Document 6575646

Transcription

Document 6575646

SHIRE
HANDBOOK
CABOOLTURE
QUEENSLAND DEPARTMENT OF PRIMARY INDUSTRIES
LIMITED DISTRIBUTION - GOV'T.i 1NSTRUHENTALITY OFFICERS ONLY
C A B O O L T U R E
S H I R E
H A N D B O O K
compiled by G. J. Lukey, Dipl. Trop. Agric (Deventer)
Queensland Department of Primary Industries
October 1973.
The material in this publication is intended for
government and institutional use only, and is
not to be used in any court of law.
11
FOREWORD
A detailed knowledge and understanding of the environment and
the pressures its many facets may exert are fundamental to those who
work to improve agriculture, or to conserve or develop the rural
environment.
A vast amount of information is accumulating concerning the
physical resources and the farming and social systems as they exist in
the state of Queensland. This information is coming from a number of
sources and references and is scattered through numerous publications
and unpublished reports.
Shire Handbooks, the first of which was published in February
1969, are an attempt to collate under one cover relevant information and
references which will be helpful to the extension officer, the research
and survey officer or those who are interested in industry or regional
planning or in reconstruction.
A copy of each shire handbook is held for reference in each
Division and in each Branch of the Department of Primary Industries in
Brisbane. In addition Agriculture Branch holds at its Head Office and in
each of its country centres, Shire Handbooks, Regional Technical
Handbooks (notes on technical matters relevant to certain agricultural
industries in the Shire) and monthly and annual reports which are a
continuing record of the progress and problems in agriculture. It is
suggested that the 3 sets of records are essential background material for
the professional agriculturalist.
It is intended that the Handbook for each Shire should be reviewed
and updated for republication every fifth year.
Mr. G. J. Lukey, Adviser with the Queensland Department of
Primary Industries, has collated data and assembled material for this
Handbook. The assistance provided by officers of this and other
Departments both State and Federal is gratefully acknowledged. Miss
Diana Beal, B. Econ. B. Com has edited the material for publication.
N . F . Fox
DIRECTOR OF AGRICULTURE
Ill
CONTENTS
Section
1.
Introduction
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
2.
Climate
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.08
3.
Soil Types
Soil Conservation
Areas available for Pastoral and Agricultural
Development
Vegetation & Fauna
5.01
5.02
6.
Hydrology - General
Surface Supplies
Underground Supplies
Irrigation
Future Irrigation Development
Soils
4.01
4.02
4.03
5.
Preamble
Rainfall
Temperature and Frost
Relative Humidity
Cloudiness and Sunshine Hours
Evaporation
Winds
Climate in relation to pastoral, crop
and forestry enterprises
Hydrology
3.01
3.02
3.03
3.04
3.05
4.
Location
Exploration and Settlement
Topography
Geology
Vegetation
Fauna
Farming Systems and Practices
6.01
6.02
6.03
6.04
6.05
6.06
6.07
6.08
Land Tenure
Land Valuation
Tobacco
Fruit and Vegetable Cropping
Dairying
Beef Cattle
Poultry
Pigs
IV
Section
7.
Crop, Pasture and Animal Performance
7.01
7.02
7.03
8.
Register of Research Projects
8.01
8.02
8.03
8.04
8.05
8.06
9.
Primary Production - Holdings and Enterprises
Demography
Transport Services
Secondary Industries
Tertiary Services
Community Services
Associations and Societies
State Services to Primary Producers
Economics
11.01
11.02
11.03
11.04
11.05
11.06
11.07
11.08
11.09
12.
Forestry
Mining
Fishery
Beekeeping
Shire IStatistics
10.01
10.02
10.03
10.04
10.05
10.06
10.07
10.08
11.
Pastures
Dairying
Horticulture
Agriculture
Fisheries
Cattle Ticks
Other Primary Industries
9.01
9.02
9.03
9.04
10.
Crops
Pastures
Animals
Introduction
Fodder Crops
Pastures
Dairying
Beef
Pigs
Poultry
Horticulture - Fruit and Vegetables
Tobacco
Primary Producers
Bibliography
-
(Rural Landholders) in the Shire.
References
Acknowledgements
Maps
Map 1
Map 2
Map 3
Map 4
Location
Geology
Streams
Reserves
Section
Section
Section
Section
1
1
1
5
1-1
Section 1.
INTRODUCTION
1. 01
Location:
The Caboolture Shire covers an area of 1220km2. The Shire
area lies between latitudes 26°48'S and 27°14'S, and longtitudes 152°40'E
and 153°13'E. The Caboolture township is at a distance of about 50 km
north of Brisbane.
The Shire is bounded on the east by Deception and Moreton Bays
and the South Pacific Ocean along Bribie Island. On the west the Shire is
bounded by Neurum and Mary Smokes Creeks. On the north-west the Shire
boundary overlaps the Conondale Range, which is part of the Blackall
Range, near Bellthorpe over a width of approximately 10 km. The
boundary then runs in a south-easterly direction to the D'Aguilar Range
and then follows this range to a point 10 km south of Mt. Beerwah. The
boundary then runs in easterly direclion passing approximately 1 km
south of Beerburrum, crossing Pumicestone Channel and the northern
half of Bribie Island.
On the south the Shire boundary runs from Deception Bay township
in a westerly direction to approximately 3 km north-east of Dayboro from
where it continues north-west to Mt. Mee. South of Mt. Mee the boundary
crosses the D'Aguilar Range and continues in westerly direction to
join up with the boundary along Neurum Creek.
1. 02
Exploration and Settlement:
The earliest exploration in the present Caboolture Shire area was
by Captain Matthew Flinders in the sloop "Norfolk" on the 16th July, 1799,
when he landed on the southern tip of the island now called Bribie. This
landing place Captain Flinders called Skirmish Point following a brief
skirmish with some of the Aborigines in that area. There appears to be
strong evidence that the historic landing of Capt. Flinders and the subsequent skirmish took place on the inside part of the island, marked on present
day maps as South Point, and not on the ocean side of the island. Flinders'
own chart indicates the original location of Skirmish Point, which is
confirmed by the report of John Oxley on his exploration in the area in
1823, and is also marked as such on the first original map of the Colony
of Queensland. (Ref. Collected works of Thomas Welsby - Vol. II).
Captain M. Flinders explored part of Pumicestone Channel,
or River as he thought it was, and beached his sloop for repairs at a
point now known as the White Patch or Tarranggiri. This is on the Bribio
side of Pumicestone Channel opposite Toorbul. The aboriginal name for
Bribie Island was apparently "Yaroon" or "Yarun", as recorded by John
Dunmore Lang, in his book "Queensland - Australia", 1861. Tom Petrie
states "Yirin" to be the aboriginal name for mudcrab.
Captain Flinders found well-constructed aboriginal huts,
measuring 3-4 m long on the island.
1-2
Apart from cannibalism which appeared to be common to the
aboriginals in this area, mudcrabs and sea mullet were an important
source of food, as well as oysters, dugong and turtle. Mullet was caught
in a type of seine net.
The island was inhabited by the "Joondoburrie" or "Joondoobarrie
people. The last member of this tribe was a woman by the name of Kalmakuta, was passed away in 1897 and was buried near Toorbul Pt. A memorial
carrying a plaque donated by Mr. Petrie was erected by the Caboolture
Historical Society at the site in honour of Kalma-kuta and the Joondoobarrie
people.
Ancient Bora grounds in the form of a large and a smaller
ring, used for aboriginal ceremonies are located 2 km west of the
Memorial on the road to Godwin's Beach.
The mainland area between Toorbul and Toorbul Pt. was
inhabited by the Ninghi Ninghi (oyster) aboriginals.
On the 26th July 1799, Capt. Matthew Flinders accompanied
by Bongaree an aboriginal from the Sydney area and two sailors explored
the land west of Pumicestone Channel and climbed Mt. Beerburrum,
which is Just north of the present Shire boundary.
In January 1822 Captain John Bingle on the cutter "Sally"
appears to have been in the Bribie area as part of his commission to
survey the Eastern Coast.
Richard Parsons, Thomas Pamphlet and John Finnegan were
the next white men to arrive in the Toorbul-Bribie area. On the 21st
March 1823, these three men left Sydney in an open sailing boat in search
of cedar, for a group of islands 50 miles south of Port Jackson. A
violent gale drove them out to sea and finally they were shipwrecked on
Moreton Island. Imagining themselves still south of Sydney the three men
crossed the southern part of Moreton Bay to reach the mainland and
commenced to walk northwards along the coast. On approximately the
14th June 1823 they reached the southern bank of the present Brisbane River
After some difficulties crossing this river they continued northwards via
Redcliffe peninsula and finally reached the Toorbul area where they lived
with the aboriginals for approximately four months.
