرة‪ ،‬وﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث أﻫم اﻝﻌﺎدات واﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴد وأﺒرزﻫﺎ ﺼﻴد اﻝﺼﻘور وﻫﻲ ﻤن‬
‫أﻗدم اﻝﻌﺎدات واﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴد اﻝﺒدوﻴﺔ واﻝﺼﺤراوﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ رﻴﺎﻀﺔ ﻤﺤﺒﺒﺔ ﻝدى اﻷﻤراء‬
‫وﻋﺎﻤﺔ اﻝﻨﺎس ﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘوﻴﻪ ﻤن ﻓواﺌد ﺠﺴﻤﻴﺔ وﻨﻔﺴﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺴﺠم ﻤﻊ طﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫وﻫﻨﺎك أﺴﺎﻝﻴب ﻤﺤددة ﻝﻠﻘﻴﺎم ﺒﻬذﻩ اﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤواﺴم ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻴﻌرﻓﻬﺎ أﺒﻨﺎء اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ‬
‫وﻜذﻝك ﻤن اﻝﻌﺎدات اﻷﺨرى ﺴﺒﺎﻗﺎت اﻝﻬﺠن وﻫﻲ ﻤن اﻝﻌﺎدات اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤظﻰ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻜﺒﻴر ﻴﻌود إﻝﻰ اﻝﺠﻤﺎل اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘذﻜرﻨﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ اﻝﻌرﻴق اﻷﻤر اﻝذي‬
‫ﻴؤدي إﻝﻰ ﺘرﺴﻴﺦ اﻷﺼﺎﻝﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ وﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ روح اﻻﻨﺘﻤﺎء واﻻرﺘﺒﺎط ﺒﺎﻝﺘراث اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻨﺴﺠم ﻤﻊ طﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﺒدوي وﻜذﻝك اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﺤﻀري‪ ،‬أﻤﺎ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﻔروﻋﻬﺎ وأﺸﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻫﻲ اﻝﻤرآة اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻜس ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ وأﺴﻠوب ﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫أﻓرادﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤرﺤﻠﺔ ﻤن ﻤراﺤل ﺘطورﻩ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ اﻷﻝﻌﺎب اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ أﺨذت طﺎﺒﻌﺎً‬
‫ﺨﺎﺼﺎً وﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴد ﺘﻌﺒر ﻋن اﻝطﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﺼﺤراوﻴﺔ وأﺨذت اﻷزﻴﺎء اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﻨﺼﻴﺒﺎً ﻤن‬
‫ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫﺎ اﻝﻤوروث اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻝﻬذﻩ اﻷﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ إن اﻝطب اﻝﺸﻌﺒﻲ ﻴﻌﺎﻝﺞ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺸﻜﻼت اﻝﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻀوء اﻝﺨﺒرات واﻝﺘﺠﺎرب اﻝﻜﺜﻴرة اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻤدة ﻤن اﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٤‬‬
The Effect of the Norms and Cultures on the Modern Society in
the Arab Gulf
Assist. Prof. Dr. Sattar Alek Al-Tufaily
College of Basic Education\ University of Babylon
Arabian Gulf was featuring from other parts of the world desert
and the beautiful coastal nature which form a primitive environment
since its inception reflected on the customs and traditions that himself
out from other peoples and other nations of the customs and traditions
that made him stick out as a legacy culturally and historically to the
task region of the world where mixed this old habits and traditions in
contemporary society in the Arabian Gulf and is passed down from
parents to children is renewed with the development in the Arab
community, however, this development stretched strings to the
glorious past because it is deeply cultural and humanitarian through
the ages contemporary. This research took the most important customs
and traditions, most notably Falconry is one of the oldest traditions of
Bedouin and desert traditions, a grainy sport among princes and the
general public to the content of the physical and psychological
benefits are consistent with the nature of society and there are specific
ways to do the job in certain seasons known to people in the region as
well as from other habits camel racing is one of the habits that have
considerable popular attention back to the beauty that reminds us of
the ancient past Which leads to the consolidation of Arab tradition and
develop the spirit belonging and correlation to heritage that is
consistent with the nature of the Bedouin community, as well as urban
society, and the folk art branches and forms different is the mirror that
reflects the culture of the community and the lifestyle of its members
at every stage of its evolution, while popular games took a special
character and traditions reflect the nature of the desert and took a
share of the popular fashion this research as a popular tradition of this
nation, and the folk medicine deals with health problems in the light of
the many experiences and experiences derived from the environment.
٨٥
‫أﺜر اﻝﻤﻴﺜوﻝوﺠﻴﺎ اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ اﻝﺘوﺴﻌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠدوﻝﺔ اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪-٥٥٩‬‬
‫‪٣٣٠‬ق‪.‬م(‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺴﻌد ﻋﺒود ﺴﻤﺎر‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ واﺴط ‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻬدف اﻝﺒﺤث ﺘﺴﻠﻴط اﻝﻀوء ﻋﻠﻰ أﺜر اﻝﻤﻴﺜوﻝوﺠﻴﺎ اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺘوﺴﻌﻴﺔ اﻷﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﺠﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤورﻴن‪ :‬اﻝﻤﺤور اﻷول‪ :‬ﺘﻨﺎول ﺘوظﻴف اﻝدﻴن ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﺤروب اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻜﻴف ﻜﺎﻨت ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺤروب ﺒﺄﻤر اﻹﻝﻪ اﻫوراﻤزدا وﺒﻨﺼر‬
‫ﻤﻨﻪ؟؟ ﻓﻘد ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ اﻝﻤﺘﺒﻌﺔ أن ﻤﻌظم اﻝﻤﻠوك اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﻴن ُﻤﻨﺼﺒﻴن ﻤن ﻫذا‬
‫اﻹﻝﻪ‪ .‬واﻝﺘطرق إﻝﻰ ادﻋﺎءاﺘﻬم ﻝﻴزﻴدوا ﻤن ﺴﻘف ﻗدﺴﻴﺘﻬم‪ ،‬ورﻓﻊ روح اﻝﺤﻤﺎﺴﺔ‬
‫واﻻﻨدﻓﺎع ﻝﻤﻘﺎﺘﻠﻴﻬم ﺘﺎرة ﺒﺎدﻋﺎﺌﻬم أﻨﻬم وﺴطﺎء ﺒﻴﻨﻬم وﺒﻴن اﻵﻝﻬﺔ‪ ،‬أو أﻨﻬم‬
‫ﻴﺴﺘﺸﻴرون اﻵﻝﻬﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎرﻜﻬم‪ ،‬أو ﻓﻲ اﺼطﺤﺎﺒﻬم ﻋرﺒﺔ اﻹﻝﻪ ﻫوارﻤزدا ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺴﺎﺤﺎت اﻝﻘﺘﺎل‪ .‬وﻜﺎن ﻝﻠﺨطﺎب اﻝدﻴﻨﻲ أﺜرﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌزﻴز ﻤﻌﻨوﻴﺎت اﻝﺠﻨد وﺘﻘوﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻤن اﺠل ﺘﻘدﻴم اﻝﺘﻀﺤﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻠك وﻤﺸﺎرﻴﻌﻪ اﻝﺘوﺴﻌﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ارﺘﻘوا ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤن اﻝواﻗﻌﻴﺔ‬
‫إﻝﻰ اﻝﻤﻘدس ﺒﺘوظﻴف اﻝﻤﻴﺜوﻝوﺠﻴﺎ اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴق اﻫداﻓﻬم وﻤﺸﺎرﻴﻌﻬم‪.‬‬
‫أﻤﺎ اﻝﻤﺤور اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﻓﻘد ﺘطرق إﻝﻰ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﺎﻤل اﻝﻤﻠوك اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﻴن ﻤﻊ‬
‫أدﻴﺎن وﻤﻌﺘﻘدات اﻝﺸﻌوب اﻝﺘﻲ ﺨﻀﻌت ﻝﺴﻴطرﺘﻬم‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻝرﻏم ﻤن أﻨﻪ ﻝم ﺘﻜن ﺜﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﻝدﻴن ﻤوﺤد ﻝﻠدوﻝﺔ اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬدي اﻝﻤﻠك ﻜورش )‪-٥٥٩‬‬
‫‪٥٢٨‬ق‪.‬م( وﺨﻠﻔﻪ اﻝﻤﻠك ﻗﻤﺒﻴز )‪٥٢٢-٥٢٨‬ق‪.‬م(‪ .‬ﻓﻬم ﻝم ﻴﻔرﻀوا دﻴﻨﺎ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬم‪ .‬وﻝﻜﻨﻬم وظﻔوا ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻹﺴﻜﺎت اي ﺘﻤرد أو ﻤﻨﺎﻫﻀﺔ ﻝﻠوﻀﻊ‬
‫اﻝﺠدﻴد‪ .‬وﻋﻨد ﺘﺴﻠم دارﻴوش اﻷول اﻝﺤﻜم)‪٤٨٦-٥٢٢‬ق‪.‬م(‪ ،‬وﻤن ﺠﺎء ﻤن ﺒﻌدﻩ‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﻤﻠوك اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﻴن‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻝرﻏم ﻤن أن ﻋﺒﺎدة اﻹﻝﻪ ﻫوراﻤزدا ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﻨﺘﺸرة ﻓﻲ‬
‫إﻴران ﻋﻤوﻤﺎً‪ .‬إﻻ أﻨﻬم أﻋطوا ﺒﻌض اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ واﻻﺤﺘرام ﻝﻤﻌﺘﻘدات اﻷﻤم اﻝواﻗﻌﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤت ﺤﻜﻤﻬم‪ .‬ﻓﻌﻨدﻤﺎ ﺘﺜور ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﺼﻔوﻨﻬم ﺒ ـ )ﻋﺒدة اﻝدﻴو(‬
‫ﺒﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻌﺘﻘدات اﻝزرادﺸﺘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻌﻔﺎرﻴت ً‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﺤور ﺴﻨﻨﺎﻗش ﻫل أن اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﺒراﻏﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺎﺤﺘراﻤﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﻌﺘﻘدات اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﻌوب اﻝواﻗﻌﺔ ﺘﺤت ﺴﻴطرﺘﻬﺎ أﺘت أُﻜﻠﻬﺎ أم أﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﺠﻌﻠت ﻤن ﻤﻬﻤﺘﻬم اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ واﻝﺘوﺴﻌﻴﺔ أﻜﺜر ﺼﻌوﺒﺔ؟؟‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٦‬‬
The Impact of Religious Mythology in the Expanded Politics of
the Achaemenid State (330-559 B.C.)
Prof.Dr. Saad Abood Sammar
University of Wasit\ College of Education
This research sheds light upon the effect of the religious
Mythology in the expanded politics of the Achaemenid State. It is
divided into two sections: The first one deals with the use of religion
in the Achaemenid wars، and how those wars were caused by god
Ahura Mazda 's orders and support. The followed policy at that time
was that most of the achamenid kings were nominated by this god.
This section also talks about their claims to increase their holiness and
raise the spirit for their warriors either by claiming that they are
mediator between them and their god، or that they are consulting the
gods in their battels and taking god Ahura Mazda 's cart to the battle
field. The religious speech had its own significant in raising up the
soldiers' spirit while giving sacrifices for the king and his expanding
projects which they raised from realistic to holiness by using the
religious mythology to achieve their goals and projects.
Section two talks about the way the achamenid kings use to deal
with other countries' religions and the beliefs of those who were under
their control، even though there was no united religion in the
Achaemenid state; especially at king Cyrus's rule (559-528 B.C.) and
after him came King Cambyses (528-522 B.C.). They did not impose
a specific religion on them but they used this policy to get rid of any
rebellion or support to the new situation. By the time Darrius (486-522
B.C.) came to throne people were worshipping god Ahura Mazda but
they paid little attention and respect to the beliefs of the nations which
were under their rule. When they rebelled against them they described
them us (due worshipers)، the demons، according to the
Zoroastrianism's Beliefs.
This section will reveal whether the programmatic policy of the
Achaemenid، by respecting the religious beliefs of those countries
who were under its control، achieved its goals or make their political
and expanding mission much harder?
٨٧
‫اﻻﺒﺠدﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻜﺘوﺒﺔ واﻝرﻤزﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘطور واﺴﺘﻤرارﻴﺔ ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻲ ﻤﺼر واﻝﻌراق اﻨﻤوذﺠﺎ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺴﻌد ﻋﻠﻲ زاﻴر‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﺒن رﺸد‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‬
‫إن ﻤﺼطﻠﺢ اﻷﺒﺠدﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻜون ﻤن اﻷﺤرف اﻻرﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫ّ‬
‫"اﺒﺠد"‪ ،‬وﻜﻠﻤﺔ "‪ "alphabet‬اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌظم اﻝﻠﻐﺎت اﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻝﻤؤﻝﻔﺔ ﻤن‬
‫أول ﺤرﻓﻴن اﻷﻝف واﻝﺒﺎء‪ ،‬ﻫﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻗد ﺘﻜون دﻻﻝﺔ ﻝﻸﺼل اﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻲ ﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺎت اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼرﻨﺎ اﻝﺤدﻴث‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﻨﺎك ﻤن ﻴرى ان اﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﻴن ﻫم اﻝذﻴن ﻨﻘﻠوا ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ إﻝﻰ اﻹﻏرﻴق‬
‫ﻹﻨﺸﺎء ﻝﻐﺘﻬم اﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ‪ ،‬وﻤن ﺜم ﺘﻌﻤﻴم اﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻫذﻩ اﻷﺤرف‪ .‬وﻋﺎرض ﺒﻌض‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﺎء اﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ وﻤؤرﺨﻴﻬﺎ ﻫذا اﻝرأي‪ ،‬واﻋﺘﻤدوا ان دور اﻝﺸﻌب اﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻲ‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﻤﻴم اﻷﺒﺠدﻴﺔ‪ .‬وأن اﺨﺘراع اﻷﺒﺠدﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻴﻌود ﻓﻲ اﻷﺼل إﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﻴن‪ ،‬ﻝﻜﻨﻬم ﻏﻴروا ﻓﻘط ﺸﻜل اﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎت‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﺒدو ﻝﻨﺎ واﻀﺤﺎ ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻻﺴﺘﻨﺎد اﻝﻰ ﺒﻌض اﻵراء‪ ،‬أن اﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻷﺒﺠدﻴﺔ وﻨﺸرﻫﺎ ﻴﻌود إﻝﻰ اﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﻴن‪ .‬ﻝﻜن ﻫﻨﺎك ﺒﻌض اﻻﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻝرأي‬
‫أن اﺨﺘراع اﻷﺒﺠدﻴﺔ ﻴﻌود ﻝﻠﺸﻌب‬
‫ﺤول دورﻫم اﻝﻔﻌﻠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻋﺘﺒر ﻋدد ﻤن اﻝﻤؤرﺨﻴن ّ‬
‫اﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻲ‪ ،‬وﻋدد آﺨر اﻋﺘﻤد ان اﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﻴن ﻜﺎﻨوا ﻤﺠرد وﺴطﺎء‪ ،‬إذ ﺘﻌﻠﻤوا اﻷﺒﺠدﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤن ﺤﻀﺎرات ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ وﺤﺴﻨوﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻤن ﺜم ﻨﻘﻠوﻫﺎ إﻝﻰ اﻹﻏرﻴق‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫إﻋطﺎء ﻫذﻩ اﻷﺒﺠدﻴﺔ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ اﻝﻨﻬﺎﺌﻲ اﻝذي ﻫو اﺼل ﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻝﻠﻐﺎت اﻝﻤﺘداوﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺎﻝﻴﺎ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﻤواﺠﻬﺔ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻝﻤﺜﻴرة ﻝﻠﺠدل إﻝﻰ ﺤد ﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤن‬
‫اﻝواﺠب اﻝﻨظر ﻝﻬذﻩ اﻝﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻀوء اﻻﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ وﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ اﻝﻠﻐوﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﺎن اﻝﻨظﺎم اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨدم ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر وﻗت اﻝﻔراﻋﻨﺔ ﻤﻜوﻨﺎ ﻤن ﻤﺌﺎت اﻝﺼور‬
‫اﻝﺘوﻀﻴﺤﻴﺔ )ﻝﻠرﺠﺎل واﻝﻨﺴﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠف اﻝﻤواﻗف‪ ،‬واﻝﺤﻴواﻨﺎت واﻝﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎت‬
‫واﻝﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎت(‪ ،‬اﻝﺒﻌض ﻝﻪ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻴدﻴوﻏراﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻵﺨر ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ اﻴدﻴوﻏراﻓﻴﺔ أو ﻝﻔظﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻨﻘﺸت ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺘﺼر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤرف أو اﻜﺜر ﻤن اﻝﺴﺎﻜن‪ .‬ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ ُ ِ َ ْ‬
‫ﻨطﺎق واﺴﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺜﺎر وﻤﻌروﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻬﻴروﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ )ﻤن اﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪ :hieros‬اﻝﻤﻘدﺴﺔ‬
‫و‪ :glyphein‬اﻝﺤﻔر(‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‪ ،‬أﻗدم اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎت ﺘﻌود إﻝﻰ ﻋﻬد اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﻴن‬
‫)اﻷﻝف اﻝراﺒﻊ واﻝﺜﺎﻝث ق‪.‬م(‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝرﻏم ﻤن اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ﻋﻼﻤﺎت ﺘﺼوﻴرﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎن ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر‪ ،‬ﺘم ﺘﺒﺴﻴط ﻫذﻩ اﻝرﺴوم ﻝﺘﺘﻜون ﻤن ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺨطوط ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻴﺨص اﻝﻠﻔظ‪ ،‬ﻫذﻩ‬
‫ﺸﻜل ﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴر‪ ،‬وﻤن ﻫﻨﺎ ﺠﺎء اﺴم "اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ"‪ .‬وﻓﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ّ‬
‫اﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎت ﺘﻤﺜل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤد اﻝﺴواء اﻷﺤرف اﻝﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ واﻝﻤﻘﺎطﻊ اﻝﺼوﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻝك ﻷن‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ أﻋطت ﻨﻔس اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻷﺤرف اﻝﻌﻠﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫو ﻤن اﻝﺤروف‬
‫اﻝﺴﺎﻜﻨﺔ‪ .‬وﻝدﻴﻨﺎ اﻷﺒﺠدﻴﺔ اﻝﻜﻨﻌﺎﻨﻴﺔ اﻷوﻝﻴﺔ )ﺒروﺘو‪-‬ﻜﻨﻌﺎﻨﻴﺔ(‪ :‬ﻤﻌروﻓﺔ أﻴﻀﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺎطق ﺒﻼد اﻝﺸﺎم )ﻝﺒﻨﺎن وﻓﻠﺴطﻴن وﺴورﻴﺎ( ﺘﺤت اﺴم "اﻝﻬﻴروﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻝزاﺌﻔﺔ"‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤد ﺒﻌﻴد اﻝﻬﻴروﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻨﺠد اﻴﻀﺎ اﻝﻨﻘوش اﻝﺴﻴﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻷوﻝﻴﺔ )ﺒروﺘو‪-‬ﺴﻴﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ(‪ :‬ﻤﻜوﻨﺔ ﻤن ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻨﻘوش )‪ ٢٥‬ﻨﻘﺸﺎ( وﻴﻌود‬
‫وﺠدت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤوﻗﻊ ﺴراﺒﻴط اﻝﺨﺎدم‬
‫ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻬﺎ إﻝﻰ ﺤواﻝﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ١٦٠٠‬ق‪.‬م‪ .‬ﺤﻴث ُ ِ َ ْ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎم ‪ ١٩٠٥‬ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠزﻴرة ﺴﻴﻨﺎء وﺒﺎﻝﻘرب ﻤن ﻤﻨﺎﺠم اﻝﻔﻴروز اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫اﺴﺘﺜﻤرﻫﺎ اﻝﻔراﻋﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪٨٨‬‬
The Written and Symbolic Alphabet: the Development and
Continuation of the Civilization in Egypt and Iraq
Prof. Dr. Saa'd Ali Zayer
College of Education- Ibn Rushd \ Baghdad University
The alphabet a term in the Arabic language, consisting of four
characters "Abjad", and the word "alphabet" used in most foreign
languages, and the author of the first two Alalef and Alaba, they are in
fact may be an indication of the origin of the Phoenician for all the
languages used in the modern age.
And from there, they believe that the Phoenicians are the ones
who transferred this knowledge to the Greeks to create their own
language, and then the dissemination of these characters. Some of
antiquity scientists and historians opposed this view, and adopted the
role of the Phoenician people confined to the mainstream alphabet.
And the invention of the alphabet is not due primarily to the
Phoenicians, but they changed their only form of shapes. It seems to
us clear through to rely on some parents, that the use of the alphabet
and published back to the Phoenicians. But there are some differences
of opinion about the actual role, considered a number of historians that
the alphabet invention is up to the people of the Phoenician, and
several others adopted the Phoenicians were a mere intermediaries, as
they learned the alphabet from past civilizations, and then passed it to
the Greeks, which helped to give this alphabet its final form, which is
the root of all languages are currently in circulation. Confronted these
historical truth, controversial to some extent, it should be considered
for this matter in the light of archaeological discoveries, especially the
language.
The system used at the time of the pharaohs of Egypt consisted
of hundreds of illustrations (for men and women in various positions,
animals, plants and objects), some of his importance ideographic, and
the other ideographic value or verbal limited to one or more characters
from the static. This Egyptian writing engraved on the widely known
monuments and hieroglyphics (from the Greek hieros: holy and
glyphein: drilling). In Mesopotamia, the oldest writings date back to
the era of the Sumerians (third and fourth millennium BC). Despite
the adoption of graphic signs identical to what it was in Egypt, it has
been simplified for these fees consist of a network of lines in the form
of screws, hence the name "cuneiform".
With regard to pronunciation, these signs represent both
consonants and audio clips, because the Sumerian language has given
the same importance of vowels as consonants. We have preliminary a
Canaanite woman alphabet (proto-Canaanite): also known areas in the
Levant (Lebanon, Palestine and Syria) under the name of "pseudohieroglyphs," they are like on a remote Egyptian hieroglyphics extent.
We also find initial Sinaiticus inscriptions (proto-Sinaiah):
consisting of a set of engravings (25 engravings) and dates back to
around 1600 BC. Where I found the site Srabit server in 1905 in the
Sinai Peninsula, near the turquoise mines invested by the Pharaohs.
٨٩
‫اﻝﺘﺎﺜﻴرات اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻨﺸﺂت اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ دول ﻤﺠﻠس اﻝﺘﻌﺎون اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ‬
‫اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻋﺼور ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫د‪ /‬ﺴﻠطﺎن ﻤطﻠق اﻝدوﻴش‬
‫اﻝﻤﺠﻠس اﻝوطﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ واﻝﻔﻨون واﻵداب ‪ -‬اﻝﻜوﻴت‬
‫رﺒﻤﺎ ﻋرﻓت اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺒد اﻝﻤﻔﺘوﺤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺼﺤراء ﺸﺒﺔ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺒد‬
‫اﻝﻤﻐﻠﻘﺔ ذات اﻝﺠدران اﻝﺘﻰ ﺼﻨﻌﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎت اﻷﺤدث ﻓﻰ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ وﻫﻨﺎك‬
‫اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن ﺸواﻫد اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻝﻔﻜرﻴﺔ واﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴن اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ وﺠﻨوب ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن‬
‫ﻤن اﺒﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺒد و اﻏراﻀﻬﺎ اﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻤﺜل ﻓﺘرة ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ ‪ ،‬ﺘﻤﺘد ﻤن‬
‫ﻤﻨﺘﺼف أﻷﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻝث إﻝﻰ أواﺌل اﻷﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‪ .‬وﺘﻤﺜﻠت ﻤﻌﺎﺒد‬
‫اﻝﺴﺎﺤل اﻝﻐرﺒﻰ ﻤن اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺠزﻴرة ﻓﻴﻠﻜﺎ ‪:‬ﻤﻌﺒد إﻨزاك ‪ ،‬وﻤﻌﺒد اﻝﺒرﺠﻰ‬
‫ب‪ ، ٦‬وﻤﻌﺒد ﺘل اﻝﺨزﻨﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻓﻰ اﻝﺒﺤرﻴن ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﺒد ﺒﺎرﺒﺎر ‪ ،‬وﻤﻌﺒد ﺴﺎر وﻤﻌﺒد دراز‬
‫‪ ،‬وﻤﻌﺒد إزﻻم ‪ ،‬وﻓﻰ ﺸﺒﺔ ﺠزﻴرة ﻋﻤﺎن ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﺒد ﻋرﺠﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻤﻌﺒد ﺒﺜﻴﻨﺔ وﻤﻌﺒد‬
‫اﻝﺜﻌﺎﺒﻴن ﻓﻰ اﻝﻘﺼﻴص ‪ ،‬وﻓﻰ ﺘﺎرووت ﺸرق اﻝﺴﻌودﻴﺔ ‪ :‬ﻤﻌﺒد ﻋﺸﺘﺎر ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻌﺒد اﻹﻝﻬﺔ إﻨزاك ﻓﻴﻠﻜﺎ ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺘؤﻜد اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎت اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻝﻤدﻴﻨﺔ اﻝدﻝﻤوﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻘرب ﻤن ﻤﻌﺒد اﻝﻤدﻴﻨﺔ اﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻜرس ﻝﻌﺒﺎدة اﻹﻝﻪ إﻨزاك وﻴﺄﺨذ اﻝﻤﻌﺒد اﻝﺸﻜل اﻝﻤرﺒﻊ ﻏﻴر اﻝﻤﺴﻘوف ‪ ،‬وﻴﺘوﺴط‬
‫اﻝﻤدﻴﻨﺔ وﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﺔ ‪ ٢٠٠‬ﻤﺘر ﻤرﺒﻊ ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﺎ ‪ ،‬واﻜد دورﻩ ﻜﻤﻌﺒد وﺠود ﺜﻼث‬
‫ﻤذاﺒﺢ ﺤﺠرﻴﺔ ﺘﺘوﺴط اﻝﺴﺎﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻋﺜر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻤﺴﺔ اﻋﻤدة و ﻗﺎﻋدة ﻋﻤود ﺴﺎدس‬
‫ﻝم ﻴﻌﺜر ﻋﻠﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬ورﺼﻔت أرﻀﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻌﺒد اﻝداﺨﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﺠﺎرة ﻤﺴطﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻤدﺨل‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﺒد ﻤن اﻝﺠﻬﺔ اﻝﺸرﻗﻴﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻰ ‪ .‬وأرﻀﻴﺘﺔ ﻤرﺼوﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺠﺎرة اﻝﻤﻬﻨدﻤﺔ ‪،‬‬
‫و ﺘﺘوﺴطﺔ اﻋﻤدة ﻤرﺒﻌﺔ اﻝﺸﻜل ‪ ،‬ﻤن اﺼل ﺴﺘﺔ أﻋﻤدة ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘرﺘﻜز ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗواﻋد‬
‫‪ ،‬وﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻤذاﺒﺢ وآﺨر ﻗرب اﻝﺠدار اﻝﻐرﺒﻰ ﻝﻠﻔﻨﺎء اﻝﻤﻜﺸوﻓﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻗد ﻜﺸف ﻋن‬
‫ﻗطﻌﺔ ﺤﺠر ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻘش ﺒﺎﻝﺨط اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرى اﻝﺒﻴت ‪ ...‬ﻝﻼﻝﺔ إﻨزاك ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩٠‬‬
Impacts on religious buildings in the cultural Arab Gulf
Cooperation Council (GCC) during prehistoric times."
Dr.Sultan Motlak Duwaysh
Kuwait
Maybe open temples was known in the desert of the Arabian
Peninsula before the closed temples with walls which made by the
newer communities in history and there are many evidence of
intellectual and religious ties between the Gulf and southern
Mesopotamia from temples buildings and its purpose, which
represents a civilized period in the Gulf, extending from the middle of
the third millennium to early second millennium BC. The most
temples of the west coast of the Arabian Gulf in Failaka Island:
Temple Anzac, and Temple Borgi 6, and the Temple of Tel El-khazna,
and in Bahrain: Barbar Temple, Sar Temple and the Temple of Draz,
and the Temple of izlam , and in the Peninsula of Oman Temple of
Arja, Temple of Buthaina and the Temple of snakes in Al Qusais , In
Taroot eastern Saudi Arabia: Ishtar Temple.
The temple of the goddess Anzac Failaka: cuneiform in the city Dilmun near the Temple of the city
confirms that it was dedicated to the worship of the god Anzac and the
temple takes square shape and not covered , and mediates the city and
its area approximately about 200 square meters, and confirmed its
role as a temple there are three altars of stone-mediated arena, and it
was found five columns and base of sixth missed column, and the
floor of the interior of the temple is paved stones flat, and the entrance
to the temple from the eastern side of the building. The floor is paved
with fine stones, and in the middle square pillars out of six columns
were on the bases, and three altars and another near the western wall,
revealed piece by a stone inscription in cuneiform the House ...for god
Anzac.
٩١
‫ﻝﻐﺔ ﺘرﻓض اﻝزوال‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎدة اﻝﻠﻬﺠﺔ اﻝﻘرﺸﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺠﺎﻫﻠﻲ‬
‫د‪.‬ﺴﻠﻤﻰ ﻤﺤﻤد ﺒﻜر ﻫوﺴﺎوي‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﻠك ﺴﻌود‪ /‬اﻝرﻴﺎض‪-‬اﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﺴﻌودﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒ ـ ــر اﻝﻠﻐ ـ ــﺔ ﻤ ـ ــن أﻗ ـ ــوى اﻝ ـ ــدﻋﺎﺌم ﻝﺘوﺜﻴ ـ ــق اﻝﻌﻼﻗ ـ ــﺎت ﺒ ـ ــﻴن اﻷﻓـ ـ ـراد ﻓ ـ ــﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‪،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻠﻬﺠ ـ ــﺔ اﻝﻘرﺸ ـ ــﻴﺔ ﻓ ـ ــﻲ اﻝﻌ ـ ــﺼر اﻝﺠ ـ ــﺎﻫﻠﻲ ﻝ ـ ــم ﺘ ـ ــﺴد ﻤﻜ ـ ــﺔ ﻓﻘ ـ ــط‪ٕ ،‬واﻨﻤ ـ ــﺎ‬
‫ﺴـ ـ ــﺎدت ﻜﺎﻓـ ـ ــﺔ أﻨﺤـ ـ ــﺎء اﻝﺠزﻴ ـ ـ ـرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴـ ـ ــﺔ‪ ،‬وﻝـ ـ ــم ﺘﺘوﻗـ ـ ــف ﻋﻨـ ـ ــد ﻫـ ـ ــذا اﻝﺤـ ـ ــد‪ٕ ،‬واﻨﻤـ ـ ــﺎ‬
‫ﺨرﺠ ـ ــت ﺨ ـ ــﺎرج اﻝﺠزﻴـ ـ ـرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴ ـ ــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﺘ ـ ــﻰ ﻏ ـ ــدت ﻝﻐ ـ ــﺔ اﻝﻌ ـ ــﺼر‪ ،‬ﻓ ـ ــﻲ ﺘﻠ ـ ــك اﻝﻔﺘـ ـ ـرة‬
‫ﻤـ ــن اﻝﺘـ ــﺎرﻴﺦ‪ .‬وﻨﺠـ ــد ذﻝـ ــك ﻓـ ــﻲ اﻷﺤـ ــﻼف اﻝﺘـ ــﻲ ﻋﻘـ ــدﻫﺎ رؤﺴـ ــﺎء ﻤﻜـ ــﺔ وﺴـ ــﺎداﺘﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻤـ ــﻊ اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌـ ــل اﻝﻌرﺒﻴـ ــﺔ داﺨـ ــل اﻝﺠزﻴ ـ ـرة‪) ،‬اﻝﺤﻠـ ــف واﻝﺠ ـ ـوار(‪ ،‬وﺨـ ــﺎرج اﻝﺠزﻴ ـ ـرة ﻤـ ــﻊ‬
‫اﻝﻔرس واﻝروم واﻷﺤﺒﺎش )اﻹﻴﻼف(‪.‬‬
‫وﻓ ـ ــﻲ ﻫ ـ ــذﻩ اﻝورﻗ ـ ــﺔ ﻨ ـ ــﺴﻠط اﻝ ـ ــﻀوء ﻋﻠ ـ ــﻰ اﻷﺴ ـ ــﺒﺎب اﻝﺘ ـ ــﻲ ﺠﻌﻠ ـ ــت‪ ،‬ﻤ ـ ــن‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻘرﺸﻴﺔ ﻝﻐﺔ اﻝﻌﺼر وﻫﻲ ﻜﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -١‬ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻗرﻴش اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﻌد ﻋﺎم اﻝﻔﻴل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٢‬اﻷﺤﻼف واﻝرﺤﻼت اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٣‬اﻷﺴواق اﻝﻤوﺴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٤‬اﻝﻌﻼﻗـ ـ ـ ــﺎت اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـ ـ ـ ــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴـ ـ ـ ــث ﺘـ ـ ـ ــزوج اﻝﻘرﺸـ ـ ـ ــﻴون ﻤـ ـ ـ ــن ﺸـ ـ ـ ــﻌوب‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋرب وﻏﻴر اﻝﻌرب‪.‬‬
‫‪ -٥‬اﻝﻨ ـ ــﺸﺎط اﻷدﺒ ـ ــﻲ )اﻝ ـ ــﺸﻌر‪ -‬اﻝﻨﺜ ـ ــر‪ -‬اﻝﺨطﺎﺒ ـ ــﺔ(‪ ،‬اﻝ ـ ــذي ﻜ ـ ــﺎن ﻴﻘـ ـ ــﺎم‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﺴواق اﻝﻤوﺴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺴوق ﻋﻜﺎظ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩٢‬‬
Language extinction rule rejects
the Qurashi dialect on the Arabian Peninsula in the pre-Islamic
era
Dr/ Salma Mohammed Bakr Al-hawsawi
King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabic
Language is one of the strongest props of closer relations between
individuals in a society, the Qurashi dialect in pre-Islamic era, In that
period of history. We find that in alliances that held her pillows with
heads of Mecca, Arabic tribes within, In that period of history. We
find that in alliances that held her pillows with heads of Mecca, Arabic
tribes within, Social relations, where he married the Qurashi from
different peoples, Arabs and non-Arabs. literary activity-alnth.
٩٣
‫طﻘوﺴﻴﺔ اﻝﻘراﺒﻴن وﺘﻤﺜﻼﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨون ﺤﻀﺎرات ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺴﻠوى ﻤﺤﺴن ﺤﻤﻴد ﻋﺒد اﻝﻐﻨﻲ اﻝطﺎﺌﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫دأب اﻝﺒﺤث ﻓﻲ طﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﻔﻜر اﻝراﻓدﻴﻨﻲ وﻋن أﺼﺎﻝﺔ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝراﻓدﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﺘﻌرف اﻝطﻘوس وﻤﻨﻬﺎ طﻘوس ﺘﻘدﻴم اﻝﻘراﺒﻴن ٕواﻗﺎﻤـﺔ اﻝﺸﻌﺎﺌر‬
‫اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺒﻌدﻫﺎ ﺠﺎﻨﺒﺎً ﻤﻬﻤﺎً ﻤن ﺠواﻨب ﺤﻴﺎة ﺴﻜﺎن ﺒـﻼد اﻝ ارﻓـدﻴن اﻝﻘدﻴﻤـﺔ اﻨطﻼﻗﺎً‬
‫ﻤن اﻋﺘﻘﺎدﻫم ﺒﺎن اﻝﻤوت ﻫو ﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺤﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﺒﻨﻲ اﻝﺒﺸر‪ ،‬وان اﻝﺨﻠود ﻤﻴزة‬
‫ﺘﺴﺘﺄﺜر ﺒﻬﺎ اﻵﻝﻬـﺔ ﻓﻘط‪ ،‬وان اﻹﺤﺴﺎس ﺒﺎﻻطﻤﺌﻨﺎن ﻴﺘطﻠب رﻀﻰ ﺘﻠك اﻵﻝﻬﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﺒودة ٕواﻗﺎﻤﺔ اﻝﺸﻌﺎﺌر واﻝطﻘوس اﻝﺘﻌﺒدﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﻤن ﻫذا اﻝﻤﻨطﻠق ﺠﺎء‬
‫اﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎم ﺒﻬذﻩ اﻝدارﺴﺔ )دراﺴﺔ طﻘوس ﻤﺸﺎﻫد ﺘﻘدﻴم اﻝﻘراﺒﻴن(‪ ،‬وﻝﺨﺼت ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺒﺤث ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﻋدد ﻤن اﻝﺘﺴﺎؤﻻت ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ ﻫل ﺘﻌد اﻝﻘراﺒﻴن ﻗﺼﺔ ﺘﺄﺴﻴﺴﻴﺔ وﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ؟‪ .‬وﻜﻴف ﺘم اﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﻫذا‬‫اﻝﺘوظﻴف ﻝﻠﻘراﺒﻴن ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﻨﺠز اﻝراﻓدﻴﻨﻲ اﻝﻘدﻴم؟؟ وﺠﺎء ﻫدف اﻝﺒﺤث‪ :‬ﺘﻌرف‬
‫طﻘوﺴﻴﺔ اﻝﻘراﺒﻴن وﺘﻤﺜﻼﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨون ﺤﻀﺎرات ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن‪ .‬ﻀﻤن اﻝﺤدود‪.١ :‬‬
‫اﻝﺤدود اﻝزﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ ٣٥٠٠ :‬ق‪.‬م ‪ ٧٠٥ -‬ق‪ .‬م‪ .٢ .‬اﻝﺤدود اﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺤﻀﺎرات‬
‫ﺒﻼد وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن اﻝﻤؤرﺨﺔ وﻓق ﻤﺼﺎدر ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻤوﺜﻘﺔ‪ .٣ .‬اﻝﺤدود‬
‫اﻝﻤوﻀوﻋﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻠت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺸﺎﻫد ﺘﻘدﻴم اﻝﻘراﺒﻴن ﻜطﻘوس‬
‫دورﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻜر وﻋﻘﺎﺌد ﺤﻀﺎرات ﺒﻼد وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘم ﺘﻘﺴﻴم اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻰ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﻓﺼول‪ ،‬ﺘﻨﺎول اﻻول‪ :‬اﻻطﺎر اﻝﻌﺎم‬
‫اﻝﻤﻨﻬﺠﻲ ﻝﻠﺒﺤث‪ ،‬وﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﻤﺒﺤﺜﺎن‪ ،‬ﺘﻀﻤن اﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻷول ﻤﻨﻬـﺎ دراﺴﺔ‪:‬‬
‫ﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻤﻴﺎ‪ ،‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺸﻤل اﻝﻤﺒﺤـث اﻝﺜـﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬اﻝﻤﺤور اﻻول‪ :‬د ارﺴـﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻘراﺒﻴن ﺘﻌرﻴﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ً‬
‫اﻝطﻘس واﻝﻘرﺒﺎن واﺤﺘـوى اﻝﻤﺤور اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻨﻤﺎذج ﻤن ﻤﺸﺎﻫد ﺘﻘدﻴم اﻝﻘراﺒﻴن‪.‬‬
‫واﺤﺘوى اﻝﺜﺎﻝث واﻷﺨﻴر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ واﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎت واﻝﺘوﺼﻴﺎت واﻝﻤﻘﺘرﺤﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪٩٤‬‬
Ritual Sacrifices and their Counterparts in the Arts of the
Civilizations of Mesopotamia
Prof. Salwa Mohsin Hameed
College of Basic Art/University of Babylon
This research Consistently in the nature of Mesopotamian of
thought and originality of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization,
through defined rituals such as ritual a sacrifice and the establishment
of religious rites, then an important aspect of the lives of the
inhabitants of ancient Mesopotamia because they believe that death is
the inevitable result of all human beings, and that immortality feature
It accounted for by the gods only, and that feeling reassured requires
satisfaction of those gods and goddess worship and ritual worship her.
In this sense it came interest in this study(The study of ritual scenes a
sacrifice), and summarized the research problem through a number of
questions including:
Are the sacrifices constituent and collective story? And how we
were dealing with the employment for the sacrifices performed in the
ancient Mesopotamian ?? The aim of the research: Know ritual
sacrifices and their counterparts in the arts of the civilizations of
Mesopotamia. Within the limits: 1. temporal boundaries: 3500 BC 705 BC. M. 2. spatial boundaries: the civilizations of Mesopotamia,
dated according to scientific historical sources documented. 3.
objectivity border: works of art which represented scenes a sacrifice as
a ritual patrol in the thinking and beliefs of the civilizations of
Mesopotamia.
The research is divided into three chapters, first one dealt with:
the systematic general framework of the research, and the second
intake: two topics, the first section of which included: study sacrifices
defined conceptually, while included Section IlI: the first axis: A study
of weather and Eucharist and contained a second axis: the analysis of
models of the scenes a sacrifice, and contained the third and final
results, conclusions, recommendations and proposals.
٩٥
‫اﻹﺒداع اﻷدﺒﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ و ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ـ دراﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ـ‬
‫د‪ /‬ﺴﻤﻴر اﻝﻌﻴداﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﺤﻤد ﺒوﻀﻴﺎف ـ اﻝﻤﺴﻴﻠﺔ ـ اﻝﺠﻤﻬورﻴﺔ اﻝﺠزاﺌرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ اﻨﺘﻘل اﻻﻨﺴﺎن إﻝﻰ طور اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة ﻓﻲ وادي اﻝﻨﻴل و ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن‬
‫اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ‪ ،‬وﺘوﻓرت ﻝﻪ أﺴﺒﺎب اﻝﻌﻴش و اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻝﺤﻀرﻴﺔ ﺸرع ﻴﻨظر ﻓﻲ ﻫذا‬
‫اﻝﻜون و أﺨذ ﻴﻔﻜر ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻝﺒﺸرﻴﺔ و ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻴﻬﺎ و ﻗﻴﻤﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻝذا ﺒدأ ﻴﺤﺎول‬
‫اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋﻤﺎ ﺨﺎﻝﺠﻪ ﻤن ظواﻫر اﻝﻜون ‪ ،‬وﺴﻠك ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋن أﻏراض ﺘﻔﻜﻴرﻩ ﺴﺒﻼً‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻓﺤﻴﻨﺎ ﻨظر اﻝﻰ اﻷﺸﻴﺎء و اﻝطﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻨظرة ﻤوﻀوﻋﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﺎﺴﺘﻔﺎد ﻤن‬
‫اﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ و ﺴﺨرﻫﺎ ﻝﻪ ‪ ،‬و ﻤن ذﻝك ﻨﺸﺄت اﻝﻤﻌﺎرف و ﺒداﻴﺎت اﻝﻌﻠوم ‪ ،‬وﺤﻴﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺎن ﻴﻨظر إﻝﻰ اﻷﺸﻴﺎء ﻨظرة ﺨﻴﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﺤﺴب ﻤﺸﺎﻋرﻩ و ﺒﺘﻔﺴﻴر ﻏﻴر ﻋﻘﻠﻲ ﻀﻤن‬
‫ﻗطﻊ أدﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻗﺼﺔ أو أﺴطورة و ﻫذا ﻫو اﻷﺴﻠوب اﻷدﺒﻲ‪ .‬و ﻤﺎ دام‬
‫اﻷدب ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ اﻻﺼطﻼﺤﻲ اﻝﺨﺎص ‪ ،‬ﻫو ذﻝك اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋن ﻤﻜﻨون اﻝﻀﻤﺎﺌر‬
‫و ﺴواﻨﺢ اﻝﺨواطر ﺒﺄﺴﻠوب اﻨﺸﺎﺌﻲ أﻨﻴق ‪ ،‬و ﻋﻠﻰ أﺴﺎس ّأﻨﻪ ﻤﺎ ﻴؤﺜر ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨﻔس‬
‫ﻤن ﻨﺜر راﺌﻊ و ﺸﻌر ﺠﻤﻴل ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﻗدﻤﺎء اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺘﻴن ـ ﻗﻴد اﻝدراﺴﺔ ـ ﻗد ﻜﺎﻨت ﻝﻬم‬
‫ﻤﻨﺠزات أدﺒﻴﺔ راﺌدة ﺘﻤﻴزت ﺒﺄﺼﺎﻝﺘﻬﺎ و إﺒداﻋﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘوﻓرت ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ‬
‫وﺴﺠﻠت ﻨﺼوص اﻵداب‬
‫اﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌص اﻝﻨﻤوذﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﻸدب اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻲ ﻗدﻴﻤﺎ و ﺤدﻴﺜﺎ ‪ّ .‬‬
‫اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﻔﺤﺎت اﻝﺒردي و ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻝواح اﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻓق ﺨطوط‬
‫ﻤﺘﻨوﻋﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻝﺨط اﻝﻬﻴروﻏﻠﻴﻔﻲ و اﻝﻬﻴراطﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻨذ أواﺨر اﻷﻝف اﻝراﺒﻊ ﻗﺒل‬
‫اﻝﻤﻴﻼد و اﻝﺨط اﻝدﻴﻤوطﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻨذ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺜﺎﻤن ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد ‪ ،‬وظﻠت ﻝﻐﺘﻬﺎ واﺤدة‬
‫ﻤﺘﺼﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ أﺴﺎﺴﻬﺎ و ﻤن ﺤﻴث ﺠوﻫرﻫﺎ ﻤﻊ ﺘﻤﺎﻴز ﺨﻔﻴف و ﺘطور ﻴﺴﻴر ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺨﻠف‬
‫ﻨﺤوﻫﺎ وأﺴﺎﻝﻴﺒﻬﺎ وﻫﺠﺎء ﻜﻠﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻤن ﻋﺼر إﻝﻰ آﺨر‪ .‬و ﻓﻲ ذﻝك ﻜذﻝك ّ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻴزت ﺒﺘﻨوع‬
‫اﻝﻌراﻗﻴون اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء ﺘرﻜﺔ أدﺒﻴﺔ ﻤدوﻨﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻝواح اﻝطﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫اﻝﻤوﻀوﻋﺎت اﻝﻤﺴﺠﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻷﺴﺎطﻴر و اﻝﺤﻜم و اﻷﻤﺜﺎل و اﻝﻨﺼﺎﺌﺢ و‬
‫اﻝﺘراﺘﻴل و اﻝﺼﻠوات و اﻷدﻋﻴﺔ و ﺒﻌض اﻝﻘﺼص و ﻗﺼﺎﺌد اﻝﻐزل و اﻝﻤرﺜﻴﺎت ‪،‬‬
‫أن اﻝﻤﻔردات و اﻝﻤﺼطﻠﺤﺎت و‬
‫ﻫذا و ﻋﻨد دراﺴﺘﻨﺎ ﻝﻸدب اﻝﻌراﻗﻲ اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻨﺠد ّ‬
‫اﻷﺴﻠوب و ﻜذﻝك اﻝﺘرﻜﻴب اﻝﻌﺎم ﻝﻸﺴﺎطﻴر و اﻝﻘﺼص ﻤن اﻝﻌﻬد اﻝﺴوﻤري ﺘﻜﺎد‬
‫ﺘﺘطﺎﺒق ﻤﻊ اﻝﻨﻤﺎذج اﻷدﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺘﻴن اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ و اﻷﺸورﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻌروﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴدل ﺒوﻀوح ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘواﺼل و ﺘطور ﻤﺴﺘﻤرﻴن ﻝﻠﺤرﻜﺔ‬
‫اﻷدﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن‪ .‬ﺘﻬدف ﻫذﻩ اﻝدراﺴﺔ اﻝﻰ ﻋﻘد ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ـ ﺒﻌد‬
‫ﻋرض اﻝﻨﻤﺎذج اﻝﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺘوج اﻷدﺒﻲ ﻝﻠﻤﻨطﻘﺘﻴن ـ ﺘﺒﻴن اﻝرواﺒط و اﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴرات‬
‫اﻝﻤﺘﺒﺎدﻝﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺎل اﻷدﺒﻲ ﻤن ﺠﻬﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻔﻴد ﻓﻲ ﺘﺤدﻴد ﻤظﺎﻫر اﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ‬
‫اﻹﺒداﻋﻲ ﻤن ﺤﻴث اﻝﻤواﻀﻴﻊ و اﻷﺴﻠوب و ﻜذا ﺘﺒﻴن ﻋﻨﺎﺼر اﻹﺨﺘﻼف ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﺠﺎل ‪.‬‬
‫‪٩٦‬‬
La création littéraire dans l' Egypte ancienne et la Mésopotamie étude comparativeDr Samir laidani
Faculté des sciences humaines et sociales
Quand l'homme se déplace vers le développement de la
civilisation dans la vallée du Nil et la Mésopotamie, et il avait les
moyens de subsistance et la vie urbaine commencé à se considérer
dans l'univers et commencé à penser à la vie humaine et de leurs
significations et de valeurs, alors il a commencé à essayer d'exprimer
ce rempli par les phénomènes de l'univers, et le fil d'exprimer aux fins
de sa pensée différentes façons, un moment à regarder les choses et la
nature regard objectif sur le processus de bénéficier de son potentiel et
il a mis à lui, et de là est né la connaissance et les débuts de la science,
et parfois a vu des choses look fictif sur ses sentiments et
d'interprétation de la partie non-mentale de pièces littéraires sous la
forme d'histoire ou est ce mythe et le style littéraire.
Et tant que la littérature dans le sens idiomatique, il est
l'expression de la conscience et les pensées les plus intimes avec un
chic structurel, et sur la base que ce qui affecte la psychologie de la
prose magnifique et de beaux cheveux, les régions antiques à l'étude
peut avoir eu un des principaux accomplissements littéraires
caractérisés par leur originalité et de créativité, comme disponibles
lorsque toutes les caractéristiques typiques de l'univers de la littérature
ancienne et nouvelle.