John Oxley, Surveyor-General to the Government of New South
Wales, on the cutter "Mermaid" anchored off Skirmish Point on the 29th
day of November, 1823 and gound the two men Pamphlet and Finnegan
living ashore with the aboriginals. Parsons had continued northwards
and apparently lived for two years with aboriginals in the Mary River region
before returning South.
John Oxley's journey north of Sydney was to survey suitable
locations for convict penal establishments. On learning of the existence
of a large river to the south John Oxley set out with Finnegan and on the
2nd and 3rd December 1823 explored a considerable part of the present
Brisbane River which he named after Sir Thomas Brisbane, Governor
of New South Wales.
The name Bribie originates from the period between 1825 to
1845 approximately when a prisoner convict named Bribie appears to
have lived with the aboriginals on the island.
1 - 3
In 1839 surveyors were sent to the area north of the Brisbane
River in preparation for opening the land for free settlement. This initial
survey work was completed in 1842. The land around Moreton Bay was then
named "The Northern District of New South Wales" and land wa« for sale
at "12 shillings per acre" ($3/ha).
The name Caboolture was first applied by John Dunmore Lang,
in 1848 to the bay into which the river (now called the Caboolture River)
flows. The word Caboolture is derived from the aboriginal work
"Kabultur" meaning "place of carpet snakes".
The first settler in the Caboolture area was Andrew Gregor
who developed a grazing property in 1842 at what is now Upper Caboolture.
In 1850 and his housekeeper Mary Shannon were murdered by a number of
hostile aboriginals. Another source claims 1846 to be the year of this
murder.
The old grazing property of Andrew Gregor has changed hands
several times since and was during one period stocked with sheep. Other
early settlers in the region followed in the Burpengary Creek and Bellmere
districts, at Morayfield, in the Caboolture township area and surroundings
and the Deception Bay area.
A survey of farmlands in the Caboolture area was completed
on the 2nd February 1864.
One of the first farming operations was commenced at Morayfield south of the Caboolture River by the Caboolture Cotton Co. as a
result of a shortage of cotton in England due to the Americal Civil War.
Cotton and later sugar cane were grown in the area south of the Caboolture
River by several of the original settlers, one of whom by the name of
Captain Whish owned land along the southern bank of the Caboolturs River
near the present township, which property he named "Oaklands". A
small sugar mill was erected by Fountain Bros, on the southern side
of the Caboolture River in about 1870, near the eastern part of the present
township.
The sugar industry brought many of the original settlers to the
district and descendants of these settlers still remain in the area.
The town of Caboolture was first settled in 1867 probably in
conjunction with the discovery of gold at Gympie. The original owner
of the townsite was a Mr. Roach. Also in 1867 Mr. James Newman took up
the property where the modern War Veterans Home is now situated. Mr.
M. Newman handed over the Historical Newman handed over the
Historical Newman House, which was constructed partly of silky oak and
walnut timber, to the Returned Soldiers League in 1947 to house war veterans
from the Boer War and World War I.
Caboolture was used as a stop-over point on account of the
plentiful water supply in the Caboolture River by the Cobb & Co. Coach
Service between Brisbane-Gympie-Maryborough which commenced on the
23rd November 1868.
Mr. M. Battersby started a blacksmith business in 1870 on the
site of the present Shire Council building, with a contract for shoeing
horses of Cobb & Co. Coach Service.
1- 4
The first Post Office at Caboolture was opened on the 1st
September 1869 in close proximity to the site of the present Post Office.
The first Post Office was operated under the control of W.G. Geddes,
who owned a large portion of the Caboolture town area at that time.
The C tboolture Shire Council was constituted on the 11th
November, 1879 and was the first Shire on the North Coast stretching
originally from the Redcliffe and Pine Rivers area to Maroochydore,
including Landsborough and Kilcoy.
According to the 1886 census the population of the Caboolture
township was 162 and the population of the entire Shire of Caboolture was
12373.
Apart from the sugar industry, the timber trade created a
considerable degree of employment in this time. Large quantities of
pine, red cedar and beech timber were cut in the upper reaches of the
Caboolture River on the D'Aguilar Range, at Mr. Mee, in the Woodford
area and on the Blackall Range near Bellthorpe.
Prior to the opening of the railway to Caboolture in June 1888,
timber hauliers transported logs by means of bullock teams to the rafting ground at Caboolture, where it was rafted down the river and taken
to Brisbane by boat.
In this time all transport of produce and supplies to and from
Brisbane was by water.
The sawmilling industry in the area was pioneered by Mr. A.
Johnson, followed by dhers at Lagoon Creek, at D'Aguilar, Villeneuve and
at Woodford. Apart from pine, cedar and beech, these sawmills also cut
blackbutt, tallow wood, ironbark, bluegum, stringybark, flooded gum,
box, red gum and grey gum hardwoods.
Following the decline of the sugar industry in the area, maize
and potatoes were grown extensively on the river alluvials, while dairying commenced in the Caboolture and Woodford areas as well as at Mt.
Mee, where first settlement took place in 1880-81. The Caboolture butter
factory was established in 1907.
In later years bananas, pineapples and citrus growing
developed into important rural industries in the Caboolture and Wamuran
areas.
The settlement of the Woodford area begins with the development of Durundur Sheep Station by the Archer Bros, in September 1841.
The whole upper Stanley River area west of the D'Aguilar Range and south
of Bellthorpe on the Conondale Range was then part of the station. Dr.
Ludwig Leichardt, famous explorer and botanist, is reported to have
stayed for a period of 8 months with the Archer Bros, in 1842-43.
The station proved tobe too wet for sheep which became apparent
in the form of footrot problems. The Archer Bros, therefore brought
cattle to the station in 1845.
The Durundur aboriginals were fairly peaceful and their chief
Bucknor was a renowned figure in the area.
Durundur Station was sold in 1848 to J. & D. McConnel who
1-5
also grazed cattle as well as horses. The remains of the house built
on the station by the McConnels are still present on the right bank of the
Stanley River approximately 4 km from the Woodford Post Office.
Woodford is named after H. C. Wood who arrived at Durundur
in 1864 and became a partner of J. McConnel.
In 1868 the Act for Closer Settlement came into force and as
a result the original large holding of Durundur Station was reduced in size
and portions resumed and taken up by new settlers.
Fishery enterprises were also an important feature during the
time of early settlement. Dugong and turtle were processed in the early
eighties by a man named Foster at a location at the southern end of Bribie
Island opposite Toorbul Point. Net fishing was carried out extensively
in the Pumicestone Channel and Deception Bay. A fish canning factory
was built in 1898 on the Deception Bay side of Toorbul Point by Messrs.
Charles Godwin and Day at a place called Godwin's Gutter.
Oysters were also obtained from several oyster banks which
were located in the Pumicestone Channel and amongst others the Moreton
Bay Oyster Co. operated from the oyster camp at Boonybrook in
approximately 1900.
1.02
Topography:
The Caboolture Shire is approximately bisected by D'Aguilar
Range which runs in a north-north easterly direction from Mt. Mee towards
the town of Woodford. The Range forms the watershed between the coastal
lowlands to the east and the Stanley River basin to the west and varies in
height from 489 m at Mt. Mee to 144 m at the township of D'Aguilar.
The land east of the D'Aguilar Range changes from hilly, over
60 m with slopes of 1° a n d more, to large areas of undulating ridge
country (15 to 45 m. , slopes 5° to 10°), while extensive flats occur near
the coast in the vicinity of the Caboolture River and towards Pumicestone
Passage. Bribie Island is gently undulating to flat with mas t of the areas
on the island being below the 7 m contour level.
The coastal low lands in this part of the Shire include some of
the southern-most Glasshouse Mts. , namely Mt. Tunbubudla (The Twins)
- 289 m and 310 m near the northern Shire boundary, Mr. Miketeebumulgray 196m. The Saddleback Mt. 127 m west of Elimbah, and Round
Mt. - 67 m which is 5 km north-west of Caboolture.
The Caboolture Post & Telegraph Office is at a height of 13 m
above average sea level. Elimbah and Burpengary at 23 m and
Wamuran at 55 m.
The Conondale Range in the north-west and the D'Aguilar Range
in the east form the watersheds for the Stanley River basin. The country at
the Conondale Range, the D'Aguilar Range, the Mt. Mee area, Mt. Delaney
south of Delaney Creek, Neurum Mt. between Delaney Creek and Stanley
River, Mt. McLean in the upper reaches of Stoney Creek and Mt. Peachester
near Hie northern shire boundary west of Stanley River can be regarded as
mountainous (elevations between 300 and 600 m with 20° to 30° slopes).
The highest point in the shire is 639 m at Mt. Bellthorpe.
1-6
The lowest point in the Stanley River basin is approximately
105 m where the Stanley River crosses the Shire boundary east of
Villeneuve.