Et il a enregistré les textes de la littérature égyptienne antique
sur les pages de papyrus et des panneaux didactiques, selon une
variété de lignes y compris ligne de hiéroglyphe et hiératique depuis la
fin du quatrième millénaire avant JC et la ligne démotique depuis la
huitième siècle avant JC, puis transféré ligne copte depuis le deuxième
siècle de notre ère, et est resté son langage une reliée à base et en
termes de substance avec une légère différenciation et le
développement va dans la comme, les méthodes et les mots de
l'orthographe d'un âge à l'autre.
les anciens Irakiens énorme code existant sur des tablettes
d'argile, marquées par la diversité des sujets enregistrés par entre la
mythologie et le jugement et les proverbes et des conseils et des
hymnes et des prières et des supplications et certaines des histoires et
des poèmes filature et épitaphes que les événements historiques
dossier relatif à la catastrophe qui a frappé certaines villes irakiennes,
et est visible lorsque notre étude de la littérature ancienne irakienne
que le vocabulaire et la terminologie et le style ainsi que la structure
générale des légendes et des histoires de l'époque sumérienne presque
identique aux modèles littéraires cunéiforme à la fois dans la
babylonienne et assyrienne connue dans des âges plus avancés, ce qui
démontre clairement l'évolution continue et constante le mouvement
littéraire en Mésopotamie.
Ceci et cette étude vise à convoquer une comparaison
générale après la présentation de la littérature importante du produit
des deux modèles montrent les liens et les influences mutuelles dans le
domaine littéraire d'une part, comme utile pour déterminer les
manifestations des similitudes créatives en termes de thèmes et style et
ainsi que de montrer les éléments de la différence entre eux dans ce
domaine.
٩٧
‫ﺘطور ﺠﻐراﻓﻴﺔ اﻝﻨﻘل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫د‪ .‬ﺸروق ﻨﻌﻴم ﺠﺎﺴم ﻤﺤﻤد اﻝﺠﺒوري‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‬
‫ﻴﻌد اﻝﻨﻘل اﻤ اًر ﻀرورﻴﺎً ﻝﻺﻨـﺴﺎن ﻤﻨـذ ﻨـﺸﺄﺘﻪ اﻻوﻝـﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﻨـدرة اﻝﻐـذاء وﻀـرورة‬
‫اﻝﺒﺤــث ﻋﻨــﻪ ﻜﺎﻨــت اﻝــداﻓﻊ اﻝرﺌﻴــﺴﻲ وراء ﺘﻨﻘﻠــﻪ ﻤــن ﻤﻜــﺎن ﻷﺨــر‪ ،‬وأﺒــﺴط وﺴــﺎﺌل‬
‫اﻝﻨﻘل اﻝﺘـﻲ اﺴـﺘﺨدﻤﻬﺎ اﻹﻨـﺴﺎن ﻫـﻲ اﻻﻴـدي اﻝﻌﺎﻤﻠـﺔ واﻻﻜﺘـﺎف واﻝظﻬـور ﺒـدون اﻴـﺔ‬
‫وﺴ ــﻴﻠﺔ أﺨ ــرى ﻤ ــﺴﺎﻋدة وان ﻫﻨ ــﺎك اﻝﻌدﻴ ــد ﻤ ــن اﻝﻌواﻤ ــل اﻝﺘ ــﻲ ﺤ ــدت ﻤ ــن ﻗ ــدرة‬
‫اﻻﻨـ ــﺴﺎن ﻋﻠـ ــﻰ اﻝﻨﻘـ ــل ﻜـ ــﺎﻝظروف اﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴـ ــﺔ واﻝﺘـ ــﻀﺎرﻴس ﻓـ ــﻀﻼ ﻋـ ــن ﻤﺤدودﻴـ ــﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻋﺘﻤــﺎد ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻗد ارﺘــﻪ اﻝﻌــﻀﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻨﻘــل اﻻوزان اﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠــﺔ ﻤﻤــﺎ دﻓﻌــﻪ اﻝــﻰ ﺘطــوﻴر‬
‫ﻗدرﺘــﻪ ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻝﻨﻘــل ﻻﺴــﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌــد اﻜﺘــﺸﺎف اﻻﻨــﺴﺎن ﻝﻠز ارﻋــﺔ واﺴﺘﺌﻨﺎﺴــﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻴواﻨــﺎت‬
‫واﺴﺘﺨداﻤﻬﺎ ﻷﻏراض اﻝﻨﻘل ﻤﻤﺎ وﻓر ﺴﺒل اﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺎت أطول وﻫذا ﻤﺎ ﺴﺎﻋد‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﺘﺴﺎع اﻝرﻗﻊ اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ واﻻزدﻴﺎد ﻤن اﻝﺘﺒﺎدل اﻝﺘﺠﺎري‪.‬‬
‫ادى ﺘﺒــﺎﻴن ﺨــﺼﺎﺌص اﻝﺒﻴﺌــﺔ اﻝــﻰ ﺘﺒــﺎﻴن ﺤﻴواﻨــﺎت اﻝﻨﻘــل اﻝﻤــﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﺤﻴــث‬
‫ﺘﻘــل ﻋﻘﺒــﺎت اﻝﻨﻘــل اﻝﺒــري ﻓــﻲ اﻝﻐﺎﺒــﺎت اﻝﻜﺜﻴﻔــﺔ واﻝﺠﺒــﺎل اﻝﻤرﺘﻔﻌــﺔ اﺼــﺒﺢ اﻝﺤــﺼﺎن‬
‫ﻤــن اﻫــم وﺴــﺎﺌل اﻝﻨﻘــل ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ‪ .‬واﺼــﺒﺢ اﻝﺠﻤــل ﻤــن اﻫــم وﺴــﺎﺌل اﻝﻨﻘــل ﻓــﻲ اﻝﻤﻨــﺎطق‬
‫اﻝــﺼﺤراوﻴﺔ ﻝﻘدرﺘــﻪ ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻗطــﻊ ﻤــﺴﺎﻓﺎت طوﻴﻠــﺔ دون اﻝﺤﺎﺠــﺔ اﻝــﻰ اﻝﺘــزود ﺒﺎﻝﻤــﺎء‬
‫واﻝﻐذاء ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن ﻤﻘدرﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺘﺤرك ﻓﻲ رﻤﺎل اﻝﺼﺤراء وﻨﻘل اﻻوزان اﻝﺜﻘﻴﻠـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻤــﺎ اﻝﺤﻤﻴــر ﻓﻘــد اﺴــﺘﺨدﻤت ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻨطــﺎق واﺴــﻊ ﻓــﻲ اﻝﻌـراق ﻗﺒــل اﺴــﺘﺨدام اﻝﺤــﺼﺎن‬
‫واﻝﺠﻤل ﺒﻔﺘرة طوﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﺜــل اﻜﺘــﺸﺎف اﻝﻌﺠﻠــﺔ ﺜــورة ﻓــﻲ ﺘــﺎرﻴﺦ اﻻﻨــﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒــﺸﻜل ﻋــﺎم واﻝﻨﻘــل ﺒـﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺨﺎص وﻴرﺠﻊ اﻝﻔﻀل ﻓـﻲ ذﻝـك اﻝـﻰ اﻝﻌـراﻗﻴﻴن اﻝﻘـدﻤﺎء وذﻝـك ﻓـﻲ ﺤـدود ﻤﻨﺘـﺼف‬
‫اﻻﻝــف اﻝ ارﺒــﻊ ﻗﺒــل اﻝﻤــﻴﻼد ﻓﺎﺴــﺘﺨدﻤت اﻝﻌﺠﻠــﺔ ﻓــﻲ ﺼــﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒــﺎت اﻝﺘــﻲ ﺘﺠرﻫــﺎ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻴواﻨــﺎت ﻤﻤــﺎ ﺴــﺎﻫم ﻓــﻲ زﻴــﺎدة ﻗــدرة اﻻﻨــﺴﺎن ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻻﻨﺘﻘــﺎل ﻋﺒــر ﻤــﺴﺎﻓﺎت اﺒﻌــد‬
‫وزاد ﻤــن ﻤدارﻜــﻪ اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻴــﺔ ﻋــن اﻝﺒﻴﺌــﺔ اﻝﺘــﻲ ﻴﻌــﻴش ﻓﻴﻬ ـﺎ واﻗــدم ﻨﻤــﺎذج اﻝﻌرﺒــﺎت‬
‫ﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﻤﺎ اﻜﺘﺸﻔﺘﻪ ﺒﻌﺜﻪ اﻜﺴﻔورد ﻓﻲ أﺜﺎر ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻜش ﻋن ﻋرﺒﺎت ﻫﻲ اﻗدم ﻤـﺎ‬
‫ﻋرف ﻋـن ﻋرﺒـﺎت ذات ﻋﺠـﻼت ﻓـﻲ ﺘـﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم‪،‬ﻜﻤـﺎ ﻋرﻓﻬـﺎ اﻝﻤـﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻘـدﻤﺎء‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤدود ﻋﺎم ‪ ١٦٥٠‬ق‪.‬م‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﻌــد اﻝﻨﻘــل اﻝﻤــﺎﺌﻲ اﻴــﻀﺎً ﻤــن اﻗــدم وﺴــﺎﺌل اﻝﻨﻘــل اﻝﺘــﻲ اﺴــﺘﺨدﻤﻬﺎ اﻻﻨــﺴﺎن‬
‫ﺒﻌــد اﺴــﺘﺨداﻤﻪ ﻝﻠﺤﻴواﻨــﺎت ﻓــﻲ اﻝﻨﻘــل ﻓﻘــد اﺜــﺎر اﻫﺘﻤــﺎم اﻻﻨــﺴﺎن اﻝﻘــدﻴم ﻗــدرة ﺠــدوع‬
‫اﻻﺸــﺠﺎر ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻝطوﻓــﺎن ﻋﻠ ــﻰ ﺴــطﺢ اﻝﻤــﺎء ﺤﺘــﻰ ﺒﺈﻀ ــﺎﻓﺔ وزﻨــﻪ ﻝﻬــﺎ ﺜــم اﻫﺘ ــدى‬
‫اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ رﺒط ﺠدوع اﻻﺸﺠﺎر ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻌض ﺒﺎﻝـﺸﻜل اﻝـذي ﻴزﻴـد ﻤـن‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ اﻝـﺴطﺢ اﻻﻓﻘـﻲ اﻝطـﺎﻓﻲ ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـطﺢ اﻝﻤـﺎء وﻴزﻴـد ﺒﺎﻝﺘـﺎﻝﻲ ﻤـن اﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴـﺔ ﻨﻘـل‬
‫اﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ اﻜﺒر ﺤﺠﻤﺎ واﺜﻘل وزﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘــﺸﻴر اﻝد ارﺴــﺎت اﻝﺘﺄرﻴﺨﻴــﺔ اﻝــﻰ ان اﻝﻌ ـراﻗﻴﻴن واﻝﻤــﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻘــدﻤﺎء ﻫــم ﻤــن‬
‫اواﺌل ﻤن اﺴﺘﺨدﻤوا ذﻝك اﻝﻨﻤط ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨﻘل اﻝﻤﺎﺌﻲ وﻤـن وﺴـﺎﺌل اﻝﻨﻘـل اﻝﻤـﺎﺌﻲ اﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ظﻬــرت ﻓــﻲ اﻝﻌ ـراق اﻝﻘــدﻴم ﻤﻨــذ اﻝﻌــﺼر اﻷﻜــدي ﺤ ـواﻝﻲ ﺴــﻨﺔ )‪٢٣٤٠‬ق‪.‬م( اﻝﻘﻔــﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺼﻨوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻘﺼب‪.‬‬
‫‪٩٨‬‬
The Development of Transportation Geographical of the
Ancient Near East region
Dr. Shrooq Naeem Jaseem
College of Art / Baghdad University
Transportation is essential for human since the first growing up,
the scarcity of food and the need to search for him was the main
motivation behind moving from one place to another, the simplest
means of transport used by the for human is the workforce and
shoulders and appearing without any other way to help, and there are
many factors that have limited the ability of human transportation as
climatic conditions and terrain as well as the limitations of relying on
the capabilities of muscle to move heavy weights which led him to
develop the ability to transport, especially after the rights of
agriculture discovery and his pleasant with animals and use them for
the purposes of transport which provided the means to move at longer
distances and this is what helped the breadth geographic patches
discovered and the increase from trade exchange. Contrast in
environment was led a contrast in transport animals used where less
obstacles road transport in the thick forests and high mountains
became the horse of the most important means of transport in which
the characteristics of contrast. It became the sentences of the most
important means of transport in the desert areas for its ability to travel
long distances without the need to supply water and food as well as
the ability to move in the sands of the desert and transporting heavy
weights, either donkeys have been used extensively in Iraq before the
use of the horse and camel long period. The discovery of the wheel
represents a revolution in human history in general and transport in
particular, and thanks to the ancient Iraqis, in the middle of the fourth
century BC tits ,used the wheel in carts with animal, which
contributed to increasing the capacity human to move across greater
distances and increased geographical stimuli about the environment in
which they live and earliest vehicles are as discovered by the mission
of Oxford in the ruins of the city of Lagash _ vehicles models are the
oldest known _ loader wagons in the history of the world, as defined
by the ancient Egyptians in the range in 1650 BC.
The water transport is also one of the oldest means of transport
used by the human after use of animals in transport has raised the
ancient human interest in the ability of the trunks of trees at the flood
on the surface of the water until the addition of weight, and then
human guided to link the tree trunks to each other a way that increases
the horizontal surface area of operation floating on the water surface
and thus increases the possibility of transporting goods larger and
heavier.
٩٩
Green Building in Ancient Egypt
Prof. shokri Hussein Ali
Faculty of Arts – Aswan University
Housing is a major area of modern environmental health practice.
Traditionally, concerns have centered on "Basic Sanitation" assuring
health and safety of occupants including attention to items such as
provision for water supplies for drinking and personal hygiene
purposes as well disposal of waste in an appropriate manner.
Additionally, there has been a growing interest in significant areas
such as the development of other contemporary mechanisms such as
zoning laws and the use of building material and systems that do not
cause human health endangerment while facilitating ventilation and
maintenance of appropriate ambient temperature; among other factors
conducive to prevention of disease and promotion of heath within the
building. Recently, new terms have entered the arena of planning and
maintenance of the human residential environment reflecting greater
sensitivity towards local environmental concerns, energy conservation
and use of environmentally friendly material and systems in the
construction of housing. Such a movement has been called: "Green
Building".
It is interesting to note that an ancient civilization that excelled in
engineering and medicine, as evident from monumental structures
such as the pyramids and the first use of paper to record advances in
medicine and public health, has paid attention to the same traditional
concerns as well as recent trends in housing as those of today's
environmental health concerns. The paper describes environmental
health issues of housing in Ancient Egypt and their relation to current
concepts in environmental health and value to present day scientists,
academicians and practitioners. One example, from Ancient Egypt,
is water supply provisions in the houses of a population that
maintained high level of personal hygiene including bathing daily١٠٠
twice in the morning and twice in the evening. Another example is
that of the design of the residential environment to moderate the effect
of the hot climate and other environmental influences on houses and to
allow for appropriate ventilation and temperature control as well as
using environmentally friendly material to achieve the purposes of
what is known today as "Green Building". Today's environmental and
public health specialists, administrators and academicians in Egypt
and the United States understand that housing is more than a physical
arrangement. In order to be supportive of public health and
environmental concerns, housing must also reflect the culture, social
customs and the prevailing ecological conditions of the population-just as their colleagues in Ancient Egypt understood --and as this
paper illustrate utilizing a socio-ecological approach with attention to
the influences of environment, religion and language on housing in
one of the earliest human and most important civilizations.
Higher education must consider incorporating these concepts in a
wide spectrum of curricula ranging from architecture and engineering
to public health and environmental sciences and from anthropology
and history to language ad religious studies.
١٠١
‫اﻝﺼﻼت اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻝﻌراﻗﻴﺔ ‪ -‬اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺠذورﻫﺎ وﺘطورﻫﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼف‬
‫اﻝﻘرن اﻝﻌﺸرﻴن‬
‫اﻷﺴﺘﺎذ اﻝﻤﺘﻤرس اﻝدﻜﺘور طﺎرق اﻝﺤﻤداﻨﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﺒن رﺸد‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺼﺒﺎح اﺒراﻫﻴم اﻝﺸﻴﺨﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‬
‫ﻝـم ﺘﻨﻘطــﻊ اﻝــﺼﻼت اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴــﺔ ﺒــﻴن اﻝﻌـراق وﻤــﺼر ﻤﻨــذ أﻗــدم اﻝﻌــﺼور وﺤﺘــﻰ‬
‫ﻤﻨﺘـﺼف اﻝﻘـرن اﻝﻌــﺸرﻴن‪ ،‬وﻫـﻲ ﺒطﺎﺒﻌﻬـﺎ اﻝﻌــﺎم ﻜﺎﻨـت ﻤﻌرﻓﻴـﺔ ﻋﻤوﻤﻴــﺔ أﻜﺜـر ﻤﻨﻬــﺎ‬
‫رﺴﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻘﺒﺔ اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرة‪ ،‬إذ أﻜﺘﺴب طﺎﺒﻌﺎً رﺴﻤﻴﺎً‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻔﻲ اﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘـﺄﺜر اﻝﻤـﺼرﻴون واﻝﻌراﻗﻴـون اﻝﻘـدﻤﺎء ﺒﺒﻌـﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﺒﻨـوا‬
‫اﻝﺤــﻀﺎرﺘﻴن اﻝﻌراﻗﻴــﺔ واﻝﻤــﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤــﺔ‪ ،‬اﻝﻠﺘــﻴن ﺸــﻌﺘﺎ ﺒﻨورﻫﻤــﺎ ﻜــل أرﺠــﺎء اﻝﻌــﺎﻝم‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼور اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﺎﻨت ﺒﻐداد واﻝﻘﺎﻫرة ﺤﺎﻀرﺘﻴن رﺌﻴـﺴﺘﻴن ﻝﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓـﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‪ ،‬وﻗد أرﺘﺤل اﻻدﺒﺎء واﻝﺸﻌراء اﻝﻤﺼرﻴون اﻝﻰ ﺒﻐـداد‪ ،‬ﺤﺎﻀـرة‬
‫اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓــﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴــﺔ‪ -‬اﻹﺴــﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤــﺎ أرﺘﺤــل اﻝﻌﻠﻤــﺎء واﻷدﺒــﺎء اﻝﻌراﻗﻴــون اﻝــﻰ اﻝﻘــﺎﻫرة‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﺎﻀرة اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻝﻔﺎطﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻝﻴﻨﺎﻝوا ﻤﺎ ﺤظﻴـت ﺒـﻪ ﻫـذﻩ اﻝﺤﺎﻀـرة ﻤـن ﻋﻠـوم‪ ،‬ﻜـﺎن ﻝﻬـﺎ‬
‫ﺸﺄن ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﺒﺸرﻴﺔ آﻨذاك‪.‬‬
‫وﻝﻌــل أﻋظــم أﺘــﺼﺎل ﺜﻘــﺎﻓﻲ ﻋرﻓــﻪ اﻝﻌ ـراق وﻤــﺼر‪ ،‬ﻫــو ذﻝــك اﻝــذي ﺘــم ﺒﻌــد‬
‫اﻝﻐـزو اﻝﻤﻐـوﻝﻲ ﻝﻠﻌـراق ﻓـﻲ ﻤﻨﺘـﺼف اﻝﻘـرن اﻝﺜﺎﻝـث ﻋـﺸر ﻤـﻴﻼدي )‪ ٦٥٦‬ﻫﺠـري‪/‬‬
‫‪ ١٢٥٨‬ﻤ ــﻴﻼدي(‪ ،‬وﻤ ــﺎ أﻋﻘﺒ ــﻪ ﻤ ــن ﻋﻤﻠﻴ ــﺎت ﻨ ــزوح ﻜﺒﻴـ ـرة ﻝﻠﻌﻠﻤ ــﺎء اﻝﻌـ ـراﻗﻴﻴن اﻝ ــﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺼر وﺤواﻀرﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﺸﺎم‪ ،‬وأﺴﺘﻤر ﻫذا اﻷﻤر ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ اﻝﺤﻜم اﻝﻤﻤﻠوﻜﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر ﻋـﺎم )‪١٥١٧‬ﻤـﻴﻼدي(‪ .‬وﻝﻌـل ﻤـﺎ ﻴـدﻝل ﻋﻠـﻰ ذﻝـك ﻫـو أن ﻜﺘـب اﻝﺘـراﺠم‬
‫واﻝـﺴﻴر اﻝﻤﻌروﻓـﺔ ﻜﻜﺘـب اﻝﻤﻘرﻴـزي واﺒـن ﺤﺠـر اﻝﻌـﺴﻘﻼﻨﻲ واﻝﻘﻠﻘـﺸﻨدي واﻝــﺴﺨﺎوي‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺄﺴﻤﺎء اﻝﻌراﻗﻴﻴن اﻝذﻴن ﺒرزوا ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺤﻘﺒﺔ اﻝطوﻴﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓــﻲ ﻋﻬــد اﻝــﺴﻴطرة اﻝﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻴــﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻝــﺒﻼد اﻝﻌرﺒﻴــﺔ ﻤــﺎ ﺒــﻴن اﻝﻘــرن اﻝــﺴﺎدس‬
‫ﻋــﺸر واﻝﻘــرن اﻝﻌ ــﺸرﻴن‪ ،‬ﺤﻴــث ﻝ ــم ﺘﻜــن ﻫﻨــﺎك ﺤ ــدودا ﺘﻔــﺼل ﺒ ــﻴن أﺠ ـزاء اﻝدوﻝ ــﺔ‬
‫اﻝواﺴــﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ ــﺄن ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎت اﻻﺘ ــﺼﺎل اﻝﺜﻘ ــﺎﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻨــت ﺠﺎرﻴـ ـﺔ ﺒﺤﻜــم ﻫ ــذﻩ اﻝﺤﺎﻝ ــﺔ‪ٕ ،‬وان‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝظـروف اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴـﺔ اﻝﺘـﻲ ﻤـرت ﺒﻬـﺎ اﻝـﺒﻼد اﻝﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ ﺨـﻼل ﻫـذﻩ اﻝﺤﻘﺒـﺔ اﻝطوﻴﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﻨﻜﻤﺸﺔ ﺒﻔﻌل ظروف اﻝﺘﺨﻠف اﻝﻌﺜﻤﺎﻨﻲ اﻝذي ﺠﺜم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼدر ﻫـذﻩ اﻝـﺒﻼد‪،‬‬
‫وﺒﺎﻝﺘــﺎﻝﻲ ﻓــﺄن اﻻﺘــﺼﺎل اﻝﺜﻘــﺎﻓﻲ ﺒــﻴن اﻝﻌ ـراق وﻤــﺼر رﺒﻤــﺎ ﻜﺎﻨــت أﻗــل ﻤﻤــﺎ ﻜﺎﻨــت‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼور ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ‪ .‬وﻝم ﺘﺸﻬد اﻝﺒﻠـدان ﺘطـو ار ﻤﻠﻤوﺴـﺎ ﻓـﻲ ﻫـذا اﻝـﺸﺄن إﻻ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻨﺼف اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻤن اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸر‪.‬‬
‫ازدادت ﺤرﻜــﺔ اﻻﺘــﺼﺎل اﻝﺜﻘــﺎﻓﻲ ﺒــﻴن اﻝﻌ ـراق وﻤــﺼر ﻤﻨــذ ﻤﻨﺘــﺼف اﻝﻘــرن‬
‫اﻝﺘﺎﺴــﻊ ﻋــﺸر وﻤــﺎ ﺒﻌــدﻩ‪ ،‬وﻴﻌــود اﻝــﺴﺒب ﻓــﻲ ذﻝــك ﻝﺤﺎﻝــﺔ اﻝﻨﻬــوض اﻝﺜﻘــﺎﻓﻲ اﻝﺘــﻲ‬
‫ﺸــﻬدﺘﻬﺎ ﻤــﺼر وﺒــﻼد اﻝــﺸﺎم آﻨــذاك‪ ،‬وﻫــو ﻤــﺎ ﺠﻌــل ﻤــﺼر ﻤــﺼدر اﺸــﻌﺎع ﻝﻠﺜﻘﺎﻓــﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻝذﻝك اﺘﺠﻪ اﻷدﺒﺎء واﻝﻤﺜﻘﻔون اﻝﻌراﻗﻴون إﻝﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻝﻴﺴﺘﻨﻴروا ﺒﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ وآداﺒﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓـ ــﻀﻼً ﻋـ ــن وﺼـ ــول اﻝﻨﺘـ ــﺎج اﻝﻔﻜـ ــري اﻝﻤـ ــﺼري اﻝـ ــﻰ اﻝﻌ ـ ـراق )ﻋﺒـ ــداﻝرزاق اﺤﻤـ ــد‬
‫اﻝﻨ ــﺼﻴري‪ ،‬دور اﻝﻤﺠ ــددﻴن ﻓ ــﻲ اﻝﺤرﻜ ــﺔ اﻝﻔﻜرﻴ ــﺔ واﻝ ــﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻓ ــﻲ اﻝﻌـ ـراق‪ ،‬ﻤﻜﺘﺒ ــﺔ‬
‫ﻋدﻨﺎن‪ ،‬ﺒﻐداد‪ ،‬ط‪ ،(٢٠١٢ ،١‬ص‪.٨٣-٨١‬‬
‫‪١٠٢‬‬
Iraqi cultural contacts - Egyptian: its roots and its evolution until
the mid-twentieth century
Prof.Dr. Tareq Nafaa Al-Hamdany
Faculty of Education Ibn_Rushed/Baghdad university
Prof.Dr. Sabah Ibraheem Al-Sheekhli
College of Basic Art/Baghdad university
It has not been severed the cultural links between Iraq and Egypt
since ancient times and until the mid-twentieth century, a general
nature was public knowledge rather than formal, but in the
contemporary era, since gained formalized. In ancient times, the
Egyptians and Iraqis have e influenced in each other the ancients built
each Iraqi and ancient Egyptian civilization, which roses all over the
ancient world. In the Islamic Ages, Baghdad and Cairo was remain in
two main culture in the Muslim world, it has traveled writers and
poets Egyptians to Baghdad, the capital of culture Arabic-Islamic, as
scientists, writers Iraqis traveled to Cairo, the capital of the Fatimid
state, to get what they enjoyed doing this present from Sciences, it was
her regarding in human history at the time. Probably, the greatest
cultural contact was knew by Iraq and Egypt, the one that was after
the Mongol invasion in the middle of the third century AD (656 AH /
1258 AD), and the subsequent large displacements Iraqi scientists to
Egypt and Capitalsin Greater Syria, and continued this until the end
Mamluk rule in Egypt in (1517 AD). Perhaps what that demonstrates
is that the books of biography and walk Maqrizi known as books and
Ibn Hajar and Galqashandi and Sakhaawi, was filled with the names
of Iraqis who emerged in this long period. During the reign of the
Ottoman control over the Arab country between the sixteenth century
and the twentieth century, where there were not limits separating the
parts of the state wide, the cultural communication operations was
underway by virtue of this case, although the cultural conditions
experienced by the Arab countries during this long period was
shrunken by the Ottoman backwardness, which perch on the chest of
the conditions of this country, so the and its influenced by cultural
contact between Iraq and Egypt it was probably less than it was in
previous eras. Countries has not seen a significant development in this
regard, but in the second half of the nineteenth century.
١٠٣
‫ﻗﺎﻋدة ﺘﻤﺜﺎل ﻤن اﻝﺒﺎزﻝت ﻤن ﺘل اﻝﻔراﻋﻴن‬
‫أ‪ .‬د ﻋﺎدل أﺤﻤد زﻴن اﻝﻌﺎﺒدﻴن اﻝﺴﻴد‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻻداب ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ طﻨطﺎ‬
‫ﻋﺜر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻋدة ﺘﻤﺜﺎل ﻤـن اﻝﺒﺎزﻝـت ﻓـﻰ ﺤﻔـﺎﺌر اﻝﺒﻌﺜـﺔ اﻝﻤـﺸﺘرﻜﺔ ﺒـﻴن ﻫﻴﺌـﺔ‬
‫اﻵﺜﺎر اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ وﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ طﻨطـﺎ ﻓـﻰ ﻤوﺴـم ﻋـﺎم ‪ ١٩٨٩-١٩٨٨‬ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺘل اﻝﻔراﻋﻴن "ﺒوﺘو" ‪ ،‬وﻝم ﻴﺘم ﻨﺸرة ﺤﺘﻰ اﻵن‪.‬‬
‫ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻘﺎﻋدة ﻤﻘﺎﺴﺘﻬﺎ ‪ :‬طول اﻝﻘﺎﻋدة ‪ ٣٤ ، ٥ :‬ﺴم ‪ ،‬وﻋرض اﻝﻘﺎﻋدة ‪٥‬‬
‫‪١٤ ،‬ﺴـ ــم ‪ ،‬ارﺘﻔـ ــﺎع اﻝﻘﺎﻋـ ــدة ﺒـ ــدون اﻝﻌﻤـ ــود اﻝﺨﻠﻔـ ــﻰ ‪ ١١‬ﺴـ ــم ‪ ،‬ﻋـ ــرض اﻝﻌﻤـ ــود‬
‫اﻝﺨﻠﻔﻲ ‪ ٦ ، ٤‬ﺴم ‪ ،‬أﻗﺼﻰ طول ﻜل ﻗدم ‪ ١٣‬ﺴم ‪ .‬ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻘﺎﻋـدة ﻝﺘﻤﺜـﺎل ﺼـﻐﻴر‬
‫ﻝرﺠــل واﻗــف ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴــث ﻴﺘ ــﻀﺢ ذﻝــك ﻤــن اﻝﺠــزء اﻝ ــﺼﻐﻴر ﺠــدا اﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘــﻲ ﻤــن اﻝﻨﻘﺒ ــﻪ‬
‫اﻝطوﻴﻠـﻪ واﻝﺘـﻰ ﺘﻌﻠـو اﻝﻘـدم اﻝﻴـﺴرى ﻝﻠﺘﻤﺜــﺎل ‪ ،‬وﻤـن اﻝواﻀـﺢ ان اﻝﺘﻤﺜـﺎل اﻝـذى ﻜــﺎن‬
‫ﻴﻌﻠــو اﻝﻘﺎﻋــدة ﻜــﺎن واﻗﻔــﺎ ﺤﻴــث ﻴﺘــﻀﺢ ذﻝــك ﻤــن ﺘﻘــدم اﻝﻘــدم اﻝﻴــﺴرى ﻋــن اﻝﻴﻤﻨــﻰ ‪،‬‬
‫وﻝــم ﻴﺘﺒــق ﻤــن اﻝﺘﻤﺜــﺎل أﻋﻠــﻰ اﻝﻘﺎﻋــدة ﺴــوى ﻗدﻤﻴــﻪ ‪ ،‬واﻝﺠــزء اﻝــﺼﻐﻴر ﻤــن اﻝــرداء‬
‫اﻝــذى ﻴﻌﻠــو اﻝﻘــدم اﻝﻴــﺴرى ‪ ،‬واﻝﻘﺎﻋــدة ﻤــن ﺠﻤﻴــﻊ اﻝﺠﻬــﺎت اﻷرﺒــﻊ ﺘﺤﻤــل ﻨﻘــﺸﺎ أﻓﻘﻴــﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻐــﺎﺌر ﻤ ــن ﺴ ــطرﻴن ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤ ــﺎ ﻴوﺠ ــد ﻨﻘ ــش أﻴــﻀﺎ ﻋﻠ ــﻰ اﻝﻌﻤ ــود اﻝﺨﻠﻔ ــﻰ وﻫ ــو ﺒﻘﺎﻴ ــﺎ‬
‫ﺴطرﻴن ﻤن اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻤـﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤـﺔ أرﺴـﻴﻴن ﺒﺎﻝﻐـﺎﺌر ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎﻋـدة اﻝﺘﻤﺜـﺎل ﺒﻬـﺎ ﻜـﺴور‬
‫ﻤ ــن ﺠﻤﻴ ــﻊ اﻝﺠﻬ ــﺎت ‪ ،‬وﻫﻨ ــﺎك ﺸ ــرخ واﻀ ــﺢ ﻓ ــﻰ اﻝﺠﺎﻨ ــب اﻻﻴ ــﺴر ﻝﻠﻘﺎﻋ ــدة وﻓ ــﻰ‬
‫أﻋﻼﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﺴوف اﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﻨـﺼوص اﻝﺘـﻰ ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻝﻘﺎﻋـدة ‪ ،‬وﻜـذﻝك اﻝﻔـن اﻝﻤـﺴﺘﺨدم ﻓـﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒــﺔ واﻝﺠ ــزء اﻝﻤﺘﺒﻘــﻰ ﻤ ــن اﻝﺘﻤﺜــﺎل ‪ ،‬وذﻝ ــك ﻝﻤﻌرﻓــﺔ ﻤ ــن ﺼــﺎﺤب ﻫ ــذا اﻝﺘﻤﺜ ــﺎل‬
‫وأﻝﻘﺎﺒﻪ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٤‬‬
Une base statue de basalte de Tel el-Faraîn
Prof.Adel Zine Al-Abedine
Faculty of Arts, University of Tanta
Nous avons trouvé la statue de la base de basalte dans les fouilles
mission conjointe entre l'Autorité des antiquités égyptiennes et de la
Faculté des Arts, Université de Tanta en 1988-1989 saison à Tel elFaraîn "Buto", ne sera pas publié jusqu'à présent.
Cette base: Hauteur: 5,34 cm, et la largeur de 5,14 cm, hauteur sans
la colonne arrière 11 cm, largeur colonne arrière 4,6 cm, la longueur
maximale de 13 cm de chaque pied.
Cette base est une petite statue d'un homme debout, comme il
ressort de la partie restante du kilt et à long-dessus de la gauche de la
statue du pied, il est clair que la statue, qui était au-dessus de ma base
était debout, à partir de la gauche sur l'état d'avancement du pied droit,
il reste peu de la statue top de la base seulement ses pieds, peu de la
cape de la partie au-dessus du pied gauche, Et la base de tous les
quatre côtés porte une inscription enroulé horizontalement des deux
lignes, l'inscription sur le dos, il y a également une colonne restes de
lignes verticales en hiéroglyphes, il y a des fractures de tous les côtés,
il y a un fossé évident dans le côté gauche de la base et le sommet. Et
il va ramasser des textes sur la base, je vais textes sur la base, pour
savoir qui est le propriétaire de cette statue et titres.
١٠٥
‫اﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻰ ﺸراﺌﻊ وﻗواﻨﻴن اﻝﻌراق اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫أ‪.‬د ﻋﺎدل اﻝﺴﻴد ﻋﺒد اﻝﻌزﻴز‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‪ -‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻔﻴوم‬
‫ﺒــرزت ﺒ ــﻼد اﻝ ارﻓ ــدﻴن ) اﻝﻤﻴــزو ﺒوﺘﺎﻤﻴ ــﺎ( دون ﻏﻴرﻫ ــﺎ ﻓــﻰ ﺘ ــﺎرﻴﺦ ﺤ ــﻀﺎرات‬
‫اﻝ ــﺸرق اﻻدﻨ ــﻰ اﻝﻘ ــدﻴم ﺒﺘ ــدون اﻻﺼ ــﻼﺤﺎت و اﻝﻘـ ـواﻨﻴن واﻝﺘ ــﺸرﻴﻌﺎت اﻝﺘ ــﻰ ‪ -‬ﻻ‬
‫ﺸك‪ -‬ﻋﻤﻠت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨظﻴم اﻝﺤﻴﺎة واﻝﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼت داﺨـل اﻝدوﻝـﺔ ؛ ﺤﻴـث ﺘﻨﺎوﻝـت ﻜﺜﻴـر‬
‫ﻤ ــن ﻤﻨ ــﺎﺤﻰ اﻝﺤﻴ ــﺎة اﻻﻗﺘ ــﺼﺎدﻴﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ ــﺔ واﻝدﻴﻨﻴ ــﺔ واﻝﺘ ــﻰ ﺠﻌﻠ ــت ﻀ ــرورة‬
‫اﺼدارﻫﺎ ﺘﻠك اﻻﺤوال اﻝﺘﻰ ﺴﺎدت اﻝدوﻝﺔ ﺤﻴﻨـذاك ‪ .‬ﻜﺎﻨـت ﺒداﻴـﺔ ﻫـذﻩ اﻻﺼـدارات‬
‫ﻤـ ــن ﻋﻬـ ــد "أورﻜﺎﺠﻴﻨـ ــﺎ " ﺤـ ــﺎﻜم ﻤدﻴﻨـ ــﺔ ﻝﺠـ ــش ﺤ ـ ـواﻝﻰ ‪ ٢٤٠٠‬ق‪.‬م‪.‬؛ ﺜـ ــم ﺠـ ــﺎءت‬
‫ﺘ ــﺸرﻴﻌﺎت "اور ﻨ ــﺎﻤو " ﻤؤﺴ ــس اﺴـ ـرة اور اﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜ ــﺔ )‪ (٢١١٣-٢٠٠٥‬ﻤﻌﺒـ ـرة ﻋ ــن‬
‫ادراك اﻝﺤــﺎﻜم ﻓ ــﻰ ﻀ ــﺒط اﻴﻘ ــﺎع اﻝﻤﻌــﺎﻤﻼت اﻻﻗﺘ ــﺼﺎدﻴﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ ــﺔ ؛ وﺠ ــﺎءت‬
‫ﺘــﺸرﻴﻌﺎت " اﺸــﻨوﻨﺎ " ﺤـواﻝﻰ ‪١٩٩٠‬ق‪.‬م‪ .‬ﻓــﻰ ارﺒــﻊ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋــﺎت ﺸــﻜﻠت اﻝﻤﺠﻤوﻋــﺔ‬
‫اﻝراﺒﻌــﺔ ﺘﻨظــﻴم اﻝﻌﻼﻗــﺎت اﻻﺴ ـرﻴﺔ ؛ ﺒﻴﻨﻤــﺎ ﺘــﺸرﻴﻌﺎت "ﻝﺒــت ﻋــﺸﺘﺎر " ﻤﻠــك" اﻴــﺴن"‬
‫ﺤ ـواﻝﻰ ‪ ١٩٣٠‬ق‪.‬م‪ .‬ﻤظﻬ ـ ار ﻫــﺎم ﻓــﻰ ﺘﻠــك اﻝﻔﺘ ـرة ﻝﺘﺤﻘﻴــق اﻝﻌداﻝــﺔ اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴــﺔ ؛‬
‫ﺤﺘــﻰ ﺠــﺎءت ﻗ ـواﻨﻴن "ﺤﻤــوراﺒﻰ" ﻤﻠــك" ﺒﺎﺒــل" ﺤ ـواﻝﻰ ‪ ١٧٩٠‬ق‪.‬م‪ .‬ﺨﺎﺘﻤــﺔ اﻝﻌﻬــد‬
‫اﻝــذﻫﺒﻰ ﻓــﻰ ﺸ ـراﺌﻊ وﻗ ـواﻨﻴن اﻝﻌ ـراق اﻝﻘــدﻴم واﻝﺘــﻰ ﺤــرص ﻓﻴﻬــﺎ ﺤــﺎﻜم" ﺒﺎﺒــل" ﻋﻠــﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻘﻴــق اﻻﺴــﺘﻘرار واﻝﻌداﻝــﺔ ﻓــﻰ اﻨﺤــﺎء ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺘــﺔ اﻝﻤﻤﺘــدة ﻋﺒــر ﺒــﻼد اﻝ ارﻓــدﻴن وﻜــﺎن‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤرأة ﻨﺼﻴب واﻓر ﻤن ﺘﻠك اﻝﻘواﻨﻴن ‪.‬‬
‫ان ﻫذا اﻝﺘﺸرﻴﻌﺎت واﻝﻘواﻨﻴن اﻝﺘﻰ اﺼدرﻫﺎ ﺤﻜﺎم وﻤﻠوك ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻋﺒرت‬
‫ﻋن ﻀرورة اﺼﻼح اﺤوال اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﻌراﻗﻰ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘـق اﻝﻌداﻝـﺔ ﺴـواء اﻻﻗﺘـﺼﺎدﻴﺔ‬
‫او اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺒل واﻝﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌﻘﻴدة اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﺤﺘرام ﻤﻘدﺴﺎﺘﻪ اﻝﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻝﻜﻨـﻪ ﺒــﻼ ﺸــك ‪-‬ﻤـن ﺠﺎﻨــب اﺨــر ‪ -‬ﻋﺒـرت ﻋــن اﻝرﻏﺒــﺔ اﻝـﺼﺎدﻗﺔ ﻓــﻰ ﺘﺘﺒــﻊ‬
‫اﻻﺠــداد وﺠﻬــودﻫم ﻓ ــﻰ ﻫــذا اﻝﻤﻴ ــدان ﺒﻤــﺎ ﻴﺤﻘ ــق ﻨﻬــﻀﺔ ورﻗ ــﻰ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤــﻊ اﻝﻌ ارﻗ ــﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺠدﻴر ان ﻴﻜون ﻓﻰ ﻤﻘدﻤﺔ ﻤﺎﺤوﻝﻪ ﻤن ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻻدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﺘﻨﺎول ﻫذﻩ اﻝورﻗﺔ اﻝﺒﺤﺜﻴﺔ ﻤﺎورد ﺒﻬﺎ ﻤن اﻻﺼﻼﺤﺎت واﻝﺘﺸرﻴﻌﺎت واﻝﻘواﻨﻴن‬
‫اﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﺎوﻝت اﻝﻤ أرة اﻝﻌراﻗﻴﺔ ﻜﺄم واﺒﻨﺔ وزوﺠﺔ وارﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٦‬‬
Women in the laws and Legislation in the old Iraq
Prof.Dr. Adel El Sayed Abdul-Aziz
Faculty of Arts – Fayoum university
It emerged Mesopotamia without the other in the history of the
civilizations of the ancient Near East Ptdon reforms and laws and
legislation – no doubt- worked to organize life and transactionsWithin
the State; where addressed many walks of economic, social and
religious life, which made the need for issuance of those conditions
that prevailed in the country at the time. The start of these versions of
the era of "Oorkajina" the governor of the city of Lagash around 2400
BC and then Legislation "Ur-Nammu" came , he wsa the founder of
the Ur III dynasty (2005-2113) reflect the perception of the ruling to
control the pace of economic and social transactions; legislation came
" Ashnuna" about 1990 BC . In the four groups of the fourth group
formed to organize family relations; while the legislation "lebet Ishtar
"king" Eisen "about 1930 BC, an important aspect in that period to
achieve social justice‫ ؛‬Even the laws of "Hammurabi" King "of
Babylon" came about in 1790 BC. Conclusion golden age in the
Canons and laws of the old Iraq, where the ruler of "Babel" was keen
to achieve stability and justice throughout His kingdom stretching
across Mesopotamia and the women had a large share of those laws .
This legislation and laws issued by the rulers and kings of
Mesopotamia expressed the need Reform of the conditions of Iraqi
society in order to achieve both economic and social justice, or even to
maintain the Religious belief and respect for the inalienable sanctities
but undoubtedly -mn the other hand - expressed its sincere desire to
trace ancestors and their efforts in this Field in order to achieve the
renaissance of paper worth of Iraqi society to be at the forefront of
civilizations Mahola Ancient Near. This paper deals with what was
stated by the reforms and legislation and laws Which addressed Iraqi
women as a mother and a daughter, wife and widow.
١٠٧
‫ﺼورة اﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻰ اﻵﺜﺎر اﻹﻴراﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ "ﺠدﻝﻴﺔ اﻷﺸﻜﺎل واﻝرﻤوز"‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻋﺎدل ﻋﺒد اﻝﻤﻨﻌم ﺴوﻴﻠم‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻴن ﺸﻤس‪ ،‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‬
‫اﻝظﺎﻫرة ﻤوﻀوع اﻝﺒﺤث‪ :‬ﺘﺠﻠت ﺼورة اﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻹﻴراﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻰ ﻨﻤﺎذج ﻋدة ﺒﻘﻴت ﻋن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة ﻓﻰ اﻵﺜﺎر اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ اﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺨﻠﻔت‬
‫ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ظﻬرت اﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻰ ﺼورة رﺒﺎت ﻝﻠﺨﺼب واﻝﻨﻤﺎء أو ﻝﻠﺠﻨس واﻝﺤرب‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ظﻬرت ﺼور أﺨرى ﻝﻠﻤرأة؛ ﻜﺎﻝﻤرأة اﻝﺴﺎﺤرة أو اﻝﻜﺎﻫﻨﺔ‪ ،‬واﻝﻤرأة اﻝﻤﻠﻜﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وظﻬرت ﻜذﻝك ﻓﻰ ﺼور أﺨرى ﻋﺎدﻴﺔ إﻝﻰ ﺠﺎﻨب اﻝرﺠل‪ ،‬ﻜﺸرﻴﻜﺔ ﻝﻪ ﻓﻰ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ واﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ؛ ﻜﺄم أو زوﺠﺔ أو اﺒﻨﺔ‪ .‬وﻴﺴﺘرﻋﻰ اﻻﻨﺘﺒﺎﻩ وﺠود ﻓﺘرات ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬
‫وﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ إﻴران اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﺨﻠت ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﺎً ﻤن أى ﻨﻤﺎذج أﺜرﻴﺔ أو ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﺼورة اﻝﻤرأة‪ ،‬رﻏم ﻜﺜرة ﻤﺎﺒﻘﻰ ﻋن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻔﺘرات ﻤن آﺜﺎر وﺘﺤف ﻓﻨﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﺘﺘﺠﻠﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻝظﺎﻫرة ﺒوﻀوح ﻓﻰ ﻓﺘرﺘﻰ اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻝﻤﻴدﻴﺔ واﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻷﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬أﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﻠﻰ ذﻝك ﻤن ﻋﻬود ﻓﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻹﻴراﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻌﻬد اﻝﺴﻠوﻜﻴﻴن واﻝﻔﺘرة‬
‫اﻝﻬﻠﻴﻨﺴﺘﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ إﻴران‪ ،‬واﻷﺸﻜﺎﻨﻴﻴن واﻝﺴﺎﺴﺎﻨﻴﻴن؛ ﻓﻘد ﻋﺎدت ﺼورة اﻝﻤرأة ﻝﻠظﻬور‬
‫ﺒﻐ ازرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻵﺜﺎر واﻝﻔﻨون وﻓﻰ أﺸﻜﺎل وﻨﻤﺎذج وﺼور ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫدف اﻝﺒﺤث‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث ﺼور اﻝﻤرأة ﺒﺄﺸﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات ﺒﺎﻝوﺼف واﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل وﻴﻬدف إﻝﻰ اﺴﺘﻘراء اﻝرﻤوز اﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻝﺼور‪ ،‬وﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻫذﻩ اﻝرﻤوز ﺒﺎﻷﺸﻜﺎل اﻝﺘﻰ ﺘرﻤز إﻝﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻤﻊ ﺘﺄﺼﻴل ﻜل ﻤن‬
‫اﻝﺸﻜل واﻝرﻤز ﻋﺒر اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﺴواء ﻓﻰ إﻴران اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ أو ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم ﺒﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻨﺎﻗش اﻝﺒﺤث أﺴﺒﺎب ﻋدم ظﻬور ﺼورة اﻝﻤرأة‬
‫أو ﻨدرﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻓﻨون وآﺜﺎر اﻝﻤﻴدﻴﻴن واﻷﺨﻤﻴﻴن ﻓﻰ إﻴران اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ اﻝﺒﺤث‪ :‬ﻴﺘﺒﻊ ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝوﺼﻔﻰ اﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻰ ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻨﺤو‬
‫اﻝﺘﺎﻝﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‬‫‬‫‬‫‪-‬‬
‫وﺼف ﻨﻤﺎذج ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ظﻬرت ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺼورة ﻝﻠﻤرأة ﻓﻰ اﻵﺜﺎر واﻝﻔﻨون‪،‬‬
‫ﺨﻼل اﻝﻔﺘرات اﻝﻤﺘﻌﺎﻗﺒﺔ ﻤن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻹﻴراﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﺴﺘﻘﺼﺎء أﺴﺒﺎب ﻨدرة ﺼورة اﻝﻤرأة ﻓﻰ اﻵﺜﺎر واﻝﻔﻨون اﻹﻴراﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻴدﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻷﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﺴﺘﻘراء ﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻪ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺼور ﻤن ﻤﻌﺎﻨﻰ ﺘﻌﺒﻴرﻴﺔ ورﻤزﻴﺔ ﺘؤﻜد ﻓرﻀﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺒﺤث‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﺒﻴن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺼور وﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺒر ﻋﻨﻪ ﻤن رﻤوز‪ ،‬واﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺠدﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﻴن اﻝﺸﻜل واﻝرﻤز‪.‬‬
‫‪١٠٨‬‬
The Image of Women in Ancient Iranian Monuments
"Dialectic Shapes and Symbols"
Dr. Adel Abdel Moneim Sowelam
Ain Shams University, Faculty of Arts
The image of women in the ancient Iranian civilization, reflected
in several models remained form this civilization in different
monuments, which lagged behind it, where women appeared in the
forms as a goddess of fertile and growing or sex and war, and other
images of women emerged; charming or the Priestess such as Queen,
and it appeared well as in other pictures as well as an ordinary woman
beside the man, as a partner in his public and private life; as a mother,
wife or daughter. Attention is drawn and the existence of historical
and cultural periods in the history of ancient Iran, deserted from
almost any antique models or technical bearing the image of women,
despite the many remainders form these periods from the monuments
of art and antiques, and is clearly reflected this phenomenon in two
terms State Median and State Akhamenid but during the states after
that, of covenants in the Iranian civilization, as the eras of
Seleucusians and Hellenistic period in Iran, Ashcanid and Sassanid;
the image of women have returned to appear in abundance on the
monuments and the arts and in different forms, models and pictures.
Aim of the research: The research deals with images of women in
various forms in these civilizations description and analysis is
intended to extrapolate symbols carried by these images, and the
relationship between these symbols and the forms that symbolize it,
with rooting both the form and the symbol across successive
civilizations, whether in ancient Iran or in the ancient Near East in
general, as the paper discusses the reasons for non-appearance of the
image of women in the arts or scarcity and the monuments of the
Median state and Akhamenid in ancient Iran.
Research Methodology: This research follows a descriptive
analytical method applied as follows:
-Description of different models appeared with a picture of the effects
of women in the arts, through successive periods of the ancient Iranian
civilization.
-Investigate the causes of the scarcity of the image of women in the
monuments of Iranian states; Median and Akhamenid.
-Extrapolation of what was done to these images of expressive and
symbolic meanings to confirm the hypothesis research.
-A comparison between these images and analysis of what express it
of symbols, and the dialectical relationship between form and symbol.
١٠٩
‫ﻜﺘب اﻝﻔﻼﺤﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ‪ -‬اﻝﻔﻼﺤﺔ اﻝﻨﺒطﻴﺔ اﻨﻤوذﺠﺎ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻋﺎﻤر ﻋﺠﺎج ﺤﻤﻴد‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‪ /‬ﻗﺴم اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫ﻴﻜﺎد ﻴﺘﻔق اﻝﻤؤرﺨون ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗدم ﻨﺸوء اﻝزراﻋﺔ وﻤﻬﺎرات اﺴﺘﻨﺒﺎت اﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل‬
‫اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨت ﻋﻤﺎد ﻋﻴش اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺒﻠدان اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم)ﻤﺼر‪ ،‬ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن( ﻻ ﺴﺒﺎب ﺘﺘﻌﻠق ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﺎخ اﻝﻤﻌﺘدل اﻝﺴﺎﺌد ووﺠود اﻻراﻀﻲ اﻝﺴﻬﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺴﻬﻠﺔ اﻝري ووﺠود اﻻﻨﻬﺎر اﻝﻜﺒﻴرة وﻓروﻋﻬﺎ ورواﻓدﻫﺎ‪ .‬ورﻏم ان اﻝﻔﻼﺤﺔ ﻤﻬﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒطﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬اﻻ ان ﻋدة ﻤدوﻨﺎت ﻗدﻴﻤﺔ وﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼور اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺘﺒت او‬
‫ﺘرﺠﻤت اﻝﻰ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﺠﺎل ‪.‬ﻴﺘﻨﺎول ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث اﻫم ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤؤﻝﻔﺎت‬
‫وﻴرﻜز ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤؤﻝف ﻴرﺠﻊ اﻝﻰ ﻋﺼور ﻤوﻏﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘدم‪ .‬ﺘرﺠﻤﻪ اﺒن وﺤﺸﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻜﺴداﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺜﺎﻝث اﻝﻬﺠري ﻤن اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻨﺒطﻴﺔ وﻋﻨوﻨﻪ )اﻝﻔﻼﺤﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻨﺒطﻴﺔ(‪.‬ﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﻜﺘﺎب ﻤوﻀوﻋﺎت ﺸﺘﻰ وﺨﺒرات ﻤﺘﻨﺎﻗﻠﺔ ﻋﺒر اﻻﺠﻴﺎل‪ .‬ﻴﺘﺴم‬
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎب ﺒﺎﻝﺼﻔﺔ اﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﺠرﻴﺒﻴﺔ وﻴﺤﺘوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎت دوﻨﻬﺎ اﻨﺒﻴﺎء وﺤﻜﻤﺎء‬
‫واطﺒﺎء وﺴﺤرة وﻏﻴرﻫم ‪.‬ﺘوﻀﺢ ﻗدم ودﻗﺔ اﻝﻤﻌﺎرف ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﺠﺎل واﻝذي ﻻﺸك‬
‫ﻓﻴﻪ ان اﻝﺨﺒرات اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺘﺒت ﻓﻲ اﻝﻔﻼﺤﺔ ﻜﺎن ﻝﻬﺎ اﺜر ﻜﺒﻴر ﻓﻲ اﺴﺎﻝﻴب اﻝزراﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺨﺘﻠف اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق اﻻﺨرى‪.‬‬
‫‪١١٠‬‬
Ancient Agriculture Books, The Nabataean Agriculture as a
Sample
Ass.Prof. Dr. Amer Ajaj Hameed
College of Basic Education \ Babylon University
The historians do agree about the beginning of agriculture,
which was the main source of food in Mesopotamia and the Egypt due
to the effect of their climate and the nature of the land. Although
agriculture depends mainly on physical work, the written books about
the field are not few as some were translated. The most important of
these books is the ''Nabati Agriculture'' which includes information by
the prophets and wise people as well as physicians and magicians.
.
١١١
‫اﻝرﺤﻼت اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻘدﺴﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻤدﻝول اﻝﺤﺞ ﻝدي اﻝﺸﻌوب‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ا‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻋﺒد اﻝﻤﻌطﻲ ﻤﺤﻤد ﻋﺒد اﻝﻤﻌطﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺸرﻴﻌﺔ واﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ أم اﻝﻘرى‬
‫أن اﻝدارس ﻝﻠﺤﻴﺎة اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻝدى ﺸﻌوب اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻴﺠد أن ﻫﻨﺎك‬
‫ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻜﺒﻴر ﻓﻲ أداء ﺒﻌض اﻝﺸﻌﺎﺌر اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ‪،‬ﺤﻴث ﺘﺘﺠﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻝﺸﻌوب ﻓﻲ ﻴوم ﻤﻌﻠوم ﻤن اﻝﺴﻨﺔ ﻝﻤرة أو أﻜﺜر ‪ ،‬ﻝﺘﻨطﻠق ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل‬
‫ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ إﻝﻰ أﻤﺎﻜن ﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﺘﺘﺼف ﺒﺎﻝطﺎﺒﻊ اﻝﻤﻘدس‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ زى ﻤوﺤد‬
‫ﻴﻐﻠب ﻋﻠﻴﻪ طﺎﺒﻊ اﻝﺒﻴﺎض وﻫﻲ ﻋﺎدة ﻗدﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﻨد اﻷﻤم وأﻤر دﻴﻨﻲ ﻤﺨض‪،‬‬
‫ﻋرﻓﻪ اﻝﻤﺼرﻴون اﻝﻘداﻤﺔ‪،‬ﺤﻴث ﻜﺎﻨوا ﻴﺨرﺠون ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﻨﺤو ﻤﻨف‬
‫وطﻴﺒﺔ وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ وﺒﻨﻔس طرﻴﻘﺔ ﻋرﻓﺘﻪ ﺸﻌوب ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن إﻝﻰ ﺒﻼد )ﻨﻔر(‬
‫و)أور( وﺒﻼد ﺴورﻴﺎ إﻝﻰ اﻷﻤﺎﻜن اﻝﻤرﺘﻔﻌﺔ وﻓﻲ )ﺒﻴﺒﻠوس( ﺤﻴث اﻝﻤﻌﺒد‬
‫اﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻲ‪،‬ﺒﻼد اﻹﻏرﻴق واﻝﻴوﻨﺎن وﻤن ﺒﻌدﻫم اﻝروﻤﺎن إﻝﻰ ﻤﻌﺒد دﻝﻔﻲ‬
‫وأﻓﺴوس وﺠوﺒﺘﻴر وﻜذﻝك ﻋرﻓت ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻌﺎدة اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻬﻨد‬
‫واﻝﺼﻴن واﻝﻴﺎﺒﺎن ‪،‬ﻜذﻝك اﺘﺒﻊ اﻝﻴﻬود ﺘﻠك اﻝﻌﺎدة ﻓﻜﺎﻨوا ﻴﺨرﺠوا ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎم‬
‫ﻤرة وﻤرﺘﻴن وأﻜﺜر إﻝﻰ ﻤوﻗﻊ اﻝﻬﻴﻜل اﻝﻤزﻋوم ﻋﻨد ﻤﺎ ﻴﻌرف ﺒـ ) اﻝﺒراق( ‪،‬‬
‫وﻜذﻝك اﻝﻨﺼﺎرى إﻝﻰ ﺒﻴت اﻝﻤﻘدس ﺒﻌد أن ﺸﻴدت اﻹﻤﺒراطورة ﻫﻴﻼﻨﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻨﻴﺴﺔ اﻝﻘﻴﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘرن اﻝراﺒﻊ اﻝﻤﻴﻼدي ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ أﺸﺒﻪ ﺒﺸﻌﻴرة اﻝﺤﺞ ﻋﻨد‬
‫اﻝﻌرب ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻰ ﺒﻴت ﻤﻜﺔ‪ ،‬وﺒﻴوت ﻋﺒﺎدة أﺨرى ﻤﻨﺘﺸرة‬
‫ﻓﻲ إطراﻓﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﺴﺘﻤرت ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺒﻌد ﺘﻬذﻴﺒﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ اﻝﻌﻘﻴدة‬
‫اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺄﺤد أرﻜﺎن اﻹﺴﻼم ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ﻴﻼﺤظ اﺸﺘراك ﻤﻌظم ﺘﻠك‬
‫اﻝﺸﻌوب ﻓﻲ ﺸﻌﺎﺌرﻫﺎ وطﻘوﺴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ﻴﺘوﺠﻪ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن إﻝﻰ آﻝﻬﺘﻪ ‪،‬‬
‫وﻓق ﺸﻌﺎﺌر وﻤﻨﺎﺴك ﺘﻌﺒدﻴﺔ ﺘﻘﺎم ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﺠﻤﺎﻋﻲ وﺴط اﺒﺘﻬﺎج وﺴرور‬
‫وﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﺒﺄﻋﻴﺎد ﺸﻜر ‪ ،‬ﻝزﻴﺎرة أﻤﺎﻜن ﻤﻘدﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬وزﻴﺎرة أﺼﺤﺎﺒﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ أﻴﺎم‬
‫وأوﻗﺎت ﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻓق طﺎﺒﻊ ﻤﻘدس ‪ ،‬ﻝﻜوﻨﻬﺎ أﻴﺎم دﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺤﺘﻪ ‪ .‬وﻤن‬
‫اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻹﺸﺎرة أن ﻜﻠﻤﺔ ﺤﺞ وردت ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨﺼوص اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺒﻴﺎض أي اﻝطﻬﺎرة واﻝﻨﻘﺎء‪ ،‬واﻨﺘﻘﻠت ﺒﻤدﻝوﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﺒر اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻘﺒطﻴﺔ واﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ وﻜذﻝك ﻓﻲ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﺼﺢ ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ارﺘﺒطت ﺒﻼﺒس‬
‫اﻝﺒﻴﺎض اﻝذي ﻴﻌﻨﻲ اﻝطﺎﻫر واﻝﻨﻘﻲ واﻝﻘداﺴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﻝﻔظﺔ ﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ورد ذﻜرﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻜذﻝك ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌظم اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎت اﻝﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻜذا ﻓﻲ أﺴﻔﺎر اﻝﺘوراة ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎت ﺒﻼد اﻝﻌرب اﻝﺠﻨوﺒﻴﺔ واﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١١٢‬‬
Religious trips holy mass and its relation to the meaning of
the pilgrimage I have ancient peoples
prof/ Abdul Muti Muhammad Simsim
Umm Al-Qura university – Faculty of Islamic studies
The student religious life of the peoples of the ancient
world finds that there is a great similarity in the performance of
certain religious rites collective, where they accumulate peoples
known of the year for one or more days, to be launched in a
collective form of a dedicated places characterized by the sacred
character, dressed uniformly dominated by the nature of
whiteness It is an old habit when Nations and ordered religious
churned, known to the Egyptians cretin, where they go out in
groups around Memphis and Thebes, etc. the same way I knew
the people of Mesopotamia to the country (Navarre) and (Orr)
and country of Syria to the high places in the (Byblos), where the
Phoenician temple, Greece to Greece, and after them the Romans
to Delphi and Ephesus and Jupiter Temple as well as the
religious habit known civilizations of India, China and Japan, as
well as follow the Jews the habit and they go out in public once,
twice and more to the temple site when the so-called (bright), as
well as Christians to Jerusalem Having constructed the Empress
Helena Church of the Resurrection in the fourth century AD, and
is more like a rite of Hajj when the Arabs in the Arabian
Peninsula to the house of Mecca, and houses and other cult
scattered limbs, and continued in the Islamic era after refining
them with the Islamic faith as one of the pillars of Islam, which
notes the participation of most of the those peoples in the rituals
and rites, where the human head to the gods, according to the
rites and rituals of devotional held in a collective form amid
jubilation and pleasure and ending feasts of thanks, to visit the
holy places, and visit the owners, in the days and times that are
known, according to a sacred character, being a religious days
purely. It is important to mention that the word pilgrimage
mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts in the sense whiteness any
purity and purity, and moved Bmudallolha through history in the
Coptic and the Greek language as well as in the Arabic language
Easter, where the associated Blabs whiteness which means the
clean, pure and holy, a Semitic word Lord also mentioned in
most of the writings Semitism the old, as well as in the books of
the Torah, and in the writings of the country's southern and
northern Arabs.
١١٣
‫ﻗراءة ﻝﻠوﺤﺔ ﻓرﻴدة ﻤن اﻝرﺨﺎم ﺒﻤﺘﺤف ﺼﺒراﺘﻪ ﺒﻠﻴﺒﻴﺎ‬
‫رؤﻴﺔ آﺜرﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﻔﺴﻴر‬
‫د‪/‬ﻋزﻩ ﻋﺒد اﻝﺤﻤﻴد ﻗﺎﺒﻴل‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻻداب ـ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ طﻨطﺎ‬
‫ﻤوﻀوع ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث ﻴﻌﺘﻤد ﻋﻠﻰ دراﺴﺔ ﻝوﺤﺔ ﻤن اﻝرﺨﺎم ﺘﺸﺒﻪ ﺸﺠرة ﻤن‬
‫اﻝﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎت اﻝﺤﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻴط ﺒﺸﺨص ﻴﻌزف ﻋﻠﻰ آﻝﺔ اﻝﻬﺎرب "آﻝﺔ اﻝﻘﻴﺜﺎرة" ‪ ،‬وﻴﺒدو ﻜﺄﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻴﻬم ﺒﺎﻝﺘطﻠﻊ ﻝﺨﺎرج ﺘﻠك اﻝﺸﺠرة‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻝﻠوﺤﺔ ﺼور ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻌض اﻝزواﺤف‬
‫ﻴﻌﻠوﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺠﺎﻨﺒﻴن ﻤﺨﻠوﻗﺎت ﺤﻴواﻨﻴﺔ اﻷﻝﻴف ﻤﻨﻬﺎ واﻝﺸرس وﻤﺨﻠوﻗﺎت آدﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻠﺘف ﺤول اﻝﻌﺎزف ﻋﻠﻰ آﻝﺔ اﻝﻬﺎرب‪ ،‬وﻴﻌﻠو اﻝﺸﺨص ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝطﻴور‬
‫اﻝﺠﺎرﺤﺔ واﻷﻝﻴﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺜم ﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻗﻤﺔ اﻝﻠوﺤﺔ وﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋن ﻗرن اﻝﺨﻴرات اﻝﺨﺎص‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻝﻪ ﺴﻴراﺒﻴس‪ ،‬وﻴﺒدو أﻨﻬﺎ ﻏﻴر ﻤﻜﺘﻤﻠﺔ اﻝﺼﻨﻊ ﺤﻴث أن ﺼف اﻝطﻴور و‬
‫اﻝﻜﺎﺌﻨﺎت أﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌﺎزف ﻏﻴر ﻤﺤددة اﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝم وﻻ ﺘزال اﻝﺜﻘوب اﻝﻨﺎﺠﻤﺔ ﻋن ﻤﺜﻘﺎب‬
‫اﻝﻨﺤﺎت ﻏﺎﺌرة وﻝم ﻴﺴﺘﻜﻤل اﻝﻔﻨﺎن ﻫذا اﻝﺠزء‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﺤﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث أن ﻴﺠﻴب ﻋن اﻝﻔرﻀﻴﺎت اﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ اﻝﻤوﻀوع اﻝﻤﺼور‬
‫وﻤﻐ ازﻩ وﺘﻔﺴﻴرﻩ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺎول وﻀﻊ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﻤﺤدد ﻝﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﺄﺘﻲ اﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝﻤﻘﺘرح ﺒﺘﻨﺎول وﺼف دﻗﻴق ﻝﻠوﺤﺔ وﻓق دراﺴﺔ وﺼﻔﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻠﻴﻬﺎ دراﺴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼر اﻝﻤﺼورة ﺜم ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻨظﻴراﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﺼورة ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻝﻴﺒﻴﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝرﺴم واﻝﺘﺼوﻴر واﻝﻔﺴﻴﻔﺴﺎء ﻝﺘﺤدﻴد اﻝﺤﻴواﻨﺎت واﻝطﻴور واﻝزواﺤف‬
‫اﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ أو ﺘﻠك اﻝﻐرﻴﺒﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻊ دراﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﻝﻠوﺤﺘﻴن ﻤﺸﺎﺒﻬﺘﻴن ﺒﺎﻝﻴوﻨﺎن وﺘرﻜﻴﺎ‬
‫‪،‬وﺘﺤدﻴد ﻤﺎ إذا ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﻠوﺤﺔ ﻤن ﻨﺘﺎج ورﺸﻪ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﻴﺒﻴﺎ أم ﻜوﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘوردة؟‬
‫وﺘﻬدف اﻝدراﺴﺔ ﻝﺘﺤدﻴد ﻤﺎﻫﻴﺔ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻠوﺤﺔ وﻨظﻴراﺘﻬﺎ واﻗﺘراح ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﻤﺤدد ﻝﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪١١٤‬‬
A reading of a unique Stela in Sabratha Museum, Lybia
Dr. Azza Abdel Hamid Abdel Kader Kabil
Faculty of Arts - Tanta University
The theme of this research depends on the study panel of
marble-like tree of organisms surround a person plays the
fugitive "ukulele" machine, and it seems like a matter Going to
the outside of that tree, painting Base Photos by some reptiles
topped on both sides creatures animal pet them and fierce
creatures subhuman circumvents about instrumentalist on
fugitive machine, topped person group of prey and pet birds,
then come painting the top of which is a special god Serapis
century of good things, and they seem incomplete manufacture
where that bird row and objects highest instrumentalist is welldefined and still holes caused by the drill bit sculptor deep did
the artist completed this part.
Find and tries to answer the following assumptions, the
importance of the subject and its significance and interpretation,
as is trying to put a specific date him.
The proposed approach comes to take an accurate description
of the Panel in accordance with the descriptive study, followed
by an analytical study of the elements of the picture and then
compare them with their counterparts pictured in Libya in
drawing and painting and mosaics to identify animals and birds,
local reptiles or those exotic them with a comparison of the two
paintings Mchabhettin Greece and Turkey study, and determine
whether the painting of the product local workshop in Libya or
being imported? The study aims to determine the nature of the
painting and its counterparts and propose a specific date it.
١١٥
‫اﻝﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻝﻤدﻴﻨﺔ ﺘل اﻝدوﻴر "ﻝﺨﻴش"‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻋﻤﺎد ﻋﺒد اﻝﻌظﻴم ﻋﺎﺸور ﻋﺎﺸور‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب ‪-‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻔﻴوم‬
‫ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد اﺤﺘﻠت‬
‫ﻝﻌﺒت ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﺨﻴش دوًار‬
‫ً‬
‫ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺎ ً‬
‫ﻤوﻗﻌﺎ ﻤﺘﻤﻴ ًاز ﺒوﺴط ﻓﻠﺴطﻴن‪ ،‬ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ إﻝﻰ ﻗرﺒﻬﺎ ﻤن اﻝﺒﺤر‪ ،‬وﺨﺼوﺒﺔ أرﻀﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻘﻊ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺘل اﻝدوﻴر ﺒﻴن ﻋدد ﻤن اﻝﻤدن اﻝﻔﻠﺴطﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﺜﻠت ﻋﻤق‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴطﻴن ‪ ،‬وﻜﺎﻨت ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﻤوﻗﻊ اﺴﺘراﺘﻴﺠﻰ ﺒﻴن ﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺠﻌل‬
‫اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝﺒﻼد اﻝﻤﺠﺎورة ﺘطﻤﺢ إﻝﻰ ﺒﺴط ﺴﻴطرﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻜﺎن أﺒرزﻫﺎ ﻤﺼر‪،‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ طﻤﻌت ﺒﻬﺎ ﺘﻠك اﻝﺸﻌوب اﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﺎﺠﻤت اﻝﺴﺎﺤل اﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻲ واﺴﺘﻘروا ﺒﻌض‬
‫اﻝوﻗت ﻓﻲ ﺘل اﻝدوﻴر ‪ ،‬وظﻬرت آﺜﺎرﻫم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻝﻤﻘﺎﺒر اﻝﺘﻲ وﺠدت ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋدة ﻤﻨﺎطق وﻤدن ﻓﻠﺴطﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬إﺴراﺌﻴل‪ ،‬ووﺠدت ﻓﻲ طﺒﻘﺎت ﺘل اﻝدوﻴر ﻋدة‬
‫ﻨﻘوش ﺘﻌود ﻝﻌﺼر ﺼدﻗﻴﺎ ﻤﻠك ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﺴراﺌﻴل‪ ،‬ﺜم وﻗﻌت ﺘﺤت اﻝﺤﺼﺎر‬
‫ﻤطوﻗﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺴﺒﻴل ﻓرض ﺴﻴطرﺘﻪ‬
‫اﻵﺸورى ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ﻓرض ﺴﻨﺤرﻴب ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﺼﺎ اًر ّ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻠﺴطﻴن وﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﺠﻨوب اﻝﺴورى ﻋﺎم ‪ ٦١٢‬ق‪.‬م ‪ ،.‬وﻓرض ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻝﺤﺼﺎر ﺒﺴﺒب اﻨﺼﻴﺎﻋﻬﺎ ﻷواﻤر ﻤﺼر وﻗﻴﺎﻤﻬﺎ دوﻤﺎً ﺒﺎﻝﺜورة ﻀد اﻝﻌﺎﻫل‬
‫اﻵﺸوري‪ .‬ﺜم اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﻴن اﻝذﻴن ﺘظﻬر آﺜﺎرﻫم ﻓﻲ ﺘل اﻝدوﻴر ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻷوﺴﺘراﻜﺎ‬
‫اﻝﺘﻲ وﺠدت ﺒﻬﺎ ‪ ،‬وﻻ ﻴﺴﺘﺒﻌد أﻨﻬﺎ وﻗﻌت ﺘﺤت اﻝﺤﻜم اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻲ ‪ ،‬ورﺒﻤﺎ وﺠود‬
‫ﻗﺼر ﺴﻤﺎﻩ اﻝﺒراﻴت ﻫﻨﺎك " اﻝﻘﺼر اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻲ" ﻴﺸﻴر إﻝﻰ ذﻝك ‪ ،‬وﻝﻌل ﻤﺎ ﻴؤﻜد‬
‫ذﻝك أن ﺒﻌض اﻝﻘﺼور اﻝﺘﻲ وﺠدت ﻓﻲ ﺘل اﻝدوﻴر أﺨذت ﻨﻔس اﻝطراز اﻝﻤﺸﺎﺒﻪ‬
‫ﻝﻠﻘﺼور اﻝﻤوﺠود ﻓﻲ ﻋﻴﻼم وﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﺼﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﺴوﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﺜم ﻴﺴﺘﻌرض اﻝﺒﺤث‬
‫ﺒﻌض اﻝﻨﻤﺎذج اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘل اﻝدوﻴر)ﻝﺨﻴش(‪.‬‬
‫‪١١٦‬‬
The Historical Background of Tell Ed-Duweir (Lachish
Dr/ Emad Abdel Azeem Ashour
Fayoum University - Faculty of Arts.
The city of Lachish played an important apolitical rule in ancient
history, it has occupied a prime location in downtown Palestine, in
addition to its proximity to the sea, and the fertility of its soil, as Tell
Ed-Duweir area between a number of Palestinian cities, which
accounted for the depth of Palestine lies, and served as a strategic
location between the Near East regions, making many of the
neighboring countries try to extend its control them, most notably
Egypt, also coveted by those people who attacked the Phoenician
coast and settled some time in Tell Ed-Duweir, featured their tracks
where through the graves that were found in several areas of
Palestinian cities, and found in layers Tell Ed-Duweir several
inscriptions dating back to the era of Zedekiah king of the Kingdom of
Israel, then came under Assyrian siege, where the imposition of
Sennacherib the siege encircled in order to impose its control over
Palestine and parts of the south of Syria in 612 BC., and the
imposition of the blockade because it complies with the orders of
Egypt and its always Revolution against the Assyrian monarch. Then
the Babylonians who their tracks appear in the Tell Ed-Duweir
through Ostraca that found it, does not rule out that it has signed under
Persian rule, and possibly the presence of palace called Albright there
was "Persian Palace", refers to it, and perhaps what confirms that
some of the deficiencies found in Ed-Duweir I took the same similar
to the existing deficiencies in the style of Elam, particularly in the
capital of Susa. Find then reviews some of the cultural models in Tell
Ed-Duweir (Lachish).
١١٧
‫اﻝﺤرﻜﺔ اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴرﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺸﺎﻫد ﻋﺎزﻓﻰ اﻵﻻت اﻝوﺘرﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻏﺎدة أﻤﻴن رﻤﻀﺎن ﺠزر‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ‪ -‬ﺤﻠوان‬
‫اﺤﺘﻠت اﻝﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ وﻜﺎن ﻝﻬﺎ دو ار ﻜﺒﻴ ار ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻹﺤﺘﻔﺎﻻت واﻝطﻘوس اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌزﻴﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ارﺘﺒطت ﺒﺂﻝﻬﺔ دون ﻏﻴرﻫﺎ وﺘﻌددت‬
‫اﻵﻻت اﻝﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺘﻨوﻋﺔ ﻤن آﻻت وﺘرﻴﺔ واﻴﻘﺎﻋﻴﺔ وﻫواﺌﻴﺔ وﻤﺼﻔﻘﺎت‬
‫وﺼﻼﺼل‪ ،‬واﻫﺘم اﻝﻔﻨﺎن اﻝﻘدﻴم ﺒﺘﺼوﻴر اﻝﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻴﻴن واﻝﻌﺎزﻓﻴن‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻬذﻩ‬
‫اﻝدراﺴﺔ ﺘﻬدف ﻹﻝﻘﺎء اﻝﻀوء ﻋﻠﻰ طرﻴﻘﺔ وﻗدرة اﻝﻔﻨﺎن اﻝﻤﺼور ﻓﻰ اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴر ﻋن‬
‫اﺤﺴﺎس اﻝﻌﺎزف ﻝﻠﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻲ ٕواﻨدﻤﺎﺠﻪ ﻤﻊ أﻝﺤﺎﻨﻪ ﺒرﻏم ﺤرﻜﺘﻪ اﻝﻤﺤدودة واﻝﻤﻘﻴدة‬
‫ﺒﺈﻤﺴﺎﻜﻪ ﻝﻶﻝﺔ اﻝﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻴﺔ واﻝﻌزف ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﺘﻠك اﻝﺤرﻴﺔ اﻝﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴر‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﺤرﻜﺔ وﻫﻨﺎ ﺘﻜﻤن ﻋﺒﻘرﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨﺎن اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴرﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻴﺔ وﻫو ﻤﺎﺴﺘﻘوم اﻝدراﺴﺔ‬
‫ﺒرﺼدﻩ وﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻪ ﻋن طرﻴق وﺼف وﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﻋﺎزﻓﻰ اﻵﻻت اﻝوﺘرﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ودراﺴﺔ اﻻﻻت اﻝوﺘرﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻝدﻴﻬم ورﺼد اوﺠﻪ اﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ واﻻﺨﺘﻼف‬
‫ﺒﻴﻨﻬم وﺘطورﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺎزف اﻝﻬﺎرب‪ -‬اﻝﻘﻴﺜﺎرة‪ -‬اﻝﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻴﻴن‬
‫اﻝﺤدود اﻝزﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺼور ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‬
‫اﻝﺤدود اﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ واﻻﻗﺼﻰ وﺠزر اﻝﺒﺤر اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝدراﺴﺔ‪ :‬وﺼﻔﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻤﻘﺎرن‪.‬‬
‫‪١١٨‬‬
Expressive movement of stringed instruments player's scenes in
ancient civilizations
Dr/ Ghada Amin Ramadan
Faculty of fine arts - Helwan university
Music was essential at ancient civilization as it plays major role in
celebration, funerary and religious rituals, beside its association with
specific deities. That was the reason behind inventing musical
instruments with different types, so the ancient artist interested in
depicting musical scenes which is the aim of this study, how he could
express player's feelings while they playing music and holding their
stringed instruments.
This study concern of describe, analyze and compare stringed
instruments players scenes, clear the common and differs between
ancient stringed instruments in ancient civilizations.
Keywords: harp player- lyre- musician scene
١١٩
‫اﻻواﻨﻰ ﺒﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻝﻜﺒش ﻓﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻏﺎدة أﻤﻴن رﻤﻀﺎن ﺠزر‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ – ﺤﻠوان‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒر اﻝﻜﺒش ﻤن اﻝﺤﻴواﻨﺎت اﻝﺘﻰ ﻋﺒرت ﻋن ﻗﻴم رﻤزﻴﺔ وﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻓﻨراﻩ ﻴرﺘﺒط ﺒﺒﻌض اﻝﻤﻌﺒودات ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات‬
‫ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻪ ﻜﺤﻴوان ﻤﺴﺘﺄﻨس ﻤﻤﺎ دﻋﻰ اﻝﻔﻨﺎن اﻝﻰ ﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن‬
‫اﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﻜﺎﻝﺘﻤﺎﺌم واﻝﺤﻠﻰ واﻝﺘﻤﺎﺜﻴل اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘم دراﺴﺘﻪ وﺘﺼوﻴرﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻻﺴطﺢ اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﺠدران واﻻواﻨﻰ واﻝﻤﻌﺎدن‪ ،‬وﻤن اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻝﺘﻰ اﺴﺘﺨدم ﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫أﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻰ اﻷواﻨﻰ واﻝﻜؤوس واﻝﺘﻰ اﻨﺘﺸرت ﻓﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤد‬
‫ﺴواء‪ ،‬وﻤﺎ ﻴﺜﻴر اﻝدﻫﺸﺔ اﺨﺘﻼف طرﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﻜﺒش ذاﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﺤﻀﺎرة ﻤﻊ‬
‫اﺨﺘﻼف ﻗﻴﻤﺘﻪ اﻝرﻤزﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ طﻴﺎﺘﻪ ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻴﺎ وﻓﻨﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻠﻐرض‬
‫اﻝذى اﻝذى ﺼﻨﻌت ﻤن أﺠﻠﻪ ﻫذﻩ اﻻواﻨﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻬدف اﻝدراﺴﺔ ﻝدراﺴﺔ رﻤزﻴﺔ اﻝﻜﺒش ﻓﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻜذﻝك ﻋرض‬
‫ووﺼف وﺘﺤﻠﻴل اﻻواﻨﻰ واﻝﻜؤوس اﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﺨذ ﻓﻰ ﺸﻜﻠﻬﺎ اﻝﺨﺎرﺠﻰ اﻝﻜﺒش ﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻴﺎ‬
‫وﻓﻨﻴﺎ واﺴﺘﺨﻼص اﻝﺴﻤﺎت اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﺤﻀﺎرة واﻝﺘﺄﻜﻴد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻘﻴﻤﺘﻪ‬
‫اﻝرﻤزﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻝﻤﻔﺘﺎﺤﺔ‪ :‬اﻝﻜﺒش‪ -‬اﻻواﻨﻰ ﺒﻬﻴﺌﺔ اﻝﻜﺒش‪ -‬اﻝراﻴون‬
‫اﻝﺤدود اﻝزﻤﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺼور ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‬
‫اﻝﺤدود اﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ :‬اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ واﻻﻗﺼﻰ واﻝﻴوﻨﺎن‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝدراﺴﺔ‪ :‬وﺼﻔﻰ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻲ ﻤﻘﺎرن‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٠‬‬
Ram figured pots in ancient civilization
Dr/ Ghada Amin Ramadan
Faculty of fine arts - Helwan university
Ram is one of the most important animals in ancient world civilization,
which have a Symbolic value as it is associated with some deities beside its
role as domesticated animal, all that led to use its shape in one hand at a lot of
works like amulets, jewelry and statues, another hand it have been depicted
on wall painting, pots and metal works and that was in all ancient world
civilization as well.
The most impressive issue that its depiction varies from civilization to
another depends on its symbolic value and the purpose it used for.
This study aims to focus on the symbolic value of ram at different
civilizations by display, describe and fine analyze features of pots and jars in
the form of ram and its relationship with symbolic value.
Keywords: ram- jars in form of ram- rhyton.
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‫اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﻤن وﺠﻬﺔ ﻨظر ﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺼرة‬
‫م‪.‬م‪ .‬اﺴراء ﻓﺎﻀل أﻤﻴن‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻏﺼون ﻋﻠﻲ ﺤﺴن‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺘطور اﻹﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﺒداﺌﻲ واﺨﺘراع اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ وظﻬور ﺤرﻜﺔ اﻝﺘدوﻴن واﻝﺘراﻜم‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﻲ ظﻬرت اﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ اﻝﻰ اﻤﺎﻜن ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﺘﻠﻘﻴن ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤﻌﺎرف واﻝﻌﻠوم وﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻻﻤﺎﻜن ﻫﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ اﻝﻴوم ﺒﺎﻝﻤدارس اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ ﻗدﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘراث‪ ،‬ﻤﻌروﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺄﺜور‪ ،‬ﺘﻌود أواﺌﻠﻬﺎ اﻝﻰ ﺒداﻴﺎت اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات ﻓﻲ وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ووادي اﻝﻨﻴل ﻗﺒل‬
‫اﻝوف اﻝﺴﻨﻴن‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن واﻝروﻤﺎن ﻤن ﺒﻌد‪ ،‬وﻫﻲ ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻤوﺼوﻝﺔ ﻝم‬
‫ﺘﻨﻘطﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﺴﻨﻴن ﻤﻨذ ﻋرف اﻝﺒﺸر اﻝﻌﻠوم واﻝﻤﻌﺎرف‪ ،‬واﻝﻔﻨون‬
‫واﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎت‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝدﻴﺎرات واﻝﻜﻨﺎﺌس‪ ،‬واﻝﺼواﻤﻊ واﻝﺒﻴﻊ‪ ،‬واﻝﺼﻠوات واﻝﻤﻌﺎﺒد‪،‬‬
‫واﻷﺴواق واﻝﻤواﺴم‪ ،‬واﻝﻤﺤﺎل واﻝﻤﺠﺎﻤﻊ‪ ،‬واﻷﻨدﻴﺔ ودور اﻝﻨدوة‪ ،‬واﻝﻤﻌﺎﻫد واﻝﻤﻨﺎزل‪،‬‬
‫واﻝﻤﻐﺎﻨﻲ واﻝﻤراﺒﻊ ﻗﺒل اﻹﺴﻼم ﺒﻤﻨزﻝﺔ اﻝﻤدارس اﻝﻴوم‪.‬‬
‫ﻝﻘد أﺒدﻋت اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝراﻓدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻝﺤﻴﺎة ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎﻨت ﺤﻀﺎرات‬
‫ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﺘﺤﺎول أن ﺘﺒﺘﻜر ﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻤن ﺸﺄﻨﻪ اﻻرﺘﻘﺎء ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎن‪ ،‬اذ اﻫﺘﻤت‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻠم وأﺒدﻋت ﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻫﺘﻤت ﺒﻤﻴﺎدﻴن اﻝﺘﻌﻠم ﻓﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ ﻤن أﺤد أﻫم‬
‫اﻨﺠﺎزاﺘﻬم‪ ،‬إذ ﻋﺜر ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝﻨﺼوص اﻝﻤدرﺴﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫اﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠت ﻷﻏراض ﺘدرﻴب اﻝطﻠﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻘراءة واﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‪ ،‬وﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ ﻴطﻠق‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻷﻜدﻴﺔ اﺴم )أﻴدوﺒﺎ( اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ )ﺒﻴت اﻷﻝواح(‪ ،‬وﻴدﺨﻠﻬﺎ اﻝطﻠﺒﺔ‬
‫اﻝذﻴن ﻴﺘﺤوﻝون إﻝﻰ ﻜﺘﺒﺔ ﻝﺴد ﺤﺎﺠﺔ اﻝﺒﻼد إﻝﻴﻬم ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻤﺎل اﻹدارﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ وﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﺒﻲ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ اﻝﻤﻌﺒد واﻝﻘﺼر ﻤن اﻝﻜﺘﺒﺔ‪ ،‬وﺘطور ﻫدف اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ ﻤن ﺘﻌﻠﻴم اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻘط إﻝﻰ ﺘطوﻴر ﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﺘﻌﻠم اﻝطﻠﺒﺔ اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫واﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻝﻤدارس ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﺒﺼورة ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﻠﺤق ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﺒد‪ ،‬واﻝﻜﻬﻨﺔ ﻫم‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﻠﻤون اﻷواﺌل ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬واﻝﺘﻌﻠم ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺎح ﻝﻸوﻻد واﻝﺒﻨﺎت‪ ،‬وﻫذا ﻴﺸﻴر ﺒوﻀوح‬
‫إﻝﻰ أن اﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﻜﺎن ﻤﺨﺘﻠطﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤدة‪ ،‬وﺘﺸﻴر اﻝﻨﺼوص اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ إﻝﻰ أن‬
‫اﻝﻤرأة ﻤﺎرﺴت اﻝﺘﻌﻠم واﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ أﺼﺒﺤن ﻤﺸﻬورات ﺒﺎﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫واﻷدب‪ ،‬وﻴﺒدو أن ﻤﻌظﻤﻬن ‪‬‬
‫ﻜن ﻤن طﺒﻘﺔ اﻝﻜﺎﻫﻨﺎت‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺘﺒوأ اﻝﻤﻌﻠم واﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠم ﺒﻤرﻜز ﻤرﻤوق ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‪،‬‬
‫وﺨﺼﺼت ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ آﻝﻬﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻜﺎﻹﻝﻪ )ﻨﺎﺒو( واﻹﻝﻪ )ﻨداﺒﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ أن اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ ﻜﺎن‬
‫ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤدﻴ اًر ﻴطﻠق ﻋﻠﻴﻪ )أوﻤﻴﺎ( أي )ﺨﺒﻴر( أو )أﺴﺘﺎذ( وﻴﻠﻘب ﺒـ)أﺒو اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫وأطﻠق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻌﻠم ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ )اﻷخ اﻝﻜﺒﻴر(‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴن أطﻠق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝطﺎﻝب ﺘﺴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫)اﺒن اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ(‪ ،‬وﻴﺴﻤﻰ اﻝﻤﺘﺨرج ﺒـ)اﺒن اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻴﺎم اﻝﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬وﻗد ارﺘﻘت‬
‫اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﺒﺸﻜل ﻜﺒﻴر‪ ،‬إذ ﺨﺼص أﺴﺘﺎذ أو ﻤﺸرف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜل ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻴﺨص اﻝطﺎﻝب ﻜـ)اﻝﻤﺸرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝرﺴم( و)اﻝﻤﺸرف ﻋن اﻝﻬدوء( و)اﻝﻤﺸرف ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻷﻨﺎﻗﺔ( و)اﻝﻤﺸرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ( و)اﻝﻤﺸرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺒواﺒﺔ( و)اﻝﻤﺸرف‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺼطﻔﺎف( و)اﻝﻤﺸرف ﻋن ﺤﺴن اﻝﺴﻠوك( و)اﻝﻤﺸرف ﻋن اﻝﺴﻜون أﺜﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻝﺘدرﻴس(‪ .‬وﻴﺘﻨﺎول ﺒﺤﺜﻨﺎ ﻫذا اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن وﻴﺤﺎول أن ﻴظﻬر دورﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻜﻤؤﺴﺴﺔ ﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ وﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٢‬‬
School in Mesopotamia from Contemporary Educational View
Dr. Ghusoon Ali Hassan
Ass.Lec. Israa Fadil Ameen
College of Basic Education\ University of Babylon
With the primitive evolution of the human and the invention of
writing and the rise of codification movement and accumulation of
knowledge need to emerged special places to teach that knowledge,
science, and these places are called school an ancient school heritage,
known in the adage, The first dating back to the beginnings of
civilization in Mesopotamia and the Nile Valley before thousands of
years, in a country with the Greeks and Romans of yet, which is
connected to the series has not been severed in the history of the years
since the known human knowledge and science, and the arts and
industries. churches, silos, selling, prayers in temples, markets
,seasons, shops , synagogues, clubs , symposium, institutes and
homes, before Islam was treated as schools today. Mesopotamian
civilization has excelled in all fields of life, was the civilizations of
Mesopotamia trying to invent anything that would improve the human
being, as it focused on science and excelled in it, cases: fields of
learning was the school of one of the most important achievements, as
found in Mesopotamia on many school texts used for the purposes of
training students to read and write, The school was called in Akkadian
by the name (Oidoba), which means (House panels), and entered by
students who are turning to the clerks to fill the need of the country to
them in the administrative, economic, business and to meet the need of
the temple and the palace of the scribes, and the evolution of the
objective of the Sumerian writing education school only to develop
curricula scientific student learning Sumerian culture and the arts.
Schools in Mesopotamia in general were attached to the temples,
and priests are the first teachers in, and learning which is available for
boys and girls, and this clearly indicates that education has been
mixed in that period, and indicate cuneiform texts that women
exercised learning and teaching in school until they became well
known to the culture and literature It seems that most of them were
from the priestesses layer. The teacher held and the learner prestigious
position in Mesopotamian society, and devoted to writing certain gods
Elahh (Napo) and God (Ndaba), and that the school had a director
called (Umea) an (expert) or (Professor) and nicknamed (the father of
school), He was a teacher Label (big brother), while the student was
on a label (the son of the school), and called graduate with (the son of
the school in the past few days), the school has risen in Mesopotamia
dramatically, Already, assigned professor or supervisor on all of the
terms the student as (the supervisor of the drawing) and (supervisor
for calm) and (Supervisor of elegance) and (Supervisor of the
Sumerian language) and (supervisor at the gate) and (Supervisor of
lineup) and (Supervisor for good behavior) and (supervisor silence
while teaching). Our research addresses this school in Mesopotamia
and tries to show its role as an educational and scientific.
١٢٣
‫اﻝﻤﺴﻜوﻜﺎت واﻝﻨﻘود أﺒﺎن ﻋﻬد اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪٣٣٠-٥٥٠‬ق‪.‬م(‬
‫ا‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻀل ﻜﺎظم ﺤﻨون‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ واﺴط ‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻴﻘﺴم اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﺎور ﻋدة‪ :‬اﻝﻤﺤور اﻷول‪ :‬ﺘﻌرﻴف اﻝﻤﺴﻜوﻜﺎت اﻝﻨﻘدﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ .‬اﻝﻤﺤور اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﻤﺴﻜوﻜﺎت‬
‫ٍ‬
‫اﺒﺘداء ﻤن ﻜورش اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ إﻝﻰ دارﻴوش‬
‫اﻝﺘﻲ ﺼدرت ﻓﻲ زﻤن اﻝﻤﻠوك اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﻴن‬
‫اﻝﺜﺎﻝث‪ .‬اﻝﻤﺤور اﻝﺜﺎﻝث‪ :‬ﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﻤﺴﻜوﻜﺎت اﻝﺘﻲ اﺼدرﻫﺎ اﻝﻘﺎدة اﻝﺘﺎﺒﻌﻴن ﻝﻠﻤﻠوك‬
‫اﻻﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﻴن وﺒﻴﺎن اﺴﺒﺎﺒﻬﺎ‪ .‬اﻝﻤﺤور اﻝراﺒﻊ‪ :‬اﻻﺜر اﻝﻤﺘﺒﺎدل واﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴرات‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٤‬‬
Coins and Money During the Reign of the Achaemenid State
Ass.Prof. Dr. Fadhil Kadhim Hanoon
College of Education \ Wasit University
The paper is in many parts, the first part deals with the coins and
their economic importance in the Ikhmini civilization. The second
deals with the coins, which were created, in the Ikhmini kings starting
with Koresh the second to Dariosh the third. The third part is about the
coins created by the leaders and followers of those kings while the
fourth part is the mutual effect and the influences.
١٢٥
‫اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﺼورة زاﻫرة ﻝﺘطور اﻝﻌﻠوم اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ )ﺘﺠﺎرة ﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫أﻨﻤوذﺠﺎً(‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻓراس ﺴﻠﻴم ﺤﻴﺎوي‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪/‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ّﺘﻌد اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﺼورة ﻤن ﺼور اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ وﻻ ﻨﻐﺎﻝﻲ ان ﻗﻠﻨﺎ أﻨﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ‬
‫اﻝﺼورة اﻻﻜﺜر ﺒرو اًز ﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ واﻝﻌﺼور اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻻوﻝﻰ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﻜﺎﻨت اﻫم ﺠواﻨب اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ واﻝﻨﺸﺎط اﻝذي ﺸﻬد ﺘﻌﺎﻤﻼً‬
‫اﻜﺜر ﻤن ﺒﻘﻴﺔ اﻝﻨﺸﺎطﺎت ﻤن ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ اﻝﻌﻤل ﻓﻴﻪ اﻝﻰ ﺠﺎﻨب اﻝزراﻋﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺘﻤد‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘوﻓر اﻝﻘوت اﻝﻴوﻤﻲ وﻓﻲ اﺤﻴﺎن ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻜﺎن ﻴﻌﺘﻤد ﺒﺘوﻓﻴر ﻤﺼدر‬
‫ﻝﻠرزق‪ ،‬ﻝذﻝك ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﻫﻲ اﻝﻨﺸﺎط اﻻﺒرز ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﺠﺎﻨب‪ ،‬ﻻ ﺴﻴﻤﺎ اذا‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ ان اﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻜﺎﻨت ﻗﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل اﻝﺤﻘﺒﺔ ﻗﻴد اﻝدراﺴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻬدت ﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻨﺸﺎطﺎً ﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺎً واﻀﺤﺎً ﻗﺒل اﻻﺴﻼم‪ ،‬وﻗد‬
‫اﺸﺎر اﻝﻘران اﻝﻜرﻴم اﻝﻰ ذﻝك ﻓﻲ ﻋدد ﻤن اﻵﻴﺎت اﻝﻜرﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد ﻗﺒﻴﻠﺔ ﻗرﻴش ﻜﺎﻨت‬
‫ﺘﺘﺼدر اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل ﺒﺎﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﻗﺒل اﻻﺴﻼم‪ ،‬ﺒل اﻝرﺴول اﻝﻜرﻴم )ص( ﻨﻔﺴﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤل ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﻗﺒل ﻨزول اﻝوﺤﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ ،‬وﻤﻊ اﻝﻔﺘرات اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ظﻬرت ﻤدن‬
‫اﺼﺒﺢ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻗﺼب اﻝﺴﺒق ﺒﺎن ﺘﻜون ﻤن اﻝﻤدن اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ اﻝواﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺒﺤر‬
‫اﻻﺤﻤر اﻝذي ﺸﻬد ﻨﺸﺎطﺎً اﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺎً ﻤﺘﻤﻴ اًز اﺴﺘﻤر ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻘب اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ اﻝﻼﺤﻘﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻫذا اﻻﻤر ﻴﻨطﺒق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤدن اﻝﻤطﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎن ﻝﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻨﻔس اﻝﺘﻤﻴز ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻤﻀﻤﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٦‬‬
Commerce are the Flourishing Image of the Evolution of the
Economic Sciences the Arabian Peninsula Trade Model
Prof. Feras Saleem
College of Basic Education/Babylon University
Trade is one of a form of economic life is not too much, we
would say that it is the image most visible especially in ancient
civilizations, for the first Islamic Ages, trade was the most important
aspects of economic life and activity which saw the discourse more
than the rest of the activities of the work which hand, along with
agriculture, which depends on it in provide daily sustenance and in a
few cases it depends providing a source of income, so it was the trade
, the most significant activity in this aspect, especially if we know that
the industry was sparse in the Arab areas during the period under
study.
Arabian Peninsula areas that have seen a commercial activity
And the clear before Islam, has said the Koran to that in a number of
verses, the tribe of Quraish was the topping the tribes to operate trade
before Islam, but the Holy Prophet (PBUH) himself the work of trade
before divine revelation on him, and with the Islamic periods cities
became her cane appeared to be a head start of the the Red Sea
commercial city, which has seen a distinct economic activity
continued in subsequent historical periods, and this applies to the
cities bordering the Gulf region that have had the same excellence in
this area.