A large part of the country in the Stanley River basin is
otherwise hilly to undulating with slopes from 5° to 20°, while some
areas of alluvial flats occur along the Stanley River and its tributaries.
The Woodford Post & Telegraph office is at a height of 118 m
while Neurum township to the west is at a height of 109 m and D'Aguilar
township to the east is at the height of 143 m.
1.04
Geology:
The geological history of the Caboolture Shire region is the
following: (a)
Mesozoic - Jurassic, Triassic - Landsborough Sandstone
CR-Je) which is regarded as equivalent to Coastal Bundamba
sandstone. This is present west of the North Coast railway
line to an line from east of D'Aguilar - Wamuran - Upper
Caboolture - Narangba - Deception Bay, as well as east of
North Coast railway line where it is intermignled with alluvia.
(b)
Cainozoic - Quaternary - alluvia, coastal dunes and sandrock.
(Q)
(c)
Rocksberg Greenstones (Pzlt) near Rocksberg and around Mt.
Mee west of the D'Aguilar Range extending to the north of
Delaney Creek halfway to Woodford, and the Rocksberg
Greenstones - Bunya Phyllites transition (Pzlt) zone. These
are located in the south west region of the Caboolture Shire,
west of a line from D'Aguilar - Wamuran - Upper Caboolture
to Narangba which line is considered a supposedly faulted
junction between the Rocksberg Greenstones - Bunya Phyllites
transition beds and the Mesozoic Landsborough Sandstone.
(d)
Igneous Rock (gr) granite, granodiorite in the western region
of the Caboolture Shire extending from the surroundings of
D'Aguilar and Woodford to the area north and west of Woodford
with alluvials (Q) and pockets of Durundur Shales (Pdu)
along the Stanley River and tributaries.
(e)
Bellthorpe Andesites along the Conondale Range - Palaeozoic Perrao Carboniferous. (Pbe).
(f)
Also on and along the Conondale R a nge are located some small
areas of Tertiary Basalts (Tv) as well as some Bunya Phyllites.
(Pzlb) Near. Mt. Mee on the D'Aguilar Range a four mile long
stretch is located of Tertiary Basalt outcrops and weathered
Basalt. (Tv).
Tertiary alkaline trachyte (Ttr) in the form of
denuded intrusive plugs are represented by Mr. Tunbubudla
(The Twins), Mt. Miketeebumulgray, The Saddleback Mt.
and Round Mr. north-west of Caboolture, and located in the
Landsborough Sandstone Zone. Mt. Delaney near the western
boundary of the Shire is also formed of alkaline trachyte rock.
(Trh).
1-7
Note:
The Mesozoic - Triassic sedimentary sandstone referred to
previously as Landsborough Sandstone consist of variable textured
freshwater sediments ranging from conglomerates to fine-grained
sandstones which are largely devoid of fossils. A substantial part of
these sandstones are apparently equivalent to the Bundamba Group of
Upper Triassic age and are overlain in extensive areas by the mantle
of Quaternary siliceous sand.
Approximately 2 km north of Deception Bay township oloso
to'the shore a shell bed about 3 m above the present sea level overlies a
rock platform of Landsborough Sandstone. The shell bed was formed
approximately 5000 years ago during the higher sea level of the post
glacial thermal maximum.
(Sources: Geological Excursions in S. E. Qld. N.C. Stevens.
Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, S.E. Qld. J.E. Coaldrake)
2-1
Section
2.
CLIMATE
2.0t
Preamble:
The climatic environment of the Caboolture Shire Region is
considered to be humid sub-tropical.
The climate in the coastal lowlands east of the D'Aguilar Range
is influenced by its proximity to the sea as somewhat higher air humidity
and precipitation patterns than in the area west of the D'Aguilar Range. A
wider variation between summer and winter maximum and minimum temperatures
occurs also in the west.
The Shire area is located on the fringe of a region of acute
thunderstorm activity, and as a result of this a great variability of rainfall
exists in the Shire area from year to year.
The high elevation area on the D'Aguilar Range north and south of
Mt. Mee has the highest average rainfall in the Shire and has a more temperate
climate in which temperature fluctuations are somewhat less than at lower
altitudes.
2.02
Rainfall:
The rainfall data recorded at two locations in the Shire at
Caboolture (27°4'S, 152°57'E, 12m above sea level) and Woodford (26°55'S,
152°48'E, 118m a. s. 1.) can be regarded as being representative of the
general rainfall pattern in the Shire.
The mean annual rainfall in the Shire increases from east to west
from 1270mm on the coast to 1400mm on the D'Aguilar Range and decreases
westward from there to 1000mm. The main rain-bearing influences are the
south-east trade winds, thunderstorm activity, cyclonic disturbances and coastal
instabilities.
Means of monthly rainfall totals are highest for January, February
and March and lowest in August and Setpember.
Useful rains occasionally occur during winter, but in general 70%
of the mean annual rainfall is received during the six month period October March.
A high rainfall variability exists in the Shire with variations of
more than 20% occurring in the monthly and even the annual average.
A large proportion of the summer rain is in the form of falls of
high intensity associated with thunderstorms and cyclonic depressions. It is
estimated that these two rain bearing influences contribute approximately 45%
lo the total average annual rainfall in this area, with rain from cyclonic
(lislrubancos being aboul half of that produced by thunderstorms (Rimmer,
Hull and llossuek 1939). In some years cyclonic rainfall can make up 30%
lo 60% of the annual rainfall.
2 - 2
The main cyclonic season is from mid-December to midApril with the highest probability in February and March. Cyclonic rains
are of low frequency but significant because of their high yield over short
periods. Winter cyclones are of much lower frequency but can beequally
high rain yielding as well as damaging to vegetation. The probability of no
cyclone influencing the area is about 40% in any season.
Rainfall from slow moving widespread cloud systems such as
produced by south-east trade winds and coastal instabilities is the most
stable and effective form of precipitation in the area.
Thunderstorms supply the "opening rains" after a dry spring
period and contribute substantially to the annual rainfall. This type of
rainfall is generally not so effective due to the often high intensity resulting in high run-off which can cause considerable erosion and flooding. Hail
is frequently associated with thunderstorms, but this is generally not so
severe on the coastal lowlands as further inland.
Table 1.
Occurrence of Tropical Cyclones in the Shire (1911 - 1960)
Jan.
3
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
8
8
3
In 50 Year Period
22
Table 2.
Average Monthly & Yearly Rainfall (mm) & Average Number Rain Days
Station
Month
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May.
Jun.
Jul.
Aug.
Sep.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
Caboolture
Points
(401) - 92 years
% year
Total
Av.
Raindays
196
203
201
105
50
72
62
40
46
76
89
147
15
16
15
8
6
5
5
3
3
6
7
11
11
12
13
8
7
6
6
4
5
8
9
9
1308
100
98
Woodford (3951) - 81 years
Points
186
209
204
106
74
73
60
40
48
72
81 .
135
1289
% year
Total
Av.
Raindays
14
16
16
8
6
6
5
3
4
6
6
10
11
13
14
9
7
6
6
5
5
7
8
9
100
100
2 - 3
Table 3.
Variability of Annual Rainfall
Station
Years Normal
of
(mm)
Record
Caboolture
Woodford
92
81
% Frequency
of totals
Record Totals (& year)
over
under
133
66
normal normal
Highest
(points)
Lowest
(points)
2446 (1879)
3145 (1893)
425 (1902)
659 (1957)
11
10
1303
1289
11
9
Table 4.
Percentage Probability of Receiving Rainfall Equal to or G r e a t e r than
Norm; JLl
Station
J a n F e b M a r A p r May Jun J u l Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
42
41
39
35
00
CO
23
32
CO
CO
Caboolture 40
Woodford
40
34
30
34
36
37
33
43
43
43
41
39
37
34
38
Table 5.
Percentage Probability of Receiving Specified Amounts of Rain.
Monthly
inches
Jan F e b M a r A p r M a j Jun J u l Aug Sep O c t Nov D e c
%
%
%
%
% % % % % % %
io
0.5
1
2
3
4
6
8
10
15
99
98
93
85
77
51
40
26
11
99
99
88
77
65
43
29
25
16
x
Did not occur in any year period analysed.