١٢٧
‫ﻤﺴﻜوﻜﺎت ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻤﻴﺴﺎن‬
‫د‪.‬ﻓرج اﷲ أﺤﻤد ﻴوﺴف‬
‫دار اﻝﻘواﻓل – اﻝﺴﻌودﻴﺔ‬
‫أﺴس ﺴﻜﺎن اﻝﺠزء اﻝﺠﻨوﺒﻲ ﻤن ﺸرق اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﺤﻜوﻤﺎت ﻤدن ﻗﺒل‬
‫اﻷﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‪ ،‬وذﻝك ﻻﻨﺤﺼﺎر اﻻﺴﺘﻘرار اﻝﺒﺸري ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌض اﻝﻤدن‬
‫اﻝﻤﺘﻨﺎﺜرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﺎطﺊ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ وﺠزرﻩ ﻓﻜﺎن ﻤن اﻝﺼﻌوﺒﺔ ﺒﻤﻜﺎن ﻗﻴﺎم‬
‫ﺤﻜوﻤﺔ ذات ﺴﻠطﺔ ﻤرﻜزﻴﺔ ﺘﺘوﺤد ﺘﺤت راﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤدن‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻝﺠزء اﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﻤن اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ﻗﺎﻤت ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻤﻴﺴﺎن ﺨﻼل اﻝﻔﺘرة‬
‫)‪ ١٢٩‬ق‪.‬م – ‪٢٢٣/٢٢٢‬م(‪ ،‬وﺘﻌد ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺠزءاً ﻤن اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺘد ﺤدودﻫﺎ اﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ إﻝﻰ ﺸﻤﺎل ﻤﺼب ﻨﻬري دﺠﻠﺔ واﻝﻔرات ﻓﻲ اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‪،‬‬
‫وﻗد أﺘﻔق اﻝﺠﻐراﻓﻴون اﻝﻌرب ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻝﺤدود اﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻲ ﻋﻨد‬
‫ﺨط وﻫﻤﻲ ﻴﻤﺘد ﻤن ﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌﻘﺒﺔ ﻏرًﺒﺎ وﺤﺘﻰ ﺸط اﻝﻌرب ﺸرًﻗﺎ‪ ،‬وﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث‬
‫ﻤﺴﻜوﻜﺎت ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻤﻴﺴﺎن اﻝﺘﻲ ﻀرﺒت ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬد ﻜل ﻤن‪:‬‬
‫‪-١‬اﻝﻤﻠك‬
‫‪-٢‬اﻝﻤﻠك‬
‫‪-٣‬اﻝﻤﻠك‬
‫‪-٤‬اﻝﻤﻠك‬
‫‪-٥‬اﻝﻤﻠك‬
‫‪-٦‬اﻝﻤﻠك‬
‫‪-٧‬اﻝﻤﻠك‬
‫‪-٨‬اﻝﻤﻠك‬
‫‪-٩‬اﻝﻤﻠك‬
‫ﻫﺎﻴﺴﺒﺎوﺴﻨﻴس )‪ ١٠٩ -١٢٩‬ق‪.‬م(‪.‬‬
‫أﻴودﻜوس )أﻴوداﻜس( )‪ ١٠٤ – ١٠٩‬ق‪.‬م(‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻴراﻴوس اﻷول )‪ ٨٨ – ٩٥‬ق‪.‬م(‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻴراﻴوس اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ )‪ ٥٢-٦١‬ق‪.‬م(‪.‬‬
‫أﺘﺎﻤﺒﻴﻠوس اﻷول )‪ ٢٧ – ٤٧‬ق‪.‬م(‪.‬‬
‫ﺜﻴو ﻨﻴﺴﻴوس اﻷول )‪ ٣٩ – ٤٠‬ق‪.‬م(‪.‬‬
‫أﺘﺎﻤﺒﻴﻠوس اﻝراﺒﻊ )‪١١١ – ١٠١‬م(‪.‬‬
‫ﺜﻴوﻨﻴﺴﻴوس اﻝﺜﺎﻝث )‪١١٠ – ١٠٩‬م؛ ‪١١٣ – ١١١‬م(‪.‬‬
‫ﻤﺎﺠﺎ )‪٢١٠ – ١٩٥‬م(‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﺴﻠط اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻀوء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻨﻔوذ اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻲ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ﻝﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﻤﻴﺴﺎن‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻜوﻤﺎت اﻝﻤدن ﻓﻲ اﻝﺠزء اﻝﺠﻨوﺒﻲ ﻤن اﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ﻤن ﺨﻼل‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴﻜوﻜﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪١٢٨‬‬
Maysan Kingdom coins
Dr/ Farag Allah Ahmed
southern population of the east of the Arabian Peninsula
established governments of the cities of the third millennium before
BC. And this for receding human settlement in some the scattered
towns on the Arabian Gulf coast and its islands It was difficult
formation government with central authority to unite under its flag all
the cities In the northern part of the Arabian Gulf, the Kingdom of
Mesan during the period (129 BC -109 BC) was Formed and This
kingdom is part of the Arabian Peninsula, which extends its northern
borders to the north of the estuary of Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the
Arabian Gulf . Arab geographers at the northern border of the Arabian
peninsula ends at imaginary line .It extends from the Gulf of Aqaba in
the west to the Shatt alArab in the east.
This research deals with the Kingdom of Maysn coins struck
during the reign of each -:
-١King Hayspausnas (129-109 BC.(
-٢King Aaodkos (Ayudaks) (109-104 BC.(
-٣King Tarallos I (95-88 BC.(
-٤King Tarallos second (61-52 BC.(
-٥King Atampelos I (47-27 BC.(
-٦King Theo Nysios I (40-39 BC.(
-٧King Atampelos IV (101-111 AD.(
-٨third of King Theodosius (109-110 AD 111-113.(
-٩King Maja (195-210 AD. (
Research sheds light on the political and economic influence of
the Kingdom of Mays on the governments of the cities in the southern
part of the Arabian Gulf through coins
١٢٩
‫اﻝﻀﺒط اﻷﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ اﻝﺤﺠر اﻝﻨﺒطﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺼورة ﻤن ﺼور اﻝرﻗﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻗﺒل اﻹﺴﻼم‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻓﻬد ﻤطﻠق ﻋﺒداﷲ اﻝﻌﺘﻴﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﻠك ﺴﻌود – ﻗﺴم اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫شھدت الجزيرة العربية قيام العديد من الحضارات على ارضھا قبل ظھور‬
‫اإلسالم‪ .‬وكانت بعض ھذه الحضارات على درجة كبيرة من التنظيم‬
‫المجتمعي مما يدل على رقي بعض مجتمعات الجزيرة العربية في ھذه الفترة‪.‬‬
‫في ھذا البحث سيتناول الباحث عملية الضبط االجتماعي في مدينة الحجر‬
‫النبطية‪ .‬حيث سيتم التعرف بعملية الضبط اإلجتماعي ‪ ،‬ثم سيتناول الباحث‬
‫الية ھذا الضبط في مجتمع الحجر النبطي‪ .‬سيتم ايضا تناول المؤسسات‬
‫المختلفة والخاصة بالضبط االجتماعي كالمؤسسة الحاكمة والدين والقانون‪.‬‬
‫سيتم تناول كل ذلك اعتمادا على معطيات النقوش النبطية‪ .‬ثم سيقوم الباحث‬
‫بوضع خاتمته بعد ذلك‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٠‬‬
Social Control in the Nabatiyeh El Hegr town: a form of
societal progress in the Arabian Peninsula before Islam
Prof. Fahd Motlk
King Saud university – Departement of History
Arabian peninsula has seen many civilizations before Islam.
Some of these civilizations had a large degree of community
organization which shows the paper some of the Arabian Peninsula
communities in this period.
In this research, the researcher will address social control
process in the Nabataean El Hegr town. Where he will be recognized
social control process, then the researcher will address the mechanism
of this adjustment in the Nabatean El Hegr society. It will also address
the social and ruling religion and the law exactly as the founder and
various private institutions. All of this will be addressed depending on
the data of the Nabataean inscriptions. Then the researcher will
develop its conclusion after that.
١٣١
‫ﻗرص اﻝﺸﻤس اﻝﻤﺠﻨﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻓﻨون اﻝﻌراق اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻓوزﻴﺔ ﻋﺒد اﷲ ﻤﺤﻤد ﻋﺒد اﻝﻐﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵﺜﺎر ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻘﺎﻫرة‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒر ﻗرص اﻝﺸﻤس اﻝﻤﺠﻨﺢ ﻤن اﻝرﻤوز اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ اﻷﺼﻴﻠﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ارﺘﺒطت‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺒود ﺤورس‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث اﺘﺨذ ﺤورس اﻝﺼﻘر ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌض اﻷﺤﻴﺎن ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻗرص‬
‫اﻝﺸﻤس ﺒﻴن ﺠﻨﺎﺤﻴن ﻴﻤﺜﻼن اﻝﺴﻤﺎء اﻝﻤدﻋﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﻤس‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد وﺼل ﻗرص اﻝﺸﻤس اﻝﻤﺠﻨﺢ ﻤن اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺴورﻴﺔ واﻝﺤﻴﺜﻴﺔ إﻝﻰ اﻝﻔﻨون‬
‫اﻵﺸورﻴﺔ واﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ وﻜذﻝك إﻝﻰ اﻹﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد اﻗﺘﺒﺴﺘﻪ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺴورﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤﻨذ أواﺨر اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻝوﺴطﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻠﻲ واﻷﺨﺘﺎم ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ اﻨدﻤﺞ ﻓﻲ أﺴﻠوب ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫أﺴﻤﺎء اﻝﻤﻠوك اﻝﺤﻴﺜﻴﻴن ‪ ،‬واﻗﺘﺒﺴﺘﻪ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﻤﻴﺘﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ،‬وﻜذﻝك ﻓﻨون اﻝﻌﺼر‬
‫اﻵﺸوري اﻝوﺴﻴط ‪ ،‬ﺜم اﺴﺘﻤر ظﻬورﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻵﺸوري اﻝﻤﺘﺄﺨر ‪ ،‬واﻝﻌﺼر‬
‫اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﺨﺘﻠف اﻷﺜرﻴون ﺤول ﻤﻌﻨﻲ وﻤدﻝول ﻗرص اﻝﺸﻤس اﻝﻤﺠﻨﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد‬
‫اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ‪ ،‬وﻴرﺠﺢ أﻨﻬﺎ اﺸﺘﻘت أﺼوﻝﻬﺎ ﻤن ﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ‪ ،‬ﺜم ﻤرت إﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﻴن ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‪ ،‬وﻜﺎن أول ظﻬور ﻝﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﻤﻴﺘﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺒﻌض اﻷﺨﺘﺎم اﻻﺴطواﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﻤﺎ ﻴرﻤز ﻗرص اﻝﺸﻤس اﻝﻤﺠﻨﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﻝﻠﻤﻌﺒود أوﺘو أو‬
‫ﺸﻤش أو أﺸور‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻗد ﻴﻜون ﻫذا اﻝﻘرص ﻤدﻋﻤﺎ ﺒواﺴطﺔ رﺠﻠﻴن ﻓﻲ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜل" اﻝرﺠل اﻝﺜور" ‪ ،‬أو رﺠﻠﻴن ﻓﻰ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻤرﻜﺒﺔ أﺨرى ﺘﻤﺜل " اﻝرﺠل اﻝﺜﻌﺒﺎن"‬
‫أو ﻫﻴﺌﺔ "اﻝﻼﻤﺎﺴو‪".‬‬
‫‪١٣٢‬‬
Winged solar disk in the Art of Ancient Iraq
Dr.Fawziah Abdullah Mohammed Abdulghani
Faculty of Archaeology – Cairo university
Winged Solar Disk is one of the original Egyptian symbols,
which connected with Horus . Both the origins and meaning of
winged solar disk in Mesopotamia are matters of controversy .
Probably its ultimate origin was in Egypt , from where it passed via
the Hittites to Mesopotamia .
It first appears in the glyptic art of the Mitannian kingdom ,
and was then transmitted to Assyrian and Babylonian art . Taken over
by the Achaemenid Persians , it remained an important emblem in
Iran until modern times .
Often in Assyria , and normally in Achaemenid art , the
figure of the god is shown above the central disk . In Assyrian art,
sometimes, with the heads of two facing figures are seen, perhaps
scorpion people , set at the ends of the wings.
The disk in Assyria was a symbol of Ṧamaṧ (Utu) , though it
has been attributed by some scholars to Aṧṧur or Ninurta . The disk is
often supported by supernatural creatures , such as a pair of bull- men
and a pair of scorpion-men or a figure of Lahmu.
١٣٣
‫اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن واﺜرﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻓﻴﺼل ﻋﺒد ﻤﻨﺸد‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﺒﺼرة‬
‫ﺘﻤﺘد ﺠذور اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ واﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن اﻝﻰ ﻓﺠر اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اذ‬
‫ﺒدأ اﻝﺘدوﻴن ﻷول ﻤرة ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﺒﺸرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﺼف اﻻﻝف اﻝراﺒﻊ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‬
‫ظﻠت ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ ﻤزدﻫرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤدى ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘرب ﻤن ﺜﻼﺜﺔ اﻻف ﺴﻨﺔ دﻓﻌت ﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺘطورات اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ ﻝﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻤﻨذ اﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﺤﺠرﻴﺔ وﻝﻐﺎﻴﺔ ﺒداﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫ﻤطﻠﻊ اﻻﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻝث ق‪ .‬م اﻝﻰ اﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﻝﻨﺸوء وﺘطور اﻝﻌﻠوم واﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ‬
‫واﻝﻤﻤﺎرﺴﺎت اﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻀﺒط ﻤﺸﺎرﻴﻊ اﻝري واﻗﺎﻤﺔ اﻝﺴدود وﺸق اﻝﺘرع‬
‫واﻝﺴﻴطرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻴﺎﻩ اﻝﻔﻴﻀﺎﻨﺎت وﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ اﻝﺘﻌدﻴن واﻻدوات واﻵﻻت وﻀﺒط‬
‫اﻝﻔﺼول وﻗﻴﺎس اﻝزﻤن وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ‪ ..‬وﻫﻜذا ﻨﺸﺄت طﺎﺌﻔﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻌﻠوم واﻝﻤﻌﺎرف‬
‫)اﻝرﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎت‪ ،‬اﻝﺠﺒر‪ ،‬اﻝﻔﻠك‪ ،‬اﻝطب‪ ،‬اﻝﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎء‪ ،‬اﻝﺒﻨﺎء‪ ،‬اﻝﻨﺤت‪ ..‬ﻴذﻜر اﻝﻤؤرخ‬
‫ﺒﻴروس – ﻜﺎﻫن ﻤﻌﺒد ﺒﺎﺒل – اﻝذي ﺘرﺠم اﻝﻰ اﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤؤﻝﻔﺎت اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﻴن ﻋن‬
‫اﻝﻔﻠك واﻝﺘﻨﺠﻴم‪ ،‬ووﻀﻊ ﻋن ﺒﺎﺒل ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﺎ ً ﻤﻔﺼﻼ ً ﻓﻲ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ اﺠزاء ﺒﺎﻝﻴوﻨﺎﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫)ﻀﺎﻋت ﻤؤﻝﻔﺎﺘﻪ وﺒﻘﻴت ﻓﺼول واﺸﺎرات اﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤؤﻝﻔﺎت ﺒﻌض اﻻﻏرﻴق(‬
‫اﻗررﻩ ﺒﻔﻀل ﺤﻀﺎرة‬
‫اﺤﺎدﻴث ﻗدﻴﻤﺔ ﺠدا ً ﻋن ﺒداﻴﺔ ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ا‬
‫وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻻﻏرﻴﻘﻴﺔ واﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرة‪ ،‬ﻴﻘول ﺠورج رو "‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻨﺤن اﺒﻨﺎء اﻝﻘرن اﻝﻌﺸرﻴن ﻴﺠدر ﺒﻨﺎ ان ﻨﻌﺘرف ﺒﺄﻨﻨﺎ ﻨدﻴن ﻝﻠﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﻴن‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺒﺎدئ اﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝرﻴﺎﻀﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ وﻓﻠﻜﻨﺎ ﺒﻀﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨظﺎﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻرﻗﺎم ذات اﻝﻘﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤرﺘﺒﺔ واﻝﻨظﺎم اﻝﺴﺘﻴﻨﻲ اﻝذي ﻤﺎ ﻨزال ﻨﻘﺴم ﺒواﺴطﺘﻪ داﺌرﺘﻨﺎ وﺴﺎﻋﺎﺘﻨﺎ‪ ...‬ﻫﻨﺎك‬
‫اﻴﻀﺎ ً اﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻻﺼول اﻝﻌراﻗﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜن ﺘﺤرﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻜﺘﺎب‬
‫اﻝﻤﻘدس‪ ...‬وﻓﻲ اﻝواﻗﻊ ﻓﺎن اﻻﺴﺎﺘذة اﻝﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﻴن اﻝذﻴن وﻗﻔوا ﻤﺒﻬورﻴن ﻝﻔﺘرة‬
‫طوﻴﻠﺔ اﻤﺎم ﻤﺎ ﺘدﻋﻰ )اﻝﻤﻌﺠزة اﻻﻏرﻴﻘﻴﺔ( ﺒدﺌوا اﻻن ﻴدرﻜون ﺤﺠم اﻝزﺨم اﻝﻬﺎﺌل‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺄﺜﻴرات اﻝﺸرﻗﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻨواﺤﻲ اﻝﻤوﻝدة ﻤن اﻝﻔﻜر واﻝﻔن واﻻﺨﻼق اﻻﻏرﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻜﺎن اﻝﺸرق ﻤﻌﺘﻤدا ً ﺒدرﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن طوال اﻝﺠزء‬
‫اﻻﻜﺒر ﻤن اﻝﺤﻘﺒﺔ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ورﻏم ﺘﺴرﺒﻠﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺨراﻓﺎت‪ ،‬ﺘﻤﻴز‬
‫طب وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﺒﺒﻌض ﺴﻤﺎت اﻝﻌﻠم اﻻﻴﺠﺎﺒﻲ وﻫو اﻝﻌﻠم اﻝذي اﻨﺘﻘل اﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻻﻏرﻴق وﻋﺒد اﻝطرﻴق ﻤﻊ اﻝطب اﻝﻤﺼري ﻝﻠﻘﻴﺎم ﺒﺎﻹﺼﻼح اﻻﺒﻘراطﻲ اﻝﻌظﻴم‬
‫ﻝﻠطب ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺨﺎﻤس ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد"‪ .‬وﻫﻨﺎك دﻻﻻت ﻗوﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻜﺘﺸﺎف‬
‫اﻝرﻴﺎﻀﻴﻴن اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﻴن ﻝﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻨظرﻴﺔ ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏورس )اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺴﺎدس ق‪ .‬م( ﻗﺒل‬
‫ﻓﻴﺜﺎﻏورس ﺒﺄﻜﺜر ﻤن ‪ 1500‬ﻋﺎم "‪ .‬وﻴوﺠد اﻻن اﻋﺘراف ﻋﺎم ﺒﺄن اﻻﺴطورة‬
‫اﻻﻴﺸوﺒﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻨت ﻝﻬﺎ ﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ اﻷﻜدﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وان ﻜﻠﻜﺎﻤش ﻫو ﻨﺴﺨﺔ طﺒق‬
‫اﻻﺼل ﻤن ﻫرﻗل واواﻨﻴس ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﻴن‪ .‬ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﺸف ﻝﻨﺎ ﻨظرة ﺴرﻴﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺘﻤﺎﺜﻴل‬
‫واﻝدﻤﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻘﺴم اﻝﻘﺎري اﻝﺴﺎﺤﻠﻲ ﻤن ﺒﻼد اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺎ ً ﻗوﻴﺎ ً ﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻻﻋﻤﺎل اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ او اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرة ﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن‪ ...‬واذا وﺠب‬
‫ﺘﻘدﻴم ﻋرض ﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻀﺎرة ﻋظﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨزﻝﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻴوﻨﺎن‪ ،‬ﻋﻨدﺌذ ﻤن اﻝﺒدﻴﻬﻲ اﻝﺘﺴﻠﻴم ﺒﺎﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎد اﻝﺜﺎﺒت ﺒﺎن ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي‬
‫اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻗد اﺤدﺜت ﺘﺄﺜﻴرات اﻋظم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺒﻠدان اﻻﺨرى ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ "ﻴذﻫب‬
‫اﻝﺒروﻓﺴور روﺴﺘو ﻓﻨزﻴف" وﻫو اﺤد اﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻝﻘﻼﺌل اﻝﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﻴن ﻋن ﺠدارة‬
‫ﺒﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴن اﻝﻬﻴﻠﻴن واﻝﺸرق‪. ،‬‬
‫‪١٣٤‬‬
Education in the Civilization of Mesopotamia and its Impact
on the Civilizations of the Near East
Prof. Faisal Abid Munshid
College of Education/ Basra University
Knowledge and education roots are stretch in the civilization of
Mesopotamia to the dawn of history as it began blogging for the first
time in the history of humanity in the middle of the fourth century BC
culture flourishing remained for nearly three thousand years prompted
a series of cultural developments in Mesopotamia since the Stone
Ages until the beginning of history early thousandth third BC. M to
the need for the emergence and the development of science and
knowledge and technical and scientific practices to control irrigation
projects and the establishment of dams and canals and control the
flood waters and the mining industry, tools, machinery and adjust the
seasons and time and other…
Thus arose the range of science and knowledge (mathematics,
algebra, astronomy, medicine, chemistry, construction, sculpture ..
mention of Pyrrhus - the priest of the temple of Babel's tower - which
was translated into Greek and literature of the Babylonians _
astronomy and astrology, and put _ Babel's tower detailed history in
three parts Greek (lost his writings and remained chapters and
references to it in the works of some of the Greeks) are very old talk
about the beginning of the civilization of Mesopotamia. at approved
by for the civilization of Mesopotamia, the Greek civilization and
contemporary civilization, George Roe says "For us, we are the sons
of the twentieth century is worthwhile to recognize that we owe to the
Babylonians basic principles of our mathematics and our astronomy
including our system figures value-ranked sexagenarian and the
system that we still swear by Him our circle and our watches ... there
are also a lot of old Iraqi assets that can be investigated in the Bible ...
in fact, the classical masters who stood impressed for a long time in
front of what is called (miracle Greek) they began now realize the size
of the tremendous momentum of the Eastern influences on aspects
generated by the thought, art and morality Greek. the Middle relying
heavily on Valley civilization rivers throughout the bulk of the prehistoric era classic. Despite the myths, the medicine characterize with
some positive science attributes a science that moved to the Greeks
and the paved the way with the Egyptian medicine to do to reform the
Great Alabaqrati of Medicine in the fifth century BC. "There are
strong indications that athletes Babylonians discovered the so-called
theory of Pythagoras (sixth century BC. m) before Pythagoras more
than 1,500 years. "There are now generally recognized that myth
Alaashobeyah was it previous Sumerian_ Akkadian, and Gilgamesh is
Photocopy of the Hercules and the oannis combined. While a quick
look reveal to us the statues and dolls the old section of the continental
coast from Greece a strong similarity with the previous works of art or
contemporary in Mesopotamia.
١٣٥
‫اﻝﺠودة ﻓﻲ ﻨظم اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﻝﺤﻀﺎرة ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪ .‬ﺠﻼل ﻋزﻴز ﻓرﻤﺎن اﻝﺒرﻗﻌﺎوي‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻗﻴس ﺤﺎﺘم ﻫﺎﻨﻲ اﻝﺠﻨﺎﺒﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﻤن اﻝﻀروري ﻝﻜل ﻤﻌﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم وﻤﺘﺨﺼص ﺒﺎﻝﺘدرﻴس ﺒﻌﻴداً ﻋن‬
‫ﺘﺨﺼﺼﻪ أو اﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎﺘﻪ أن ﻴﺴﺘﻘرئ اﻝﺘﺄرﻴﺦ ﻝﻴﻨﻬل ﻤن ﺘﺠﺎرب اﻝﻤﺎﻀﻴن ﻤن أﻤم‬
‫وﺸﻌوب‪ ،‬وﺒﻐض اﻝﻨظر ﻋن اﻝﻘوﻤﻴﺔ أو اﻝﻌرق أو اﻝدﻴن وأن ﻴﻜون ﻤوﻀوﻋﻴﺎً ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻨﺘﻘﺎﺌﻪ ﻝﺘﻠك اﻝﺘﺠﺎرب اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻔل ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن اﻝﺼور اﻝﻤﺸرﻗﺔ واﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝم اﻝﻐﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺒﺸﺘﻰ أﻨواع اﻝﻌﻠوم واﻝﻤﻌﺎرف ﻝﻴﻀﻴف إﻝﻰ ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻪ وﻤﻌرﻓﺘﻪ اﻝﺸﻲء اﻝﻜﺜﻴر‪ ،‬ﻓﻤﺎ‬
‫أروع اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ ﺤﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﻤﺘزج ﺒﺘﺠﺎرب اﻷوﻝﻴن وﻋﻠوﻤﻬم ﻝﺘﺘﺸﻜل ﺒﻌد ذﻝك ﺒﺼورة‬
‫أﻨﻀﺞ وﺘرﺴم ﻝﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ طرﻴﻘﺎً أﻜﺜر رﻗﻴﺎً واﻨﻔﺘﺎﺤﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻘﻴﺔ اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت واﻻﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت‬
‫اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ واﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻋرﻓت ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﻨظم اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم ﻷول ﻝﺘﻘف إﻝﻰ ﻴوﻤﻨﺎ ﻫذا ﺒﻜل‬
‫ﺸﻤوخ وﺘﺤد ﺒﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻤﻠﻜت ﻤن ﻋﻠوم ﺸﺘﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻت اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﺒﻜل ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺨﻠدت ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤن ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺤﺎﻓل ﺒﺎﻹﻨﺠﺎزات واﻝﺘﺠﺎرب واﻝﺴﻨن واﻝﻘواﻨﻴن أﻤﺎم اﻝﺘطور‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻤر ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻵن‪ ،‬وﻨﺠد أن ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ أو ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻝﺠودة اﻝذي ﺘﺴﻌﻰ اﻝﻴوم‬
‫اﻝﻤؤﺴﺴﺎت اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ دول اﻝﻌﺎﻝم إﻝﻰ ﺘطﺒﻴﻘﻪ واﻻرﺘﻘﺎء ﺒﻪ ﺤﺎﻀ ار ﺒﻜل ﻗوة ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻨظﺎم اﻝﺘرﺒوي واﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻲ وﻤؤﺴﺴﺎﺘﻪ ﻝﺤﻀﺎرة وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴظﻬر ﻝﻨﺎ ﻤن‬
‫ﺨﻼل اﻝﺒﺤث وﻻ ﻏراﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ذﻝك ﻓﻠﻴس ذﻝك ﺒﻜﺜﻴر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻌوب ﻋﺎﺸت ﻤﻨذ ﺴﺒﻌﺔ‬
‫آﻻف ﻋﺎم ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد وﺨﻠﻔت ﻝﻨﺎ إرﺜﺎ ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺎ ﻤﻠﻴﺌﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻴم واﻝﻤﺒﺎدئ واﻝﻌﻠوم‬
‫اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وﻻزال اﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن ﻋﻠوﻤﻬم وﺘﺠﺎرﺒﻬم ﻴﻨﺘظر ﻤن اﻝﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴن ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼرﻨﺎ‬
‫اﻝﺤﺎﻀر اﻝﻜﺸف ﻋﻨﻪ ﻝﻴﻀﻴﻔوﻩ إﻝﻰ ﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺎﺘﻬم اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﺘﻔظ ﺒﻬﺎ اﻝﻴوم ﻤﺘﺎﺤف‬
‫اﻝﻌﺎﻝم وﺘﺘﻨﺎﻓس ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﺤﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻜﺸف ﻋن ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ اﻝﺠودة ﻓﻲ ﻨظم اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم‪،‬‬
‫وﺘﻀﻤن ﻝﻤﺤﺔ ﻤوﺠزة ﻋن ﺒﻼد ﺴوﻤر وﻜذﻝك ﻋن اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ وﺘطورﻫﺎ‬
‫وﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ اﻝﻜﺎﺘب‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎول ﻤﻔﻬوم اﻝﻤدرﺴﺔ وطﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻤؤﺴﺴﺔ ﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ وﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن ﺘﺴﻠﻴط اﻝﻀوء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ اﻝدراﺴﻴﺔ وﻤﺎ اﺤﺘوﺘﻪ ﻤن ﻤﺎدة ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫وﺘرﺒوﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺤﺎوﻝﻨﺎ إﺒراز ﻤﻔﻬوم اﻝﺠودة وﻤدى ﺘﺤﻘﻘﻪ ﻤن وﺠﻬﺔ ﻨظر اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴن ﻓﻲ‬
‫ذﻝك اﻝﻨظﺎم اﻝﺘرﺒوي اﻝذي ﺒﻨﺘﻪ اﻝﻌﻘول اﻝﺨﻼﻗﺔ واﻝﻤﺒدﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرة ﺒﻼد‬
‫اﻝراﻓدﻴن‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٦‬‬
The Quality in Education Systems to the Civilization of
Mesopotamia
Prof.Dr. Qais Hatim Hani
Asst.Prof. Jalal Aziz Farman
College of Basic Education / Babylon University
It is necessary for all interested in education and specialist in
teaching whose away from specialization or trends the extrapolates
history of the draws from the past experiences from nations and
peoples, regardless of nationality, race or religion, and be objective in
his selection of those experiences that are full with lots of bright
pictures and monuments rich in various types of science and
knowledge to add to the culture and his knowledge of a great deal,
what is the most wonderful knowledge when mixed with the first two
experiments, science to form there after mature and draw a path for
itself a more sophisticated and open to the rest of the scientific and
humanitarian cultures and trends. Mesopotamia were Know the
education systems for the first stand into present day with challenge
whatever possessed from diverse science in various fields and all that
immortalized us from a long history of achievements, experiences and
laws against the continuous development in the world now, and we
find that the policy or the quality which seeks today to a various
institutions in the world into apply it and upgrading it with full force
present in the educational system and its institutions to the civilization
of Mesopotamia as it will appear to us through this research not
surprisingly, it is not so much on peoples lived for seven thousand
years BC. It Left for us heritage full of cultural values and principles
of various sciences and still a lot of their science with their
experiences from waiting involved in our present revelations to add it
into their discovery maintained by the museums in the world today
with competed on it. The research tries to find detection quality
policy in education systems, and included a brief overview of
Sumerian as well as cuneiform writing development, and prestige the
writer, as with the concept of the school and its nature as an
educational and scientific, as well as shed light on the curriculum and
what it contained scientific and educational material, and we have
tried to highlight the concept of the quality and the extent achieved
from the viewpoint of researchers at the educational system built by
creative minds with creative civilization in Mesopotamia.
١٣٧
‫اﻻﺴﻠﻤﺔ واﻨﺘﻘﺎل اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼر اﻝﺒﻴزﻨطﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪٦٤١‬م ﺒﻴن‬
‫اﻝﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ واﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻻﺴﺘﺸراﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻝﻴث ﺸﺎﻜر ﻤﺤﻤود‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‬
‫ﻴدور اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﻤوﺴوم " اﻻﺴﻠﻤﺔ واﻨﺘﻘﺎل اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر اﻝﺒﻴزﻨطﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﺴﻨﺔ ‪٦٤١‬م‪ /‬اﻝﻘرﻨﻴن اﻝﺴﺎﺒﻊ واﻝﺜﺎﻤن اﻝﻤﻴﻼدﻴﻴن"‪ ،‬وﻫو ﻤوﻀوع ﻤﻬم ﺠدا‬
‫ﻓﺊ ﺤﻘل اﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ اﻝﺴﻴوﺴوﻝوﺠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜوﻨﻪ ﻴؤرخ ﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﺠدﻴدة ﺴﺎدت ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﻤﺼري ﻓﻲ ﻤطﻠﻊ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺴﺎﺒﻊ اﻝﻤﻴﻼدي ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺴﻴﺎدة اﻓﻜﺎر اﻝدﻴن‬
‫اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺒﻌد اﻝﻔﺘﺢ واﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﻤﺠﺎﻤﻴﻊ ﺒﺸرﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻰ ﻤﺼر‬
‫ﺘﺤﻤل ﻤﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﺎدات وﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴد وﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻰ ﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﻤﺼر ذات ﺘراث‬
‫ﻤزﻴﺞ ﻤن ﺤﻀﺎرات وادﻴﺎن وﺜﻘﺎﻓﺎت ﻤﺘﻨوﻋﺔ أﺨرﻫﺎ اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ اﻝﺒﻴزﻨطﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرة‬
‫ﻝﻠﻔﺘﺢ اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ اﻝﺒﺤث ﻤﻘﺴم اﻝﻰ ﻤﺤورﻴن اﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴن اﻻول‪ ،‬ﻴﺘﻨﺎول " اﺴﻠﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﻤﺼري واﻨﺘﻘﺎل اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻝﻌﻬد اﻝراﺸدي وﻓﻘﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺼﺎدر‬
‫اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ" وﺘﺤدﻴدا ﻓﻲ ﺨﻼﻓﺘﻲ ﻋﻤر )رﻀﻰ اﷲ ﻋﺘﻪ( ﻤﺼر وﺘﺤدﻴدا‬
‫ﻗﺒﺎﺌل ﺒﻠﻲ وﺒﻬراء وﻜﻠب وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ واﺴﺘﻘرت ﻓﻰ وادي اﻝﻨﻴل‪ .‬راﻓق ذﻝك ﺴﻴﺎﺴﺔ ﻨﺸر‬
‫اﻻﺴﻼم ﺒﻴن اﻗﺒﺎط ﻤﺼرﺒﻴن اﻝﺘﺒﺸﻴر ﺒﺎﻝدﻴن اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻲ او ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎت ﻤﺼﺎﻫرة ﻤﻊ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﻤﺼري‪ .‬وﺘﺎﺒﻊ اﻝﺒﺤث أﺴﺎﻝﻴب اﻻﺴﻠﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر ﺨﺎﺼﺔ وﺸﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻓرﻴﻘﻴﺎ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ اذ اﻋﺘﻤد اﻝﺒﺤث ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨظوﻤﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨوﻋت ﺒﻴن ﻜﺘب اﻝﻔﺘوح ﻜﻔﺘوح اﻝﺒﻠدان ﻝﻠﺒﻼذري وﻤروﻴﺎت ﻓﺘﺢ اﻻﺴﻜﻨدرﻴﺔ‬
‫وﻤﺼر اﻝﻤﻨﺴوب ﻝﻠواﻗدي وﻓﺘوح اﺒن ﻋﺒد اﻝﺤﻜم وﻜﺘب اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﻌﺎم ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻤروﻴﺎت اﺒن ﺨﻴﺎط واﻝﻴﻌﻘوﺒﻲ واﻝطﺒري‪.‬‬
‫واﻝﻤﺤور اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻴرﻜز "اﻷﺴﻠﻤﺔ واﻨﺘﻘﺎل اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ طروﺤﺎت‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺸرﻗﻴن " ﻝﻼﺴﺘﻘرار ﻓﻰ ﻤﺼر او اﺒﻌﺎد ﺒﻌض اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل اﻝﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ اﻝﻰ ﻤﺼر‬
‫ﺒﻬدف اﺴﺘﻤرار ﻨﺸر اﻻﺴﻼم ﻓﻰ ﺸﻤﺎل اﻓرﻴﻘﻴﺎ وﺘرﺴﻴﺦ اﻝوﺠود اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ ﻫﻨﺎك‪ ،‬اﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻝﻰ اﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻻﺴﺘﺸراﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﺘﺘﻤﺜل ﺒدراﺴﺔ "ﻓﺘﺢ اﻝﻌرب ﻝﻤﺼر ﻝﺒﺘﻠر‬
‫وطروﺤﺎت ﻓﻴﻠﻬﺎوزن ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ " وﻜﺘﺎب اﻝﻔﺘوﺤﺎت اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻝدوﻨر‬
‫وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ ﻤن اﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻻﺴﺘﺸراﻗﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٣٨‬‬
Islamization and Transmission of Arab Tribes in the Byzantine
Egypt until the year 641 AD between the Arab Sources and
Studies Orientalist
Prof.Dr. Laith Shaker Mahmood
College of Art/Baghdad University
This research revolves on the "Islamic marked and transition of
Arab tribes in the Byzantine Egypt until the year 641 AD / seventh
and eighth centuries AD", which is a very important topic categories
sociology historical studies field, being a dating new culture prevailed
in the Egyptian society in the early seventh century, represented the
sovereignty of the Islamic religion thoughts after conquest and
transmission of human groups represented by the Arab tribes to Egypt
carry with them the customs and traditions and the environment
tradition peninsula to Egypt with the heritage of a blend of
civilizations, religions and cultures of diverse environment most
recently opened contemporary Islamic Byzantine culture. this research
is divided into two main axes first, it addresses the "Islamism of
Egyptian society and the transfer of Arab tribes in the Rashidi
Covenant in accordance with Islamic sources Arab" and specifically in
Kalifate Umar (may Allah be pleased dementia) Egypt, specifically
tribes and nonsense and a dog and others settled in the Nile valley.
Accompanied by the publication of Islam among Copts Egypt policy
of preaching Islamic religion, the operations of affinity with the
Egyptian society. He continued this research methods Islamization in
Egypt and North Africa, especially General It adopted the search
system from the Arab Islamic sources that varied between conquest
wrote as a conquest of countries for Bladhira and open Mruyat
Alexandria, Egypt, attributed to Wakadi and Fittouh Ibn Abd alHakam and the books of history, especially Mruyat Ibn Khayat and
Yacoubi and al-Tabari.
and second axis focuses "Islamization and the transfer of Arab
tribes in the arguments of Orientalists" for stability in Egypt or
dimensions Some tribes compete to Egypt aimed at continuing spread
Islam in North Africa and the consolidation of the Arab presence
there, either in relation to the Orientalist studies mainly includes
examining "the Arab conquest of Egypt for Butler and proposals
Philhaozn in his book Arab state". and book of the Islamic conquests
role and other Orientalist studies.
١٣٩
‫اﻝرﺴوﻤﺎت اﻝﺼﺨرﻴﺔ اﻝﺼﻔوﻴﺔ‬
‫ اﻷﺸﻜﺎل اﻝﻬﻨدﺴﻴﺔ ‪ /‬اﻝرﻤوز ‪-‬‬‫د‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤد اﺒراﻫﻴم ﻋﺒﺎﺒﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻤﺎرﺘن ﻝوﺜر ‪ -‬ﻫﺎﻝﻪ ﭭﺘﻨﺒﻴرغ ‪ /‬أﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫ﺘﻌد اﻝﻨﻘوش واﻝرﺴوﻤﺎت اﻝﺼﻔوﻴﺔ ﻤن اﺤد أﻫم اﻝﻤﺼﺎدر ﻓﻲ دراﺴﺔ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎري ﻝﻠﻘﺒﺎﺌل اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﺒدوﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻤﺎل اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻔﺘرة ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﺎ ﺒﻴن‬
‫‪ ٢٠٠‬ق‪.‬م إﻝﻰ ‪ ٣٠٠‬م‪.‬‬
‫اﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﺴﺠل ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻨﻘوش واﻝرﺴوﻤﺎت ﻤﻌظم اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻝﻴوﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺠواﻨﺒﻬﺎ‬
‫ّ‬
‫اﻝﺒدوﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻴظﻬر ذﻝك ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﻤﺤﺘوى اﻝﻨﻘوش‬
‫اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻬذﻩ اﻝﻘﺒﺎﺌل‬
‫و‬
‫ّ‬
‫اﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ و ّ‬
‫ّ‬
‫وﻜذﻝك ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻝرﺴوﻤﺎت اﻵدﻤﻴﺔ واﻝﺤﻴواﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺸﺎﻫد ﻤﺘﻨوﻋﺔ ﻜﻤﺸﺎﻫد‬
‫اﻝرﻋﻲ واﻝﺼﻴد واﻝﺤراﺜﺔ واﻝﻘﺘﺎل وﻤﺸﺎﻫد اﻝﻤوﺴﻴﻘﻰ واﻝرﻗص‪.‬‬
‫وﻜذﻝك اﺸﺘﻤﻠت اﻝرﺴوﻤﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ أﺸﻜﺎل ورﻤوز ﻤﺘﻌددة واﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜن ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺎت اﻝﻨﻘﺎط أو اﻝدواﺌر أو اﻝﺨطوط اﻝﺴﺒﻊ واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌد رﻤوًاز ﻓﻠﻜﻴﺔ‬‫أو ﺘﻨﺠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ اﻝوﺴوم ) اﻝﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اﻝﻔردﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬‫ اﻷﺸﻜﺎل اﻝﺘﺨطﻴطﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺸﻤل‬‫ رﺴوم اﻝﻤﺼﺎﺌد‬‫ رﺴوم اﻝﻤﺘﺎﻫﺎت‬‫ اﻷﺸﻜﺎل اﻝﻬﻨدﺴﻴﺔ ‪ /‬اﻝرﻤوز‪ :‬ﺘﺸﻤل ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝرﺴوﻤﺎت اﻝداﺌرﻴﺔ‬‫واﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎوﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﻀﻠﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺘداﺨﻠﺔ واﻝﺘﻲ ﻝم ﻴﺘﻔق اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜون ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻫﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻨﺎﻗش اﻝﺒﺤث ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ اﻷﺨﻴرة ﻤن اﻝرﺴوﻤﺎت )اﻷﺸﻜﺎل اﻝﻬﻨدﺴﻴﺔ(‬
‫واﻝﺘﻲ ﻗد ﺘﻤﺜل أﺸﻜﺎﻻً ﺘﺨطﻴطﻴﺔ ﻝﺒﻌض اﻝﺘﻜوﻴﻨﺎت ‪ /‬ﻤﻨﺸﺂت ﺤﺠرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻀوء‬
‫اﻝﺼور اﻝﺠوﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻨطﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٠‬‬
Safaitic rock Drawings
- Geometric forms / symbols Dr. Mohammad I. Ababneh
Martin-Luther-Universitaet, Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
The Safaitic inscriptions and drawings are one of the most
important sources in the study of the cultural history of the nomadic
Arab tribes in north Arabian Peninsula in the period between ca.200
BC to 300 AD.
These inscriptions and drawings recorded most of the nomadic
daily life, as the social, economic and religious aspects of these
nomadic tribes. It shows through inscriptions content as well as
through the human and animal figures in variety scenes as grazing,
hunting, plowing and fighting as well as music and dancing scenes.
The drawings include also a multiple forms and symbols which
can be classified as follows:
-Groups of seven dots, circles or lines. (astronomical or
astrological symbols.(
-Marks/signs (tribal, individual.(
-schematic forms, which include:
- Drawings of Desert kites
- Drawings of Labyrinths
- Geometric forms / symbols, It includes a range of
overlapping circular, oval or polygon drawings. The researchers do
not agree on what it signify. This paper aims to discuss in light of
aerial photographs of the area this kind of drawings (Geometric forms
/ symbols), which may represent schematic forms for some
constructions / stone structures.
١٤١
‫ﻓن اﻝزﺨرﻓﺔ اﻵﺸوري ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺤدﻴث ‪ -‬دراﺴﺔ ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻗﺒس ﻓﺎروق ﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﻤطﻠوب‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤد إﺒراﻫﻴم ﻋﺒد‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻠوم اﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺘﻜرﻴت‬
‫اﻝزﺨرﻓﺔ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋرﻓﻬﺎ اﺒن ﻤﻨظور ﻓﻲ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ ﻝﺴﺎن اﻝﻌرب )ج ‪ ،٦‬ص‬
‫‪ :(١٣٢‬ﻫﻲ اﻝزﻴﻨﺔ وﻜﻤﺎل ﺤﺴن اﻝﺸﺊ‪ .‬وﻗﺎل اﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺤﻜم ﻜﺘﺎﺒﻪ اﻝﻌزﻴز‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﺴم اﷲ اﻝرﺤﻤن اﻝرﺤﻴم‪)) :‬ﺤﺘﻰ إذا أﺨذت اﻷرض زﺨرﻓﻬﺎ(( ﺴورة ﻴوﻨس‪ /‬اﻵﻴﺔ‬
‫‪ .٢٤‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻋرﻓﻬﺎ ﺒﻌض اﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺒﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﻓن ﻤن اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺤث ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ ﺘﺠرﻴد اﻝﻨﺴب واﻝﺘﻨﺎﺴب واﻝﺘﻜوﻴن واﻝﻔراغ واﻝﻜﺘﻠﺔ واﻝﻠون واﻝﺨط وﻫﻲ‬
‫وﺤدات طﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )ﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬آدﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴواﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨدﺴﻴﺔ( ﺘﺤورت إﻝﻰ أﺸﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻝﺘﺠرﻴدﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺘﻌد اﻝزﺨرﻓﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺘﻲ ﻻزﻤت اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﻤﻨذ أﻗدم اﻝﻌﺼور وﻫذا ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻨﻘﻠﺘﻪ أﻗدم اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻌرﻴﻘﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘرﻜت ﺒﺼﻤﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ آﺜﺎرﻫم اﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘزال‬
‫ﺸﺎﺨﺼﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﺎن‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻲ أﺤدى اﻫم ﻤظﺎﻫر اﻝﺠﻤﺎل إﻝﻰ ﺠﺎﻨب ﻜوﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻤﺜل اﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴر‬
‫ﻋن اﻷﺸﻴﺎء ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ ﺘﻜون ﻝﻬﺎ ﺼﻠﻪ ﺒﺤﻴﺎة اﻹﻨﺴﺎن وأﻋﻤﺎﻝﻪ وطرﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﻔﻜﻴرﻩ‬
‫وﻤﻌﺘﻘداﺘﻪ وأﺤزاﻨﻪ وأﻓراﺤﻪ وﺨوﻓﻪ وأﻤﻨﻴﺎﺘﻪ وﺤب اﻝﺘﻤﻠك ﻝدﻴﻪ وﻏراﺌزﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻹﻨﺴﺎن‬
‫ﻤﻨذ ﺒدء اﻝﺨﻠﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﺤب اﻝﺠﻤﺎل واﻝطﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘدﺨل اﻝﻌرف أﻝزﺨرﻓﻲ ﺒﺈطﺎر‬
‫ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﺒﺤت ﻀﻤن اﻝﺠﻤﺎل اﻝﻼ ﻤﺤدود‪ .‬وﻤﻤﺎ ﻻﺸك ﻓﻴﻪ أن اﻹﻨﺴﺎن اﺴﺘﻤد‬
‫ﻋﻨﺎﺼرﻩ اﻷوﻝﻰ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎن ﻴﺸﺎﻫد ﻤﺎ ﺤوﻝﻪ ﻓﻜﺎن ﻤﻘﻠداً ﻴﺤﺎﻜﻲ اﻝطﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺒﻨﺴﺦ‬
‫ﻤﺼورة ﺘﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ اﻝﻌﻴون وﻴﺨزﻨﻬﺎ اﻝﻌﻘل دون أي ﺘﺤرﻴف او اﺒداع ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸﻜل او‬
‫اﻝﻠون وﻫﻲ اﻝزﺨﺎرف واﻷﻝوان اﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴدﻴﺔ‪ .‬وﻤن اﻝﺼﻌب أن ﻨؤﺸر ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﺎً ﻝوﺠود‬
‫اﻝزﺨرﻓﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ رﺤﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﺒر ﻋن اﻝﺘطور واﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴر اﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻲ ﺒرؤﻴﺔ اﻝﻨﻔس اﻝﺒﺸرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻸﺸﻴﺎء‪ ،‬وﻴﻤﺘد ﻋﻤﻘﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﻤق اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﺤﻴث وﺠدت اﻝرﺴوم ﻤﻨذ أن ﻜﺎن اﻹﻨﺴﺎن‬
‫ﻴﻌﻴش ﻓﻲ اﻝﻜﻬوف ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼور ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‪ ،‬وزﺨرﻓﺔ ﺠدران اﻝﻜﻬوف اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫إذ اﺴﺘﺨدﻤت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷدوات واﻝﺘﺤف‪ .‬وﻫذﻩ اﻝﺼﻔﺔ ﻏﻠﺒت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝوﺤدات اﻝزﺨرﻓﻴﺔ‬
‫ذات اﻝطﺎﺒﻊ اﻝﻬﻨدﺴﻲ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﻤﻴز ﺒﺎﻝﺠﻤود وﻗد اﻋﺘﻤد ﺘﻜوﻴﻨﻬﺎ اﻷﺴﺎس ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻨﻘطﺔ واﻝﺨطوط اﻝﻤﺠردة اﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﺘﺤﻤل ﻓﻲ اﻝﻐﺎﻝب أﻴﺔ أﻓﻜﺎر ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻝذﻝك ﻓﺈن‬
‫دراﺴﺔ ﻤوﻀوع اﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼر اﻝزﺨرﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻔن اﻵﺸوري اﻝﺤدﻴث ﻤن اﻝدراﺴﺎت اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻠﻘﻲ اﻝﻀوء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﺎﻨب ﻤﻬم ﻤن ﺠواﻨب ﺤﻀﺎرة ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن‬
‫وآﺜﺎرﻫﺎ اﻝزاﺨرة‪ ،‬ذﻝك ان اﻝﺒﺤث ﻓﻲ ﻓن اﻝزﺨرﻓﺔ اﻵﺸوري وﻋﻨﺎﺼرﻩ ﻴﻘودﻨﺎ ﺒطﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺤﺎل اﻝﻰ دراﺴﺔ ﺘراث ﺜر وﻏﻨﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﺠزات اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ اﻝراﻗﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤدة ﻝﺒﻨﺎة‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻷواﺌل واﺴﺘﻤرار ﺘواﺼل ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤﻨﺠزات ﻋﺒر اﻝﻌﺼور‪.‬‬
‫ﻤن ﻫذا اﻝﻤﻨطﻠق ظﻬرت ﻫذﻩ اﻝدراﺴﺔ اﻝﻤﺘواﻀﻌﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺒﺤث ﻓﻲ ﻓن‬
‫اﻝزﺨرﻓﺔ اﻵﺸوري ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺤدﻴث ﻝﺘﺴﻠط اﻝﻀوء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﺼﺎﺌص ﻫذا اﻝﻔن‬
‫وﻋﻨﺎﺼرﻩ وﺘﺒﻴﺎن ﻋراﻗﺘﻪ وأﺼﺎﻝﺘﻪ‪ ،‬وذﻝك ﻝﻐرض اﻝﻤﺸﺎرﻜﺔ ﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤؤﺘﻤرﻜم‪ ،‬وﻫذا‬
‫ﻜﻠﻪ ﻴدور ﻀﻤن اﻝﻤﺤور اﻝﺜﺎﻝث اﻝﻤﺘﻌﻠق ﺒدراﺴﺔ‪ :‬أﺜر ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﻠوم اﻝﺼرﻓﺔ )اﻝﻔﻨون(‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٢‬‬
The decoration Assyrian art in modern times - An Analytical
Historical Study
Prof. Mohamed Ibrahem
Dr. Qabass Farouq
College of Basic Education /Tekreet University
The decoration as defined by the son of Ibn Manthor ive in his
book lesan Al-Arabs (c 6, p. 132): It is ornamental and the beauty
thing. God said in the Holy ziz book, In the name of God the Merciful:
((even if you took the Earth her decorationa)) Yunus / verse 24. As
defined by some scientists as the art from Fine Arts to look at the
philosophy of stripping ratios, proportionality and configuration,
space, mass, color and font which are a natural units (plant, human
figures, animals, geometric) mutates into abstract forms. The
decoration is one of the arts that have accompanied the for human
since ancient times and that's what carried the oldest ancient
civilizations that have left their mark on the monuments that are still
fixed on the eye. They are one of the most important manifestations of
beauty as well as they represent the expression of things as they are
relevant to human life, his work , his way of thinking , his beliefs , his
sorrows , joys, the fears , the wishes and love to own property has
instincts. Man since the beginning of creation and loves beauty and
the nature that enter custom decorative frame esthetic purely within
the limitless beauty.