98
96
85
75
70
54
42
28
13
95
89
70
51
40
22
12
9
2
86
78
55
36
26
14
9
4
2
79
71
49
35
24
12
8
5
1
75
63
40
29
20
11
7
5
X
75
55
27
16
5
2
2
1
1
82
67
38
23
7
1
95
86
70
50
X
95
86
64
46
28
5
2
1
34
18
10
1
X
X
X
X
99
95
84
75
59
33
18
14
4
40
41
2-4
Caboolture
Twomonthly
D e c J a n F e b M a r A p r May Jun J u l Aug S e p Oct N o v
J a n F e b M a r A p r May J u n J u l A u g S e p O c t Nov D e c
ii
%
0. 5
1
2
3
4
6
8
10
15
+
+
99
99
93
86
76
62
36
+
% •
+
+
+
97
97
91
80
68
42
%
+
+
+
+
93
88
78
67
48
%
+
+
95
93
91
82
72
58
25
%
98
98
92
86
76
54
37
23
9
%
%
97
93
83
73
55
38
27
17
7
93
89
77
67
53
35
20
15
2
%
95
88
68
48
36
18
10
9
2
%
97
88
71
54
30
9
2
2
1
%
+
98
88
74
59
29
8
4
1
at
%
+
98
93
86
74
49
30
17
3
+
99
95
90
84
70
49
41
15
Occurred in each year of period analysed.
Table 6.
Percentage Probability of Receiving Specified Amounts of Rain
Woodford
Monthly
inches
J a n F e b Mar Apr M a j Jun J u l Aug S e p O c t Nov D e c
%
% % % % % % % % % %
%
0.5
1
2
3
4
6
8
10
15
98
96
90
83
72
47
36
24
11
99
96
89
74
65
44
33
27
12
+
Did not occur in any year of period analysed.
X
99
98
85
74
72
54
41
31
11
95
86
70
49
38
21
14
9
2
85
79
56
35
22
12
4
2
1
83
67
51
31
22
11
9
5
1
72
63
43
27
15
6
5
4
1
75
53
26
16
5
2
1
1
79
69
42
23
11
X
91
85
62
41
20
9
2
1
96
90
67
40
30
12
4
2
X
X
X
X
X
X
99
96
86
72
54
32
22
15
2
Woodford
Two monthly
D e c J a n F e b M a r A p r May J u n J u l Aug S e p Oct Nov
J a n F e b M a r A p r M a j J u n J u l A u g Sep O c t Nov D e c
it
0. 5
1
2
3
4
6
8
10
15
%
%
%
+
+
+
99
95
84
79
69
46
%
+
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
+
+
+
96
94
85
71
59
31
+
99
99
96
96
90
77
64
43
+
x
Did not occur in any year of period analyses.
+
96
94
93
80
64
56
31
99
95
93
84
77
51
32
22
10
99
94
83
73
54
36
23
14
6
93
86
79
65
57
28
16
12
6
98
83
69
51
36
16
9
6
4
96
86
73
56
38
7
2
2
98
96
90
73
57
30
11
5
X
X
+
99
95
85
74
41
21
12
1
%
+
+
99
94
90
63
46
32
16
2-5
2. 03
Temperature and Frost:
Temperatures in the Shire region generally range between
29°C maximum and 19°C minimum in summer, and 20°C maximum and
7°C minimum in winter.
Extremes in temperatures such as 38°C or 20°C occur
occasionally but not once a year.
Differences between average minima and maxima normally
do not exceed 11°C.
Frost incidence is of irregular occurrence but can be at times
fairly severe in some years during July or early August in low lying
areas, valleys and hill slopes with a southern aspect.
Table 7.
Average and Extreme
Years of
Record
Temperatures
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Ann
Crohamhurst
1
2
3
4
5
24
24
24
29
19
24
28
19
23
27
18
22
25 22
14 11
19 16
24
10
14 17
27
20
22
24
19
43
2
21 20 22 24
11
9 10 12
15 14 15 18
32 29 33 38
5
2
2
2
26
15
21
41
6
28 29
18 19
23 24
41 41
9 14
25
15
20
43
2
20 20
7
8
14 13
21
8
28
29
25
14 16 18 13
Brisbane
1
2
3
4
5
2. 04
29 29 28 26
20 20 19 16
25 25 24 21
43 41 39 35
7
15 15 11
82
82
82
82
82
23
13
18
33
5
Line 1
Line 2
Line 3
Average Maximum Temperature (°C)
Average Minimum Temperature (°C)
Mean Temperature (°C) Av. Max. + Av. Min.
Line 4
Line 5
Highest Temperature on record (°C)
Lowest Temperature on record (°C)
Humidity:
The Shire region experiences high relative humidity which
tends to be greater in summer than in winter.
Table 8.
Index of Mean Monthly Relative Humidities.
(Derived from the ratio of the average 9 a. m. vapour
pressure to the saturation vapour pressure at the mean temperature).
2 - 6
Jan F e b M a r
A p r May J u n J u l Aug S e p O c t Nov D e c
Crohamhursi 80
82
84
81
81
82
80
74
70
68
74
71
Brisbane
72
72
71
f>9
67
66
64
64
64
66
67
2. 05
69
Cloudiness and Sunshine Hours:
There is a high incidence of sunshine in the area, with
monthly daily averages ranging between 6. 5 and 8. 3 hours.
Table 9.
Cloudiness, Sunshine Hours, Fog (Brisbane)
Data
Cloudiness
(in 1 / 8 sky)
Sunshine
(hr/day)
Fog
(days/mth)
A p r M a y J u n J u l Aug S e p O c t Nov D e c
4. 6 4. 7 4 3
3. 6 3. 3 3. 3 2. 9 2, 6 2. 7 3. 4 3. 9 4. 2 3 . 6
7. 6 7 1 6 8
7 1 6. 9 6. 5 7. 1 7. 9 8. 3 8. 3 8. 2 8. 1
0. 5 0. 6 1. 3
2. 3 3. 3 3. 1 3. 2 3. 7 2. 7 1. 2 0. 5 0. 4
Source:
2.06:
Year
Jan F e b M a r
7. 5
Bureau of Meteorology.
Evaporation:
As for temperature, humidity and sunshine hours the nearest
point where reliable recordings of evaporation are taken is Brisbane.
These recordings would be typical for most of the Shire region except
for areas of high elevation in the Shire.
Evaporation reaches its highest point of more than 178mm
in December, while declining to less than 76mm in June.
Table 10.
Average Monthly and Annual Evaporation (mm) (Brisbane)
Years of
Record
Mar A p r M a y Jun J u l Aug S e p Oct N o v D e c Year.
178 137 132
36
2.07
Jan Feb
112 89
73
76
99
120 150 170 187
1525
Winds:
During January and February, winds are mostly from the
east. During April and May, southeasterly and south-westerly winds are
co-dominant. From late May to September, there is a clear westerly
dominance, with a sub-dominance of southeasterly winds. During
September, off-shore winds again become dominant with a northerly
trend. Northeasterly and southwesterly winds are co-dominant during the
period from October to December.
2 - 7
Table 11.
Wind Speeds
lvi omn
-
Brisbane
Average
Daily
km/hr.
Highest Daily
Mean
km/hr.
Highest Gust
km/hr.
11.2
11.0
10.7
10. 5
10.0
10.0
31.6
37.1
32. 5
26.6
28. 5
30.4
35.2
23.7
25.8
25.1
24.8
31. 2
37.1
109
107
106
102
79
94
111
97
101
97
111
119
119
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
9.7
10.0
10.4
11. 1
10.7
11.0
11. 1
Year
Source: Bureau of Meteorology.
Winds are normally light, however during thunderstorms or
cyclones, gusts may exceed 96 - 102 km/hr.
Damage to property and crops can be expected under these
conditions.
Table 12.
Prevalent Wind Direction and % Frequency
for Speeds of 9. 25 km/hr or more (1956-60)
9 a.m.
Month Direction
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Frequency
%
43
33
46
67
57
70
44
47
43
25
23
23
SE
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SW
SE
N
3 p. m.
D
F
%
S
19
W
40
W
22
SW
21
Direction
E
E
E
SE
W
W
W
NW
NE
NE
NE
NE
i
Source:
Bureau of Meteorology.
Frequency D
%
47
32
31
32
30
22
33
20
29
46
49
53
SE
SE
SE
E
SE
SW
F
%
29
24
34
30
18
22
NE 20
E 27
2 -8
2.08
Climate in Relation to Pastoral, Crop and Forestry Enterprises:
The Caboolture Shire area has a milk subtropical climate with
a marked dominance of summer rainfall and a small but significant winter
rainfall.
The total annual rainfall seems high compared with that
applying to the temperate zone. However the effectiveness of a considerable
part of the rainfall is low by comparison. This is because of the often
high intensity of precipitation which causes considerable loss by run-off once
the perched water tables are raised. In agriculture and horticulture
considerable erosion can occur as a result, while waterlogging and loss of
plant nutrients through leaching are additional factors which present problems.
Much of the annual rainfall occurs at times when conditions
immediately afterwards are conductive to high rates of evapotranspiration.
The drought period of late winter and spring may be quite
severe in several years. Such dry periods are commonly in conjunction
with a fairly high frequency of frosts.
These conditions may lead to a situation of high grass and
bushfire danger during this period.
During the first half of many summers the coincidence of
high light intensity, high temperatures and adequate moisture can produce
very rapid growth and is of advantage in crops, pastures, forest plantations
and natural vegetation.