There is no doubt that the first human derives its elements,
which he watched what was around him emulator simulates nature
photographer copy borne the eyes and the mind stores without any
distortion or creativity in shape or color which are a traditional motifs
and colors.
It is difficult to point out a date for the existence of the
decoration they journey reflects the evolution of the human and
expression of a vision of the human soul of things, extends deep depth
of history, where they found the fees since that man was living in
caves in prehistoric times, and decoration of the walls of the various
caves were used on tools and artifacts. This capacity waso dominated
geometrical motifs characterized by rigidity has created the foundation
on the dot and abstract lines that do not carry mostly any specific ideas
adopted.
Therefore, the Study of the subject of the decorative elements of
the Assyrian Modern Art of the important technical studies that shed
light on an important aspect of the civilization of Mesopotamia and
the effects rich from, so that the this research in the decoration of the
Assyrian art and elements leads us naturally to Study of heritage
impact goes achievements of civilization high in that period for
builders of early civilization and the continuation of these
achievements continue through the ages. From this point, this modest
study looking at the decoration Assyrian art in the modern era to
highlight on the characteristics of this art, elements and demonstrate
treasures and originality appeared, for the purpose of participating in
this conference, and all this is going on within the third axis on the
study: the impact of the civilizations of the ancient Near East in
Science Pure (Arts).
١٤٣
‫أﺴﺎﻝﻴب ﺘﻨﻔﻴذ اﻝﻤﺨطوط اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻲ ﺒﻴن أدوات وﺨﺎﻤﺎت اﻝﺘﻨﻔﻴذ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤد اﺤﻤد ﻫﻼل‬
‫ﻫﺒﺔ اﷲ ﺼﻼح اﻝﻤﻨﺸﺎوي‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻹﺴﻜﻨدرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻤدﻨﺎ ﺼور اﻝﻤﺨطوطﺎت اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﺒﻠﻤﺤﺔ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻏﺎﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋن اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ واﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺨﻼل اﻝﻌﺼر‬
‫اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻓﻲ إﻴران‪ ،‬وﻗد أطﻠق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺘﺼوﻴر اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ ﻓن اﻝﻤﻠوﻨﻴن‪ .‬وﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌص اﻝﻤﻤﻴزة ﻝﻠﺘﺼوﻴرﻓﻲ رﺴوم اﻝﻤﺨطوطﺎت اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻴﺔ ﻻﺒد ﻤن اﻝوﻗوف‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺨﺎﻤﺎت اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻋداد اﻝﻤﺨطوط واﻷدوات اﻝﺘﻲ ﻨﻔذت‬
‫ﺒﻬﺎ‪،‬وﻤﺎﻋرف ﺒﻪ اﻝﻔن اﻹﻴراﻨﻲ ﻤن أﻨواع ﻤﺘﻤﻴزة ﻤن اﻝورق‪ ،‬وﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ذﻝك اﻝﻨوع‬
‫اﻝرﺨﺎﻤﻲ اﻝﺸﻜل اﻝذي اﺨﺘﺼت إﻴران ﺒﺈﻨﺘﺎﺠﻪ‪ .‬وﻴﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث ﻤﺼدرﻴن ﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫ﺘﺤﻀﻴر اﻝﺤﺒر اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺼدر اﻷول ﻫو ﻤﺨطوط )اﻷزﻫﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤل اﻷﺤﺒﺎر(‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤؤﻝف اﻝﻤﻐرﺒﻲ ﻤﺤﻤد ﺒن ﻤﻴﻤون ﺒن ﻋﻤران اﻝﻤراﻜﺸﻲ‪ ،‬أﻤﺎاﻝﻤﺼدر اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻬو‬
‫ﻤﺨطوط ) ﺘﺤف اﻝﺨواص ﻓﻲ طرف اﻝﺨواص( وﻤؤﻝﻔﻪ ﻤﺤﻤد ﺒن إدرﻴس‬
‫اﻝﻘﻀﺎﻋﻲ اﻝﻘﺎﻻﻝوس ﻤن اﻷﻨدﻝس‪ .‬وﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺘﻌرض اﻝﺒﺤث ﺘطور ﻓن اﻝﺘذﻫﻴب‬
‫اﻝذى ﺒﻠﻎ أوج ﻋظﻤﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺼﻔوي ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘرن )‪١٠‬ﻫـ‪١٦،‬م( وﺘﻨﺎول وذﻝك‬
‫ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻷدوات واﻝﻤﻌدات اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ ورﺸﺔ ﻓﻨﺎﻨﻲ اﻝﺘذﻫﻴب‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎول‬
‫اﻝﺒﺤث ظﻬور ﺤرﻓﺔ اﻝﺘﺠﻠﻴد وذﻝك ﻝﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺼﻔﺤﺎت ورﺒطﻬﺎ ﺒﺒﻌض ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد‬
‫اﺘﺨذ ﺼﺎﻨﻌو أﻏﻠﻔﺔ اﻝﻜﺘب اﻝﻔﺎرﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ أواﺌل اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺨﺎﻤس ﻋﺸر اﻝﻤﻴﻼدي‬
‫)اﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ اﻝﻬﺠري( ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﺎً ﺠدﻴداً ﻴﺘﻤﻴز ﺒوﺠود ﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺎرزة ﺒﻴﻀﺎوﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻨﺘﺼف ﻤن ﺤﻠﻴﺎت ﻤﺘدﻝﻴﺔ وﻗطﻊ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷرﻜﺎن‪ ،‬ﺜم ظﻬرت أﺴﺎﻝﻴب ﺘﺠﻠﻴد‬
‫ﺠدﻴدة اﻨﻔردت ﺒﻬﺎ إﻴران ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺘﻴﻤوري‪ ،‬وﻓﻰ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺴﺎدس ﻋﺸراﻝﻤﻴﻼدي‬
‫اﺴﺘﺨدم اﻝﺘﺠﻠﻴد اﻝﻤﺼﻨوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻠك‪ ،‬ﻓﺘﻔوق ﺘﺠﻠﻴد اﻝﻠك ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺠﻠﻴد اﻝﺠﻠد‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﻨﺘﻬﻰ اﻝﺒﺤث إﻝﻰ أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻝك اﻝﺘراث ﻹﺒﻘﺎﺌﻪ أطول ﻓﺘرة زﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤن‬
‫ﺨﻼل ﺘﺠرﺒﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘرﻤﻴم واﻝﺤﻔظ واﻝﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻝﺼﻔﺤﺔ ﻤن ﻤﺨطوط ﻗدﻴم وﻫﻰ‬
‫)ﻤﻨﻤﻨﻤﺔ ﻤن اﻝﻘرن ‪ ١٤‬اﻝﻬﺠري ﺘﻘدﻴ اًر( ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٤‬‬
Methods of Persian Manuscripts making (materials and tools)
Prof.Dr. Mohamed Helal
Heba ElMenshawy
Faculty of Fine Arts, Alexandria University
Persian Manuscripts images in the Islamic era provide us with a
valuable glance about social, economic, and cultural life in Iran. The
Islamic paintings have been called Art of colouring people. To know
the characteristics of photography in the Persian paintings
manuscripts, you have to stand on the used materials, the tools, and
the distinct types of paper that the Iranian art was known for
especially that marble shaped type. This research presents two sources
of history of old ink preparation. The first is the manuscript (Al-Azhar
Fi A’mal Al-Ahbar) by Mohamed Ben Maimon. The second is the
manuscript (Tuhaf Al-Khwas Fi Turaf Al-Khwas) by Mohamed Ben
Idris Alqudai. Also it reviews the development of gilding art in the
Safavid era in the (10thAH, 16thAD) century. The research shows the
tools and equipment used in the workshops of gilding artists. It also
presents the emergence of craft binding to keep pages and link them
together. In the early fifteenth century, Persian books covers makers
adopted a new design characterized by the existence of a prominent
oval ornament in the middle, and then new binding methods emerged
which Iran has been distinguished by in the Timorese era. In the
sixteenth century AD, binding made of shellac started to be used and
became superior to leather binding. This research ends with the
importance of preserving this heritage to keep it for a long period
through restoring, protecting, and maintaining a page from an old
manuscript (Miniature from almost the 14AH century).
١٤٥
‫ﺸﻌﻴرة ﻗرﺒﺎن اﻝﻜﺎ اﻝﻤﺼورة ورﻤزﻴﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤد اﻝﺒﻴوﻤﻲ ﻤﺤﻤد اﻝﺒﻴوﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب ‪ -‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ طﻨطﺎ‬
‫ﻴوﺠد اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝﻤﻨﺎظر اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼور ﻗرﺒﺎن اﻝﻜﺎ‪،‬وﻴﺸﻴر ﻋﻨوان اﻝﺸﻌﻴرة‬
‫إﻝﻰ اﻝذﻫﺎب إﻝﻰ اﻝﻜﺎ‪،‬وﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻓﻤن اﻝﻀروري أن ﻴذﻫب اﻝﻤﻌﺒود أو اﻝﻤﺘوﻓﻰ‬
‫ﺴواء ﻜﺎن ﻤﻠك أو إﻨﺴﺎن ﻋﺎدي إﻝﻰ ﻜﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻝﻴﺘوﺤد اﻝﻤﺘوﻓﻰ ﻤﻊ ﻜل ﺸﻲء طﻴب‬
‫ﻤﻨﺤﺘﻪ اﻝﻤﻌﺒودات إﻝﻰ ﻜﺎﻩ‪.‬وﻗد ﺤددت ﺒﻌض اﻝﻨﺼوص أوﻗﺎت أداء ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻝﺸﻌﻴرة‪،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺠﺴدت ﺒﻌض اﻝﻤﻨﺎظر اﻝﻜﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل ﻤﻌﺒود‪،‬ﻫﻜذا ﺒﺎت اﻝﻜﺎ ﻋﻨﺼر‬
‫ﻤﻘدس ﻝذا وﺠب اﻝﺘﻌﺒد إﻝﻴﻪ وﺘﻘدﻴم اﻝﻘراﺒﻴن ﻝﻪ‪.‬وﻴﺘﺒﻴن ﻤن اﻝﻨﺼوص واﻝﻤﻨﺎظر أن‬
‫ﻝﻜﺎوات اﻝﻤﻌﺒودات ﺼﻔﺎت ﻤﻤﻴزة ﺘﻤﻨﺤﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺘوﻓﻰ‪،‬ﻓﻬﻨﺎك )ﻜﺎ اﻹزدﻫﺎر(‪) ،‬ﻜﺎ‬
‫اﻝرؤﻴﺔ(‪) ،‬ﻜﺎ اﻝوﻓرة(‪) ،‬ﻜﺎ اﻝﻐذاء(‪) ،‬ﻜﺎ اﻝﻘوة(‪.‬وﺘﻤر ﺸﻌﻴرة اﻝﻜﺎ ﺒﻌدة ﻤراﺤل ﻗﺒل‬
‫أن ﻴﺘوﺤد اﻝﻤﺘوﻓﻰ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺎﻩ‪،‬ﻤن أﻫﻤﻬﺎ اﺴﺘرﻀﺎء اﻝﻤﺘوﻓﻰ ﻝﻠﻜﺎ‪،‬ﻴﺘﻀﺢ ذﻝك ﻤن‬
‫ﺘﻌوﻴذة اﺴﺘرﻀﺎء اﻝﻜﺎ اﻝواردة ﺒﻜﺘﺎب اﻝﻤوﺘﻰ‪،‬وﺘﻌﻜس ﺘﻠك اﻝﺘﻌوﻴذة أﻴﻀﺎً أﻫﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻜﺎ ﻋﻨد اﺠﺘﻴﺎز ﻤﺤﻜﻤﺔ اﻝﻤوﺘﻰ‪،‬ﺜم ﺘﺄﺘﻲ اﻝﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝﺨﺘﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﺒﺘوﺤد اﻝﻤﺘوﻓﻰ ﻤﻊ ﻜﺎﻩ‬
‫ﺒﻌد إﻋﻼن ﺒراءﺘﻪ‪،‬وﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻲ ﻴﺘوﺤد ﻤﻊ أوزﻴر وﻴﻘﻬر أﻋداﺌﻪ‪.‬ﻴﺘم ﺘرﺘﻴل اﻝﺘﻌﺎوﻴذ‬
‫اﻝﺴﺤرﻴﺔ أﻤﺎم ﺒﺎب اﻝﻜﺎ ) اﻝﺒﺎب اﻝوﻫﻤﻲ(‪،‬ﻝﺘﺘﻤﻜن اﻝﻘوة اﻝﻤﻘدﺴﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺎ ﻤن اﻻﻨﺘﻘﺎل‬
‫ﻤن ﺤﺠرة اﻝدﻓن إﻝﻰ ﻫﻴﻜل اﻝﻤﻘﺒرة ﻋﺒر ﺒﺎب اﻝﻜﺎ‪،‬وﻴﺒدو أن ﺘرﺘﻴل اﻝﺘﻌﺎوﻴذ‬
‫اﻝﺴﺤرﻴﺔ ﻝم ﻴﻜن ﻗﺎﺼر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻬﻨﺔ اﻝﻜﺎ وﺤدﻫم ﻝﻜن ﻴﻤﻜن ﻷي ﺸﺨص ﻴدﺨل‬
‫ﻫﻴﻜل اﻝﻤﻘﺒرة وﻴرﺘل ﺼﻴﻎ اﻝﻘرﺒﺎن‪،‬ﻫﻜذا ﻴﻼﺤظ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌظم اﻝﻤﻨﺎظر اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺼور‬
‫ﺸﻌﻴرة ﻗرﺒﺎن اﻝﻜﺎ أن ﻤن ﻴﻘوم ﺒﻬﺎ ﻫو اﺒن اﻝﻤﺘوﻓﻰ أو ﺤﻔﻴدﻩ‪.‬ﺘوﻀﺢ اﻝﻨﺼوص‬
‫ﻜذﻝك أن اﻝﻜﺎ ﻫﻲ وﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻨﻘل اﻝﻘرﺒﺎن إﻝﻰ اﻝﻤﺘوﻓﻰ‪،‬وأن اﻝﻘرﺒﺎن ﻴﻘدم أوﻻً ﻝﻠﻜﺎ‪،‬اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﺘﻜﺴﺒﻪ ﺒﻔﻀل ﻗوﺘﻬﺎ اﻝرﺒوﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﺢ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة واﻝﻘوة ﻝﻠﻤﺘوﻓﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٦‬‬
The Ka offering rite illustrated
and its symbol in ancient Egypt
Mohmed El-bayomy Mohmed El-bayomy
Faculty of Arts – Tanta university
There are many scenes depicting the Ka offering ,this ritual has
an address which indicates to : ( going to the Ka) ,thus it was
necessary to go deity or deceased, whether king or an ordinary human
being to his Ka, to unite with every good thing that was granted by the
deities to his Ka .
some texts has identified the performance time of this ritual, as
some scenes embodied the Ka in the form of deity. so the Ka became
sacred element , and had been worshiped and offerings rituals made
to him. texts and scenes shows that Kawat gods had variety
characteristic features which were granted to the deceased by them ,
there are (Ka prosperity), (Ka Vision), ( Ka abundance), ( Ka food),
(Ka force.(
the Ka ritual passes with several stages before the deceased unites
with his Ka, the most important of these stages : satisfaction of the
deceased to the Ka,that is clear in a spell of the Book of the Dead
relates with the satisfaction of Ka , also that spell reflects the
important role of The Ka during the dead Court passing, then the
final step of the uniting of the deceased with his Ka comes after the
declaration of his innocence and thus he unites with Osiris and defeats
his enemies.
These magical spells were reciting in front of the Ka's door (false
door), this reciting makes the sacred power of the Ka to be able to
transition from the burial chamber to the tomb's chapel through the
door of the Ka. It was seems the reciting of these magical spells was
not limited to the Ka-priests but also, anyone can enter the tomb's
chapel and intones the offerings's forms , so we note in most of the
scenes Rite of the ka offerings that it had been carried out by the son
or grandson of the deceased . also the texts indicates that the Ka is the
means for transporting the sacred offering to the deceased, and that
offers firstly for the Ka, which add to it the Godhead ability,and then
transmit his power to the deceased.
١٤٧
‫اﻝﺠرﻴﻤﻪ واﻝﻌﻘوﺒﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘﺎﻨون اﻝﻤﺼري اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻲ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ /‬ﻤﺤﻤد ﺠﻤﺎل ﻋﻴﺴﻰ‬
‫أﺴﺘﺎذ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻝﻘﺎﻨون وﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻪ ﺒﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺤﻘوق – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝزﻗﺎزﻴق وﻋﻤﻴد اﻝﻜﻠﻴﻪ‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﺒر اﻝﻘﺎﻨون ﻫو اﻝﻌﺎﻤل اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻩ وأﻨﻪ اﻝﻤؤﺸر اﻝرﺌﻴﺴﻲ ﻝﺒﻴﺎن‬
‫اﻝﻤﻼﻤﺢ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﻪ ﻝﻬﺎ ‪ .‬وﻗد ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻩ اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻪ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﻪ ﻫﻲ أول ﺤﻀﺎرﻩ‬
‫اﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﻪ ‪.‬وأﻨﻬﺎ أﺜرت ﻓﻲ ﻏﻴرﻫﺎ ﻤن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات وأﻫﻤﻬﺎ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻩ اﻹﻏرﻴﻘﻴﻪ‬
‫واﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻩ اﻝروﻤﺎﻨﻴﻪ ﺒل واﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرﻩ ‪،‬واﻝدﻝﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻝك ﺘﺄﺜر اﻝﻘﺎﻨون‬
‫اﻹﻏرﻴﻘﻲ واﻝﻘﺎﻨون اﻝروﻤﺎﻨﻲ واﻝﻘواﻨﻴن اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرﻩ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﺎﻨون اﻝﻤﺼري اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻲ‬
‫وﻴﺒدو ذﻝك ﻓﻲ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻝﻨظم اﻝﻘﺎﻨوﻨﻴﻪ وﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻨظﺎم اﻝﺠراﺌم واﻝﻌﻘوﺒﺎت ‪ .‬ﻓﻔﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل‬
‫اﻝﺘﺠرﻴم واﻝﻌﻘﺎب ﻓﻘد إﻋﺘﻨق اﻝﻤﺸرع اﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌﻲ اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻲ ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻴﺔ اﻝدﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺠﺎل اﻝﺠراﺌم واﻝﻌﻘوﺒﺎت ‪،‬إذ أﻨﻪ ﻝم ﻴﺠرم اﻻ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤس ﺒﺎﻝﺼﺎﻝﺢ اﻝﻌﺎم‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ‪،‬وﺘﻠك اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻀر ﺒﺎﻝﺼﺎﻝﺢ اﻝﺨﺎص ﻝﻸﻓراد ‪ ،‬أﻤﺎ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻝﺘﻲ ﻻ ﻴﺘرﺘب‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻀرر ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﺒﺎﺤﻪ ﺒﺈﻋﺘﺒﺎر أن اﻷﺼل اﻻﺒﺎﺤﻪ وأن اﻻﺴﺘﺜﻨﺎء ﻫو‬
‫اﻝﺘﺠرﻴم واﻝﻌﻘﺎب ووﻓﻘﺎ ﻝذﻝك ﻓﻘد ﺘم ﺘﺠرﻴم اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻀر ﺒﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ‬
‫وﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل اﻝﺤﻜم ﺘم ﺘﺠرﻴم اﻝﺘﺂﻤر وﻗﻠب ﻨظﺎم اﻝﺤﻜم وﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺎل اﻝﻌﺴﻜري‬
‫ﻓﻘد ﺘم ﺘﺠرﻴم اﻝﻔ ارر ﻤن اﻝﺠﻨدﻴﻪ أو ﻋﺼﻴﺎن أواﻤر اﻝﻘواد أو إﻓﺸﺎء اﻷﺴرار‬
‫ﻝﻸﻋداء ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺎل اﻝدﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻘد ﺘم ﺘﺠرﻴم ﻜﺎﻓﺔ اﻻﻓﻌﺎل اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨطوي ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺎس ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺘﻘدات اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﻪ ﻤﺜل ﺘدﻨﻴس اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺒد ٕواﻨﺘﻬﺎك ﺤرﻤﺔ اﻝﻘﺒور أو ﻨﻬﺒﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل اﻝﻌداﻝﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻗد ﺘم ﺘﺠرﻴم أي ﻓﻌل ﻴؤدي إﻝﻰ اﻝﻤﺴﺎس ﺒﺎﻝﻌداﻝﻪ ﻤﺜل‬
‫ﻋدم إﻝﺘزام اﻝﻘﺎﻀﻲ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻴدﻩ واﻝﻨزاﻫﻪ واﻝﻌدل واﻝﺒﻼغ اﻝﻜﺎذب واﻝﺸﻬﺎدﻩ اﻝزور ز‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل اﻻدارﻩ اﻝﻌﺎﻤﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻗد ﺘم ﺘﺠرﻴم ﻜل ﻓل ﻴﺨل ﺒﺤﺴن ﺴﻴر اﻹدارﻩ‬
‫ٕواﻝﺘزام اﻝﻤوظﻔﻴن ﺒواﺠﺒﻬم وﻤن ﻫذﻩ اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻝرﺸوﻩ ٕواﺨﺘﻼس اﻷﻤوال اﻝﻌﺎﻤﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘم ﺘﺠرﻴم اﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻀر ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺼﻠﺤﻪ اﻝﺨﺎﺼﻪ وﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺸﺨﺎص ﻓﻘد ﺘم ﺘﺠرﻴم ﻓﻌل اﻝﻘﺘل ﺴواء ﻜﺎن اﻝﻘﺘل ﻋﻤدﻴﺎ أو ﻏﻴر ﻋﻤدي‬
‫وﺴواء ﻜﺎن اﻝﻤﺠﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺤرآ أم ﻋﺒدآ ‪.‬وﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل اﻝﻌرض ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻤن أﺠل‬
‫اﻝﺤرص ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻝﺠﻨﺴﻴﻪ ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻗد ﺘم ﺘﺠرﻴم ﻓﻌل اﻝزﻨﺎ ٕواﻏﺘﺼﺎب‬
‫اﻹﻨﺎث ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺎل اﻝﻤﻤﻠوك ﻝﻸﻓراد ﻓﺈﻨﻪ ﻗد ﺘم ﺘﺠرﻴم ﻓﻌل اﻝﺴرﻗﻪ‬
‫ٕواﺘﻼف اﻷﻤوال ﻋﻤدآ ‪ .‬وأﻨﻪ ﺤدد ﻋﻘوﺒﻪ ﻝﻜل ﺠرﻴﻤﻪ وأﺨذ ﺒﻤﺒدأ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻌﻘوﺒﻪ واﻝﺘدرج ﻓﻲ ﺠﺴﺎﻤﺘﻬﺎ وﺘﻨوﻋﻬﺎ ٕواﺴﺘﺨداﻤﻬﺎ ﻜوﺴﻴﻠﻪ ﻝﺘﺤﻔﻴز اﻝﺠﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻘﻴﺎم ﺒﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﻝﺼﺎﻝﺢ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ‪.‬وﺠﻌل اﻝﻌﻘوﺒﻪ ﻫﻲ ﺤرﻤﺎن اﻝﺠﺎﻨﻲ ﻤن أﺤد‬
‫اﻝﺤﻘوق اﻝﻤﻘررﻩ ﻝﻪ ﻤﺜل ﺤرﻤﺎﻨﻪ ﻤن اﻝﺤق ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻋﻘوﺒﺔ اﻻﻋدام (وﺤرﻤﺎﻨﻪ‬
‫ﻤن ﺤﻘﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺴﻼﻤﺔ ﺠﺴدﻩ )اﻝﻌﻘوﺒﺎت اﻝﺒدﻨﻴﻪ ( وﺤرﻤﺎﻨﻪ ﻤن اﻝﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﺤرﻴﻪ‬
‫)ﻋﻘوﺒﺔ اﻝﻨﻔﻲ واﻝﺴﺠن واﻝﺤﺒس وﺤرﻤﺎﻨﻪ ﻤن ﺤق ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺎل )ﻋﻘوﺒﺔ اﻝﻐراﻤﻪ‬
‫واﻝﻤﺼﺎدرﻩ ( ‪ .‬وﺤرﻤﺎﻨﻪ ﻤن اﻝﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻤﻌﻪ اﻝﺤﺴﻨﻪ وﺒﺎﻝﺸرف‬
‫واﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎر)اﻝﻌﻘوﺒﺎت اﻻﺨﻼﻗﻴﻪ ( ‪ .‬وﻗد ﺘﺄﺜرت اﻝﻘواﻨﻴن اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﻪ واﻝﺤدﻴﺜﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤد‬
‫ﺴواء ﺒﻬذﻩ اﻝﻤﺒﺎدىء اﻝﺴﺎﻤﻴﻪ اﻝﺘﻲ أرﺴﺎﻫﺎ اﻝﻤﺸرع اﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌﻲ اﻝﻤﺼري اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻲ‬
‫وﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺒدأ ﺸﺨﺼﻴﺔ اﻝﻌﻘوﺒﻪ واﻷﺨذ ﺒﺎﻝظروف اﻝﻤﺸددﻩ واﻝﻤﺨﻔﻔﻪ واﻝﻌﻔو ﻋن‬
‫اﻝﻌﻘوﺒﻪ واﻝﺘدرج ﻓﻲ ﺠﺴﺎﻤﺔ اﻝﻌﻘوﺒﻪ وﻓﻘﺎ ﻝﺠﺴﺎﻤﺔ اﻝﺠرﻴﻤﻪ )ﻤﺒدأ ﺘﻨﺎﺴب اﻝﺠرﻴﻤﻪ‬
‫واﻝﻌﻘوﺒﻪ ( ‪ .‬ﺒل إن اﻝﻨظم اﻝﻘﺎﻨوﻨﻴﻪ اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرﻩ ﻤﺎزاﻝت ﻗﺎﺼرﻩ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻠﺤظﻪ‬
‫ﻋن اﻝوﺼول إﻝﻰ ﻤﺎوﺼل اﻝﻴﻪ اﻝﻘﺎﻨون اﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌﻲ اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻲ وﻤن ذﻝك ﻋﻠﻲ ﺴﺒﻴل‬
‫اﻝﻤﺜﺎل )ﺘﺤﻔﻴز اﻝﺠﺎﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻘﻴﺎم ﺒﺄﻋﻤﺎل ﻝﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ واﻝﻤﺴﺎواﻩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻘﺎﻨون ‪ .‬واﻷﺨذ ﺒﻤﺒدأ اﻝﻤﻤﺎﺜﻠﻪ ﺒﺄن ﺘوﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤرﺘﻜب ﺠرﻴﻤﺔ اﻝﺒﻼغ اﻝﻜﺎذب‬
‫ﻨﻔس اﻝﻌﻘوﺒﻪ اﻝﻤﻘررﻩ ﻝﻠﺠرﻴﻤﻪ اﻝﺘﻲ أﺴﻨدﻫﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﻠﻎ ﻀدﻩ ﻝو ﺜﺒت ﺼﺤﺔ اﻻﺘﻬﺎم ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٤٨‬‬
Crime and punishment in the Pharaonic Egyptian law
Dr. Mohammed Jamal Issa
Professor of philosophy and history of law
Dean of the Faculty of Law – Zagazig unversity
The law is the primary factor in civilization And that the main
indicator to a statement of the essential features . Ancient Egyptian
civilization was the first humanity civilization . It influenced other
civilizations, specially the Greco-Roman civilization and even
contemporary civilizations . Proof of this is the influence of the
Pharaonic Egyptian law in Greek law , Roman law and laws
contemporary, it seems that in all legal systems, including the Penal
System . In the field of criminality and criminal punishment,
pharaonic legislature has embraced very precise philosophy in the
field of crimes and punishments, as it has not only criminalizes acts
that affect the common good of society . And those that are harmful to
the private individual welfare, and acts that do not result harm, it was
permissible considering that originally permitted and that the
exception is the criminalization and punishment Accordingly, it has
been criminalized acts that harm the interests of society, including in
the area of governance has been the criminalization of conspiracy and
coup. In the military sphere it has been the criminalization of desertion
or disobedience of orders pimp or divulging secrets to the enemy. In
the religious sphere it has been the criminalization all acts of prejudice
to religious beliefs, such as the desecration of temples and the
violation of the sanctity of graves or stolen it. In the area of justice, it
has been to criminalize any act that leads to the prejudice of justice
such as failure to judge impartiality, integrity, justice and author false
and false testimony in the area of General Administration's
commitment to it has been criminalized all fell prejudice to the good
functioning of management and commitment of the staff on duty and
from the acts of bribery and embezzlement of public funds. As has
١٤٩
been the criminalization of acts that harm the private interests as well
as in the field of protection of persons has been criminalized act of
murder, whether intentional murder or intentional and whether the
victim is a free or slave. In the display area of it in order to ensure
chastity in sexual relationships, it has been criminalized female rape
and adultery. In the area of protection of capital held by individuals, it
has been criminalized act of theft and destruction of the funds
deliberately. And that it identified death sentences for all the crime
and taking the principle of personal punishment and gradient
magnitude and diversity and use it as a way to motivate the offender to
do work for the benefit of society . punishment is to deprive the
perpetrator of one of the prescribed his rights, such as denial of the
right to life (the death penalty) and deprive him of his right to the
integrity of his body ( corporal punishment) and the denial of free to
enjoy (the death of exile, imprisonment, confinement and deprivation
of the right of ownership of the money (fines and confiscation.) and
deprived of the enjoyment of a good reputation, honor and mind (the
moral sanctions).
The old and modern laws have been influenced both these lofty
principles laid down by the Egyptian Pharaonic Criminal legislator
including personal punishment principle and taking the circumstances
aggravating and mitigating and amnesty for the penalty and the
gradient in the magnitude of the punishment according to the
seriousness of the offense (principle of proportionality of crime and
the sentence).
١٥٠
‫اﻝﺤﺞ ﻋﻨد اﻝﻌرب ﻗﺒل اﻹﺴﻼم وﻓﻲ اﻹﺴﻼم ‪ -‬دراﺴﺔ ﺘﺄرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻗﻴس ﺤﺎﺘم ﻫﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤد ﻀﺎﻴﻊ ﺤﺴون اﻝﺠﺒوري‬
‫اﻝﺠﻨﺎﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫إن اﻝﺤﺞ ﻓرض ﻤن ﻓراﺌض اﻻﺴﻼم ﻓرﻀﻪ اﷲ ﻋز وﺠل‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﺴﻠم‬
‫وﺠوﺒﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫو رﻜن ﻤﻬم ﻤن ارﻜﺎن‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴﺘطﻴﻊ ان ﻴؤدﻴﻪ ﻤرة واﺤدة ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﻤر‬
‫ً‬
‫اﻻﺴﻼم ﻜﻤﺎ ﺠﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻝﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻋن اﻝﻨﺒﻲ )ﺼﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وآﻝﻪ وﺴﻠم(‪.‬‬
‫وﻝﻘد ﻜﺎن اﻝﺤﺞ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ اﻝﻘﺼد إﻝﻰ ﻤﻜﺎن ﻤﺤدد ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻤﺨﺼص ﻤﻌروﻓﺎ‬
‫ﻝدى اﻻﻗوام واﻻﻤم اﻻﺨرى ﻓﻘد ﻜﺎن ﻜل ﻗوم ﻴﻘﺼدون اﻝﻤﻌﺒد اﻝﻤﺨﺼص‬
‫ﻷﺼﻨﺎﻤﻬم‪ ،‬أﻤﺎ اﻻﻗوام اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻜﺎﻷﻨﺒﺎط واﻝﺘدﻤرﻴﻴن واﻝﺤﻀرﻴﻴن‪ ،‬إذ ﻜﺎﻨوا‬
‫ﻴﺤﺠون إﻝﻰ اﻻﺼﻨﺎم اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻌﺒدوﻨﻬﺎ وﻴﻘدﻤون ﻝﻬﺎ اﻝﻘراﺒﻴن ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎن اﻝﺤﺞ ﻤﻌروﻓﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻨد اﻝﻴﻬود‪ ،‬واﻝﻨﺼﺎرى‪.‬‬
‫وﺘرﺠﻊ ﺠذور اﻝﺤﺞ ﻋﻨد اﻝﻌرب اﻝﻰ اﻝﻨﺒﻲ إﺒراﻫﻴم إذ أﻤرﻩ اﷲ ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ‬
‫واﺒﻨﻪ اﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل أن ﻴﺒﻨﻴﺎ اﻝﺒﻴت ﻓﺼدﻋﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﻤر وﺒﻨﻴﺎ اﻝﻜﻌﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻜﺔ‪ ،‬وﻤن ذﻝك‬
‫اﻝﺤﻴن اﺘﺠﻪ اﻝﻌرب إﻝﻰ اﻝﺒﻴت اﻝذي ﺒﻨﺎﻩ اﺒراﻫﻴم ﻴﺤﺠوﻨﻪ‪ ،‬وﻫذا ﻫو اﻝﺜﺎﺒت‬
‫ﺒﺼرﻴﺢ اﻝﻘرآن اﻝﻜرﻴم‪.‬‬
‫وﺜﺒت اﻹﺴﻼم اﻝﻤﺤﻤدي اﻝﺤﻨﻴف ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻔرﻴﻀﺔ‪ ،‬واﺴﺘﻤرت اﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن‬
‫اﻝطﻘوس ﺘؤدى ﺒﻨﻔس اﻝطرﻴﻘﺔ أو ﺠرى ﺘﻌدﻴل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴن ﺘم اﻝﻐﺎء ﺒﻌض‬
‫اﻝطﻘوس اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘؤدى ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﺞ‪ ،‬وﻫذا ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث ﺘﺄﺼﻴﻠﻪ‪.‬‬
‫وﺘطﻠﺒت طﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﺒﺤث ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺤﺜﻴن‪ ،‬ﺘﻨﺎوﻝﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻷول‬
‫اﻝﺤﺞ إﻝﻰ ﻤﻜﺔ ﻤوﻀﺤﻴن ﻓﻴﻪ ﻤوﻗﻊ ﻤﻜﺔ وأﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨد اﻝﻌرب ﻗﺒل اﻹﺴﻼم وﻜﻴف‬
‫اﺼطﻼﺤﺎ‪ ،‬أﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘم ﺒﻨﺎء اﻝﺒﻴت وﻜﺴوة اﻝﻜﻌﺒﺔ وﻋرﺠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻜﻠﻤﺔ اﻝﺤﺞ ﻝﻐﺔ و‬
‫ً‬
‫اﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﻓﻘد ﻜرس ﻝدراﺴﺔ اﻝﺤﺞ وﻤﻨﺎﺴﻜﻪ وﻜﻴف وﻀﺤت ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴك‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘرآن اﻝﻜرﻴم‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن ﺘوﻀﻴﺢ أﻨواع اﻝﻨذور واﻝذﺒﺎﺌﺢ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻘدم إﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻷﺼﻨﺎم ﻝﺘﻘرﺒﻬم إﻝﻰ اﷲ ﺴﺒﺤﺎﻨﻪ وﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥١‬‬
The Pilgrimage with the Arabs before Islam and in Islam
A historical Study
Prof.Dr. Mohammed Thayaa Hasson
Prof.Dr. Qais Hatim Hani
College of Basic Education / Babylon university
The pilgrimage imposed from duties of Islam imposed by Allaah
the Muslim that can do it to play once in a lifetime and obligatory, an
important pillars of Islam also stated that the Prophet (Allah bless him
and his family).
And it was in the sense intended into a specific place in a
dedicated time known to the tribes and other nations have had all the
people mean dedicated to their idols of the temple, the ancient Arab
tribes as Al Anbaat , Tadmureain and the urban, as they make
pilgrimages into idols that serve them, and give it sacrifices as The
pilgrimage known among the Jews, and the Christians. Pilgrimage was
the sense of intent into a specific place in a custom known as in the
tribes and other nations have had all the people mean dedicated to
their idols of the temple, the ancient Arab tribes as Al Anbaat and the
Palmyrenes and the urban, as they make pilgrimages into idols that
serve them, and give it sacrifices as Pilgrimage known among the
Jews, and the Christians.
But the origins of Pilgrimage with Arabs to the Prophet Ibrahim
since God commanded him and his son Ismail the forge a house He
said thing and built the Kaaba in Mecca, and then the Arabs went to
the house, which was built by the prophet Ibrahim, this is hard
expressly in Koran. t proved true of Islam Al Mohammedi of this duty,
and continued many of the rituals performed in the same way or have
been modified them while some were canceled rituals that were
performed in the Pilgrimage, and this is what tries to look inherently.
and required the nature of the this research dividing on two
sections, we dealt with in the first part, the pilgrimage to Mecca which
Stating site of Mecca and its importance to the Arabs before Islam and
how they were building the house and covering of the Kaaba and we
defined the meaning of the word Pilgrimage language and
idiomatically, while the second section was devoted to the study of
Pilgrimage and has the hope and how these rituals and sacrificed in
The Holy Quran, as well as the to clarify the types of vows and
sacrifices offered into idols to bring them closer to God Almighty.
١٥٢
‫ﺘﺤدﻴﺎت اﻝﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘداﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻝﻤواﻗﻊ اﻝﺘراﺜﻴﺔ اﻝطﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻝوطن اﻝﻌرﺒﻰ‬
‫اﻷﺴﺘﺎذ اﻝدﻜﺘور ‪/‬ﻤﺤﻤد ﻋﺒداﻝﻬﺎدى ﻤﺤﻤد‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵﺜﺎر – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻘﺎﻫرة‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘل اﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ واﻝﻤواﻗﻊ اﻝﺘراﺜﻴﺔ اﻝطﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ ﻫﺎﺌﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ رﺒوع اﻝوطن‬
‫اﻝﻌرﺒﻰ ﻓﻬﻰ ﺘﻜﺸف ﻋن اﻝﺘﺼﺎق اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﺒﺒﻴﺌﺘﻪ و ﻗدرﺘﻪ اﻝﻔﺎﺌﻘﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺴﺨﻴر ﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺘوﻓر ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤن ﻤواد ﺒﻨﺎء ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻏراض اﻝﺒﻨﺎء اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺴواء اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ او‬
‫اﻝﻤدﻨﻴﺔ او اﻝﻌﺴﻜرﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫وﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث ﻴﻠﻘﻰ اﻝﻀواء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌض اﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ واﻝﻤواﻗﻊ اﻝﺘراﺜﻴﺔ اﻝطﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ‬
‫اﻝوطن اﻝﻌرﺒﻰ وﻴوﻀﺢ ﻨظﻤﻬﺎ اﻹﻨﺸﺎﺌﻴﺔ وأﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ وطﺒﻴﻌﺔ‬
‫وﺨواص وﻤﻜوﻨﺎت ﻤواد اﻝﺒﻨﺎء اﻝﺘﻰ اﺴﺘﺨدﻤت ﻓﻰ اﻏراض اﻝﺘﺸﻴد اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﺒﺤث اﻫم ﻋواﻤل وﻗوى اﻝﺘﻠف اﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺘﺴﺒب ﻓﻰ ﺘدﻤﻴر ﻫذا اﻝﺘراث‬
‫اﻝﺨﺎﻝد واﺴﺘراﺘﻴﺠﺔ اﻝﻌﻼج واﻝﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ اﺴﺘﻨﺎدا اﻝﻰ اﻻﺴﺴس واﻝﻘواﻋد اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌروﻓﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻫذا اﻝﺸﺄن ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴرﻜز اﻝﺒﺤث ﻋﻠﻰ دور اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺤﺔ اﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ اﻝﻰ ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤواﻗﻊ وﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻼﻓﻰ أﺜﺎرﻫﺎ‬
‫اﻝﺴﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ واﻝﻤواﻗﻊ اﻝﺘراﺜﻴﺔ اﻝطﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٣‬‬
Challenges of sustainable development in mud Heritage sites in
the Arab world
Prof. Mohamed Abdelhady Mohamed.
Faculty of Archaeology -Cairo University
Mud Heritage buildings and sites Occupies a huge Civilized
position Throughout the Arab world. It reveals human adhesion with
his environment and his superior ability to harness what available in
it from Various building materials for the purposes of different
construction, whether religious, civil or military.
This research sheds light on some mud heritage buildings and
sites in the Arab world and shows its organized construction and its
significance civilizational, historical, nature, properties and
components of building materials used in various purposes
Construction.
This research also deals the most important factors and forces that
cause damage in the destruction of this immortal heritage and
strategies of conservation and treatment
based on scientific
foundations and rules known in this regard.
As a research focusing on the role of cultural tourism to these
sites and how to avoid its negative effects on mud heritage buildings
and sites.
١٥٤
‫اﻻﺴﻬﺎﻤﺎت اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة اﻝﺒﺤرﻴﺔ‬
‫د‪.‬ﻤﺤﻤد ﻓوزى اﻝﺸﺎﻴب‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﻬد اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم ‪ -‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝزﻗﺎزﻴق‬
‫ﺒدأ اﻝﻤﺼرﻴون اﻹﻨﺨراط ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة اﻝﺒﺤرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺒﺤر اﻷﺤﻤر ﻤﻨذ‬
‫ﻓﺘرة ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻻﺴرات ‪ ٥٠٠٠‬اﻝﻰ ‪ ٣٥٠٠‬ق‪.‬م‪ .‬ﺤﻴث ﺴﺎﻫﻤت ﺒﺘﺠﺎرة اﻝﻔﻀﻪ و‬
‫اﻝﻼزورد و اﻝﻔﻴروز و ﺨﺎم اﻝﻨﺤﺎس )اﻝﻤﻼﻜﻴت( واﻝﺠﺎﻝﻴﻨﺎ واﻝﺤدﻴد و ﺤﺠر‬
‫اﻷوﺒﺴﻴدﻴﺎن اﻝﺒرﻜﺎﻨﻰ‪ ،‬وﻴﻌود ذﻝك اﻝﻰ ﻓﺘرة ﻨﻘﺎدة اﻻوﻝﻰ ﺤواﻝﻰ ‪– ٤٠٠٠‬‬
‫‪ ٣٥٠٠‬ق‪.‬م‪ ،‬ﺜم ﺘطورت ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬد ﻨﻘﺎدة اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ‪ ٣٥٠٠‬اﻝﻰ ‪ ٣٢٠٠‬ق‪.‬م‪.‬‬
‫وﻜﺎن اﻝﻤﺼرﻴون ﻴﺼﻠون اﻝﻰ اﻝﺒﺤر اﻻﺤﻤر ﻋﺒر وادى اﻝﺤﻤﺎﻤﺎت ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝدروب اﻝﺼﺤراوﻴﺔ واﺴﺘﺨدﻤوا ﻗوارب ﻤن اﻝﺒوص و ﺴﻴﻘﺎن اﻝﺒردى ﺒل واﻴﻀﺎ‬
‫اﻻﺨﺸﺎب اﻝﻤﻀﻔورة ﺤﺴب راى ) وارد‪ (٢٠٠٦،‬واﻝذى ﻴرى ان اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن ﻗد‬
‫اﺴﺘﻔﺎدوا ﻤن ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺘﺠﺎرة اﻻوﺒﺴﻴدﻴﺎن اﻝﺘﻰ ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤوﺠودة ﺒﺎﻝﻔﻌل ﻓﻲ ﺠﻨوب‬
‫اﻝﺒﺤر اﻻﺤﻤر‪ .‬وﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﺒﻌﻴدﻩ اﻝﻤدى ﻻ ﺘزال ﻏﻴر ﻤﺒﺎﺸرة ﻋﺒر وﺴطﺎء‪.‬‬
‫وﻜﺎﻨت اﻝدول اﻝﻤﺘﺤﻀرة اﻝﻤﺘﺎﺨﻤﺔ ﻝﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ اﻝﻼﻋب‬
‫اﻝرﺌﻴﺴﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة اﻝﺒﺤرﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﺘﺼف اﻷﻝف اﻝراﺒﻊ ق‪.‬م ﺘﺤول اﻝﻤﺼرﻴون ﻤن اﺴﺘﺨدام ﻗوارب‬
‫اﻝﺒوص واﻝﺒردى اﻝﻰ اﻝﻘوارب اﻝﺨﺸﺒﻴﻪ ﻝﻠﻨﻘل ﻓﻲ اﻝﺒﺤر اﻻﺤﻤر‪ ،‬ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن‬
‫اﺴﺘﺨدام اﻝﺸراع ﻓﻲ ﻓﺘرة ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻻﺴرات اﻝﻤﺘﺄﺨرة‪ ،‬و ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻰ ﺴﻌﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺼرﻴون اﻝﻰ ﺘﺤﺴﻴن ﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﺤﺼول ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺨﺸﺎب ﻋﺒر اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﻤﻊ ﺒﺒﻠوس‬
‫)ﺠﺒﻴل( ﺤﻴث ﺤﺼﻠوا ﻋﻠﻰ اﺨﺸﺎب اﻻرز وﺒذﻝك ﺘﻤﻜﻨوا ﻤن ﺘطوﻴر ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت ﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻝﺴﻔن‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ اﺴﻬم ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎء ﻗوارب ﻜﺒﻴرة ﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻝﻠﺒﺤﺎر اﻝﻤﻔﺘوﺤﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻷﻝﻔﻴﺔ اﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﻪ ق‪.‬م‪ .‬وﺒذﻝك اﺴﺘﻤر ﺤﻜﺎم ﻤﺼر ﻓﻲ ﺘﻌزﻴز اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة ﺒﻌﻴدﻩ اﻝﻤدى‬
‫ﺴواء ﻝﻼﻏراض اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ و اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺎﻫم ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﻴﺒﻪ ﻤﺼر‬
‫وﻤﻜﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﻼﻋب رﺌﻴﺴﻰ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺒﻜﻪ اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة اﻝﺒﺤرﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨطﻘﻪ اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٥‬‬
Ancient Egyptian contributions in the maritime trade
Dr. Mohamed Fawzy El shaieb
Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Civilization
Zagazig-University - Egypt
The Egyptians began to engage in maritime trade network in the
Red Sea since the predynastic period 5000 to 3100 BC . Egypt
contributed in the trade of silver , lapis lazuli , turquoise , copper ore
(malachite) , galena , iron , obsidian volcanic stone, This back to the
period of Naqada I about 4000-3500 BC , And become well
established by the Naqada II period 3500 – 3200BC.
The Egyptians travelled the Red Sea via Wadi EL Hammamat
valley in the desert route and used boats of reeds and stems of papyrus
and also wooden sewn types , Egyptians have benefited from the trade
network of obsidian that was already existed in the south of the Red
Sea. The long-term trade is still indirect .
Civilizations of ancient world bordering the Arabian Peninsula
were the main players in this maritime trade.
In the middle of the fourth millennium BC, the Egyptians shift
from the use of reed boats and papyrus to wooden boats for
transportation in the Red Sea, as well as the use of the sail in the late
pre-dynastic period and in the historical times, it is sought that
Egyptians improved the sources of wood through trade with Byblos
(Jbeil ) where he got the wood of cider, so they were able to develop
ship building techniques, which contributed in building, larger boats
well-suited for the open seas in the third millennium BC.
Thus, Egypt's rulers have continued to strengthen long distance
trade, whether for political and economic purposes, helping to
maintain the prestige of Egypt and its position as a key player in the
network of maritime trade in the ancient Near East.
١٥٦
‫رﻤزﻴﺔ اﻝﻌﺠل ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر وﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن‬
‫دﻜﺘور ‪ /‬ﻤﺤﻤد ﻓوزي اﻝﺸﺎﻴب‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﻬد اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻲ ﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻲ اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝزﻗﺎزﻴق – ﻤﺼر‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜ ــل اﻝﻌﺠ ــول ﻏﺎﻝﺒ ــﺎ ﻤﻌﺒ ــودات اﻝ ــﺴﻤﺎء او ﻤﻌﺒ ــودات اﻝﻌواﺼ ــف ﻓ ــﻲ ﺤ ــﻀﺎرات‬
‫اﻝـ ــﺸرق اﻻدﻨـ ــﻲ اﻝﻘـ ــدﻴم‪ .‬ﻓـ ــﻲ ﻤـ ــﺼر ﻜـ ــﺎن ﻋﺠـ ــل اﻝـ ــﺴﻤﺎء ﻤﻌروﻓـ ــﺎ ‪ .‬وﻓـ ــﻲ ﻓﺘ ـ ـرة‬
‫ﻫﻴراﻜوﻨﺒوﻝﻴس ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝرﻴﺎح اﻻرﺒﻊ ﻴطﻠق ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ )ﻋﺠول اﻝﺴﻤﺎء ( ‪.‬‬
‫واﻝﻤﻌﺒود اﻝﻤﺼري اﻝﻘـدﻴم ﻤـﻴن ﻜـﺎن ﻤﻌﺒـودا ﻝﻠطﻘـس ‪ ،‬وﻜـﺎن ﺤﻴواﻨـﻪ اﻝﻤﻘـدس ﻫـو‬
‫اﻝﻌﺠل‪،‬وﻜ ــﺎن ﻋﺠ ــل ﻤ ــﻴن ﻴﺘ ــﺴﻠق اﻝﺠﺒ ــﺎل ‪ ،‬واﻝ ــذي ﻜ ــﺎن ﻋ ــﺎدة ﻴﻨﺘﻤ ــﻲ ﻝﻤﻌﺒ ــودات‬
‫اﻝﻌﺎﺼﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻓﺘرة ﻗﺒﻴل اﻻﺴرات ﻝدﻴﻨﺎ دﻝﻴل واﻀﺢ ﻋﻠﻲ ان ﻤﻴن ﻜﺎن اﻝﻤﻌﺒود اﻻﻋظم ‪ ،‬و‬
‫أﺨـ ـ ــذ رﻤ ـ ـ ـزﻩ ﻤﻜﺎﻨـ ـ ــﺔ ﺒـ ـ ــﻴن ﺴ ـ ـ ـواري اﻷﻋـ ـ ــﻼم ﻋﻠـ ـ ــﻲ ﻤﻘﻤﻌـ ـ ــﺔ اﻝﻤﻠـ ـ ــك اﻝﻌﻘـ ـ ــرب ﻤـ ـ ــن‬
‫ﻫﻴراﻜوﻨﺒوﻝﻴس ﺤﻴث ﻜﺎن ﻤوﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﻴن ﺴﺎرﻴﺘﻲ اﻝﻤﻌﺒود ﺴت ‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﻜــذا ﻜــﺎن اﻝﻤﻌﺒــود ﻤــﻴن ﻫــو اﻝﻤﻌﺒــود اﻷﻋظــم )اﻷﻜﺒــر( ﻝــدي أﻫــل ﻨﻘــﺎدة اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴــﺔ‬
‫ﺘﻘرﻴﺒﺎ ﻤﺜل اﻝﻤﻌﺒود ﺴت ‪.‬‬
‫و ﻓ ــﻲ ﺒﺎﺒ ــل ﻜ ــﺎن اﻝﻤﻌﺒ ــود أﻨﻠﻴ ــل ﻤﻌﺒ ــودا ﻝﻠﻌﺎﺼ ــﻔﺔ وﻴ ــﺘم ﺘﻘدﻴﻤ ــﻪ ﻓ ــﻲ ﻤ ــﺼطﻠﺢ )‬
‫اﻝﻌﺠل ﻓﻲ ﻤﻼذﻩ او ﻤﻘدﺴﻪ ( "ﻋﺠل اﻝﺠﺒﺎل اﻝﻘوي " ‪.‬‬
‫و ﻫﻨــﺎك ﻨــص ﺴــوﻤري ﺒﺘرﺠﻤــﺔ أﺸــورﻴﺔ ﻴــﺼف ﻤﻌﺒــود اﻝﻌﺎﺼــﻔﺔ أﻨﻠﻴــل ﺒــﺄن ﻗرﻨﻴــﻪ‬
‫ﺘﻠﻤﻌﺎن ﻤﺜل أﺸﻌﺔ ﻤﻌﺒود اﻝﺸﻤس ‪ ،‬ﻤﺜل ﻨﺠﻤﺔ اﻝﺴﻤﺎء ‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﺒود ﺤدد أو ارﻤـﺎن ﻝدﻴـﻪ أﻴـﻀﺎ ﻋﺠـل ﻝﺤﻴـوان ﻤﻘـدس ﻓـﻲ ﻤوطﻨـﻪ اﻻﺼـﻠﻲ ﻓـﻲ‬
‫ﺴورﻴﺎ أو ﻓﻲ أﺸور ﻤوطﻨﻪ اﻝﻤﻌدل )ﻤﻜﻴف (‬
‫وﻓــﻲ ﺒــﻼد اﻝﻨﻬ ـرﻴن ﻤﻨــذ ﻋــﺼر اﻝﻤﻠــك ﺤﻤــوراﺒﻲ ﺤ ـواﻝﻲ ﺴــﻨﺔ ‪ ٢١٠٠‬ق‪.‬م وﻤــﺎ‬
‫ﺒﻌدﻫﺎ ﻜﺎن اﻝﻌﺠل ﻏﺎﻝﺒﺎ ﻴﻤﺜل ﻤﺴﺎﻨدا ﻝﻤﻌﺒود اﻝﻌﺎﺼﻔﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﻓن ﻋﺼر ﺤﻤوراﺒﻲ ﺤﺎﻤﻼ وﻤﻴض اﻝﺒرق وﻤﻤﺘطﻴﺎ ﻋﺠﻠﻪ ‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻤﺜل اﻝﻌﺠل أﻴﻀﺎ اﻝﻤﻌﺒود اﻝﻘﻤري ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن ﻓﻲ اﻻﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻝث ق‪.‬م ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٧‬‬
The symbolism of the Bull in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia
Dr. Mohamed Fawzy El shaieb
Institute of Ancient Near Eastern Civilization
Zagazig-University – Egypt
The bulls are commonly represent the sky gods or storm-gods in
ancient near eastern civilizations . In Egypt the bull of the sky was
well known, the statement that in Herakleopolitan times the four
winds are called" Bulls of Heaven"
Min was an Ancient Egyptian god connected with weather, his
sacred animal was bull , Min's bull strode upon the mountains, which
commonly belonging to the storm-gods.
In protodynastic period we have a clear evidence of Min as a great
god, his symbol takes its place among the standers on the scorpion
king's great mace from Hierakonpolis where it comes between the two
standards of seth.
Thus, Min was the great god of the Naqada II people nearly as seth.
In Babylonia Enlil was the storm-god and is addressed in terms as "
the Bull to his sanctuary" , "a sturdy mountain bull "
A Sumerian text with an Assyrian translation describe the stormgod Enlil " whose horns shine like the rays of the sun-god , like the
star of heaven "
Hadad or Ramman also has a bull in Syria his original home or on
Assyria his adopted home .
In Mesopotamia from the time of Hammurabi 2100 B.C onwards the
bull often acts as a support for storm-god.
He appears in art about the time of Hammurabi holding his lightning
flashes and riding on his bull.
The bull also symbolizing the lunar deity in Mesopotamia in the third
Millennium BC.
١٥٨
‫"ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺼر اﻝزﻴﺘون ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤدن اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ )إﺒﻼ واﻝﺒﺎرة وﺴرﺠﻴﻼ أﻨﻤوذﺠﺎً("‬
‫أ‪.‬د ﻤﺤﻤد ﻫﺸﺎم اﻝﻨﻌﺴﺎن ‪ -‬رﺌﻴس ﻗﺴم ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﻌﻠوم واﻵﺜﺎر‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺤﻠب – ﻤﻌﻬد اﻝﺘراث اﻝﻌﻠﻤﻲ اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺸﺠرة اﻝزﻴﺘون ﺘﻠك اﻝﺸﺠرة اﻝﻤﻘدﺴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ راﻓﻘت اﻹﻨﺴﺎن وأطﻌﻤﺘﻪ وأﻨﺎرت ﻜﻬوﻓﻪ‬
‫وﺒﻴوﺘﻪ ﻤﻨذ ﻓﺠر اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺸﺠرة اﻝﻤﺒﺎرﻜﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ذﻜرت ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘرآن اﻝﻜرﻴم‬
‫ﺘﻌﺘﺒر ﻤن أﻫم وأﻗدم اﻷﺸﺠﺎر اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﻴز ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺤوض اﻝﺒﺤر اﻷﺒﻴض اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط‪.‬‬
‫اﻨﺘﺸرت زراﻋﺔ ﺸﺠرة اﻝزﻴﺘون ﻓﻲ ﺤوض اﻝﺒﺤر اﻷﺒﻴض اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط ﺒﺸﻜل واﺴﻊ‬
‫وﻴﻌود ذﻝك إﻝﻰ اﻷﻝف اﻝراﺒﻊ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‪.‬‬
‫ﻴﻌﺘﻘد أن زﻴت اﻝزﻴﺘون ﻫو أول ﻨوع ﻤن أﻨواع اﻝزﻴوت اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘم اﺴﺘﺨﻼﺼﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻐذاء‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‪ ،‬وﻝم ﺘﻘﺘﺼر أﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻐذاء ﺒل ﺘﻌدت اﺴﺘﺨداﻤﺎﺘﻪ إﻝﻰ اﻹﻀﺎءة‬
‫واﻝطب )اﻝﺘدﻝﻴك‪ ،‬اﻝﻤداواة(‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ دﻝت اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺎت اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ وﺠود ﻋدد ﻜﺒﻴر‬
‫ﻤن اﻷواﻨﻲ اﻝﻔﺨﺎرﻴﺔ "اﻝﺠرار اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ" اﻝﺘﻲ ُاﺴﺘﺨدﻤت ﻝﺘﺨزﻴﻨﻪ ﻝدى ﺴﻜﺎن إﺒﻼ‬
‫وﺒﺎﺒل وأوﻏﺎرﻴت وﺘدﻤر وﻏﻴرﻫﺎ ﻤن اﻝﻤﻤﺎﻝك اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺠﺎءت أﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﺎﺼر اﻝزﻴﺘون ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻤن أﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻝزﻴت‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ﺘم‬
‫ﺘطوﻴر أدوات ﻋﺼر اﻝزﻴﺘون واﺨﺘﻠﻔت ﻤن ﻤﻜﺎن إﻝﻰ آﺨر‪ ،‬واﻷﻤﺎﻜن اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻨﺘﺸرة ﻓﻲ ﺴورﻴﺔ ﺘﺜﺒت ذﻝك ﺤﻴث أﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻠﻴﺌﺔ ﺒﺄدوات ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻻﺴﺘﺨﻼص زﻴت اﻝزﻴﺘون‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ﺴﺘﺘم دراﺴﺔ ﺘطور ﻤﻌﺎﺼر اﻝزﻴﺘون ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤدن‬
‫اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ "إﺒﻼ واﻝﺒﺎرة وﺴرﺠﻴﻼ"‪.‬‬
‫إن ﻫذﻩ اﻝدراﺴﺔ ﺴوف ﺘﺒﻴن طراﺌق ﺘﺼﻤﻴم وﺘطوﻴر واﺴﺘﺨدام ﺘﻠك اﻷدوات‬
‫وﺘﻜﺸﻔت ﻋن ﻋﺒﻘرﻴﺔ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن اﻝذي ﺴﻜن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﺴوف ﺘظﻬر إﻤﻜﺎﻨﺎﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ اﺴﺘﺨدام ﻫذﻩ اﻝوﺴﺎﺌل ﻝﻠوﺼول إﻝﻰ ﻏﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﺴﺘﺨﻼص زﻴت اﻝزﻴﺘون‪.‬‬
‫‪١٥٩‬‬
Technology olive presses in the ancient cities (Ebla and
Barae and Serjila model)
Prof. Dr. Muhammad Hesham AL-nassan
Halab university - Syria
The olive tree is a sacred tree that accompanied the human and
Otamth lined the Khovh and his homes since the dawn of history, this
tree blessed that I mentioned in the Koran is one of the most important
and oldest trees that characterize the Mediterranean region.
Cultivation of olive trees has spread in the Mediterranean basin
widely, due to the fourth millennium BC.
Believed that olive oil is the first type of oil that has been
extracted for food in history, its importance was not limited to food,
but exceeded its uses to the lighting and Medicine (massage therapy) ,.
Archaeological finds also indicated the presence of a large number of
pottery "archaeological jars" which were used to store the population
of camels, Egypt, Babylon and Ugarit, destroying and other ancient
kingdoms and states.) ,.
It came the importance of olive presses in the antiquity of the
importance of oil, which has been developing olive pressing tools
differed from one place to another, and places of archaeological
deployed in Syria to prove it, where it is full of tools were used to
extract the olive oil in order to study the evolution of olive presses.) ,.
This study will identify ways the design, development and use
of those tools and reveal the human habitation of this region in the
genius of antiquity, and will appear in the potential use of these means
to get to than in the olive oil extraction.
١٦٠
‫ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺎت اﻝﺼورة اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﺼورﻴﺔ واﻝﻬﻴروﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻋﻤﺎل اﻝﻔن ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن اﻝﻌراﻗﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺘﻴن – دراﺴﺔ ﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻤﺤﻤود ﻋﺠﻤﻲ ﺠﺎﺴم اﻝﻜﻼﺒﻲ م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻤﻬدي ﻋﺒد اﻻﻤﻴر اﺴﻤﺎﻋﻴل اﻝطﻔﻴﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ﻴﻌﺎﻝﺞ اﻝﺒﺤث اﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ ﻤوﻀوﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ درﺠﺔ ﻤن اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻷن ﺘﺒﺤث ؛‬
‫وذات ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ وﻫﻲ اﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺔ اﻝﺘﺼوﻴرﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺸﻜل ﻓﻲ ﺨطﻲ اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﺼورﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻝﻬﻴروﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻝدى ﺴﻜﺎن ﻜل ﻤن اﻝﻌراق وﻤﺼر اﻻواﺌل اﻝذﻴن ﻜﺎن ﻝﻬم اﻻوﻝوﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻫم اﻨﺠﺎز ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ وﻫو اﺨﺘراع اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ وﺘدوﻴن اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‪ .‬وﻝﻤﺎ ﻜﺎن‬
‫ﻫذان اﻝﺨطﺎن ﻴﻤﺜﻼن ﺠﺎﻨﺒﺎً ﻤن اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﺎرﺴﻬﺎ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ أزﻤﻨﺘﻪ اﻻوﻝﻰ‬
‫؛إذ ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﺼورﻴﺔ وﻨظﻴرﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﻬﻴروﻏﻠﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋن ﺼور اﺒدﻋﻬﺎ اﻝﻌﻘل‬
‫اﻝﺒﺸري وﺘدل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻤر ﻤﻌﻴن ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺸﺔ؛ وان اﻝﻜﺎﺘب ﻤﺎ ﻫو إﻻ ﻓﻨﺎن‬
‫ذو ﻗدرة ﻋﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝرﺴم واﻝرﻗش ؛ ﻝذا وﺠد اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎن ﻀرورة واﻫﻤﻴﺔ دراﺴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺼورة اﻝﻤرﺴوﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﺤرف واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜل طﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻜل ﺨط ﻤن اﻝﺨطوط ﻓﻲ اﻝزﻤﺎن‬
‫واﻝﻤﻜﺎن ؛ وﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻝﻘﻴم واﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ اﻝرﻤزﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ ؛ ﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ وان ﻋﻘد ﻤﺜل ﻫﻜذا دراﺴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ واﻝﺒﻌد اﻝﻔﻨﻲ ﻝم ﻴﺘم ﺘﻨﺎوﻝﻬﺎ ﻤن ﻗﺒل – ﺒﺤﺴب ﻋﻠﻤﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ورب ﻴﺒدر ﺘﺴﺎؤل ﺤول‪ :‬ﻤﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻜرﻤوز ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﺎﻨﻲ اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫واﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻫﻲ روح اﻝﻔن وﻤﺘﻨﻔﺴﻪ ؟ وﺤﻴث ﺒدون اﻝﺼورة واﻝﻠون واﻝﺸﻜل‬
‫اﻝﺒﻨﺎﺌﻲ ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜن ان ﻨطرق ﺒﺎﺒﺎً ﻝدراﺴﺔ ﻓﻨﻴﺔ ؟ وﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻻﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻝك‬
‫ﺘﻜون ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺨط اﻝذي ﻫو ﻓرع ﻤن ﻓروع اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ ؛ وﺠزءاً ﻻ ﻴﺘﺠ أز‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ؛واﻝذي ﺘﻘﻊ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ رﺴﻤﻪ – اي اﻝﺨط – ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺘق ﻓﻨﺎن ﻤﺎﻫر ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل‬
‫اﺨﺘﺼﺎﺼﻪ ﻏﻴر اﻝﺒﻌﻴد ﻋﻤﺎ ﻫو ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻲ ﻝﻠﺤرف اﻝﻤرﺴوم ﺒﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺨﻠو ﻤن‬
‫ﺒﻌد ﻓﻨﻲ ﻤدروس‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ ذﻝك ﻗﺎم اﻝﺒﺤث ﻋﻠﻰ ارﺒﻌﺔ ﻓﺼول ﻏطت ﻤﺎدﺘﻪ ؛ ﺘﻨﺎول اﻻول‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ اﻝﺒﺤث وأﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ واﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ اﻝﻴﻪ ؛واﻫم اﻝﻤﺼطﻠﺤﺎت ﻓﻴﻪ؛ ﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺤدودﻩ اﻝﻤوﻀوﻋﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ واﻝزﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﺠز اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺠﺎل‬
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻲ اﻝﻌراق وﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺘﻴن ؛ واﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻘوم ﻫدف اﻝﺒﺤث ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪ :‬ﺘﻌرف وﻜﺸف اﻝﺼورة اﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﺤرف اﻻول ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎة اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن اﻝﻤذﻜورﺘﻴن واﻝﻘﺎﺌم ﻋﻠﻰ رﻤزﻴﺔ اﻝﺸﻜل ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘدوﻴن واﻝﺘﺨﺎطب ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺠﻴﺌﻪ ﺼورة ﻤرﺴوﻤﺔ ؛ ﺒﺘﻨﺎوﻝﻪ ﻤن اﻝﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ اﻝﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ – اﻝﺸﻜﻠﻴﺔ ؛ واﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ –‬
‫اﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎول اﻝﻔﺼل اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬اﻻطﺎر اﻝﻨظري اﻝﻤﻌرف ﺒﺒداﻴﺎت ظﻬور‬
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻝدى اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻘدﻴم وأﺨﺼﻪ ﺤﻀو اًر اﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن اﻝﻤذﻜورﺘﻴن ؛‬
‫وﻤﻌرﻓﺔ ﺘطور اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﻤن ﻫﺎﺘﻴن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن؛ وﺒﻴﺎن اﻻﺜر واﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨﺎﺤﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻴﺔ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ .‬اﻤﺎ اﻝﻔﺼل اﻝﺜﺎﻝث ﻓﻘد ﺘﻨﺎول اﺠراءات اﻝﺒﺤث‬
‫اﻝﻤﺘﻀﻤﻨﺔ‪ :‬ﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﺒﺤث وﻋﻴﻨﺘﻪ وأداﺘﻪ وﻤﻨﻬﺠﻪ ووﺼف اﻝﻨﻤﺎذج ﻋﻴﻨﺔ اﻝﺒﺤث‬
‫وﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ‪ .‬واﻨﺘﻬﺎءاً ﻓﻲ اﻝﻔﺼل اﻝراﺒﻊ ﺒﺄﻫم اﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ واﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎت ﻤﻊ اﻝﺘوﺼﻴﺎت‬
‫واﻝﻤﻘﺘرﺤﺎت اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺴﺘﻜﻤل ﻤﺎدة اﻝﺒﺤث‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦١‬‬
Aesthetics Technical Outlook for Picture Writing Hieroglyphics
the Works of Art in the Iraqi and Egyptian Ancient Civilizations a Comparative Study
Prof.Dr. Mahmood Ajmi
Dr. Mahdi Abdul Ameer
College of Art\ Babylon University
It addresses current research placed on the degree of importance
to look; and the high value of a photographic processing of the form of
the written picture writing and hieroglyphics with residents of both
Iraq and Egypt, the top who have had priority in the most important
achievement in the history of mankind which is the invention of
writing and recording history. As the two lines represent a part of the
arts practiced by the man in the first times; it was a picture writing and
its counterpart hieroglyphics are images created by the human mind
and show a specific command in this present life; and that the writer is
only an artist with a high potential for drawing; therefore found the
researchers necessity and importance of the study of the image set for
the symbols that represent the nature of each line of the lines in time
and space; and knowledge of the values and its symbolic meanings;
especially that held such a study in comparative artistic dimension has
not been taken up by - according to our knowledge. such question
about: What does writing symbols artistic and aesthetic meanings
which is the spirit of art? And where no image, color and shape
structural cannot knock Baba technical study? In fact, the answer to
that be related to the line, which is a branch of Fine Arts; and an
integral part of them; and that is the issue of his painting - any line the responsibility of an artist skilled in the competence not too distant
field, what is my design for the character decree not without after
technician thoughtful. Therefore the research on four chapters covered
the article; I dealt with them: the research problem and its importance
and the need for him; and the most important terms in it; in addition to
objectivity and the spatial and temporal borders knowledge in the field
of writing in the civilizations of Iraq, Egypt, ancient; and that the aim
of the research in which the: Know He revealed the technical picture
aesthetic for the first character in the lives of people in these two
civilizations and based on a symbolic figure in the blogging and
conversational in his coming-drawn image; capturing the structural
side - formalism; and art - aesthetic. In second chapter: the theoretical
framework defined the beginnings of writing the emergence of the old
man and the presence human civilizations mentioned; and the
knowledge of the evolution of writing in each of these two
civilizations; and the statement of impact and influence each other in
different walks of life. The third chapter dealt with research
procedures included: the research community and appointed by its tool
and method described the research sample and analyze models. And
ending in the fourth quarter of the most important findings and
conclusions with recommendations and proposals supplemented by
material research.
١٦٢
‫ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ اﻝﺴﻴطرة واﻝﻤؤﺜرات اﻷﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀوء دراﺴﺔ اﻻﻓﻼج‬
‫اﻷﺴﺘﺎذ دﻜﺘور ﻤﺤﻤود ﻋﻤر ﻤﺤﻤد ﺴﻠﻴم‬
‫أﺴﺘﺎذ اﻵﺜﺎر وﻋﻤﻴد اﻝﻤﻌﻬد اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝزﻗﺎزﻴق‬
‫اﻨﻬزم اﻝﺠﻴش اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻰ أﻤـﺎم "ﻗـورش اﻝﺜـﺎﻨﻰ" ﻤﻠـك اﻝﻔـرس اﻷﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴـﻴن‪ ،‬وﺴـﻘطت‬
‫ﺒﺎﺒل ﻋﺎم ‪ ٥٣٩‬ق‪.‬م‪ ،‬ﻝﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﺎرس ﻤرﻜ ًاز ﻝﻺﻤﺒراطورﻴﺔ اﻷﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴـﺔ اﻝواﺴـﻌﺔ اﻝﺘـﻲ‬
‫ﺸ ــﻤﻠت ﻤﻌظ ــم اﻝﻌ ــﺎﻝم اﻝﻤﻌ ــروف آﻨ ــذاك ﻓ ــﻲ اﻝﻘـ ـرن اﻝ ــﺴﺎدس ﻗﺒ ــل اﻝﻤ ــﻴﻼد‪ ،‬وﻤ ــن‬
‫اﻝطﺒﻴﻌـﻰ أن ﺘﻜــون اﻝﺠزﻴـرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴـﺔ واﺤــدة ﻤــن اﻝﻤﻨـﺎطق اﻝﺤﻴوﻴــﺔ ﻷطﻤــﺎﻋﻬم ﻨظـ اًر‬
‫ﻝﻘرﺒﻬﺎ ﻤن ﻓﺎرس وﻷﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ وأﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻤوﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻜﺤﻠﻘﺔ اﺘﺼﺎل ﻓـﻰ اﻝﺘﺠـﺎرة‬
‫اﻝدوﻝﻴﺔ ﺒﻴن اﻷﻤم اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬إﻻ أﻨﻪ ﺘﻼﺤظ ﻗﻠﺔ اﻷدﻝﺔ اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘـﻰ ﻴﻤﻜـن اﻻﻋﺘﻤـﺎد‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬــﺎ ﻝﻠﺘــدﻝﻴل ﻋﻠــﻰ ﻫــذا اﻝــدور وﻝﻠﺘﻌــرف ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺤﻘﻴﻘــﺔ ﻫــذﻩ اﻝــﺴﻴطرة اﻷﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﻴﻨــﺔ‬
‫وﻤــدى ﺘﺄﺜﻴرﻫــﺎ ﻓــﻰ اﻝﺤﻴــﺎة ﻓــﻰ ﺸــﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴـرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴــﺔ‪.‬وﻨﺘﻴﺠــﺔ ﻗﻠــﺔ اﻝﻤــﺼﺎدر اﻷﺜرﻴــﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﻫـذا اﻝﺨـﺼوص ظﻬـرت ﻤﺤـﺎوﻻت ﻝﻠﺘـدﻝﻴل ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺴـﻴطرﺘﻬم ﻋﻠـﻰ ﺒﻌـض أﺠـزاء‬
‫اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻤن ﺨﻼل إرﺠﺎع ﺒﻌـض ﻤـن اﻵﺜـﺎر إﻝـﻴﻬم وﻝﻠﺘـدﻝﻴل ﻋﻠـﻰ وﺠـودﻫم‬
‫وﺘﺄﺜﻴرﻫم ﻓﻰ ﺸﻴﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻜﺎن ﻤن ﺒﻴن ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺘﻔﺴﻴرات إرﺠﺎع اﻷﻓﻼج ﻓﻰ اﻝرى إﻝﻴﻬم‪ .‬ﺤﻴث ﺘردد إن‬
‫ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ اﺴﺘﺨراج اﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ورﻓﻌﻬﺎ ورى اﻷراﻀﻲ اﻝزراﻋﻴﺔ ﻋن طرﻴق اﻝﻘﻨوات اﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ‬
‫اﺴﺘﺨدم ﻓﻰ ﻓﺎرس‪ .‬وذﻜر أن ﻝﻬذﻩ اﻝﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻜﺎﻨت ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋن ﺘﻘﻠﻴد ﻓﺎرﺴﻲ أﺨﻤﻴﻨﻰ ُ‬
‫اﻝﻔﻀل ﻓﻰ اﻨﺘﺸﺎر اﻻﺴﺘﻴطﺎن واﻝزراﻋﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺤدﻴدى ﻓﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺠزﻴرة‬
‫ﻋﻤﺎن‪ .‬وﻫو ﻤﻨﻬﺞ ﻴﺠب أن ﻴﺤﺎط ﺒﺎﻝﺤذر واﻝﺘدﻗﻴق‪ ،‬وﻤن ﺜم ﻴﻬﺘم ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝوﻗوف ﻋﻠﻰ وﺠود اﻷﻓﻼج ﻓﻰ ﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﺒرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ وﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ ،‬وﺤﻴث ﻴﺘﻀﺢ أن اﺴﺘﺨدام اﻷﻓﻼج ﻓﻰ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺴﺒق اﻝوﺠود اﻷﺨﻤﻴﻨﻰ‬
‫اﻜﺘﺸﻔت آﺜﺎر ﻷﻓﻼج ﻓﻰ ﻤواﻗﻊ ﻋدة ﻤن ﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة‪ .‬ﺒل إن‬
‫ﺒﻤدة طوﻴﻠﺔ‪ ،‬إذ ُ‬
‫اﻝﺘوﻗف أﻤﺎم اﺴﺘﺨدام اﻷﻓﻼج ﻓﻰ اﻝرى ﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻗد دﻝل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻨﻬﺎ ﻗد‬
‫ﺸﻜﻠت ﺜورة ﻓﻰ ﻋﺎﻝم اﻝرى ﻓﻰ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ‪ .‬وﻓﻰ اﻝوﻗت ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﻻ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ذﻝك أﻨﻪ‬
‫ﺘوﻗﻔت اﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻت ﻤﻊ اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق واﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻤﺠﺎورة‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼﺔ أن اﻝﺘواﺼل‬
‫واﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻت ﻤﻊ ﺠﻨوب ﺸرﻗﻰ إﻴران ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﻨذ ﻓﺘرات ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻗدﻴﻤﺔ ﺠداً‪ .‬وأﻴﻀﺎً‬
‫ﻻ ﻴﻤﻨﻊ أن اﻷﺨﻤﻴﻨﻴﻴن ﻗد ﺸﺠﻌوا اﻝﺸﻌوب اﻝﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻝﻬم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘطوﻴر ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ واﻝزراﻋﺔ ﻷن ذﻝك ﻴﺴﺎﻫم ﺒﺼورة ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ازدﻫﺎر اﻝدوﻝﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٣‬‬
The fact of control and influence of Achaemenid in the Arabian
Peninsula
In light of Aflaj study
prof. Omar Mahmoud Mohammed Saleem
Professor of Archaeology and Dean of the Higher Institute
Ancient Near Eastern of the civilizations
Zagazig UniversityThe Babylonian army was defeated in front of
the " Cyrus the second " King of Persia, Achaemenids, and Babylon
fell in 539 BC, to become a knight center vast Achaemenid Empire,
which included most of the known world in the sixth century BC, it is
natural that the Arabian Peninsula is one of the vital areas of their
ambitions due to the proximity of Persia economic and significance
and the importance of its location as a link in international trade
betweenthe ancient nations, but we note the lack of archaeological
evidence that can be relied upon to demonstrate this role and to know
the truth of this Achaemenidc control and the extent of its influence in
the Alalehyah in the Arabian Peninsula.As a result of the lack of
archaeological sources in this regard attempts appeared to demonstrate
their control of some parts of the Arabian Peninsula through turning
some of the monuments to them and to demonstrate their presence
and influence in the Arabian Peninsula.Among these explanations
Aflaj returned to them for irrigation. The water extraction technique
and lifting lorry agricultural land through the canals were a tradition
Achaemenids of Persians used in Persia. It is mentioned that this
technique was in the reason in the settlements and the spread of
agriculture in the Iron Age in the Oman I Peninsula.It is an approach
shall be given careful scrutiny, and then cares of this research stand on
the presence of Aflaj in Arabian Peninsula and the civilizations of the
ancient Near East, where it is clear that the use of Aflaj in the region
already exist in the area befor the Achaemenid existence , as the
effects of aflaj discovered in several locations of the peninsula.
Indeed, the stop to the use of Aflaj in the Arabian Peninsula Irrigation
has demonstrated that it has formed a revolution in the world of
irrigation in the region. In the same time it does not mean that it
stopped contacts with neighboring regions and civilizations, especially
that communication and contacts with southeastern Iran has been since
the very old historical periods. And also it does not prevent that the
Achaemenids have encouraged people to develop living and farming
techniques because it contributes in general to the prosperity of the
state.
١٦٤
‫ﺒﻌﻤﺎن‬
‫ﻨﻘوش ﻤن اﻝﻔﻨون اﻝﺼﺨرﻴﺔ ﻤن وادى ذﻫﺒون ُ‬
‫اﻷﺴﺘﺎذ دﻜﺘور ﻤﺤﻤود ﻋﻤر ﻤﺤﻤد ﺴﻠﻴم‬
‫أﺴﺘﺎذ اﻵﺜﺎر وﻋﻤﻴد اﻝﻤﻌﻬد اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝزﻗﺎزﻴق‬
‫أرﺴــل ﻝــﻰ اﻝــﺼدﻴق اﻷﺴــﺘﺎذ ﻤــﺴﻠم ﻤﺤــﺎد ﺴــﻌﻴد اﻝﻤﻌــﺸﻨﻲ ﻤــدﻴر ﺘــرﻤﻴم ﻤواﻗــﻊ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻤـﺎن ﻋـدد ﻤـن اﻝـﺼور اﻝﺘـﻰ وﺠـد ﻓـﻰ إرﺴـﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻤـﺎ ﻴﻔﻴـد ﻓـﻰ‬
‫ﺘراث وﺨﺒﻴر اﻝﺘـرﻤﻴم ُ‬
‫اﻝﺘﺄرﻴﺦ ﻝﺠﺎﻨب ﻤن ﺴﻠطﻨﺔ ُﻋﻤﺎن اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ ،‬وﻫﻰ ﻝﻨﻘوش ﻤـن اﻝﻔﻨـون اﻝـﺼﺨرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘـﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺘد ﺘﻤﺘد ﺒطول ﺜﻼﺜﺔ أﻤﺘﺎر وﺒﺎرﺘﻔﺎع أرﺒﻌﺔ أﻤﺘـﺎر ﻓـﻰ وادى ذﻫﺒـون اﻝواﻗـﻊ ﻋﻠـﻰ‬
‫ﻤ ــﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪ ٥٣‬ﻜﻴﻠ ــو ﻤﺘ ــر ﻤ ــن ﻤدﻴﻨ ــﺔ اﻝﺤ ــق اﻝﺘﺎﺒﻌ ــﺔ ﻝوﻻﻴ ــﺔ طﺎﻗ ــﺔ ﺒﻤﺤﺎﻓظ ــﺔ ظﻔ ــﺎر‬
‫ﺒﻌﻤــﺎن‪ ،‬وﺘﺒﻌــد ‪ ٢٣‬ﻜﻴﻠــو ﻤﺘــر ﻤــن ﺠﺒﺠــﺎت‪ ،‬واﻝﻤدﻴﻨــﺔ اﻝﻤــﺸﻬورة ﺼــﻼﻝﺔ‪ .‬وﺘــﻀم‬
‫ﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺔ ﻤن ﻨﻘوش ﻝﻜﻔوف وأﻗدام وﺤﻴواﻨﺎت وﻋﻘود ﺤﻠﻰ ﻝﻠﻌﻨـق وأﻗـراص اﻝـﺸﻤس‬
‫اﻝﺘــﻰ ﻴﻨﺒﻌ ــث ﻤﻨﻬــﺎ ﺸ ــﻌﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫــﻰ ﺘﻌﺒ ــر ﻋــن ﺠﺎﻨ ــب ﻤــن ﺘ ــﺴﺠﻴﻼت اﻝﻤــﺎرة ﻓ ــﻰ‬
‫رﺤﻼت ﻗواﻓل اﻝﻠﺒﺎن‪.‬‬
‫وﻴﺘﻨــﺎول ﻫــذا اﻝﺒﺤــث ﻫــذﻩ اﻝﻨﻘــوش اﻝﺘــﻰ ﺘﻌﺒــر ﻋــن أﻫﻤﻴــﺔ ﻜﺒﻴ ـرة ﻓــﻰ اﻝﺘــﺄرﻴﺦ‬
‫ﺒﻌﻤﺎن ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻝﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻝﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ وﻤﻨطﻘﺔ وادى ذﻫﺒون ُ‬
‫ﺘﺤﺘﻠ ــﻪ اﻝﻔﻨ ــون اﻝ ــﺼﺨرﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺘﻨوﻋ ــﺔ ﻤ ــن أﻫﻤﻴ ــﺔ ﻜﺒﻴـ ـرة ﻨﺘﻴﺠ ــﺔ وﺠودﻫ ــﺎ ﻓ ــﻰ ﺒﻴﺌ ــﺎت‬
‫ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ وأﻗﺎﻝﻴم ﻤﺘﻌددة‪ ،‬وﺤﻴث ﺘﻤدﻨﺎ أﻋﻤﺎل اﻝرﺴـم واﻝﺤﻔـر ﻋﻠـﻰ أﺴـطﺢ اﻝـﺼﺨور‬
‫واﻝﻜﻬـ ــوف اﻝﺘـ ــﻰ ﺘرﻜﺘﻬـ ــﺎ اﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋـ ــﺎت اﻝﺒـ ــﺸرﻴﺔ ﻋﻠـ ــﻰ اﻝﺠﺒـ ــﺎل واﻝﻤرﺘﻔﻌـ ــﺎت واﻝﺒﻘﺎﻴـ ــﺎ‬
‫اﻝ ــﺼﺨرﻴﺔ ﺒﺜـ ـراء ﻝﻠﺘ ــﺎرﻴﺦ ﻝﻠﺤﻴ ــﺎة اﻝ ــﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ واﻝﻌ ــﺴﻜرﻴﺔ واﻹﻗﺘ ــﺼﺎدﻴﺔ واﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴ ــﺔ‬
‫واﻝﻔﻨﻴﺔ واﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ‪ .......‬اﻝﺦ ﻝﺸﺒﻪ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﻰ ﺘـﺴﺎﻋد‬
‫ﻓــﻰ اﻝﺘــﺄرﻴﺦ ﻝﻤوﻗﻌﻬــﺎ ﻓــﻰ ﺤــﻀﺎرات اﻝــﺸرق اﻷدﻨــﻰ اﻝﻘــدﻴم‪ ،‬ﺨﺎﺼــﺔ وﻷﻨﻬــﺎ ﺘــوﻓر‬
‫ﻝﻠﻤــؤرخ ﻤــﺼد ار رﺌﻴــﺴﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻠوﻤــﺎت اﻝﻤرﺘﺒطــﺔ ﺒﻜــل ﻫــذﻩ اﻝﺠواﻨــب وﺘﻜــﺸف ﺒــﺼورة‬
‫ﺠﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﺘﺴﺠﻴل ﻝﺠواﻨب ﻤن اﻝﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻰ ﻋﺼورﻫﺎ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ واﻝﺘﻰ ﻻﺘﺘواﻓر ﻝﻠﻤؤرخ‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﻰ أﻋﻤﺎل ﻨﺤﺘﺘﻬﺎ أﻴدى اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻻ ﺘﻌﺒر ﻋن ﺴـﺠل رﺴـﻤﻰ‪ ،‬وﻤـن ﺜـم ﺘـﺴﺠل‬
‫وﺘرﺼد ﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋﺎت ﺒﺸرﻴﺔ ﻋﺒرت اﻝﻤﻜﺎن‪ ،‬واﻝذﻴن أﺴﺘظﻠوا ﻤن أﺸﻌﺔ اﻝﺸﻤس ﺘﺤـت‬
‫اﻝﻤﻼﺠــﺊ اﻝــﺼﺨرﻴﺔ واﻝﺘــﻰ ﻋﺒــروا ﻋﻨﻬــﺎ ﻤــﻊ اﻝﺤﻴواﻨــﺎت واﻷﻗــدام و ظــﺎﻫرة اﻷﻴــدى‬
‫اﻝﻤﻨﺤوﺘﻪ‪ ،‬اﻝﻐﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﻰ ﺘذﺨر ﺒﺎﻝدﻻﻻت اﻝﻔﻨﻴـﺔ واﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴـﺔ واﻝدﻴﻨﻴـﺔ ﻝﻔﻬـم ﺘـﺎرﻴﺦ‬
‫اﻝﺠﻤﺎﻋــﺎت اﻝﺒــﺸرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘــﻰ ﻋﺎﺸــت ﻓــﻰ ﻫــذا اﻝ ـوادى وﻜــذﻝك اﻝﺘــﻰ ﻤــرت ﺒــﻪ ﻨﺘﻴﺠــﺔ‬
‫ﻤوﻗﻌﻪ اﻝﻤﻬم ﻓﻰ اﻝﺘﺠﺎرة اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺘرات زﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌددة‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٥‬‬
Inscriptions of the rock art of the valley Zhabon in Oman .
prof. Omar Mahmoud Mohammed Saleem.
Professor of Archaeology and Dean of the Higher Institute of
Ancient Near Eastern the civilizations
Zagazig University
My friend Mr. Muslim Mahad Said Mashani manager restoration of
heritage sites and expert in restoration Oman sent to me number of
pictures that will benefit the history of the old Sultanate of Oman,
which contains inscriptions of the rock art, extends three meters long
and the height of four meters in the Valley of Zhabon located a
distance of 53 kilometers from the city of Al Haq , governorate of
Dhofar, Oman. and just 23 kilometers from Jbjat, and the famous
city's Salalah. And it includes a set of engravings of paws and feet,
animals, ornaments necklaces solar discs emitting its rays, which
express the side of the passengers records of the trips and caravans of
frankincense.The present research about these inscriptions that reflect
the great importance in the history of the Arabian Peninsula in general
and the Valley Zhabon Oman, particularly when occupied by diverse
rock art of great importance as a result of its presence in multiple
regions of different environments, and where civilized acts of drawing
and etching the surfaces of rocks and caves left by human groups in
the mountains and highlands and remnants rock rich in the history of
political, military, economic, social, artistic, religious and ancient ties
of life ....... etc
to the Arabian Peninsula, which helps in the history of its location
in the civilizations of the ancient Near East, particularly they offer to
the historian a key source of information associated with each of these
aspects and reveal clearly the registration aspects of life in the old
ages, which is not available to the historian .
The work is engraved by public hands and does not reflect the
official record, and then record and monitor human groups crossed the
place, and who protected from the sun under a rock shelters, which
they expressed with the animals and the feet and the phenomenon of
hands carved, rich, which abounds artistic, social and religious
connotations to understand the history of human groups who lived in
this valley, as well as that passed as a result of his location in the
important ancient trade through various intervals.
١٦٦
‫اﻨﻌﻜﺎس اﻝﻔﻜر اﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺴﻴﻔﺴﺎء ﺴورﻴﺎ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺜﺎﻝث‬
‫اﻝﻤﻴﻼدي‬
‫ا‪.‬د ﻤﺼطﻔﻰ ﻤﺤﻤد ﻗﻨدﻴل زاﻴد‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب ‪ -‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﻋﻴن ﺸﻤس‬
‫ﻜــﺸف ﻋــن ﻋــدة ﻝوﺤــﺎت ﻤــن اﻝﻔﺴﻴﻔــﺴﺎء ﻓــﻲ ﻤﻨطﻘــﺔ ﺴــورﻴﺎ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻌﻜــس‬
‫اﻝﻔﻜر اﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ اﻝﺴﺎﺌد ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺴورﻴﺎ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ إﺒﺎن اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺜﺎﻝث اﻝﻤـﻴﻼدي‬
‫ﻤﻨﻬــﺎ ﻝوﺤــﺔ ﺘﻤﺜــل ﺴــﻘراط وﺴــﺒﻌﺔ ﻤــن ﻓﻼﺴــﻔﺔ اﻹﻏرﻴــق ُﻜــﺸف ﻋﻨﻬــﺎ ﻓــﻲ ﺒﻌﻠﺒــك‪،‬‬
‫وأﺨــرى ﺘﻤﺜــل اﻝﻤوﻀــوع ﻨﻔــﺴﻪ ﻜــﺸف ﻋﻨﻬــﺎ ﻓــﻲ أﺒﺎﻤﻴــﺎ‪ ،‬وأﺨــرى ﺘﺠــﺴﻴد ﻝﻤﻌــﺎﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﻜﺸف ﻋن ﻓﻜر ﻓﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﻜﺸف ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﻬﺒﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺘﻬـ ــدف اﻝورﻗـ ــﺔ إﻝـ ــﻰ اﻝﻘـ ــﺎء اﻝـ ــﻀوء ﻋﻠـ ــﻰ ﻫـ ــذﻩ اﻝﻠوﺤـ ــﺎت ﺒﺎﻝد ارﺴـ ــﺔ اﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴـ ــﺔ‬
‫وﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺜﻴﻼﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻝروﻤﺎﻨﻲ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻜس اﻝﻔﻜر اﻝﻔﻠﺴﻔﻲ ﺤﻴﻨذاك‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٧‬‬
Representation of the philosophy thought in ancient Syria in
3rd century A.D.
Prof.Dr. Mostafa Mohamad Kandel Zayed
Faculty of Arts - Ain Shams University
Many of mosaics had been discovered in ancient Syria region, It
reflects the philosophy thought for Syrian society in in 3rd century
A.D. As samples of them mosaic of Socrates and seven sagas had
been discovered in Balbaak , Apamia , and Shahba; mosaic represents
some of ideas
This paper aims to analysis study to these mosaics and depends on
comparative study of roman mosaics in the Roman world .
١٦٨
‫اﻹﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت اﻵﺜرﻴﺔ اﻝﺤدﻴﺜﺔ ﺒﻌﻴون ﻤوﺴﻰ‬
‫ا‪.‬ﻤﺼطﻔﻰ ﻤﺤﻤد ﻨور اﻝدﻴن ﻤﺤﻤد‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﻬد اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝزﻗﺎزﻴق‬
‫اﻝﻤﻠﺨص‪ . :‬ﺘﻘﻊ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﺜﺎر ﻋﻴون ﻤوﺴﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻌد ﺤواﻝﻰ ‪٣٠‬ﻜم ﺠﻨوب‬
‫ﻨﻔق اﻝﺸﻬﻴد أﺤﻤد ﺤﻤدى ﻋﻠﻰ طرﻴق اﻝﻨﻔق – ﺸرم اﻝﺸﻴﺦ‪ ،‬وﺘﺒﻌد ﺤواﻝﻰ‬
‫‪١٧٠٠‬ﻤﺘر ﻋن اﻝﺴﺎﺤل اﻝﺸرﻗﻰ ﻝﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﺴوﻴس‪ ،‬وﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻻﺜرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺤواﻝﻰ ‪ ١٦٤‬ﻓدان وﺘﻀم ﻋدد ‪ ٦‬اﺒﺎر ﺘرﺠﻊ إﻝﻰ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺒﻴزﻨطﻰ ﻤﺸﻴدة ﻤن‬
‫أﺤﺠﺎر ﺠﻴرﻴﺔ ﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ردﻴﺌﺔ ﺤﻴث ﺘﻜﺜر ﻨﺴﺒﺔ اﻝطﻔﻠﺔ واﻷﻤﻼح ﺒﻤﻜوﻨﺎت اﻝﺤﺠر‬
‫وﻫﻰ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤن ﺤﻴث اﻝﻘطر وﻤن ﺤﻴث اﻝﻌﻤق‪ ،‬وﺘﻠك اﻻﺒﺎر ﻤن اﻝﺸﻤﺎل إﻝﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺠﻨوب ﻫﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺒﺌر زﻫر ‪ ،‬ﺒﺌر اﻝﺒﺤرى‪ ،‬ﺒﺌر اﻝﺸﺎﻴب‪ ،‬ﺒﺌر اﻝﺸﻴﺦ‪ ،‬ﺒﺌر اﻝﺴﺎﻗﻴﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ﺒﺌر اﻝﻔﺠﻔﺎﺠﺔ او اﻝﺒﻘﺒﺎﻗﺔ‪ ،‬إﻀﺎﻓﺔ إﻝﻰ ﺒﺌر ﺴﺎﺒﻊ ﻴﻘﻊ ﻓﻰ اﻝﺠﺎﻨب اﻝﺸرﻗﻰ ﻤن‬
‫طرﻴق اﻝﻨﻔق – ﺸرم اﻝﺸﻴﺦ وﻴﺴﻤﻰ اﻝﺒﺌر اﻝﺸرﻗﻰ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴوﺠد ﺸﻤﺎل ﺸرﻗﻰ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﻋدد ﻤن اﻓران ﺤرق اﻝﻔﺨﺎر‪ ،‬وﺒﺎﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﺠﻬﻴز‪ ،‬وﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻤﻘﺒرة ﺤﺠرﻴﺔ ﺘم اﻝﻜﺸف ﻋن ﺘﻠك اﻻﺜﺎر ﻤن ﺨﻼل‬
‫ﺤﻔﺎﺌر و ازرة اﻻﺜﺎر ﺨﻼل ﻤواﺴم اﻝﺤﻔر اﻝﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻤﻊ اﻝﻌﻠم اﻨﻪ ﻝم ﺘﺠرى اﻴﺔ ﺤﻔﺎﺌر‬
‫ﺒﻌد ﻋﺎم ‪.٢٠٠٢‬‬
‫وﻗد رأس اﻝﺒﺎﺤث ﺒﻌﺜﺔ و ازرة اﻷﺜﺎر ﻋﺎم ‪،٢٠١٥‬‬
‫اﻜﺘﺸﺎﻓﺎت ﻫﺎﻤﺔ ﺘﻤﺜﻠت ﻓﻰ‪:‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺤﻘﻘت اﻝﺒﻌﺜﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻜﺸف ﻋن ﻋدد ‪٢‬ﺨط ﻨﻘل ﻤﻴﺎة ﻤﺸﻴد ﻤن اﻝﺤﺠر اﻝﺠﻴرى اﻝﻤﺤﻠﻰ وﻤﺒطن‬‫ﻤن اﻝداﺨل واﻝﺨﺎرج ﺒطﻴن ﻗﻠﻴل اﻝﻤﺴﺎﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﻌدم ﺘﺴرب اﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ‪ ،‬ﺘﻤﺘد ﺘﻠك اﻝﺨطوط‬
‫ﻤن ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻻﺒﺎر ﺤﺘﻰ ﺴﺎﺤل ﺨﻠﻴﺞ اﻝﺴوﻴس اﻝﻐرﺒﻰ وﺘم اﻝﺤﻔر ﺤﺘﻰ ﺤدود ﻤﻠك‬
‫اﻻﺜﺎر ﻓﻘط ﻤن اﻝﻐرب‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻜﺸف ﻋن ‪ ٣‬اﺒﺎر )ﻋﻴون ﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ( ﺠدﻴدة‪ ،‬وان ﻝم ﻴﺴﺘﻜﻤل اﻝﻌﻤل ﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﻰ‬‫ﻋواد – ﻨور – اﻝﻨﺨﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﻨﺘﺠﻌﺎ ﻝﻌﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻘوم ﻤن ﻤدﻴﻨﺔ اﻝﺴوﻴس واﻝﻤوظﻔﻴن اﻝﻜﺒﺎر‬‫اﺒﺎن اﻝﻔﺘرة ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﺘﺎﺴﻊ ﻋﺸر وﺒداﻴﺔ اﻝﻘرن اﻝﻌﺸرﻴن ‪،‬ﺤﻴث ﻜﺸف ﻋن‬
‫ﻤﻨزل ﻜﺒﻴر ﻓﺨم ﻴدل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻝك‪.‬‬
‫‪١٦٩‬‬
Oyun Musa new discoveries
Mostafa Mohamed norelden.