Normally winds in this region are of low strength.
However the two most outstanding seasonal effects of wind are
firstly the severe drying out effect of westerly winds on pastures and crops
during winter, and secondly the devastating effect of high velocity winds
produced by thunderstorms of cyclones on crops, forest plantations and
natural vegetation.
In general the climate in the region is characterised by a
certain degree of unpredictability in the occurrence of periods of optimum
growth and periods of water stress. These climatic changes can occur
quite abruptly and fairly frequently.
3 - 1
Section 3.
HYDROLOGY
3. 01
Hydrology - General:
Water resources in Queensland are the responsibility of the
Commissioner of Irrigation and Water Supply.
His mandate covers:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
investigation and recording of the State's water resources
and planning for efficient use,
licensing and control of water use,
supervision of stream improvement to control stream
erosion and provide flood mitigation,
technical and financial assistance to farmers,
constitution and supervision of Boards for Rural Water
Supply, Irrigation and Drainage.
Legislation governing these functions is administered by the
Commissioner, subject to the Minister for Local Government and
Conservation.
3. 02
Surface Supplies:
The D'Aguilar Range forms the watershed between the coastal
lowlands to the east and the Stanley River Basin to the west. In the
Stanley River Basin, drainage is received for a considerable part from the
Conondale Range. The Stanley River has its source in the Conondale Range
with numerous tributaries of this river draining the southern slopes of the
Conondale Range and the western slopes of the D'Aguilar Range.
East of the D'Aguilar Range, the Caboolture River drains the
Shire, with such creeks as Lagoon Creek, Burpengary Creek, Elimbah
Creek, which frequently carry heavy run-offs. There are wide areas of
poorly drained and swampy land near the coast as the gradient diminishes
and also where streams become subject to tidal influences.
There are a considerable number of farm dams in the Shire.
The Caboolture township watersupply is obtained from the Wararba Creek
Weir, which creek is a tributary of the Caboolture River.
3.03
Underground Supplies:
Groundwater in the sub-coastal strip of sandy deposits is
widespread, but the availability and quality of such water varies greatly.
Contamination from drainage and from tidal influences nearer to the coast
often occurs.
Relative small volumes satisfactory for stock and domestic
supplies are widely available, but not in quantities suitable for irrigation
or town water supplies.
Therefore very little underground water i s exploited in the
Caboolture Shire. Available supplies are mostly drawn from the alluvia
3-2
of the Caboolture River, Burpengary Creek and the Stanley River.
The post laterite tertiary basalt around Mt. Mee may yield
varying supplies.
3.04
Irrigation:
Although the Shire has not a large area of crops, irrigation
is relatively important to that area. The area of crops has ranged
between 1 600 and 3 400 ha in the past 10 years. The irrigated area
in that time has been 280 - 480 ha. (16 - 20%).
Tobacco is the most consistently irrigated crop with practically
100% irrigated to supplement rainfall.
About 200 ha of pastures are irrigated each year.
Table 13.
A griculture and Horticulture Crops (ha)
Year
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
Winter
Cereals
14
10
20
18
34
12
8
10
16
Summer
Cereals
112
82
62
68
46
56
40
12
42
Tobacco
164
160
146
180
216
220
240
194
220
250
Green
Fruit
Fodder
488
514
568
612
526
80
570
80
616
Veges
732
802
788
902
896
222
1056
230
1192
Total
Area of
Crops
1654
1710
1736
2028
1900
1981
2140
2446
2438
132
138
134
228
172
112
212
218
218
Table 14.
Irrigated Crops and Pastures (ha)
Year
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
Cereals
32
6
18
8
46
30
Tobacco
216
220
240
194
220
250
Source:
Fodder
Fruit
Crops
16
8
30
54
32
14
46
80
90
90
106
120.
Veges
24
22
74
102
102
74
Total
Irrig
336
396
454
450
506
490
Pastures
Introduced
Native
134
112
126
154
158
32
16
28
30
34
Bureau of Census and Statistics:
188
3 - 3
The irrigation water is mostly drawn from on-farm dams (70%)
and creeks (30%). Very little groundwater is used.
Pumping restrictions have been imposed by the I. W. S.
occasionally on the creeks used for irrigation is the Shire.
Mary Smokes Creek, Stoney Creek, Stanley River, Caboolture
River and Wararaba Creek.
The drying-up of the upper reaches of these streams imposes
a natural restriction at times.
Practically all water used for irrigation purposes is applied
by spray irrigation.
Table 15.
Sources of Irrigation Water
Surface
Underground Creeks
etc
(ha)
Year
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
6
_
14
24
38
16
% water applied
Dams
by spray
No.
Holdings
Irrigated
4 34
380
204
198
210
162
90%
332
380
382
372
99. 5%
99. 6%
97. 9%
98%
98%
82
78
109
111
117
111
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics
3. 05
Future Developments :
No major water supply development is being considered by
the I. W. S. at present.
4-1
Section 4.
SOILS
4. 01
Soil Type:
The Soils in the Caboolture Shire region have been mapped
and described by R.F. Isbell, C.H. Thompson, G.D. Hubble, G.G.
Beckmann and T. R. Patton, and collated by K. H. Northcote in the Atlas
of Australian Soils and Explanatory Data as part of Sheet 4, printed by
C.S.I.R.O.
The soil map units are associations of soils delineated by
landscapes. The soils recorded for each map unit have been classified
according to "A Factual Key for the Recognition of Australian Soils"
(C.S.I.R.O. Aust. Div. Soils Divl. Rep. No. 2/65).
When compared with the respective geologicHmap of the region
the strong influence of lithology on soils and their distribution is apparent.
Red Earth Residuals.
One particular group of soils is found to occur scattered
within the soil units of podsolized soils east of the D'Aguilar Range and
also to a limited extent west of the northern part of the D'Aguilar Range
within the Caboolture Shire. This soil type is commonly named Red earth
residual and is typified by a relatively great depth, a striking red colour,
a loamy texture, the presence of a well-defined zone of ironstone nodules
and the absence of any other sharp change in the profile, gradational
texture profile, with a tendency to laterisation as a characteristic feature.
The red earth residuals as did the proper Red earth soils are believed to
have been formed under an earlier climate (Tertiary - Pliocene),
considerably different from that operating at present and that mild
podsolisation was superimposed on them by the current soil forming process. The mild podsolisation is the only slight similarity with the other soil
units within which they occur, which are otherwise also of much lower
agricultural value.
The Red Earth residuals commonly occupy a series of isolated
flat-topped areas - miniature plateaux - with gentle scarps and these can
be considered as remnants of a once continuous and relatively level surface
out of which many of the present surface features have been carved.
An inherent lack of fertility is the general and common feature
of the majority of the soils in the Caboolture Shire region, as most of these
soils are derived from rocks poor in many of the elements important to
plant growth. This includes trace element deficiencies. Some alluvials
have a better fertility while some humic gley have a somewhat higher
phosphate level.
The soils occurring East of the D'Aguilar Range in the Coastal
Lowlands are red-yellow podsolics on rises gleyed podsolics on slopes to
gley and humic gley soils on low areas of impeded drainage. Ground
water podsols with a mantle of Quaternary sands with a strongly developed
4 - 2
hardpan are common in poorly drained areas. Acid bog and fen peats
are common in areas receiving continual drainage from sandhills as at
Bribie Island.
Nodular accumulation of iron, with alluminium in addition and a
lower percentage of manganese nodules is widespread and massive on flats
or very gentle slopes, strong on upper slopes and ridge tops and to a lesser
degree on lower slopes. This nodular accumulation occurs in soils where
the water table fluctuates rapidly and freely several times each wet
season and occasionally at other times of the year. The layers of nodules
vary in thickness from \S c««.
to sometimes one. m*tore in light textured
loamy sand or sandy loam A horizon overlying fairly impermeable B
horizons of sandy clay or clay.
Physical differences between the podsolised soils and gley and
humic gley soils in the lowlands appear to occur mainly on account of
topographic control of perched watertables and the soil horizons in
general conform to the present landscape.
The scattered rather frequent occurrences of Red Earth
Residuals in contrast do not appear to conform to the present landscape.
The sandy lateritic podsols around Caboolture appear to be a variant of
red earth residuals with more bleached and sandy superficial horizons
on the higher elevations of the rolling country.
Surface litter and organic matter are extremely low in most of
these lowland soils, mainly due to regular and rapid destruction by fire.
Appreciable quantities of organic matter are often present in the humic
and humic gley soils on account of restricted drainage which suits dense
stands of Paper bark Tea Trees which produces much litter. Long periods
of inundations reduces decomposition and the rick of destruction by fire.