Zagazig university
Oyun Musa archaeological site situated in the eastern coast of the
Suez gulf, about 30 km south of Ahmed Hamdy tunnel, when the
tunnel – Sharm el sheikh road divided the site, The site is an Oasis
with some springs, this springs in the byzantine period surrounded by
rounded buildings, 6 springs were discovered before.
In 2015 scientific excavations conducted by the Ministry of
antiquities expedition directed by the researcher yielded a new
archaeological
discoveries
followed
:
To reveal two (pipes)or lines for transfer the water from the wells to
the sea coast some 1,500 meters long, those lines made from limestone
blocks , was also unveiled three new springs are Nour, Elnakhla,
Awad
In the presentation to the conference I will review the historical,
archaeological and religious importance, of the site, and the previous
archaeological discoveries, in addition to recent discoveries, and the
ongoing development project in the region.
١٧٠
‫أﺜر ﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻌراق اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺎل اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي ‪ -‬اﻷﻨﻬﺎر أﻨﻤوذﺠﺎً ‪-‬‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻫﺎدي ﻋﺒد اﻝﻨﺒﻲ اﻝﺘﻤﻴﻤﻲ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻤﻨذر إﺒراﻫﻴم ﺤﺴﻴن‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‪ /‬ﻤرﻜز ﺒﺎﺒل ﻝﻠدراﺴﺎت اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ واﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻜوﻓﺔ‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻵداب‬
‫إن ﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻌراق اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻝﻬﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻋظﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺒﺸرﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻗدﻤﺘﻪ ﻤن إﺴﻬﺎﻤﺎت وﻤﻨﺠزات ﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ طول ﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺸﺘﻰ اﻝﻤﺠﺎﻻت‬
‫اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ واﻝﻌﺴﻜرﻴﺔ واﻻﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ واﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ واﻝﻌﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻴﺸﺎر إﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﻨﺎن‪.‬‬
‫وﻤن اﺒرز ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤﻨﺠزات ﺘﻨظﻴم اﻝﻌﻘود واﻝﻘواﻨﻴن اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻨﺎوﻝت اﻝﻤﺠﺎل‬
‫اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدي وﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ :‬اﻹﻨﺘﺎج اﻝزراﻋﻲ اﻝذي ﻴﺘﻌﻠق ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎً ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎء إذ إﻨﻪ ﻋﻤﺎد اﻝﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫ودﻴﻤوﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻬو أﺼل ﻝﻠﻤﺨﻠوﻗﺎت اﻝﺤﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ ﺠﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘران اﻝﻜرﻴم ﻗوﻝﻪ‬
‫ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ‪) :‬وﺠﻌﻠﻨﺎ ﻤن اﻝﻤﺎء ﻜل ﺸﻲء ﺤﻲ( )اﻷﻨﺒﻴﺎء ‪ (٣٠/‬وﻗد دأب اﻹﻨﺴﺎن‬
‫اﻝﻌراﻗﻲ اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻋﻠﻰ إﺨﻀﺎع واﺴﺘﻐﻼل ﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻝﻤﺼﻠﺤﺘﻪ ﻝﻠﺤﻔﺎظ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺜروة اﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﺘﻌزﻴ اًز ﻝﺨدﻤﺔ اﻝﺒﺸرﻴﺔ وﻝﻬذا ﻨظﻤت اﻝﺘﺸرﻴﻌﺎت واﻝﻘواﻨﻴن ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ اﺴﺘﻐﻼل اﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﺎس )اﻝﻤزارﻋﻴن( واﻝﻤﺴﺘﻔﻴدﻴن‪ ،‬ﺘﺸﻬد ﻝﻨﺎ ﺒذﻝك ﻜﺘب‬
‫اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ وﺘﺒﻴن اﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻬم اﻝﺸدﻴد ﺒﺸؤون اﻝري وطرق اﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎدة ﻤن اﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ وﻤن ذﻝك‬
‫ﺘﺄﻜﻴد اﻝﻤﻠك اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻲ اﻝﺴﺎدس )ﺤﻤوراﺒﻲ( ‪ ١٦٨٦ / ١٧٢٨‬ق‪.‬م‪ .‬وﻫو ﻤن اﻝﺴﻼﻝﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ اﻷوﻝﻰ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺤﻜﻤت ﺒﺎﺒل ﻤن )‪ ١٥٣٠-١٨٣٠‬ق‪ .‬م‪ (.‬ﻓﻘد اﺸﺘﻬر ﻫذا‬
‫اﻝﻤﻠك ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن أﻋﻤﺎﻝﻪ اﻝﻌظﻴﻤﺔ واﻻﻨﺘﺼﺎرات اﻝﺘﻲ ﺤﻘﻘﻬﺎ ﺒﻘواﻨﻴﻨﻪ اﻝﺘﻲ دوﻨت‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﻠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴرة ﻤن ﺤﺠر اﻝدﻴورﻴت ﺒطول )‪ ٢٢٥‬ﺴم( وﻗطر )‪ ٦٠‬ﺴم( اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺜرت ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻝﺒﻌﺜﺔ اﻝﺘﻨﻘﻴﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻔرﻨﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺴوﺴﺔ ﺴﻨﺔ )‪ ١٩٠٢‬م( وﻗد ﻀﻤت‬
‫)‪ (٢٨٢‬ﻤﺎدة ﻗﺎﻨوﻨﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺎدة رﻗم )‪ (٥٣‬ﻤن ﻤﺴﻠﺘﻪ ﺘﺤﺘم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤزارع أن ﻴﺤﺴن اﻻﺴﺘﻔﺎدة ﻤن‬
‫اﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ دون اﻹﻀرار ﺒﺎﻵﺨرﻴن‪ ،‬ﺘﻘول اﻝﻤﺎدة‪):‬إذا ﺘﻘﺎﻋس رﺠل ﻓﻲ ﺘﻘوﻴﺔ ﺴد ﺤﻘﻠﻪ‬
‫وﻝم ﻴﻘوي ﺴدﻩ وﺤدﺜت ﻜﺴرة ﻓﻲ ﺴدﻩ ﻓﻌﻠﻴﻪ أن ﻴﻌوض اﻝﺤﺒوب اﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﺒب ﺘﻠﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺤﻘل ﺠﺎرﻩ(‬
‫أﻤﺎ اﻝﻤﺎدة )‪ (٥٥‬ﻓﺈن اﻝﺘﺤذﻴر ﻤن ﻋﻘوﺒﺔ اﻹﻫﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻝﺴﻘﻲ ﻴﺘﻜرر ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ – ﻓﻬﻨﺎك ﺘﺄﻜﻴد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻐرﻴم اﻝﻤزارع اﻝذي ﻻ ﻴﺤﺴن اﺴﺘﻐﻼل اﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬
‫وﻋﻠﻴﻪ اﻝﺘﻌوﻴض أو أن ﻴﺒﻴﻊ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ أو أﺤد أوﻻدﻩ ﻝﻴﺘﻤﻜن ﻤن أداء ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﻫذا‬
‫إن دل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻲء ﻓﺈﻨﻤﺎ ﻴدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﻜﺒرى ﻝﻠري واﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠك اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة‬
‫اﻝﻌرﻴﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻼ ﻏراﺒﺔ أن ﺘﻜون اﻝﺴﻬول اﻝزراﻋﻴﺔ اﻝواﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻔﺎف اﻷﻨﻬﺎر‬
‫اﻝﻜﺒرى ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم‪ ،‬ﻤﻬداً ﻝﻠﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﺒﻨﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘﻘدم‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻝﺒﺤث ﺴﻴﺘﻜﻔل ﺒﺒﻴﺎن أﺜر ﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﻌراق اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﺠواﻨب اﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ واﻝزراﻋﻴﺔ وﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻷﻨﻬﺎر اﻝﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌراق اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫وﻋرض أﻫم اﻝﻘواﻨﻴن اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﺒﻬذا اﻝﻤﺼدر اﻝﺤﻴوي ﻓﻲ ﺤﻀﺎرة وادي‬
‫اﻝراﻓدﻴن‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧١‬‬
The Ancient Iraqi Civilization Impact in Economical
Domaino Rivers as a Model
Prof.Dr. Hadi Abd Al-Nabi Al-Tameemi\ College of ArtsUniversity of Kufa
Prof.Dr. Munthir Ibraheem Hussein\ Babylon center of
Civilizational and Historical studies\ University Babylon
The ancient Iraqi civilization has a prominent site among the
people’s civilization for what they had contributed and achieved all
over history in all political, married, social, economic and scientific
domains.
The most prominent of those achievements organize contracts
and laws that dealt with economic field, including: agricultural
production, which completely respect the water as it mainstay life. It is
the origin the living creatures of all, as stated in the Koran says: (We
made from water every living thing) (prophets\ 30) the old Iraqi man
has consistently subjugation and exploitation of water resources to his
advantage to keep this task in furtherance of wealth to serve humanity
and to this legislation and laws organized on the issue of water use
among the people (farmers) and the beneficiaries, Witnessing for us
thus history books and showing strong interest in the affairs of
irrigation and ways to take advantage of the water and then the sixth
Babylonian king confirmation (Hammurabi) 1728/1686 BC. It is the
first royal dynasty that Babylon ruled (from 1830 to 1530 BC. M.)
King was famous for this as well as the great work and victories
achieved by its laws which codified the great obelisk of stone diorite
length (225 cm) and Qatar (60 cm), which found French excavation by
the mission in Sousse year (1902) brought together 282 illegal
material. Rule No. (53) of the represented makes it imperative for the
farmer to improve tap water without harming others, says the article:
(If a man's failure to strengthen the dam in his field was filled and
strengthens occurred crumb in office, he should compensate grains
that cause damage in the neighbor's field)
Article (55), the warning of punishment neglect watering
replicate the same meaning - there are confirmation fined a farmer
who does not improve water use and the compensation or to sell
himself or one of his children to be able to perform as it If this
indicates anything, it shows the importance major irrigation and water
in those ancient civilization, it is not surprising that the agricultural
plains, located on the banks of major rivers in the world, the cradle of
ancient civilizations. Accordingly from the above, the search will take
care of a statement on the impact of the ancient civilization of Iraq in
economic and agricultural aspects, including the important rivers in
the old Iraq and display the most important laws that deal with this
vital source of civilization in Mesopotamia.
١٧٢
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌراق وﻤﺼر وﻤراﺤل ﺘطورﻫﺎ‬
‫ا‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻤﻴﺴون ﻋﻠﻲ ﺠواد‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻻﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‪ /‬اﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼرﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋن ٍ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻜن ﻤن ﺘوﺜﻴق اﻝﻨطق‪،‬‬
‫ﻝﻐﺔ‬
‫ﻨﺼﻴﺔ أو رﺴوم رﻤزّﻴﺔ‪ّ ،‬‬
‫ّ‬
‫وﻫﻲ وﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﻨﻘل اﻷﻓﻜﺎر واﻷﺤداث ﻋﺒر ﺘﻠك اﻝرﻤوز اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘطورت ﺒﺘطور اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫واﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﻋﺒر اﻝﻌﺼور‪ ،‬ﻜل رﻤز ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﺨﺘﻠف ﻋن اﻵﺨر ﻤن ﺤﻴث اﻝﺸﻜل‬
‫وطرﻴﻘﺔ اﻝﻠﻔظ واﻝﻤﺨﺎرج اﻝﺼوﺘﻴﺔ ﻝﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻝرﻤوز اﻝﺤروف‪ ،‬ﻝﻴﺘم‬
‫ﺘرﻜﻴب ﻫذﻩ اﻝﺤروف ﻓﻲ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻌد ﻤﻊ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ اﻝﺒﻌض ﺒﻌدة طرق ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺘﺸﻜل اﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎت‪ ،‬اﻝﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜن اﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺠﻤل ﻤﻔﻴدة ﻴﻤﻜن ﻤن ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ إﻴﺼﺎل‬
‫ﻤﺎ ﻴرﻴد اﻹﻨﺴﺎن أن ﻴﻌﺒر ﻋﻨﻪ ﻋن طرﻴق اﻝﻨﺼوص‪ ،‬وﺘﺨﺘﻠف اﻝﺤروف ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼﻬﺎ ﻤن ﻝﻐﺔ إﻝﻰ أﺨرى‪ ،‬ﻓﻌدد اﻝﺤروف وطرﻴﻘﺔ ﻝﻔظﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴن ﺠداً‬
‫ﺒﻴن ﻜل ﻝﻐﺔ وأﺨرى‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺤﺎوﻝت اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ اﻝوﻗوف ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﻨﺸﺄة اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻤن ﺨﻼل‬
‫اﻝﺒﺤث ﻓﻲ ﺘﺎرﻴﺦ اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌراق وﻤﺼر ﺒﺎﻨﻤوذﺠﻴﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎري‬
‫واﻝﻬﻴروﻏﻠوﻓﻲ‪ ،‬وذﻝك ﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻝﺼﻼت واﻻرﺘﺒﺎطﺎت واﻝﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ واﻝﻤراﺤل‬
‫اﻝﺘﻲ ﻤرت ﺒﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘطورﻫﻤﺎ ﻝﺘﺼل اﻝﻰ اﻝﺸﻜل اﻝﺤﺎﻝﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺘﺎﺒﻌت اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ذﻝك ﻀﻤن ﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎت ﻤﺒﺎﺤث ﻏطت ﺘﻠك‬
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴن وﺒﻼد وادي اﻝﻨﻴل ﻝذا ﺘطﻠب طﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﺒﺤث‬
‫ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﺤث ﻋدة‪ ،‬ﻓﻔﻲ اﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻻول ﺘﻨﺎوﻝت ﻨﺸﺄة اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ وﻤراﺤل‬
‫ﺘطورﻫﺎ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ ﺘﻨﺎوﻝت اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ واﻨواﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬اﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺒﺤث‬
‫اﻝﺜﺎﻝث اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻬﻴروﻏﻠوﻓﻴﺔ واﻨواﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻗد ﺘوﺼﻠت اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ اﻝﻰ ﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋدة ﻤﻨﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫ان اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌراق اﺴﺒق ﻨﺸوء ﻋﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼر ﺒﺄﻜﺜر ﻤن ﻗرن‪ ،‬وﻗد ﻜﺎﻨت‬
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ آﻨذاك ﺘﺘم ﻋن طرﻴق اﻝﻨﻘش ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺤﺠر ﺜم اﻝﺒردي ﺜم واﻝورق‪ ،‬وﻤرت‬
‫اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﻤراﺤل ﻋدة اوﻝﻬﺎ اﻝﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝﺼورﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ اﻝﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝرﻤزﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝﺼوﺘﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗد ﺴﻤﻴت اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ ﻷﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺸﺒﻪ اﻻﺴﻔﻴن‬
‫او اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎر‪ ،‬اﻤﺎ اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻬﻴروﻏﻠوﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﻨﻲ اﻝﻨﻘش اﻝﻤﻘدس‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧٣‬‬
Ancient writing in Iraq and Egypt with stages of development
Ass.Prof.Dr. Maysoon Ali Jawad
College of Basic education\ Mustanserya faculty
Writing is a scripting language or a nominal charge, was able to
document the pronunciation, It is a way for the transfer of ideas and
events through those symbols that have evolved with the development
of writing and humans through the ages, all the code which different
from the other in terms of form and method of word and sound exits
for each one, these symbols called letters , to be installed these letters
in the post with each other in several specific ways even formed the
words, which can be used in useful sentences through which to
communicate what it wants rights be expressed through texts, _
different characters in all their properties from one language to
another, number of letters _ way to pronounce a very contrasting
between each language and others.
The researcher tried to stand on the history of the emergence of
the Arabic script by searching in the history of ancient writing in Iraq
and Egypt in their two samples cuneiform Hieroglyphic, so as to find
out connections, links, and the comparison between them , the stages
that passed them in their development to reach the current format.
The researcher followed all the details of within Detectives
contexts covered those writing in Mesopotamia and the countries of
the Nile valley, so require the nature of the research divided on the
Detectives of several. In the first part dealt with the emergence of
writing and stages of development, and in the second section dealt
with cuneiform writing and types, either in the third section Writing
Hieroglyphic types, the researcher has reached several conclusions,
including: that writing in Iraq is earlier than the emergence in Egypt
more than a century, At the time the writing was performed by the
inscription on the stone and papyrus and then paper, and passed the
writing several stages the first of stage image, the second phase
Avatar, and the third sound stage, has been named the Sumerian
writing Cuneiform because they resemble wedge or screw, either
writing Hieroglyphic it means sacred inscription.
١٧٤
‫اﻝﻤداﻓن وﻋﺎدات اﻝدﻓن ﻓﻲ ﺒﻼد اﻝراﻓدﻴن ودﻝﻤون‬
‫م‪.‬م‪.‬ﻨدى اﺒو اﻝﻘﺎﺴم ﻤﺤﺴن دراج‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻻداب – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﻠك ﺴﻌود‬
‫ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ اﻝﻤوت ﻝم ﺘﺨﺘﻠف ﻜﺜﻴ ار ﺒﻴن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات ﻴدل ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻝك ﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ طرق اﻝﺘﻌﺎﻤل‬
‫ﻤﻊ ﺠﺜﺔ اﻝﻤﻴت ﻤن ﺤﻴث اﻝطﻘوس وطرق اﻝدﻓن وأﻨواع اﻝﻤداﻓن وان ﻜﺎن ﻫﻨﺎك‬
‫اﺨﺘﻼﻓﺎت طﻔﻴﻔﺔ ﻤن ﺤﻴث اﻝﺸﻜل إﻻ أﻨﻬﺎ ظﻠت ﺘﺘرﺠم ﻓﻠﺴﻔﺔ واﺤدﻩ ﻤن ﺤﻴث‬
‫اﻝﻤﻀﻤون‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻤوت أﻤر ﺤﺘﻤﻲ أﻴﻘن ﺒﻪ اﻹﻨﺴﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤر اﻝﻌﺼور ﻓﻬو ﻝم ﻴﻜن ﺘﻠك اﻝﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺤﺘﻤﻴﺔ ﻝﺠﺴد اﻹﻨﺴﺎن وروﺤﺔ ﺤﻴث أن ﻤﻌظم اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﺘﻔﻘت ﻋﻠﻰ أن اﻝﻤوت‬
‫ﻝﻴس إﻻ ﻤرﺤﻠﺔ اﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻤن ﻋﺎﻝم اﻷﺤﻴﺎء إﻝﻰ ﻋﺎﻝم اﻷﻤوات ﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴﻠﻪ‬
‫ظل ﻋﺎﻝم ﻤﺠﻬول اﻓﺘراﻀﻲ ﻤن ﺼﻨﻊ ﺨﻴﺎﻝﻬم وﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻝذﻝك اﺨﺘﻠﻔت طﻘوس‬
‫وﻋﺎدات اﻝدﻓن ﻤن ﺤﻀﺎرة ﻷﺨرى‪.‬‬
‫ﺸﻬدت ﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ اﻝﺒﺤرﻴن ﺤﻀﺎرة ﺘﻤﺘد ﺠذورﻫﺎ إﻝﻰ ﻋﺼور ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ ﻋرﻓت‬
‫ﺒﺎﺴم ﺤﻀﺎرة دﻝﻤون ﻋﺎﺼرت ﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم اﻝﻜﺒرى ﻤﺜل وادي‬
‫اﻝراﻓدﻴن واﻝﺴﻨد وﻜﺎن ﻝﻬﺎ دور ﻤﺘﻤﻴز ﺨﻼل اﻝﻔﺘرة ﻤن اﻷﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ اﻷﻝف اﻷول ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻝﺒﺤرﻴن)دﻝﻤون( ﻤﺎ ﻴﻘﺎرب ﻤن ﻤﺎﺌﺔ أﻝف ﻗﺒر ﺘﺤﺘل ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺘﺒﻠﻎ ﻋﺸرون‬
‫ﻤﻴﻼ ﻤن اﻝطرف اﻝﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﻤن اﻜﺒر ﺠزر اﻝﺒﺤرﻴن ﻤﻜوﻨﺔ ﺒذﻝك اﻜﺒر ﻤﻘﺒرة أﺜرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﻤن أواﺌل اﻷﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻝث ﻗﺒل اﻝﻤﻴﻼد ﻝذﻝك اﺨﺘﻠﻔت اﻵراء ﻓﻲ ﻫوﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻤوﺘﻰ ﻤداﻓن اﻝﺒﺤرﻴن)دﻝﻤون(‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧٥‬‬
Cemeteries and burial customs in Mesopotamia and Delmon
Nada Abul-Kasim
Faculty of Arts - King Saud university
Philosophy of death did not differ significantly among
civilizations is indicated by the similarity of ways of dealing with the
body of the deceased in terms of rituals and methods of burial and the
types of burials and that there were slight differences in terms of form,
but it has been translated into one philosophy in terms of content.
Death is inevitable realize their rights through the ages is not the
inevitable end to the human body and spirit as most civilizations
agreed that death is only a transition from the world of the living to
the world of the dead, but the details remained unknown default of
their own imagination world and therefore different rituals The burial
customs
of
civilization
to
another.
Bahrain witnessed a civilization rooted in prehistoric times known
as Dilmun civilization was contemporary to the ancient civilizations of
the Near East, such as major Mesopotamia and the Indus and had a
distinct role during the period from the third millennium BC to the end
of the first millennium BC.
In Bahrain (Dilmun) approximately one hundred thousand tomb
occupies an area of twenty miles from the northern tip of Bahrain's
largest islands forming the largest ancient cemetery in the world in the
early third millennium BC, so different views in the identity of the
dead landfills Bahrain (Dilmun).
١٧٦
‫ﻤﻼﻤﺢ اﻝﻔن واﻝﺤﻀﺎرة ﻝدى اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻌراﻗﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺤﺠري اﻝﺤدﻴث‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻨزار ﻋﻠوان ﻋﺒداﷲ‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ‪ /‬اﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻨﺼرﻴﺔ‬
‫وﻀﻊ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻝﻌراﻗﻲ اﻻول ﻤﻨذ آﻻف اﻝﺴﻨﻴن اﻝﻠﺒﻨﺎت اﻻوﻝﻰ ﻝﻠﻔن‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻜﺎن ذﻝك اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻤﺼدر اﻝﺨﻴر‪ ،‬وﻤﻬﺒط اﻻﺒداع اﻝﺤﻀﺎري ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸرق اﻻدﻨﻰ‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ ،‬اذ ﺘرﻋرﻋت ﻋﻠﻰ ارﻀﻪ ﻗﻴم اﻝﺨﻴر اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ وﻤﺒﺎدﺌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻜﺎن ذﻝك ﺒﻼ‬
‫ﺸك ﻤﺒﻌﺜﺎ ﻝﻠﻌطﺎء اﻝﺜر وﻤﻨﻬﻼ ﻝﻠﻤﻌرﻓﺔ‪ ،‬وﻤﻨذ ﻓﺠر اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ وﺒﺎﻝﺘﺤدﻴد ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر‬
‫اﻝﺤﺠري اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ ،‬اﻝذي اﻗﺘﺼر اﻝﻔن ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل اﻝﺤﺠﺎرة واﻝﻌظﺎم واﻝﺨﺸب‬
‫ﻝﺼﻨﻊ اﻻدوات اﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬اﻝﺘﻲ ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺤﺎﻜﻲ اﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ اﻝﻰ ﻤﺘطﻠﺒﺎت ذﻝك اﻝﻌﺼر‪،‬‬
‫وﻫﻨﺎ ﻴﺘﺤول اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺘﻪ اﻝﻰ اﻝﻔؤوس اﻝﻴدوﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺘﺨذ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ اﻝﻘﻠب‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﻤﺼﻨوﻋﺔ ﻤن ﻝب اﻝﺤﺠر‪ ،‬ﻨﺎﻫﻴك ﻋن اﻻدوات اﻝﻤﺼﻨوﻋﺔ ﻤن ﺸظﺎﻴﺎ‬
‫اﻝﻌظﺎم‪.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻨﺘﻘﺎﻝﻪ اﻝﻰ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺤﺠري اﻝوﺴﻴط اﻝذي ﻴﻘﻊ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻌﺼرﻴن‬
‫اﻝﺤﺠري اﻝﻘدﻴم واﻝﺤﺠري اﻝﺤدﻴث‪ ،‬ﺘﺒدا ﻤﻼﻤﺢ ﺠدﻴدة ﻤن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷدوات‬
‫ﺘﺘﺨذ طﺎﺒﻊ اﻝدﻗﺔ‪ ،‬اﻻﻤر اﻝذي ﻴﺠﻌل ﻫذا اﻝﻌﺼر ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺒﻌﺼر اﻻدوات‪ ،‬ﻨﺎﻫﻴك‬
‫ﻋن اﻝﻌﻤﺎرة واﺴﺎﻝﻴب اﻝﺴﻜن اﻝﺒداﺌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜن ﺘﺘﺄﻝف ﻤن اﻝطﻴن اﻝﻤﺒﻨﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﺴس ﻤن ﺤﺠﺎرة اﻝﺤﺼﻰ اﻝﻜﺒﻴرة‪ ،‬وﻗد ﺴﺠل دوران ﻤن اﻝﺒﻨﺎء ﻓﻀﻼ ﻋن‬
‫اﺴﺘﺨداﻤﺎت اﻻﻨﺴﺎن اﻻوﻝﻰ ﻝﻠرﺤﻲ واﻝﻬﺎون‪.‬‬
‫اﻤﺎ اﻻﻨﻘﻼب اﻝﺤﻀﺎري اﻝﻜﺒﻴر ﻓﻴﻌود اﻝﻰ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﺤﺠري اﻝﺤدﻴث‪،‬‬
‫ﺤﻴث ﺘﺘﺒدل ﻓﻴﻪ ﺤﻴﺎة اﻻﻨﺴﺎن ﺘﺒدﻻ ﺠذرﻴﺎ وﻴﻜون ﻫذا اﻝﻌﺼر ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋن ﺘﺤول‬
‫اﻗﺘﺼﺎدي‪ ،‬وﻴﻬﺘدي اﻝﻔرد ﻓﻴﻪ اﻝﻰ اﻨﺘﺎج ﻗوﺘﻪ ﺒﻴدﻩ‪ ،‬وﻀﻤﺎن ﻋﻴﺸﻪ ﻤن ﺨﻼل‬
‫اﻝزراﻋﺔ وﺘدﺠﻴن اﻝﺤﻴواﻨﺎت‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺠرﻤو اوﻝﻰ اﻝﻘرى اﻝﻔﻼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ظﻬرت اﻝﺒﻴوت‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴﺘطﻴﻠﺔ اﻝﻤﺸﻴدة ﻤن اﻝطواف‪ ،‬وﺒﻠطت ارﻀﻴﺎت اﻝدور ﺒﺎﻝطﻴن‪ ،‬واﺴﺘﻌﻤل‬
‫اﻝﻘﺼب واﻝﺨﺸب ﻝﺘﺴﻘﻴف اﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜن‪ ،‬وﻴﻤﻜن اﻝﻘول ان اﻝﺒﻴوت ﻓﻲ ﺠرﻤو ﺘﻌد‬
‫ﺘطو ار ﻤﻠﺤوظﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓن ﺘﺸﻴﻴد دور اﻝﺴﻜن‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ اﻻدوار اﻻﺨرى ظﻬرت اﻨواع‬
‫ﻤﺘﻌددة ﻤن اﻝﺨزف ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤراﻜز اﻝﺤﻀرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘطورت اﻝﻰ ﺠﺎﻨب ﺠرﻤو‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺤﺴوﻨﺔ ﺠﻨوﺒﻲ اﻝﻤوﺼل وﻓﻲ ﺘل اﻝﺼﻴوان وﺴﺎﻤراء اﻝواﻗﻌﺘﻴن ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻬر دﺠﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺸﻤﺎﻝﻲ ﺒﻐداد‪ .‬وﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻝﻌﺼر ﺼﻨﻌت ادوات ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤن ﺤﺠر اﻝﺼوان‬
‫واﻝﺤﺠر‪ ،‬اﻤﺎ اﻻدوات اﻝﻜﺒﻴرة ﻓﺄﻨﻬﺎ ﺼﻨﻌت ﻤن ﺤﺠر اﻝﻜﻠس ﻜﺎﻝﻔؤوس واﻝرﺤﻲ‬
‫واﻝﻤدﻜﺎت واﻝﻬواوﻴن وﻤﺠﻤوﻋﺎت ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤن اﻻدوات اﻝﺒﻴﺘﻴﺔ‪ .‬واﺴﺘﺨدﻤت اﻴﻀﺎ‬
‫اﻝﻜﻤﺎﻝﻴﺎت ﻤن اﻝﻘﻼﺌد ذوات اﻝﺨرز اﻝﻤﻌد ﻤن اﻝﺤﺠﺎرة اوﻤن اﻝطﻴن‪ ،‬اﻝﻰ ﺠﺎﻨب‬
‫اﻻﺴﺎور اﻝﻤﺼﻨوﻋﺔ ﻤن اﺤﺠﺎر اﻝﻤرﻤر واﻝﻤداﻝﻴﺎت ﻤن اﻝﺼدف واﻝﻤﺤﺎور‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ظﻬرت اﻻﺨﺘﺎم واﻝﺘﻤﺎﺜﻴل واﺴﺘﺨدم اﻝﻨﺤﺎس واﻝزﺠﺎج ﻷول ﻤرة ﻓﻲ ﺼﻨﻊ اﻻدوات‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧٧‬‬
Features of the Art and Civilization in the Iraqi Human under the
Modern Stone Era
Dr. Nazar Alwan Abdullah
College of Education\ Mustansiriyah University
The first Iraqi Human has placed the first bases of Art since
thousand years ago; the human was a source of goodness and source
of civilization innovation in the ancient East where values of human
goodness along with its principles got flourished. Undoubtedly, it was
as a source for knowledge as of the dawn of the history especially the
ancient Stone Era where the art confined only for using the stone,
bones and wood for manufacturing different tools that meet the
requirements of the age. Thus, the human has converted into
manufacturing manual tools taken as shapes of heart made of stone
core and shells of bones as well.
By transferring into the middle Stone era locate between the
ancient stone era and modern era, new features of the civilization
began to appear, where tools took impression of accuracy. That's why
this age called the era of tools and architecture and means of primitive
living. The residential houses compose of mud built on foundation of
stone; besides, using iron tools.
The big civilization change related to the modern stone era
where the human life has radically changed; this era has been
considered an economic transferring. The human was led to produce
his strength by hand and secure his living via agriculture and animals
poultry. In Jormo the first farmer village, houses have appeared in
rectangle form made of mud, woods for roofing residential houses. It
could be said that houses in the over mentioned village appeared to be
there a kind of transparent development in the art of building houses.
It has appeared various kinds of pottery in the civilized centers that
developed beside Jormo as in Hassuna (in south of Mosil), hill of ALSiwan and Samarra located on Tigris River ( north of Baghdad).
In this era, it has made different tools of Al-Siwan and AlUbzidi stones, while the big tools are made of lime stone as hammers
and different kinds of tools. It has also been made necklaces
composed either of mud or stone, in addition to other things made of
marbles. Besides appearing stamps, statutes, using cooper and glasses
for the first time in manufacturing the tools.
١٧٨
‫ﻋﻘﻴدة اﻝﺨﻠود ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ‪ -‬ﺒﺤث ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻻدﻴﺎن اﻝﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻨﻀﺎل ﻋﻴﺴﻰ ﻜرﻴف‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ دﻴﺎﻝﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻤﺜل ﻋﻘﻴدة اﻝﺨﻠود ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ ﺤﺠر اﻝزاوﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝرﺌﻴس ﻓﻲ داﺌرة اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎدات اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬اذ ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﻤﺜل ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻬم اﻝﻤﺠﺎل‬
‫اﻻﻋﺘﻘﺎدي اﻝﺨﺼب اﻝذي ﺘداﺨﻠت ﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻨﺎﺼر دﻴﻨﻴﺔ وﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻌددة ﻏطت ﻓﻜرة‬
‫اﻝﻤوت واﻝطﻘوس اﻝﺠﻨﺎﺌزﻴﺔ وﻋﺎﻝم اﻝﻤوﺘﻰ ﻓﻀﻼً ﻋن ﻜوﻨﻬﺎ ﻋدت ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻬم‬
‫ﻓﻀﺎء رﺤﺒﺎً ﻵﻤﺎﻝﻬم وطﻤوﺤﺎﺘﻬم ﻓﻲ اﻝدﺨول ﻝﻠﻌﺎﻝم اﻵﺨر‪ ،‬ﺘﻠك اﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼر اﻝﺘﻲ‬
‫ً‬
‫ﻨﻨظر اﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺒوﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺒﻴ اًر ﻋن ﺘﺠﻠﻴﺎت ﺘﻠك اﻝﻌﻘﻴدة‪ ،‬واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺠﻠت ﻝﻠﺒﺎﺤﺜﻴن‬
‫ﺒوﺼﻔﻬﺎ ﻤرﻜﺒﺎً دﻴﻨﻴﺎً‪/‬ﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺎً )ﻝﻸﺴﺎطﻴر‪ /‬واﻝﺴﺤر‪ /‬واﻻﻴﻤﺎن ﺒﺎﻝﻴوم اﻻﺨر(‪.‬‬
‫وﻝﻘد ﺤﺎوﻝﻨﺎ اﻝﺒﺤث ﻋن ﺠذور وآﺜﺎر ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻌﻘﻴدة ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن ﻋﺒر‬
‫اﻝوﻗوف ﻋﻨد اﻨﻤوذﺠﻴن ﺠوﻫرﻴﻴن واﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴن ﻓﻴﻬﻤﺎ وﻫﻤﺎ اﺴطورة أوزورﻴس‬
‫اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬واﺴطورة ﻜﻠﻜﺎﻤش اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺘﻠك اﻻﺴطورﺘﻴن اﻝﻠﺘﻴن ﻜﺎﻨﺘﺎ اﻝﻌﻼﻤﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻔﺎرﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝدﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻘﻴدة اﻝﺨﻠود وﺼﻴﻐﺘﻬﻤﺎ اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻝدى اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن‪.‬‬
‫وﺘﺄﺴﻴﺴﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻝك‪ ،‬ﻝﻘد ﻗﺎﻤت اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﺒﺎﻋﺘﻤﺎد اﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝﻤﻘﺎرن‬
‫)اﻻﺜﻨوﻝوﺠﻴﺎ( ﻻﺠراء ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ﺘﻠك ﺒﻴن اﻝدﻴﺎﻨﺘﻴن )اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫وذﻝك ﻷﺠل ﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻝﺼﻼت واﻝﺘﻘﺎطﻌﺎت ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻀوء ﺘﻠك اﻝﻌﻘﻴدة‪.‬‬
‫وﻝﻘد ﺘﺎﺒﻌﻨﺎ ﺘﻔﺎﺼﻴل ذﻝك ﻜﻠﻪ ﻀﻤن ﺴﻴﺎﻗﺎت ﻤﺒﺎﺤث ﻏطت ﻤﺠﻤل ﺘﻠك‬
‫اﻝﻌﻘﻴدة ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن‪ ،‬وﻝﻜن ﻀﻤن رؤى ﻤﺘﺘﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﺘﻌﺘﻤد أﺤدﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺨرى‬
‫وﺘﻠك اﻝﻤﺒﺎﺤث ﻫﻲ‪ :‬اﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻻول‪ :‬ﻋﻘﻴدة اﻝﺨﻠود‪ /‬اﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ واﻝدﻻﻝﺔ‪ /‬ﻤدﺨل ﻋﺎم‪.‬‬
‫واﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻝﺜﺎﻨﻲ‪ :‬ﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻻدﻴﺎن اﻝﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ ‪ /‬اﻝرؤﻴﺔ اﻻﺜﻨوﻝوﺠﻴﺔ‪ .‬واﻝﻤﺒﺤث اﻝﺜﺎﻝث‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻘﻴدة اﻝﺨﻠود ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ /‬اﺒﻌﺎد اﻝﻤﻘﺎرﻨﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٧٩‬‬
Doctrine of immortality in ancient Egyptian and Babylonian
civilizations – Search in comparative religions
Ass.Prof.Dr. Nethal Essa Kraif
College of Education\ Dyala university
Doctrine of immortality was represented in the two civilizations;
pharaonic and Babylonian serve as a main cornerstone in their
religious beliefs circle, since represented for them the field belief
fertile which overlapped religious and cultural multiple items covered
the idea of death and funerary rites and the world of the dead as well
as being returned for them plenty of space for their hopes and
aspirations to enter the other world, those elements that look at them
as an expression of the manifestations of the doctrine, which
manifested itself to the researchers as a complex religious / cultural
(legends / magic / faith and the other day).
We have tried to search for the roots and implications of this
doctrine in the two civilizations through standing at the two basic
samples, namely the myth of Osiris, ancient Egyptian and Babylonian
myth of Gilgamesh, those myths which were the hallmark of
significance on the doctrine of immortality religious and follow the
format among civilizations.
On this basis, the researcher has to adopt a comparative
approach (Ethnology) for a comparison of these two religions
(Pharaonic, Babylonian), in order to know the connections and
intersections between them in the light of that belief.
We followed all the details within detectives contexts covered
the whole of that doctrine in the two civilizations, but within a
consecutive visions of one depends on the other and that detectives
are: First topic: doctrine of immortality / meaning and significance /
entrance general. The second topic: Methodology of Comparative
Religion / Vision ethnological. The third topic: doctrine of
immortality in ancient Egyptian, Babylonian civilizations / dimensions
of comparison.
١٨٠
‫ﻨﻤﺎذج ﻝﺒﻌض ﻨﻘﺎط اﻝﺘﻘﺎرب ﻓﻰ اﻷدب ﺒﻴن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﺔ واﻝﻌراﻗﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ا‪ .‬ﻨﻬﻰ أﺤﻤد ﺤﺴن ﻤﺤﻤد‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﻬد اﻝﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ -‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻝزﻗﺎزﻴق‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻰ ﻤﺼر واﻝﻌراق ﺤﻀﺎرﺘﺎن أﺼﻴﻠﺘﺎن ﺘواﻓر ﻝﻬﻤﺎ اﺜر ﻋﻤﻴق ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻏﻠب ﻤﺎ ﺘﻌﺎﻗب ﺒﻌدﻫﻤﺎ ﻤن ﺤﻀﺎرات‪.‬‬
‫ﺤﻴث ﺘﻨﻌم ﻜل ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﻤﻨﺎخ ﻤﻼﺌم وﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺴﻜﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺸﻌوب ﻤن أﺼل واﺤد‬
‫أو ﻤن أﺠﻨﺎس ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‪ ،‬وﻤن اﻝﻤﻌروف ﺠﻐراﻓﻴﺎً أن اﻝﺒﻴﺌﺎت اﻝﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ اﻝﺘﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺴﻜﻨﻬﺎ أﺠﻨﺎس ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ ﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺤﻀﺎرات ﻤﺘﺸﺎﺒﻬﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘرﺒطﻬﻤﺎ وﺤدة اﻝﺠﻨس‪ ،‬ﻝذا اﺴﺘﻤرت ﻤظﺎﻫر اﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻝﻐﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﺘﻴن واﺘﺠﺎﻫﺎت ﻋﻘﺎﺌد ﺸﻌوﺒﻬم وأﺴﺎطﻴرﻫم‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد ﻜﺎن ﻝﻠﻤﺼرﻴﻴن اﻝﻘدﻤﺎء أدب رﻓﻴﻊ وآﺜﺎر أدﺒﻴﺔ راﺌﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻝﻘد أﺜرت أﺴﺎطﻴر‬
‫وﻗﺼص ﻤﺼر اﻝﻔرﻋوﻨﻴﺔ‪ ،‬وﺒﻌض اﻝﻤﻌﺘﻘدات اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ آداب ﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﺒوﺠﻪ ﺨﺎص وﻓﻰ أﻨواع اﻝﻔﻨون اﻷﺨرى ﺒوﺠﻪ ﻋﺎم‪.‬‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴذﻫب اﻝﺒﻌض إﻝﻰ أن أدب وادى اﻝراﻓدﻴن اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻫو أﻗدم أدب ﻋرﻓﻪ‬
‫اﻝﻌﺎﻝم اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ .‬وﻤن ﻤﻤﻴزات ﺘدوﻴن اﻷدب اﻝﻌراﻗﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم‪ ،‬ﻜﺜرة اﻝﻨﺴﺦ ﻝﻠﻘطﻊ‬
‫اﻝﺸﻬﻴرة‪ ،‬واﻨﺘﺸﺎر ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻨﺴﺦ ﺒﻴن ﻏﺎﻝﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﻗوام اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻝﻘد ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﻜﺘﺒﺔ آﺸور ﺒﺎﻨﻴﺒﺎل ﻤن أﻀﺨم اﻝﻤﻜﺘﺒﺎت‪ .‬ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﻔظت "اﻝﻜﺘب‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺎﻋد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴرﻋﺔ ﻓك رﻤوز اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﻤﺎرﻴﺔ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ وﻓﻬم‬
‫اﻝﻠﻐﺔ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻨﺘﺞ ﻋن ﻫذا اﻝﺘﻘﺎرب اﻝﺤﻀﺎرى ﺒﻌض ﻨﻘﺎط اﻝﺘﻘﺎرب ﺒﻴن اﻷدب اﻝﻤﺼرى‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴم واﻷدب اﻝﻌراﻗﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم وﺘﻘدم اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻫذا اﻝﺒﺤث ﺒﻌض ﻨﻤﺎذج ﻝﻬذا‬
‫اﻝﺘﻘﺎرب وﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫"ﻤﻨﺎﺸدة ﻫدى اﻵﻝﻬﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻷﺤﻼم وﻤﻨﺢ اﻵﻝﻬﺔ إﻴﺎﻫم ﻤﻘوﻤﺎت اﻝﺤﻴﺎة وﺘﻤﺜﻴل‬
‫اﻷﺴﺎطﻴر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎرح اﻝﺤﻴﺎة ﻓﻰ دور اﻝﻌﺒﺎدة أو ﻓﻰ اﻝﺨﻼء واﻝﻤزج ﺒﻴن‬
‫اﻝظواﻫر اﻝطﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ واﻝﻤﻌﺒودات ﻓﻰ اﻝﻔﻜر اﻷﺴطورى واﻝﻘدم واﻷﺼﺎﻝﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪١٨١‬‬
Some of the models of the convergence points between the
literature of ancient Egyptian and Iraqi civilizations.
Noha Ahmed Hassan Mohamed
The High Institute of the civilizations of the Near East at the
University of Zagazig
Civilizations of Egypt and Iraq, two civilizations osalitan provide
a profound impact on most of the succession of civilizations beyond.
Where to enjoy each other's appropriate climate and was
populated by peoples of the origin of one of the races or similar, is
known to be geographically similar environments inhabited by races
produce similar cultures are similar .
As unit linked by sex, so continued manifestations of similarities
in the language of civilizations and trends of the doctrines of their
people and their myths.
The ancient Egyptians had a wonderful high literature and literary
effects, has influenced the legends and stories of ancient Egypt, and
some religious beliefs in the ethics of ancient Egypt in particular, and
in other types of arts in general.
Some also argue that the literature of ancient Mesopotamia is the
oldest literature known to the ancient world. The advantage of the
codification of the old Iraqi literature, copies famous for the large
number of pieces, and the proliferation of these copies among the
majority of the old clans.
Ashurbanipal library was one of the largest libraries. The
preserved "cuneiform books", which helped to speed decoding
Sumerian cuneiform writing and understand Sumerian symbols.
This resulted in a convergence of civilization some points of
convergence between the ancient Egyptian literature, ancient literature
and the Iraqi progress researcher in this paper some examples of this
convergence, namely:
" appeal gods in dreams and the granting of the gods them the
necessities of life and the representation of myths on the stages of life
in places of worship or in the open and blending natural phenomena
and deities in the legendary football and originality of thought" .
١٨٢
‫دور اﻝﻤﻨﺠﻤﻴن ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﺎﻩ رﺠﺎل اﻝدوﻝﺔ ﻋﺒر اﻝﻌﺼور‬
‫د‪ .‬ﻨوال ﻨﺎظم ﻤﺤﻤود اﻝﻌﻤر‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‬
‫ﻜﺎن اﻝﺸرق اﻝﻘدﻴم ﺒؤرﻩ ﻝﺘﻼﻗﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات و ﻝﺘﻔﺎﻋﻠﻬﺎ ‪.‬ﻝذا ﻴﺼﻌب ﺘﺤدﻴد‬
‫اﻝﻤﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎت اﻝﺘﻲ ﻗدﻤﻬﺎ ﻜل ﺸﻌب ﺒدﻗﻪ ‪،‬اﻻﻤر اﻝذي ﻴﻘودﻨﺎ اﻝﻰ اﻝﺘرﻜﻴز ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﻴن ﺒﺸﻜل ﺨﺎص ‪،‬ﻻﻨﻬم ﻜﺎﻨوا ورﺜﻪ اﻝﺴوﻤرﻴﻴن ﻤن ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ وﻻ اﻨﻬم ﺘرﻜوا ﻝﻨﺎ‬
‫ﺘراﺜﺎً ﻏﻨﻴﺎً وﻤن ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ اﺨرى وﻻن ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬم وﻋﻠوﻤﻬم اﺴﺘﻤرت ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﺸﻌوب‬
‫اﺨرى ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ وﻗد ﺘﺄﺜروا ﺒﻬم‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻠم اﻝﺘﻨﺠﻴم واﻝﻔﻠك ﻫو ﻤن اﻝﻌﻠوم اﻝﺘﻲ اﻫﺘﻤت ﺒﻬﺎ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻝﺴﻨوات واﻻﺸﻬر واﻻﻴﺎم ورﺒطﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻘﻤر واﻝﺸﻤس‪ ،‬وﻋﻤل ﺠداول ﻝﺤرﻜﺎت‬
‫اﻝﺸﻤس واﻝﻘﻤر وﻤﻘدار ﺤرﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﻴوم واﻝﺸﻬر واﻝﺴﻨﺔ ورﺒطﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻴﺎة‬
‫اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫واﻤﺎ اﻝﻌرب ﻗﺒل اﻻﺴﻼم ﻋرﻓوا ﻋﻠم اﻝﻔﻠك اﻝﺘﻨﺠﻴم وﻝم ﺘﺘﺠﺎوز ﺤدود‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻏﻴر اﻝﻤﺘﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻤﺜﻼ اﻵﻻت ﻝرﺼد اﻝﻨﺠوم وﻻ ﻤؤﻝﻔﺎت وﻻ‬
‫ﺘﻘﺎوﻴم اﻨﻤﺎ ﺘم ﻤﻌرﻓﺘﻬم ﺒﻬذا اﻝﻌﻠم ﻝﻠﺤﺎﺠﺔ ‪ .‬وﺘوﺼﻠوا ﻋن طرﻴق اﻝﻤﻼﺤﺔ‬
‫واﻝﻤﺸﺎﻫدة ﺒﺄﻨﻔﺴﻬم ﺤﻴﻨﺎ وﺒﺎﻻطﻼع ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎءﻫم ﻤن اﻻﻤم اﻝﻤﺠﺎورة ﻤﺜل‬
‫اﻝﻔرس واﻝﻬﻨود ‪،‬وﻫﻲ ﻤﻌرﻓﺔ اﻝﻜواﻜب واﻝﻨﺠوم واﻝﺴﻴر ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻝﻴﻼ واﺴﻤﺎﺌﻬﺎ وﻤﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻜﺎن ﺒﻨو ﻤﺎرﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﻲ ﻜﻠب وﻨﺒو ﻤرﻩ ﺒن ﻫﻤﺎم اﻝﺸﻴﺒﺎﻨﻲ ‪ .‬ﻓﻠﻤﺎ‬
‫ارﺴل اﻝرﺴول اﻝﻜرﻴم )ﺼﻠﻰ اﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺴﻠم( ﻝم ﺘﻜن ﻫﻨﺎك اﺸﺎرة واﻀﺤﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺘﻨﺠﻴم وﺒﺼورﺘﻪ اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ‪،‬واﻻﺸﺎرة اﻝذي ذﻜرت ﻓﻲ اﻝﻘران اﻝﻜرﻴم ﻫﻲ اﻵﻴﺔ‬
‫ِ‬
‫ﻨظ َرةً ِﻓﻲ ‪ِ ُ ‬‬
‫ﺴﻘﻴم( اﻝﻤﻔﺴرون ﻴﻔﺴرون‬
‫ﻓﻨظر َ ْ‬
‫اﻝﻨﺠوم ََ َ‬
‫ﻓﻘﺎل ِ‪‬إﻨﻲ َ ٌ‬
‫اﻝﻜرﻴﻤﺔ ﻗﺎل ﺘﻌﺎﻝﻰ ) ََ َ َ‬
‫اﻵﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﻌﻠﻤوا ﻋدد اﻝﺴﻨﻴن اﻝﻤﻘﺼود ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺴﺎب ﻫو اﻝﺘﻨﺠﻴم ﻓﻠﻤﺎ اﻨﻔﺘﺢ اﻝﻌرب ﻤن‬
‫ﺨﻼل اﻝﺤروب واﻝﻔﺘوح ﻋﻠﻰ ﺒﻼد اﻝﺸﺎم واﻝﻌراق وﻤﺼر وﻓﺎرس ﺘﻌرﻓوا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذا‬
‫اﻝﻌﻠم واﺼﺒﺢ ﻝﻪ ﺘﺄﺜﻴر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬم اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺤﻴث ﻻ ﻴﻘوﻤوا ﺒﺄي ﻋﻤل ﺤﺘﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺴؤال اﻝﻰ ﻋﺎﻝم اﻝﺘﻨﺠﻴم واﻝﻔﻠك وﻜﺎن اول ﻜﺘﺎب ﻴﺘرﺠم ﻓﻲ اﻝدول اﻻﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ ﻫو‬
‫ﻜﺘﺎب اﻻﺴﺎﺴﻲ اﻝﻨﺠوم ‪ ٢‬واﻝزﻴﺞ او ﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﻤﻰ )اﻝﺨﻤﺴﺔ اﻝﺜﻤﺎﻨون ﺒﺎﺒﺎ اﻝﻬرﻤس(‬
‫اﻻﻤﻴر ﺨﺎﻝد ﺒن ﻴزﻴد اﻻﻤوي )ت ‪٩٠‬ه\‪٧٠٨‬م( وﻫو ﻜﺘﺎب ﺨﺎص ﺒﺎ ﻝﺘﻨﺠﻴم‬
‫وﺒﻌد ﺴﻘوط اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻻﻤوﻴﺔ وﻤﺠﻲء اﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻴﻴن اﻨﻔﺘﺤوا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌﻠوم وﺨﺎﺼﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻝﺘﻨﺠﻴم ‪.‬‬
‫واول ﻤن اﺴﺘﻌﺎن ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﺠﻤﻴن اﻝﺨﻠﻴﻔﺔ اﺒو ﺠﻌﻔر اﻝﻤﻨﺼور ﺤﻴث ﻜﺎن ﻻ‬
‫ﻴﺼدر اﻤ ار أﺴﺘﺸﺎرﻩ وﺒﻌض اﻝﻤﻨﺠﻤﻴن واﺴﺘﻤر اﻝﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻝﻌﺒﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬
‫ﻝﻠﺨﻠﻔﺎء اﻻﻤوي ورﺠﺎل دوﻝﺘﻬم‪.‬‬
‫‪١٨٣‬‬
The Role of Astrologers in the lives of men
of the State through the Ages
Dr. Nawal Nazim Mahmoud Omari
College of Arts / University of Baghdad
The old east was the center of the of civilizations and their
interaction. So it was difficult to Identifying the contributions made
by all the people accurately, which leads us to focus on the
Babylonians in particular, because they were the inhere tents of the
Sumerians on one hand and they left us a rich legacy on the other
hand, and because of their culture, science continues through other
peoples in the region that have been affected by them.