Drainage is generally good with regard to the higher elevations
in the area although numerous small perched marshes and basins occur
in which the water table may be close to the soil surface for the greater
part of the wet season. Soils of drainage lines are poorly drained and
subject to some flooding and perched water tables may exist in even the
better drained soils for short periods following very heavy rains.
At elevations of 75"FK or less above average sealevel drainage
is very poor except on coastal sand dunes. The country water-table is
near or above the soil surface for most of the wet season, gradually
receding during the dry part of the year. Sandy-natured soils dry out
rapidly as the water-table falls. Some tru swamp country occurs in the
eastern part of these lowlands.
The more fertile soils in the Caboolture Shire are mainly the
red friable earths and red and dark grey loams (approx. 70%) in the Mt.
Mee area on the D'Aguilar Range and adjacent country extending westward
from Mt. Mee. Other occurrences of more fertile red loamy type soils
are found in the Wamuran Basin area and at Bellthorpe on the Conondale
Range.
Soils of intermediate fertility west of the D'Aguilar Range
are represented by the alluvial black-grey and brown cracking clays along
the Stanley River and tributaries and by isolated occurrences of soils
which originally carried a scrub begetation was in the form of open forests.
4 - 3
Responses to phosphate, potash and nitrogen fertilizers are
a common characteristic on these soils.
Much of the country east of Woodford is low lying and wet
during the summer period of high rainfall due to restricted drainage.
The more fertile soils in the area such as at Mt. Mee are
auitable for dairying with a carrying capacity of one beast per area,
and one beast to two acres on river flats and alluvials.
The less fertile unimproved soils in the Shire are suitable
for grazing rather than dairying with a carrying capacity of one beast
to four acres down to one beast to six acres where the original vegetation
was of the open forest type.
In relation to soil formation, the climate conditions of moderate
temperatures and high summer rainfall promote intense weathering and
leaching of permeable soil materials of the better drained areas.
Flooding and prolonged periods of excess moisture have produced a
range of strongly developed hydromorphic soils on the lower areas of the
coastal lowlands. Slow drainage to the sea and the annual recession
of the water-table have led to strong leaching of these soils.
(Sources:
Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, Sth. Qld. J . E .
Coaldrake, C.S.I. R. O. Div. Soils Report 1/54 by G. D.
Hubble.
The Red Earths Residuals and Their Significance in S.E.
Qld. by W. H. Bryan.)
Hilly to steep hilly land mainly on green
-stones along the erosion scarp of the
headwaters of coastal streams, steep
to very steep side slopes to V-valleys,
some cliffs with much rock outcrop.
Low hilly basaltic plateau more than 36ta East & some
above sea level with crests to <|3&nin places, west of
Smooth convex low hills with gentle slopes D'Aguilar R.
to narrow swampy drainage ways are char- accent &
acteristics of the less dissected parts. Low extending
hilly areas with moderate slopes & some west of unit Mo
hilly areas are included, some stonyknolls of 10 in the
metamorphic rocks occur & some phyllites Mt. Mee
£re excfosed.
.
1 fc area.
Chief soils are red friable earths highly
structured, no A2 horizon, both shallow and
deep variants on slopes, platforms and spurs.
Some associated soils with acid reaction on
phyllites and loamy soil underlain by weathered country rock on phyllites.
Chief soils are red friable earths highly structured, no A2 horizon, commonly named krasnozems as for MolO. Minor soils include low
humic gleys in swampy drainage ways, dark
scrub soils on plateau margins and nodular
podsolic with yellow podsolic soils on phyllites.
Neutral
Acid
Mo 10
Gradational
Texture
Profile
Mp 10
Profile
Texture
Gradational
Hilly disected erosion scarp mainly in East of southern
phyllites but with some greenstone,
section of
granites and sandstones. Convex hills D'Aguilar Range
with narrow spurs and moderate to steep
in the
slopes, V-valleys with narrow alluvial
Shire.
flats and some low hilly areas along
eastern margin.
Chief soils are hard-setting loamy red soils with
mottled clayey subsoil and bleached A2 horizon,
commonly called red podsolic soils. Associated
are skeletal soils on hill crests and nodular
podsolic soils on lower hill slopes. Minor types
are gleyed soils on flats, yellow podsolic soils
on granite and sandstone.
Acid
PL 4
Contrasting
Texture
Profile
Southern section
east of D'Aguilar
Range in the
Shire, adjacent
and west of unit
PL 4.
Hilly country of sandstones and intruded West and adjacent of northintermediate and basic rock rising to
a
ve sea
ern section of
180 m k °
level
D'Aguilar Range
in the Shire.
Chief soils on moderate to steep slopes are hardsetting loamy red and yellow soils with mottled
clayey soils in some localities containing modular ironstone material. Bleached A2 horizon.
Minor soil occurrances are sands on steep slopes
associated with sandstones.
Location in the
Shire
Acid
Landscape and geological association
PL 1
Contrasting
Texture
Profile
Soil Description on basis of their properties
Soil
Reaction
Soil Unit
Cracking clay soils mainly brown and grey self- Terraced valley plains with first, second Country adjacent to
mulching (alluvials) on the third terrace with
and third terraces, levee banks and lateralStanley River and
acid red friable earth and no A2 horizon and with fans. Buried soils occur throughout.
tributaries north, west
hard setting sandy loam and loam soils having
and south of Woodford.
mottled yellow clayey subsoil either acid or
alkaline. Associated on second terrace red
friable earth without A2 horizon either acid or
alkaline and on backslopes deep cracking dark
clays underlain by grey or brown clays which
can be mottled, country rock deeper than 60 in.
Seasonally hard-setting sandy loam and loam soils
with yellow clayey sub-soil of neutral reaction on
sandv levees.
variable
Profile
Texture
Uniform
MMq
Profile
Texture
Uniform
Chief soils on slopes are shallow loams darkened Steep hilly to mountainous terrain on
South of Stanley River
by organic material in the surface soil with
metasediments and phyllites. Some less in Delaney Creek region
weathered rock material below the bleached (A2) elevated sites and narrow terraced valleys and east of Neurum Ck.
subsurface horizon and loams showing weak
are included.
horizonation and with the tendency to pulberize
when dry. Associated in less elevated sites are
acid reaction seasonally hard setting surface sandy
loam or loam soils with red or yellow clayey subsoils and shallow grey-brown sands usually underlain by weathered rock with some acid reaction
friable surface soils which do not set hard seasonally with red or yellow mottled clayey subsoils on
included granites. Some red friable earths, acid
no A2 horizon on small basaltic residuals. Brown
self mulching clays of unit MMq in narrow
terraced valleys are included.
Location in the Shire
non
calcareous
Fu 3
Soil
Reaction
Soil Unit
I
Soil
Reaction Soil Description on basis of their properties
Acid
Wf 1
Contrasting
Texture
Profile
Profile
Texture
Gradational
Chief soils are yellow friable earths on phyllites
on all the gentle to moderate slopes without A2
or unbleached A2 horizon. Associated are
friable earths on lower slopes with sporadically to conspicuously bleached A2 horizons and
seasonally hard setting sandy loam or loams with
mottled subsoil on some slopes which include
minor occurrences on granite.
Acid
Mf 13
Bellthorpe area
south along Conondale Range.
Sandy soils with mottled yellow clayey subsoils, Erosion scarps cut in sandstone, scarp base
at about 105 m above sealevel and crests at
unbleached A2 horizon, often shallow and
165m - 180m. Slopes very steep & ridge tops
gravelly where directly underlain by weathered
country rock. Also included shallow gravelly red narrow.
earth residuals on some ridge platforms.
i
D'Aguilar Range
approx, north of
Wamuran.
Low hilly to hilly dissected plateau above
Conondale Range area
420m to 480 m above sealevel with crests to near Bellthorpe.
.720 m. Rocks are chiefly phyllites and
related metamorphics with some greenstones,
andesites and granites.
Leached sands with weathered rock below the
Mountainous land on granites and associated
bleach. Chief soils are gritty leached sands with acid to intermediate plutonic rocks.
surface soil darkened by organic matter.
Associated soils on lower slopes are friable
mainly neutral, some acid soils with red or
yellow clayey subsoils. Small areas of friable
red earth acid and without A2 horizon. Small
valleys of cracking clays (unit MM 9) are
included in places.
No free
CaCO 3
in rock
material
Cd 4
Uniform
Texture
Profile
Qd6
Hard setting loamy soils with red clayey subsoils, Hills with rounded crests, smooth slopes North of Stanley River
neutral
Contrasting Ln
bleached A2 horizon. Chief soils are neutral red and few rock outcrops developed on granites
alluvials.
Texture
and yellow soils some with whole-coloured or
and granidiorites.
high
Profile
elevations mottled subsoil. Narrow terraced valleys of
alkaline I cracking clay soils (unit MMq) are included in
in low
places,
elevations
Soil Unit
i
Acid
Profile
Texture
Gradati onal
Mf 12
Profile
Texture
Acid
Low hilly country on sandstone - probably Burpengary-Narangba
dissected old coastal plain with gentle to
region, south of
moderate slopes on elevations between 30m Caboolture.
and 54 m above sealevel.
East of D'Aguilar
Range.
Chief soils are yellow feiable earths with unblea- Low hilly landscape on sandstone generally North of Wamuran
below 90 m above sealevel & characteris- east of D'Aguilar
ched A2 horizon and some with conspicuously
ed by trachyte plugs rising abruptly to heights
Range, and north
belached A2 horizons on crests and slopes of
of
285
m
with
debris
aprons
between
90m&
of Caboolture.
convex hills and red and yellow brown earths on
120rn and mostly vertical bare rock abov«
flat topped crests of hills and ridges. Assocaprons.
iated are other types of yellow earths with
mottled subsoil on low platforms and terraces
along streams. Other soils include leached sands,
frinbie soils with mottled brown or yellow clayey
subsoils on trachyte and sandstone hills.
Chief soils are yellow friable earths with unbleached A2 horizon on slopes and crests of hills.
Associated are red earths with porous B horizon
on flat topped crests. Small areas of many other
soils. Small valleys of grey friable earths are
included. Adjacent and east of Unit PL 4.
Generally low hilly country on shelves with
Chief soils are hard-setting loamy soils with
gentle to moderate side slopes to shallow
mottled yellow clayey subsoil and related soils
on slopes and crests, bleached A2 horizon such open valleys with significant alluvial flats.
as shallow loams darkened by organic matter in
surface soil with rock material below A2 horizon
and seasonally hard-setting sandy loam and loams
over yellow clayey subsoils on lower slopes and
flats. Other soils include sandy and loamy soils
with unbleached A2 horizon on crests, alkaline
seasonally hard-setting surface soils with dark c
coloured clayey subsoils on flats and similar but
brown and neutral soils & friable red earth residuals on adnesitic dykes. East & adjacent to Unit PL 4.
Soil
Reaction Soil Description on basis of their properties
Mf 11
Acid
ijradational
Profile
Texture
Contrasting
Tb 82
Soil Unit
i
O3
Profile
Texture
Contrasting
Surroundings of
Caboolture town and
extending south-east
to Deception Bay.
Rolling to low hilly terrain on sandstones Mainly east of Elimbah,
with gentle to moderate slopes, shallow
Beerburrum & northopen valleys with poorly defined drainage east of Caboolture in
ways, some sandstone inselbergs rise
places extending to
above the general level.
Pumicestone Passage.
Chief soils are friable sandy yellow soils with
mottled yellow clayey subsoils with or without
bleached A 2 horizon, or with friable loamy
surface soil darkened by organic matter, conspicuously bleached A2 horizon and mottled red
clayey subsoil on slopes. On saddles, mid &
lower slopes seasonally hard-setting sandy
loam or loamy surface soil with yellow clayey
subsoil which is mottled or not mottled. In
swampy depressions friable and also seasonally hard-setting surface soils with mottley
Gley clayey subsoils. Small areas of many
other soils occur especially the earth (residual)
types of adjacent units,
Acid
Wa 17
Profile
Texture
Gradational
Chief soils are yellow earths on ridge crests,
Rolling weakly dissected coastal plain
slopes and some stream terraces with porous
with broad gently convex ridge crests
yellow subsoils and surface soils darkened by
and gentle side slopes to flat wet valley
organic matter of sandy to sandy loam texture,
bottoms, generally below 30m
above
unbleached A2 horizon, mottled subsoil or with
sealevel. Most of the leached earths
bleached A2 horizon and porous yellow-brown
soils contain moderate to large amounts
clayey subsoil. Associated are seasonally hard- of hard nodules and lumps of ironstone
setting sandy loam or loams, belached A2 horizo n 25mm to 50mm across.
and yellow mottled clayey subsoil. Small areas
of many other soils occur including red earths
residuals. Distinct valleys of grey friable earth s
are included as well as small areas of soils of
adjacent soil units.
Acid
Kt 3
Soil Description of basis of their properties
Soil
Reaction
Soil Unit
I
!
,
Profile
Texture
Contrasting
Nx 1
Texture
Profile
Gradational
Mf 5
Profile
Texture
Gradationa:
Mf 4
Soil Unit
!
Soils are those for units Mf 4 and Mt 3 respectively grey griable earths and yellow earths with
the grey griable earths, darkened surface soil
by organic matter & whole coloured or mottled
clayey subsoil dorminant, & either no A2 horizon
or conspicuously bleached A2 horizon.
Acid
Alkaline
Flat to very gentle undulating coastal
plain less than 7. 5m above sealevel,
a few low sandy rises (planed off
sandstone hills) are included.
Chief soils are grey friable earths, surface soil
darkened by organic matter, mottled or whole
coloured clayey subsoil, without A2 horizon or
conspicuously bleached A2 horizon. Associated
are friable surface soils with mottled gley clayey
subsoils and in some localities friable or sandy
surface soils with bleached A2 horizon and yellow
clayey subsoil. Small areas of many other soils
occur such as porous sandy to loamy yellow
earths loamy grey earths underlain by pale fairly impermeable clayey subsoils in wet places on
terraces and stream levees. Small areas of
adjoining soil units are included.
Acid
Chief soils appear to be saline gley soils, hard- Flat to very gently sloping coastal plain
setting loamy soils with gley clayey subsoil, un- with a few low dunes, tidal mud flats, &
bleached A2 horizon, with mottled subsoil &
saline marshes (elevations less than 3m
saline grey muds and clays on the mangrove mud
with some areas up to 7.5 mabove
flats. Associated are grey friable earths in salsealevel.)
ine marshes & soil with uniform texture profile
in the form of calcareous sand and also leached
sand, both types darkened by organic matter in
surface soil on low dunes & respectively with
deep colours below surface soil and mottled sand
below surface soil. .
Flat to very gently undulating coastal
plain less than 7. 5m above sealevel as
for Unit Mf 4 but with remnants of a
higher rolling dissected coastal plain
as for UnitMt 3.
Soil
Reaction
Near river & creek
mouths at the shores
of Deception Bay &
Pumicestone Passage
& the Passage shore of
Bribie Island.
Deception Bay township surroundings.
South of Caboolture
River & east of
railway line.
00
Flat to very gently undulating coastal
plain less than 7. 5m above sealevel.
Chief soils are leached sands darkened by organic
matter in surface soil with bleached A2 horizon subsurface & below this compact, cemented single &
double pan-like horizons. Also occurring are moderate areas of soils units Ca 13, Nx 1 & Wa 17.
Chief soils are acid peats of the swamplands, some
developed on sphagnum moss. Associated are siliceous
& leached sands darkened by organic matter in surface
soil, some with bleached A2 horizon & no compacted
sand horizon below this.
Small low dunes less than 7. 5m above Bribie Island.
sealevel, modern coastal dunes with
swampy depressions behind them.
Bribie Island
Low lying coastal plain consisting essent- Bribie Island &
ially of fresh water swampland behind the along mainland
modern beach dunes, mud flats, saline|
coast li.ie.
marshes.
Chief soils are leached siliceous sands darkened by organic matter in surface soil without a compacted or panlike layer below the bleach on dune crests & swales.
Associated are siliceous sands darkened by organic
matter & pale colours below the surface soil on coastal
dunes and leached darksands with bleached A2 horizon
& a single pan horizon below this on included old dunes
Other soils include acid peats in swamps and soil with
acid mottled gley clayey subsoil in swampy depressions.
Beachmere, Toorbul
Pt. & Toorbul coastal area.
Chief soils are deep leached sands darkened by organ- Old dune system parallel to the present
coastline with low broad dunes less than
ic matter in the surface soil with a coloured but not
not compacted sand horizon below the bleached (A2)
7. 5m above sealevel, some swampy
horizon subsurface and with a water table often
swales.
between 5 & 0 ft. in depth. Associated are leached
sands with a single pan below the A2 horizon in swales
& lower dune slopes. Other soils include peats in
swampy swales other types of leached sands without a
pan & soil with acid mottled gley glayey subsoil in swales.
Atlas of Australian Soils - Sheet 4 and its Explanatory Data - C.S.I. R. O. Aust. Div. Soils. (Printed 1967.)