Astrology and astronomy is a science, which the ancient
civilizations focused on to learn years and months and days and linked
to the moon and the sun. And work schedules for the movements of
the sun and the moon and the amount of movement in the day, month
and year and link them in the public life. The Arabs before Islam
knew astronomy astrology, But they did not exceed the general
knowledge of the limits of non-specialized machines for example, to
monitor the Stars and books and calendars but this was their
knowledge of science they need. They reached via navigation and
viewing their own neighborhood and see what comes to them from
neighboring nations such as the Persians and the Indians, a knowledge
of the planets and the stars to walk out by them at night and their
names, including Ibn Maria, Bani Kuleeb and Nabu mura Bin
Hammam al-Shaibani. When the Holy Prophet (peace be upon
him),was send there were not a clear sign to the astrology in its old
image, and noted that mentioned in the Koran is the verse says (he
looked a look at the stars, he said I am sick) commentators interpret
the verse to know the number of years meant the account is astrology.
when the Arabs opend through wars and Fotouh on the Levant, Iraq,
Egypt and Persia they get to know this science and become an impact
on public life where they take no action until they ask the world of
astrology and astronomy, the first book was translated in Muslim
countries is Alassassi 2 stars book and the the so-called (five eightyBaba Herms) Prince Khalid bin Yazid Umayyad (90AH\ 708 AD), a
special book of astrology.
After the fall of the Umayyad dynasty and the advent of the
Abbasids who opened up on science and especially on astrology. The
first was Caliph Al-Mansur, where he does not issue an order only
after consulting astrologers and some continued the case in the
Abbasid State for the successors of the Umayyad and the men of state,
we will talk about them in our research, which includes some of the
researcher The first topic Definition of astrology and astronomy
Astrology in ancient times in the Near East The second topic
Astrology in the Middle Ages State Abbasid Umayyad -walasr first
The third topic Astrology in the second Abbasid era 247-656AH\ 8611258AD.
١٨٤
‫اﺜر وظﺎﺌف ﻤدن اﻝﺸرق اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺘرﻜﻴب اﻝداﺨﻠﻲ ﻝﻤدﻨﻨﺎ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻷﺴﺘﺎذ اﻝﻤﺘﻤرس اﻝدﻜﺘور‪ .‬ﻫﺎﺸم ﺨﻀﻴر اﻝﺠﻨﺎﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﻐداد‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵداب‬
‫ﻻﺸك أن ﺨﺼﺎﺌص ﻤدن اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺘﻤﻴز ﺒوﺠود‬
‫وظﺎﺌف ﻤﺤدودة ﻜﺎﻝوظﻴﻔﺔ اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺤرﺒﻴﺔ واﻹدارﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫذﻩ اﻝوظﺎﺌف ﻜﺎﻨت ﺘﺘﺤﻜم‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺸﻜل وﻤورﻓوﻝوﺠﻴﺔ دوﻴﻼت اﻝﻤدن ﻓﻲ ذﻝك اﻝوﻗت ﺒﺤﻴث ﻜﺎن اﻝﻤﻌﺒد وﺸﺎرع‬
‫اﻝﻤوﻜب ﻫﻤﺎ اﻝﻘﻠب اﻝﻨﺎﺒض ﻝﻠﻤدﻴﻨﺔ‪ .‬وﻋﻤوﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﻤدن ﺼﻐﻴرﻩ اﻝﺤﺠم ﻝﻴس‬
‫ﻝدﻴﻬﺎ أﻗﺎﻝﻴم واﺴﻌﻪ ﺘﺨدﻤﻬﺎ وﻝﻬذا اﻝﺴﺒب ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﺼﻐﻴرﻩ وﻤﺤدودة‬
‫وﺘﺤﻴطﻬﺎ اﻝﺨﻨﺎدق ﻜوﺴﺎﺌل دﻓﺎع ﻋﻨﻬﺎ وﻗت اﻝﻀرورة وﻝﻜن ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ اﺨذ ﺴﺎﻋد‬
‫ﺒﻌض دوﻴﻼت اﻝﻤدن ﻴﻘوى أﺨذت ﺘﺘوﺴﻊ اﻝﻤدن ﻨﺤو أﻗﺎﻝﻴﻤﻬﺎ اﻝﻘرﻴﺒﺔ واﻝﺒﻌﻴدة ﻜﻤﺎ‬
‫ﺤدث ﻓﻲ ﻤدن ﺴوﻤر وأﻜد وﺒﺎﺒل وآﺸور ﺒﻔﻌل اﻨﺘﺼﺎراﺘﻬﺎ اﻝﺤرﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝدوﻴﻼت‬
‫اﻝﻤﺠﺎورة‪.‬‬
‫وﻤﺎ إن ﺤل اﻝﻘرن اﻷول اﻝﻤﻴﻼدي ﺤﺘﻰ أﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺎﻝم اﻝﺒﺤر اﻷﺒﻴض‬
‫اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط أو ﻤدن اﻝﺸرق اﻝﻘدﻴم أﻜﺜر ﻨﻀﺠﺎ ووﻀوﺤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﻤﻬﺎ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻋﻨدﻤﺎ دﺨﻠت اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺠﻴوش اﻝدوﻝﺔ اﻹﻏرﻴﻘﻴﺔ واﻝروﻤﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﻴث ﺴﺎد اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺘطو ار واﻀﺤﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻓﻜﺎر ﺸﻌوﺒﻬﺎ وﻓﻲ ﻨظﺎم ﻤدﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ إن ﻫذﻩ اﻹﻤﺒراطورﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻝﺠدﻴدة اﻝزاﺤﻔﺔ وﺠدت ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ واﻗﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ارث ﺤﻀﺎري ﻋظﻴم ﻤﻤﺎ ﻜﺎن ﻝﻪ‬
‫اﻝﻔﻀل ﻓﻲ ﻤزج ﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺸرق اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻤﻊ ﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺸﻌوب اﻝﻌﺎﺒرة ﻝﻠﺒﺤر ﺒﺤﻴث‬
‫أدى ذﻝك إﻝﻰ ﺘﻐﻴﻴر ﻓﻲ ﻤورﻓوﻝوﺠﻴﺘﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ وﺴط ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻔﺘرة أﺼﺒﺢ اﻝﻘﺼر‬
‫اﻝﻤﻠﻜﻲ وﻝﻴس اﻝﻤﻌﺒد ﻫو اﻝﻘﻠب اﻝﻨﺎﺒض وواﺠﻬﺔ اﻝﻤدﻴﻨﺔ وﺤرﻜﺘﻬﺎ ﻤن اﻝداﺨل ﻨﺤو‬
‫اﻝﺨﺎرج‪ .‬واﺴﺘﻤرت ظﺎﻫرة اﻝﺘطور اﻝﺤﻀﺎري واﻝﺤﻀري ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌظم ﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝﺸرق‬
‫اﻷدﻨﻰ ﺒﺎﻝرﻏم ﻤن اﻝﻐزو اﻝﻤﻐوﻝﻲ واﻝﺘﺘري ﻝﻬذﻩ اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺒﻌد ذﻝك ﺤﻴث وﺠد‬
‫ﻫؤﻻء اﻝرﻋﺎة أﻤﺎﻤﻬم ﻤدن ﻤﺘﺤﻀرة ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻜل ﺼﻔﺎت اﻝﺘﺤﻀر ﻤﺜل اﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻜوﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﻜﺒﻴرة واﻷﺴواق اﻝﻤﺴﻘوﻓﺔ واﻝﻤدارس اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘدرس ﻤﺨﺘﻠف اﻝﻌﻠوم أﻀﺎﻓﻪ‬
‫ﻝﺘوﻓر اﻝﻤﺸﺎﻓﻲ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻜﺎن ﻝدﺨول ﻫؤﻻء ﺴﺒﺒﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺘراﺠﻊ ﻤدن اﻝﻤﻨطﻘﺔ ﺤﻀﺎرﻴﺎ‬
‫وﻓﻜرﻴﺎ ﺤﺘﻰ إﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﻘوﻗﻌت ﺒﻴن أﺴوارﻫﺎ ﺘﺤﻴطﻬﺎ اﻝﺨﻨﺎدق ﺨوﻓﺎ ﻤن اﻋﺘداء‬
‫اﻵﺨرﻴن ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻤﺎ إن ﺤﻜﺎﻤﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻨوا ﻤن اﻷﻏراب‪ .‬وﻤﺎ إن ﺤل اﻝﻘرن اﻝﻌﺸرﻴن‬
‫ﺤﺘﻰ ظﻬرت ﻤﻌﺎﻝم ﻋﺎﻝم ﺠدﻴد ﺘﺴودﻩ ﻗوى ﻋظﻤﻰ ﻜﺄﻤرﻴﻜﺎ وروﺴﻴﺎ وﺒرﻴطﺎﻨﻴﺎ‬
‫وﻓرﻨﺴﺎ واﻴطﺎﻝﻴﺎ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺴﻴطرت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌظم دول اﻝﻌﺎﻝم ﻓﻲ ﺤﻴﻨﻪ وﻨﺸرت ﺜﻘﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬
‫وأﻓﻜﺎرﻫﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻝﻔﺘرة أﺨذت ﺘﺘﻤدد وﺘﻨﻤو ﻨﺤو أطراﻓﻬﺎ وأﻗﺎﻝﻴﻤﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﺠﺎورة‬
‫ﺒﺴﺒب ﺘطور وﺴﺎﺌل اﻝدﻓﺎع وﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻻﺨﺘراع اﻷﺴﻠﺤﺔ اﻝﺤدﻴﺜﺔ ﻝﻬذا اﻝﺴﺒب أﻴﻀﺎ‬
‫ﺴوﻴت اﻝﺨﻨﺎدق وظﻬرت ﻤدن ﺠدﻴدة ذات ﺘرﻜﻴب وظﻴﻔﻲ ﺠدﻴد ﻜﺎﻝﺸوارع اﻝﻌﻤﻴﺎء‬
‫اﻝﻀﻴﻘﺔ واﻝﻤﻠﺘوﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻠك اﻝﻤدن اﺨﺘﻔت وأﺼﺒﺤت ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌظﻤﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻪ وواﺴﻌﻪ‬
‫ﺘﺨدم وﺴﺎﺌل ﻨﻘل ﻜﺒﻴرﻩ وﻜﺜﻴرﻩ‪ ،‬أﻤﺎ اﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﺄﺼﺒﺤت ﻤﺘﻌددة اﻝطواﺒق وﺘﺨدم‬
‫أﻏراض ذات وظﺎﺌف ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺴﻜﻨﻴﻪ وﺘﺠﺎرﻴﻪ وﺤرﻓﻴﻪ‪ ،‬ﻜﻤﺎ إن اﻝﺨدﻤﺎت اﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ‬
‫أﺼﺒﺤت أﻜﺜر اﻨﺘﺸﺎرا‪ ،‬ﻓﺒدﻻ ﻤن اﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴم اﻝﺘﻘﻠﻴدي ﻝﺤﻔظ اﻝﻘران اﻝﻜرﻴم ﻓﻲ اﻝﺠواﻤﻊ‬
‫أﺼﺒﺤت ﻫﻨﺎك ﻤدارس ﻤﺘﻌددة اﻷﻏراض ﻤﻨﻬﺎ اﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ واﻝﺤرﻓﻴﺔ واﻝﻌﻠوم اﻝﺼرﻓﺔ‬
‫ﻜﻤﺎ اﻨﺘﺸرت اﻝﺠﺎﻤﻌﺎت وﻜﻠﻴﺎت ذات ﺘﺨﺼﺼﺎت ﻤﺨﺘﻠف‪.‬‬
‫‪١٨٥‬‬
The impact functions of the east ancient cities on the internal
structure of the current Arab cities
Prof.Dr. Hashim Khudair Al-janabi
Baghdad University\ Literature faculty
Undoubtedly that the characteristics of the cities of the ancient
cities were characterized by limited functions as religious , military
and administrative functions. These functions were controlling the
shape and morphology of the city-states at that time, in which the
temple and the convey street are the heartbeat of the city. Overall it
were a small-sized cities don’t have a wide serve regions, and because
of this reason, the area was small and limited with surrounding by
bunkers as a means of defend it as necessary, but, when the hands of
these cities begun to strengthen, they began to expand towards the
territories near and far, as happened in the cities of Sumer, Akkad,
Babylon and Assyria by the victories of war on neighboring states. As
soon as arose the first century A.D till the Mediterranean world or the
cities of the ancient East has become more mature and visible in the
features civilization when the area entered the armies of the Greek and
Romanian State where he prevailed in the region developed clear
ideas of their own people and in the system of the cities informed that
these new empires crawling found themselves fall on inheritor of a
great civilization which had the merit in mixing the ancient eastern
civilization with the civilization of peoples cross to the sea so that it
led to a change in their morphology. In the middle of this period, the
royal palace not the temple has become the heartbeat of the city and
the interface and movement from the inside toward the outside. The
development of culture and the urban phenomenon were continued in
most of the ancient cities in spite of the envision of Munghol and
Tatar for this area after that where these shepherds found their cities
civilized where all the characteristics of urbanization such as large
government buildings and markets roofed schools that teach various
sciences in addition to the availability of hospitals there. It was to
enter these prompted a decline in the region's cities culturally and
intellectually until it settled between its walls surrounded by trenches
in fear of attack by others informed that their governors were
strangers. As soon as the twentieth century arose even new millstone
world appeared with super powers like America, Russia, Britain,
France and Italy, which they took control of the most countries in the
world in that time and published their culture and ideas, in this period
took expand and grow around its edges and neighboring territories
because of the development of the means of defense and as a result of
the invention of modern weapons for this also why the trenches were
built and new cities appeared with installed a new career like streets
blind and narrow and twisted in those cities disappeared and became a
mostly straight and wide-serving means a big move and many, the
buildings.
١٨٦
‫اﻝﺤب ﻓﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﺴﻌﻴد ﺤﺴﻴن ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎء ﺠواد ﻋﺒد اﻝﺴﺎدة‬
‫اﻝﻌراق ‪ /‬ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‬
‫ان ﻗﻀﻴﺔ اﻝﺤب ﻤن اﻝﻘﻀﺎﻴﺎ اﻝﺘﻲ طﺎﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﻨﺎوﻝﻬﺎ اﻝﻔﻼﺴﻔﺔ واﻻدﺒﺎء ﻤﻨذ‬
‫اﻗدم اﻝﻌﺼور ﻓﻲ ﻤؤﻝﻔﺎﺘﻬم وﺒﺤوﺜﻬم وﻗﺼﺎﺌدﻫم وﻴﺒدو ان اﻝﺴﺒب ﻴﻌود اﻝﻰ ان‬
‫اﻻﺒداع اﻝﻨﺎﺠم ﻋن )اﻝﺤب( ﻴﺴﺘدﻋﻲ اﻝﺨﺎرق ﻤن اﻝطﺎﻗﺔ اﻝﻜﺎﻤﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻨﺴﺎن‪،‬‬
‫ﺘﺤرﻴﺎً واﺜﺒﺎت ﻝﻠذات اذا ﻜﺎن اﻻﻤر ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺎً ﺒوﺠودﻩ وﻤﺼﻴرﻩ‪ ،‬وﻫوﻴﺘﻪ أذ ﻴﺼل‬
‫ﻝدرﺠﺔ اﻝﺘﻤﺎﻫﻲ ﺒﺎﻵﺨر‪ ،‬وﻝو وﻗﻔﻨﺎ ﻋﻨد ﻗﻀﻴﺔ اﻝﺤب ﻓﻲ ﻋﺼور اﻝﺤﻀﺎرات‬
‫ﻝوﺠدﻨﺎﻫﺎ ‪ -‬اي ﻗﻀﻴﺔ اﻝﺤب ‪ -‬ﺘﺸﻜل اﺤد ﻤظﺎﻫر اﻝﺴﻠوك اﻝﺤﻀﺎري ﻝﻺﻨﺴﺎن‪،‬‬
‫وﻗد اﻫﺘم اﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎء اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺼرﻴن ﺒدراﺴﺔ اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴن اﻝﺤب واﻝﺤﻀﺎرة‪ ،‬وﻤﻨﻬم‬
‫ﺸوﺒﻨﻬور )‪١٨٦٠‬م( ودارون )‪١٨٨٢‬م( وﻨﻴﺘﺸﻪ )‪١٩٠٠‬م( وﻓروﻴد )‪١٩٣٩‬م(‪،‬‬
‫وﻗد طرح ﻫؤﻻء اﻝﻌﻠﻤﺎء ﺒﺄﻓﻜﺎرﻫم وﻨظرﻴﺎﺘﻬم اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘؤﻜد دور اﻝﺤب ﻓﻲ ﺘﻜوﻴن‬
‫ﺴﻠوك اﻻﻨﺴﺎن وﺘطورﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎء اﻝذات اوﻻً ﺜم اﻝوﺼول اﻝﻰ ﻤراﻗﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة ﻤن‬
‫ﺨﻼل اﻤﺘﻼء اﻝذات اﻻﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺤب واﻨﻌﻜﺎﺴﻪ اﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻدراك واﻝﻔﻬم‬
‫ﺤﻀﺎرت وادي اﻝراﻓدﻴن ﺸواﻫد ﻜﺜﻴرة ﻝﻠﺤب وﺘﺄﺜﻴرﻩ اﻝﻤﺒﺎﺸر‬
‫ا‬
‫واﻝﺤدس ﻝذا ﻨﺠد ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺜﺎر اﻝﺸﺎﺨﺼﺔ ﻜﺎﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻲ واﻝﻤﻨﺤوﺘﺎت اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻜذﻝك ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻤﺴﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺤﻤوراﺒﻲ ﻤن ﻗواﻨﻴن ﺘدل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝرﻗﻲ اﻝﺤﻀﺎري ﻓﻲ ﺠواﻨب ﻤﺘﻌددة ﻝﻠﺤﻴﺎة ﺘﻘف‬
‫ﺒﺈﻋﺠﺎب ﻋﻨد ﺘﺸرﻴﻌﻪ ﻝﻘواﻨﻴن ﺘﺨص اﻝﻤرأة وﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝرﺠل واﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻻﺴرة‪.‬‬
‫اﻤﺎ ﻤﺎ ﺠﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻝﻨﺼوص اﻻدﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﺎن ﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺠﻠﺠﺎﻤش ﺨﻴر دﻝﻴل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﻤﻜن اﻝﺤب ﻤن اﻝذات اﻝﻤﺘﺤﻀرة ﺒل ﻫﻨﺎك ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺒﻴن اﻝﺤب واﻝﺤﻀﺎرة ﻻ ﻴﻤﻜن‬
‫اﻝﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻤﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد ﻜﺸﻔت ﻤﻠﺤﻤﺔ ﺠﻠﺠﺎﻤش ﻋن ﺘﻠك اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﻤواﻗف‬
‫ﻋﺸﻘﻴﻪ ﺒﻴن اﻝﺒطل ﺠﻠﺠﺎﻤش واﻵﻝﻬﺔ )ﻋﺸﺘﺎر( رﺒﺔ اﻝﺤب واﻝﺠﻤﺎل‪ ،‬وﻤن ﻫﻨﺎ‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜن ان ﻨطﺒق ﻤﺜﻠث اﻝوﺠود )ﺤب‪ ،‬ﺨﻴر‪ ،‬ﺠﻤﺎل( ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﺼوص ﻤن اﻝﺤﻀﺎرة‬
‫اﻝﺒﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻤن اﻻﻨﺎﺸﻴد اﻝﻤوﺠﻬﺔ اﻝﻰ ﻋﺸﺘﺎر أﻨﺸودة ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺒﻴن ﺠﻤﺎل اﻝروح وﺠﻤﺎل‬
‫اﻝﺠﺴد ﻝدى اﻝﺤﺒﻴﺒﺔ )ﻋﺸﺘﺎر(‪.‬‬
‫‪١٨٧‬‬
Love in the Babylonian civilization
Prof.Dr. Hanaa Jwad Abid Al_Sadaa
Prof.Dr. Saeed Hussain Ali
Iraq/ Babylon University
Issue of love, one of issues that have long dealt with
philosophers and writers since ancient times in their compositions,
research and their poems. Its reason is due to the creation that
resulting from (love) calls the underlying extraordinary in the human
power, for seeking and proving of itself that related to his existence,
fate, and his identity as reaches to the point of identification of other,
if we stood at the issue of love in ages of civilizations, We have seen
that - a case of love - constitutes one aspects of civilized behavior of
the human person, contemporary scholars have interested in studying
the relationship between love and civilization, including Hobinhor
(1860), Darwin (1882), Nietzsche (1900 ), Freud (1939), these
scientists have put up their ideas and theories that emphasize the role
of love in forming human behavior and developing at the first selfbuilding and then reaching to the hypochondriac civilization through
human self filling with love and direct reflection on the awareness,
understanding and intuition so we find in civilizations of Mesopotamia
many evidence of love and its direct impact on the antiquities pillar
such as buildings and sculptures Babylonian, as well as what was
stated in the obelisk of Hammurabi of the Laws indicate the progress
of civilization at many aspects of life stands admiration upon the
legislation the laws concerning women and their relationship with men
and their importance in the building of family.
But what came in literary texts, the Epic of Gilgamesh best proof
of enabling love of self civilized, but there is a relationship between
love and civilization cannot be separated, the Epic of Gilgamesh have
exposed the relationship from the positions of his love between ho
Gilgamesh and the gods (Ishtar), the goddess of love and beauty, Thus
we can apply to exist the triangle of (love, good, beauty) on texts from
the Babylonian civilization.
One of the songs that directed to Ishtar song which combines the
beauty of the soul and the beauty of the body with the beloved
(Ishtar).
١٨٨
‫ﺠﻨوب ﺸﺒﺔ اﻝﺠزﻴرة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ وﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‬
‫ا‪.‬د‪.‬ﻫﻨد ﻤﺤﻤد اﻝﺘرﻜﻲ‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ اﻷﻤﻴرة ﻨورﻩ‬
‫ﻝم ﺘﻜن أﻗطﺎر اﻝﺸرق اﻷدﻨﻰ اﻝﻘدﻴم ﺒﻤﻌزل ﻋن ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ إﻨﻤﺎ رﺒطت ﺒﻴﻨﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ واﻗﺘﺼﺎدﻴﺔ واﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻫدات وﻋﻼﻗﺎت دﺒﻠوﻤﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫واﺴﻌﺔ ﺴﺠﻠت ﻓﻲ ﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺦ‪ .‬وﻗد أﺸﺎرت اﻝﻨﻘوش واﻝﻨﺼوص واﻝﺒردﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ واﻝﻤﺼﺎدر اﻝﻜﻼﺴﻴﻜﻴﺔ إﻝﻰ طﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺒﻴن ﺠﻨوب ﺸﺒﺔ اﻝﺠزﻴرة‬
‫اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ وﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ واﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻤﺜﻠت ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ واﻝﻔﻜر اﻝدﻴﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺸﺘرك وأﻫﻤﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﻌﺒد ﻓﻲ اﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ اﻝﻘدﻴم ﻓﻜﺎن ﺘﺒﺎدل اﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﻪ ﻤن‬
‫اﺠل ﺘوﻓﻴر ﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺘﺎج اﻝﻴﻪ اﻝﻤﻌﺒد ﻤن ﺒﺨور وﻤواد ﻋطرﻴﻪ وﻝﻌل اﻝرﺤﻠﺔ اﻝﺒﺤرﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺸﻬﻴرة اﻝﺘﻲ ﺨرﺠت ﻤن ﻤﺼر اﻝﻰ ﺒوﻴﻨﻪ او ﺒﻼد ﺒوﻨت أﻗرب ﻤﺜﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻹﺘﺼﺎل واﻝﺘﻤﺎزج اﻝﺤﻀﺎري ﻜذﻝك اﻝﻨﻘش اﻝﻤدون ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﺠﻨوﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺘﺎﺒوت اﻝﺘﺎﺠر) زﻴد ال ( واﻝذي ﻋﺜر ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻝﻤﻌﺎﺒد ﺒﻤﺼر )ﺴﻴراﺒﻴوم‬
‫ﻤﻨف ( ﺤﻴث ﻴؤﻜد ذﻝك اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ واﻝدﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻴن ﺠﻨوب ﺸﺒﺔ اﻝﺠزﻴرة‬
‫وﻤﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻓﺎﻝﻨﻘش ﺸﺎﻫدا ﻤﺒﺎﺸ ار ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻌﻴﻴن اﻝﺘﺎﺠر ﻜﺎﻫﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﺒد اﻹﻝﻪ‬
‫اﻝﻤﺼري اﻝﻘدﻴم )اوﺴﻴر ﺤﺎب( وﻜﺎﻨت اﻻﺸﺎرﻩ اﻝﻰ اﻝﻠﺒﺎن اﻝﻤﻌﻴﻨﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺒردﻴﺎت‬
‫اﻝﺒطﻠﻤﻴﺔﻤن اﻝدﻻﺌل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت وﻤن ﻤﻼﻤﺢ اﻹﺘﺼﺎل ﻜذﻝك اﻝﺘﺸﺎﺒﻪ‬
‫اﻝﺤﻀﺎري ﻓﻲ ﻓن اﻝﻌﻤﺎرة واﻝﻨﺤت‪.‬‬
‫ﺴوف ﻴﻘدم اﻝﺒﺤث دراﺴﺔ ﻝﺘﻠك اﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎت ﺒﻴن ﺠﻨوب ﺸﺒﺔ اﻝﺠزﻴرة وﻤﺼر‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻝﻤﺼﺎدر واﻝﺸواﻫد اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬
‫‪١٨٩‬‬
South of the Arabian peninsula and its relationship to ancient
Egypt
prof. Hend Mohammed Al-Turki
Princess Noura university
Was not regions of the Near East old apart about some her rather
tied between her political relationships and economist and social
treaties and diplomatic wide relationships resulted her sources of the
history registered in. The engravings and the texts point out
waalbrdyaat old and the classical sources to nature the relationships
between south of alum the Arabian Peninsula and Egypt old make
alliance with me the political relationships and the religious joint
thought imitated in and importance paved in the two old society
disassemblies exchange of the merchandise aaltjaaryh in order to
saving what needs to him the temple from incense and his articles of
two perfumes perhaps the marine notorious trip which Egypt came out
from to bwynh or countries bwnt closer example on the
communication and the civilized mixture likewise the recorded
engraving in the Arabic southern writing on tbwt the merchant (Zaid
the) and who found on him in area of the temples in Egypt
(syraabywm mnf) where that commercial and religious relationships
between south of alum confirm Al-Jazeera and Egypt old so the two
engraving direct witnesses on designation the merchant priest in
temple of the Egyptian old god (aawsyr Haab) likewise male of the
yogurts The helpers in aalbrdyaat aalbTlmyt and features of the
communication likewise the civilized similarity in art Amarah and the
sculpting. Will the searching presents studious for those the
relationships between south of alum Al-Jazeera and Egypt old through
the sources and the historic witnesses.
١٩٠
‫ﺼور ﻤﺸرﻗﺔ ﻋن اﻝﻤﺒﺎرزة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒر اﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د ظﺎﻓر ﻨﺎﻤوس ﺨﻠف‬
‫أ‪.‬م‪.‬د وﺴﺎم ﺘوﻓﻴق ﺤﻤﺎد‬
‫ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺒﺎﺒل‪ /‬ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ اﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤدﻴرﻴﺔ اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﺘرﺒﻴﺔ‬
‫دﻴﺎﻝﻰ‪ /‬اﻝﻌراق‬
‫ﺘﻌد رﻴﺎﻀﺔ اﻝﻤﺒﺎرزة ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻴف ﻤن أﻗدم اﻝرﻴﺎﻀﺎت اﻝﺘﻲ ﻤﺎرﺴﻬﺎ اﻝﻔرد‬
‫اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ وﺒرز ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻝﻤﻌﺎرك اﻝﺘﻲ ﺨﺎﻀﻬﺎ اﻝﻌرب اﻝﻤﺴﻠﻤﻴن ﻝﻐرض ﻨﺸر‬
‫اﻝرﺴﺎﻝﺔ اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻜﺎن ﻝﻠﺴﻴف ﻤﻜﺎﻨﺔ ﻤرﻤوﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻔوس اﻝﻌرب ﻤن ﺨﻼل‬
‫اﻷﺴﻤﺎء اﻝﺘﻲ أطﻠﻘت ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺘﻐﻨوا ﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﺸﻌرﻫم‪ ،‬وﺒروز ﻗﺎدة ﻋظﺎم ﻤن ﺤﻤل‬
‫اﻝﺴﻴف دﻓﺎﻋﺎً ﻋن اﻝدﻴن اﻹﺴﻼﻤﻲ‪.‬‬
‫وﻫدف اﻝﺒﺤث إﻝﻰ‪ :‬اﻝﺘﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺼور اﻝﻤﺸرﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺎرزة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﺒر‬
‫اﻝﻌﺼور اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻴﺔ‪ .‬واﻝﺘﻌرف ﻋﻠﻰ دور اﻝﻌرب ﺤﺎﻀ اًر وأﺒرز اﻝدول اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫رﻴﺎﻀﺔ اﻝﻤﺒﺎرزة وأﻫم اﻝﻤﺸﺎرﻜﺎت اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺼﻌﻴد اﻷوﻝﻤﺒﻲ واﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻲ واﻝﻘﺎري‬
‫واﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‪.‬‬
‫واﺴﺘﺨدم اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎن اﻝﻤﻨﻬﺞ اﻝﺘﺎرﻴﺨﻲ ﻝﻤﻼءﻤﺘﻪ ﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ وأﻫداف اﻝﺒﺤث‪.‬‬
‫وﻝﻠوﺼل إﻝﻰ اﻻﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎت اﻋﺘﻤد اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎن اﻝﻤﺼﺎدر واﻝﻤراﺠﻊ اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ واﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌﻠوﻤﺎﺘﻴﺔ وﻤن ﺨﻼل دراﺴﺘﻬﺎ ﺘوﺼل اﻝﺒﺎﺤﺜﺎن إﻝﻰ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺄﺘﻲ‪ :‬ﻫﻨﺎك اﻝﻜﺜﻴر ﻤن‬
‫اﻝﺼور اﻝﻤﺸرﻗﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺒﺎرزة اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ وﻝﻌل ﻤن اﻫﻤﻬﺎ دور ﺴﻴدﻨﺎ ﻤﺤﻤد )ﺼﻠﻰ اﷲ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻴﻪ وﺴﻠم( واﻝﺨﻠﻔﺎء اﻝراﺸدون ﻓﻲ ﻨﺸر رﻴﺎﻀﺔ اﻝﻤﺒﺎرزة ﺒﻴن اﻝﺸﺒﺎب اﻝﻌرﺒﻲ‬
‫ﺒﺎﻋﺘﺒﺎرﻫم اﻝﻤﺜل اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻝﻬم‪ .‬وﺘﻌد ﻤﺼر واﻝﻌراق ﻓﻲ ﻤﻘدﻤﺔ اﻝدول اﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ ذات‬
‫اﻝﻤﺎﻀﻲ اﻝﻌرﻴق ﻓﻲ رﻴﺎﻀﺔ اﻝﻤﺒﺎرزة ﺒﺎﻝﺴﻴف ﻗدﻴﻤﺎً وﺤدﻴﺜﺎً ﻤن ﺨﻼل ﻤﺸﺎرﻜﺎﺘﻬم‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ اﻷﺼﻌدة اﻷوﻝﻤﺒﻴﺔ واﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴﺔ واﻝﻘﺎرﻴﺔ واﻝﻌرﺒﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٩١‬‬
Bright Images of the Arab Dueling Across Historical Eras
Ass.Prof.Dr. Wissam Twfeeq Hamad
College of Basic Education/Babylon University
Ass.Prof.Dr. Thafer Namoos Khalef
The General Directorate of Education in Dyalaa
fencing is the oldest sports practiced by the Arab individual
brought out through the battles fought by Arab Muslims for the
purpose of spreading the Islamic message, was the sword a prominent
place in the hearts of the Arabs by names that has launched him and
sang it, and the emergence of great leaders from carrying the sword in
defense the Islamic Religion.
The research aims to: identify the bright image of the Arab duel
across historical eras. And to identify the role of the Arab present, and
most Arab countries in the sport of dueling and posts the most
important Arabic Olympic and world and continental and Arab level.
And the researchers used historical approach to the problem of
suitability and research objectives. To reach the conclusions the
researchers adopted the sources and references in Arabic and network
information and through the study researchers reached the following:
There are a lot of the bright images of the Arab duel and perhaps
the most important role of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon
him) And the Righteous adults in spreading the sport dueling between
the Arab youth as ideal for them. Egypt, Iraq, _ at the forefront of
Arab countries with a glorious past in the sport of fencing, past and
present by their participation at all Olympic and international,
continental and Arab levels.
١٩٢
‫دراﺴﺔ ﺘﻌﻴﻴن درﺠﺔ ﺤرارة ﺤرق ﺒﻌض اﻷواﻨﻲ اﻝﻔﺨﺎرﻴﺔ ﻜﺄﺴﺎس ﻋﻠﻤﻲ‬
‫ﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴص ﻤظﺎﻫر ﺘﻠﻔﻬﺎ‬
‫) ﺘل آﺜﺎراﻝﺴﻤﺎرة – ﻋﺼرﻤﺎﻗﺒل اﻷﺴرات ‪ -‬دراﺴﺔ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ (‬
‫د‪ /‬وﻝﻴد ﻜﺎﻤل ﻋﻠﻲ اﻝﻐرﻴب‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻵﺜﺎر – ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ أﺴوان‬
‫‪Polarizing‬‬
‫إن اﻝﻔﺤص ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨدام اﻝﻤﻴﻜروﺴﻜوب اﻝﻤﺴﺘﻘطب‬
‫‪ Microscope‬ﻝﺒﻌض اﻷواﻨﻲ اﻝﻔﺨﺎرﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨرﺠﺔ ﻤن ﺘل آﺜﺎر اﻝﺴﻤﺎرة‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝدﻗﻬﻠﻴﺔ ) ﻋﺼرﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻷﺴرات( ﻴﻌطﻲ وﺼﻔﺎ ﺸﺎﻤﻼ ودﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﻝﻠﺘرﻜﻴب‬
‫اﻝﻤﻌدﻨﻲ ‪ Mineral Composition‬اﻝﻤﻤﻴز ﻝﻸواﻨﻲ اﻝﻔﺨﺎرﻴﺔ و ﻤوﻀﺤﺎ ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ‬
‫اﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ‪ Manufacture of Pottery‬وﻻﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻨوع اﻝطﻔﻠﺔ اﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨدﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﺘﻠك اﻷواﻨﻲ‪ Used Clay‬و طﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻝﻤواد اﻝﻤﺎﻝﺌﺔ اﻝﻤﻀﺎﻓﺔ )‬
‫‪ Additives Materials ( Tempers‬ﺴواء ﻜﺎﻨت ﻤواد ﻋﻀوﻴﺔ أو ﻏﻴر‬
‫ﻋﻀوﻴﺔ طﺒﻘﺎ ﻝﻠﻐرض اﻝوظﻴﻔﻲ ‪ Function Use‬ﻷﺴﺘﺨدام ﻫذﻩ اﻷواﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻔﺨﺎرﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻫذا إﻝﻲ ﺠﺎﻨب وﺼف درﺠﺔ ﺤ اررة وﺠو اﻝﺤرق داﺨل اﻝﻔرن ﺴواء‬
‫ﻜﺎن ﻤؤﻜﺴدا أﻤﺎ ﻤﺨﺘزﻻ أو ﻤزﻴﺞ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴن اﻝﻤؤﻜﺴد واﻝﻤﺨﺘزل طﺒﻘﺎ ﻝﻠﻐرض‬
‫اﻝوظﻴﻔﻲ ﻤن ﺠﺎﻨب أو طﺒﻘﺎ ﻝﻠزﺨرﻓﺔ اﻝﻤطﻠوﺒﺔ ﻤن ﺠﺎﻨب آﺨر‪ ،‬وﻤﺎ أﺤدﺜﺘﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺤرق ﻝﻸواﻨﻲ اﻝﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ ‪ Formed Green Clay Vessels‬ﻤن ﺘﻐﻴر‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻝﺘرﻜﻴب اﻝﻤﻌدﻨﻲ ﻝﻠﺠﺴم اﻝطﻴﻨﻲ ‪ Clay Body‬وذﻝك ﻤن ﺨﻼل اﻝﺘﻌرف‬
‫ﻋﻠﻲ اﻝﻤﻜوﻨﺎت اﻝﻤﻌدﻨﻴﺔ واﻷطوار اﻝزﺠﺎﺠﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺘﻜوﻨﺔ ‪Formed Glass‬‬
‫‪ .Phases‬وﺘم دراﺴﺔ اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻷواﻨﻲ اﻝﻔﺨﺎرﻴﺔ اﻝﻤﺘروﻜﺔ ﻝﻠدراﺴﺔ ﻤن ﺘل آﺜﺎر‬
‫اﻝﺴﻤﺎرة ﺒﺎﻝدﻗﻬﻠﻴﺔ "وﻫو ﻤن اﻝﻤواﻗﻊ اﻷﺜرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﻌود اﻝﻲ ﻋﺼر ﻤﺎ ﻗﺒل اﻷﺴرات‬
‫‪ "،‬وأﺠرﻴت ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ اﻝﻌدﻴد ﻤن اﻝﻔﺤوص واﻝﺘﺤﺎﻝﻴل ﻤﺜل اﻝﻔﺤص اﻝﻤﻴﻜروﺒﻴوﻝوﺠﻲ‬
‫واﻝﻔﺤص ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻴﻜروﺴﻜوب اﻷﻝﻜﺘروﻨﻲ اﻝﻤﺎﺴﺢ اﻝﻤزود ﺒوﺤدة ﺘﺸﺘت طﺎﻗﺔ اﻻﺸﻌﺔ‬
‫واﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل اﻝﺤراري‬
‫اﻝﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ )‪ (EDX‬واﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺒﺤﻴود اﻷﺸﻌﺔ اﻝﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ‪X R D‬‬
‫اﻝﺘﻔﺎﻀﻠﻲ ‪ DTA‬وذﻝك ﺒﻐرض ﺘﻌﻴﻴن درﺠﺔ ﺤ اررة وﺠو اﻝﺤرق ﻝﺒﻌض اﻷواﻨﻲ‬
‫اﻝﻔﺨﺎرﻴﺔ ﻜﺄﺴﺎس ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﻝﺘﺸﺨﻴص ﻤظﺎﻫر اﻝﺘﻠف )دراﺴﺔ اﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ( ﻝﺘﻜون ﺒﻤﺜﺎﺒﺔ‬
‫دراﺴﺔ ﺘﻤﻬﻴدﻴﺔ ﻷﻋﻤﺎل ﺘرﻤﻴﻤﻬﺎ وﺼﻴﺎﻨﺘﻬﺎ ‪.‬‬
‫اﻝﻜﻠﻤﺎت اﻝداﻝﺔ ‪ ) :‬ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ‪،‬اﻝﻔﺨﺎر ‪ ،‬اﻝطﻔﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻹﻀﺎﻓﺎت ‪ ،‬ﺠو اﻝﺤرق ‪ ،‬اﻝﻔﺤص‬
‫‪،‬اﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴل ‪،‬اﻝﺘﻠف(‬
‫‪١٩٣‬‬
Study of determination of the degree of firing of some pottery as
a scientific basis for its diagnosis
of the phenomena of deterioration" Tel el samara , pre-dynastic
period, study case"
Dr / Walid kamel Ali Elghareb
Faculty of Archaeology , Aswan University ,Egypt
The examination by using a Polarizing Microscope for some
archaeological pottery excavated from Tel el samara , in Dakahlia
(pre-dynastic period) gives a Comprehensive and accurate description
for the Mineral Composition of pottery , explaining of Manufacture
of Pottery, especially type of clay used in the manufacture of those
vessels and the nature of the additives materials (Tempers) whether
organic or inorganic materials in accordance with the Function Use.
In addition to a description of the degree of firing of the pottery
inside the kiln, whether oxidizing or reducing according to the
functional purpose or required decoration, and what caused the
burning process for Formed Green Clay Vessels from the change in
the mineral composition of the body Clay by identifying the mineral
components and formed glass phases. Many of pottery are studied
from Te l el- Samara, Dakahlia "one of the archaeological sites dating
back to pre-dynastic period, many of the tests, examinations and
analysis are done for the pottery such as microbiological study ,
scanning electron microscope with EDX ,X- ray diffraction and
differential thermal analysis" DTA" to determine the degree of firing
of some pottery as a scientific basis for its diagnosis of the
phenomena of deterioration (study case) as a preliminary study for the
works of the restoration and conservation.
Key words: (technique, clay, pottery, tempers, firing, examination,
analysis, deterioration)
١٩٤
‫اﻝﻤﻼﻤﺢ اﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻼﺤﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬر اﻝﻨﻴل ﻓﻲ اﻝﻌﺼر اﻝﻘدﻴم‬
‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬وﻴزة أﻴت ﻋﻤﺎرة‬
‫ﻜﻠﻴﺔ اﻻداب ‪ -‬اﻝﺠزاﺌر‬
‫ﻴﻤﻜن اﻝﻘول أن اﻝﺸﻌوب اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ ﻗد ﻏﺎﻤرت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻨﻬر ﻗﺒل أن ﺘﻐﺎﻤر‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﺒﺤر‪ ،‬ﻤﻤﺎ ﺠﻌل ﻤﻨطﻘﺔ اﻝﺒﺤر اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط اﻝﺸرﻗﻲ ﺘﻜون ﻤﻬدا ﻝﻠﺒﺤرﻴﺎت‬
‫ﺒﺄﻨواﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺤﻴث ﻨﺸﺄت ﺒﻬﺎ اﻝﻤﻼﺤﺔ اﻝﻨﻴﻠﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﻋرﻓت رواﺠﺎ ﻜﺒﻴ ار ﻤﻨذ أﻻف‬
‫اﻝﺴﻨﻴن‪ .‬وﻴﻌود ﺘطور رﻜوب ﻨﻬر اﻝﻨﻴل ﻋﻨد اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن إﻝﻰ اﻷﻝف اﻝﺜﺎﻝﺜﺔ ﻗﺒل‬
‫اﻝﻤﻴﻼد ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬد اﻷﺴرة اﻝﺨﺎﻤﺴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘوﺴﻌت ﻨﺤو ﺒﻼد اﻝﻨوﺒﺔ ﻋﺒر اﻝﻨﻴل‪.‬‬
‫ﻝﻘد ﻜﺎﻨت اﻝﻤﻼﺤﺔ اﻝﻨﻬرﻴﺔ ﻝدى ﻫؤﻻء ﻀرورﻴﺔ؛ ﺴواء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﺴﺘوى‬
‫اﻝﻤﺤﻠﻲ أو اﻝﺨﺎرﺠﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﺴﺘوى اﻝداﺨﻠﻲ ﻜﺎن اﻝﻤﺼرﻴون ﻴﻨﻘﻠون وﺴﺎﺌل ﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫اﻷﻫرام ﻋن طرﻴق اﻝﻨﻴل وﻴﺄﺘون ﺒﺎﻷﺤﺠﺎر ﻤن اﻝﻤﻨﺎطق اﻝواﻗﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝﺸﻼﻻت‬
‫اﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻝﻠﻨﻬر إﻝﻰ ﻤﺼر اﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺒواﺴطﺔ ﻗوارب‪ .‬أﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻝﻤﺴﺘوى اﻝﺨﺎرﺠﻲ ﻓﻜﺎن‬
‫اﻝﻨﻴل ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋن ﻗﻨﺎة أﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝرﺒط ﻤﺼر اﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺒﺤر اﻝﻤﺘوﺴط‪ ،‬وﺘﺄﺘﻲ ﻋن‬
‫طرﻴﻘﻬﺎ اﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ اﻷﺠﻨﺒﻴﺔ اﻝﻠﻴﺒﻴﺔ واﻝﻜرﻴﺘﻴﺔ واﻝﻔﻴﻨﻴﻘﻴﺔ وﻜذا اﻹﻏرﻴﻘﻴﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻜﺎﻨت اﻝدواﻓﻊ اﻝﺘﺠﺎرﻴﺔ واﻹﺴﺘراﺘﻴﺠﻴﺔ واﻝﻌﺴﻜرﻴﺔ وراء اﻫﺘﻤﺎم اﻝﻤﺼرﻴﻴن‬
‫ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻼﺤﺔ وﻴﺘﺠﻠﻰ ذﻝك ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻝرﺤﻼت اﻝﻌدﻴدة اﻝﺘﻲ ﻗﺎدﻫﺎ ﻫؤﻻء ﻋﺒر اﻝﻨﻴل‪.‬‬
‫أﺴﺎﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺘطوﻴر ﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﻨﺎء‬
‫دور‬
‫‪‬‬
‫وﻜﺎن ﻝﻨﻤو اﻝﻨﺸﺎط اﻝﺘﺠﺎري ﻓﻲ ﻨﻬر اﻝﻨﻴل ٌ‬
‫اﻝﺴﻔن اﻝﻨﻬرﻴﺔ اﻝﺘﻲ ﺘﺤوﻝت ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌد اﻝﻰ ﺴﻔن ﺒﺤرﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎ ﺘذﻜرﻩ اﻝﻜﺘﺎﺒﺎت‬
‫اﻝﻘدﻴﻤﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪١٩٥‬‬
General Features of the Shipping in the Nile in ancient age
Prof. Dr. Wiza Ayt Amara
Faculty of Arts - Algeria
It can be said that the ancient peoples have ventured on the river
before venturing to the sea , making the eastern Mediterranean region
is the cradle of the freedoms of all kinds , where I grew up by the Nile
navigation known in great demand since thousands of years. And ride
back the development of the Nile River to the Egyptians to the third
millennium BC, during the reign of the Fifth Dynasty, which has
expanded about Nubia across the Nile.
It was a river navigation in these necessary; whether at the local or
external level , At the domestic level, the Egyptians transported the
means to build the pyramids by the Nile and the stones come from the
areas in the upper waterfalls of the river to Upper Egypt by boat . On
the external level of the Nile was a key channel for connecting Upper
Egypt Mediterranean Sea , come all the way foreign goods Libyan and
Cretan and Phoenician and Greek as well .
The commercial and strategic and military motives behind the
attention of Egyptians navigation and this is reflected especially in the
many trips that led them across the Nile . It was for the growth of
business activity in the Nile River a key role in the development of
technology to build river ships that later became the Navy ships to
remember what the ancient writings.
١٩٦