Acid
Soil
Reaction
Source:
Profile
Organic
Z6
Profile
Texture
Uniform
Ca 13
Profile
Texture
Uniform
Ca 11
Texture
Profile
Uniform
Cb 35
Soil Unit
•
4-10
Dominant soil groups in Map Units (Previously used names)
(Dominance determined according to its occurrence in the group to the
order of 60% or more)
Soil
Unit
Commonly Used Name
Other Names Used
PI 1
Red podsolics - Soloths
Soloths - Yellow podsolics
PI 4
Red podsolics
Soloths
Mo 10
Red loams
Krasnozems, red volcanics
Mp 10
Krasnozems
Red loams, red volcanics
Fu 3
Skeletal soils
Lithosols, podsolic loams
MM 9
Brown soils of heavy texture
Grey soils of heavy texture
Alluvial soils
Grumsols, cracking clays
Qd 6
Solodic soils
red podsolics
Solodic soils
solidized solonet«
Cd 4
Skeletal soils
Lithosols, podsolic lithosols
Mf 13
Nodular podsolic soils
Lateritic podsolic soils
yellow earths, yellow-red latosols
Mf 13
Nodular podsolic soils
Lateritic podsolic soils
yellow earths, yellow-red latosols
yellow podsolics
Yellow-red latosols
Yellow earths
Wf 1
yellow podsolic soils
some skeletal soils
some red podsolic soil
Soloths
Lithosols, podsolic lithosols
Tb 82
Soloths
yellow podsolics
Mf 11
Nodular podsolics
Lateritic pqdsolics, yellow, red
latosols, yellow podsolics
Mf 12
Nodular podsolics
Lateritic podsolics, yellow
podsolics, yellow-red latosols
Lateritic red earths, podsolic
red earths
Red earths
Alluvials
Mt 3
Nodular podsolics
W a 17
Yellow podsolics, soloths
red podsolics
Humic gley soils
!
Lateritic podsolics, yellow
podsolics, yellow earths
soloths, yellow podsolics
low humic gleys
Mf 4
Low humic gleys
yellow podsolics, gleyed podsolics
meadow podsolics
Mf 5
Low humic gleys
yellow podsolics, gleyed podsolics
meadow podsolics
lateritic podsolics, yellow podsolics
Some nodular podsolics
Nx 1
Mud flats
gleyed soils, saline muds,
hydromorphic soil, saline gley
4-11
Commonly Used Name
Other Names Used
Cb 35
Ground-water podsol
some podsolic sands
some mudflats
some yellow podsolics
podsols
podsols
-
Ca 11
Podsolic sand, coastal
sand dunes
some ground water podsols
podsols
podsols
Ca 13
Podsolic sands
some coastal sand dunes
some ground water podsol
pldsols
regosols, sands
podsols
Z6
Peats
some coastal sand dunes
some podsolized sands
some ground water podsols
_
podsols
podsols
podsols
( Major Soils of adjacent units occur to a minor degree within most of
the mapped units)
4. 02
Soil Conservation:
Only isolated soil conservation work has been undertaken
is the Shire on some land established to pastures and in some row crop
cultivations.
The cultivated annual area to crops of various kinds approximates 2 800 kg.
This is about 5% of the area of rural holdings in the Shire.
4. 03
Areas Available for Agricultural and Pastoral Development:
Large areas in the Shire in particular in the surroundings of
Caboolture township have been planted to State or private forests.
i
Extension of the areas under improved pastures mayj be made
on existing dairy or beef cattle properties, mainly in the western and
south western part of the Shire.
New fruit and agriculture/horticulture crops may be undertaken to some extent on farms already operating in this type of primary
industries.
Large scale development in the Shire appears to be limited.
5 - 1
Section 5.
VEGETATION
5.01
Vegetation:
The natural vegetation of the coastal lowlands in the CabooJturo
Shire occurs in typical plant communities according to typical combinations
of topography, drainage and soil.
(a)
Layered and grassy forests and woodland, 10 to 25 m high, dominated
by scribbly gum (Eucalyptus micrantha) is associated with the sandy
lateritic podzol soils (variant of red earth residuals) in well drained
situations of the rolling to low hilly country. Other trees occurring in this
situation are rusty gum (or red gum) (Angophora lanceolata), Sheoak
(Casuarina suberosa), bloodwood (Eucalyptus intermedia) and wattles
(Acacia spp.). The ground cover is rather coarse and shrubby including
Banksia integrifolia, bracken (Pteridium aquilinum), grass tree
(Xanthorrhoea sp.) and some grass - Kangaroo grass (Themeda australis),
cockatoo grass (Alloteropis semialata), and blady grass gmperata.
cylindrica),
(b)
Tea-tree forest, approximately 20 m high and dominated by the
paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia) occurs on poorly drained marshy
sites (both perched and low level) in the rolling to low hilly country and
is associated with strongly gleyed soils. Swamp oak (Casuarina glauca)
is co-dominant in places. Other tree species of the sclerophyll forest
community occur in perched marshes, particularly toward their margins
where drainage is better. The ground cover consists mainly of coarse
shrubby plants and some grass.
(c)
Heath covers some areas of low lying, infertile sandy soils in the
eastern half of the area. This type of plant community is only 0. 6 to 10 m
high and dominated by Banksia robur with which is associated a wide range
of proteaceous plants and sedges. There may be occasional trees particularly tea-tree.
(d)
Wallum community characterised by the dominance of the tree
Banksia" aemula is associated with poorly-drained infertile sandy soils
of extensive low-lying areas. Other trees, mainly Eucalyptus spp, are
associated with the wallum forming a stand 3-7 m high. The ground
cover consists of shrubs and heathy plants. In general the wallum
communities consist of a mosaic of sedgelands, heath or low shrublands.
open-scrubs or tall shrublands, and paperbarked tea-tree forests.
Further inland wallum species may occur in the understorey of eucalypt
open-forests.
(e)
Low sand dunes along the coast carry a specialized strand vegetation
with creeping sand binders, beach spinifex, goat's foot convulvus and
several other prostrate and creeping plants.
On the first stabilised dune back from the sea such as
on Bribie Island and at Beachmere a belt of low open-forest dominated
by coastal she-oak is common. On bay shores with no dune development
a narrow fringe of strand trees may be all that separates the land forests
from the sea.
5 - 2
(i)
Areas influenced by saline conditions support mangrove forests,
that is, the areas between tidal limits in rivers, streams and the
Pumicestone Passage. Mangroves help maintain existing waterways and
are important habitats for fish and fauna.
On the landward side of the mangrove forests in areas still
subject to inundation by flood tides or spring tides "saltmarsh" herbfield
vegetation and marine couch grasslands occur. Adjacent to this swamp
oak open-forest often occurs as the transition to eucalypt open-forest.
Fringing Forests
Fringing forests occupy the banks of many waterways throughout the region and these narrow belts of forest differ conspicuously from
the surrounding vegetation, rarely extending far beyond creek and river
banks.
In this community two distinct types, the fringing openforest and fringing closed-forest occur with graduations between these.
Fringing open-forests
Fringing open-forests are common in eucalpyt open-forest
communities. The fringing open-forests range from low open-forest to
taller nearly closed forests, 8 - 10 m. high, with characteristic trees
such as weeping red bottle brush, (Callist:eraon viminalis) , river or
black tea-tree and river oak, (C. cunninghamiana). A grassy ground
cover is often present. Grey mangrove and river mangrove also form
a fringing low open-forest.
Fringing closed-forests
Fringing closed-forests vary from low closed-forests to
closed-forests with characteristic trees such as weeping myrtle and black
bean or Moreton Bay chestnut (Castanospermum australe) .
shrubs.
Some closed-forest species are often present as trees or
Ground cover is very sparse.
Closed Forests
In the western part of the Shire at higher altitudes the tall
closed-forest (rain forest) conspicuous along water courses with trees
such as flooded gum, (E. grandis) may be emergent. Scrub box
(Tristan ia conferta) weeping satin ash and black bean is present, while
species such as silky oak (Grevillia robusta) and white cedar may be
present. Height of this type of community ranges from 15 to 30 m.
Closed forest communities are confined mainly to the fertile soils on
hills or mountain sides and in protected gullies. These may occur in
isolated patches or as an extensive area, while the plant population
density is related to the level of annual rainfall. Closed forests are
generally quite complex botanically.
Open Forests
Eucalypt open forests predominate in large areas of the Shire
on river and creek alluvia, on the flat and Undulating country and on to
5-3
various degrees of dissected foothills and coastal r a n g e s .
eucalypt open forests vary from 15 to 35 m.
Heights of
This type of forest occurs over a wide range of soils,
topography and climatic conditions and i t s distribution can be r e g a r d e d
as covering all a r e a s in the Shire not occupied by wallum communities,
saline and strand vegetation, fringing forests or closed f o r e s t s .
There i s often a sharp demarcation between eucalypt openforests and closed-forests.
On the alluvial flats and flood plains blue gum (E. tereticarnis)
is dominant in the eucalypt open forest with Moreton Bay ash (E.
t e s s e l l a r i s ) . A g r a s s y ground cover is usually the only understorey.
On elevated a r e a s and sandy slopes and hills of the coastal
lowlands eucalypt open-forests a r e various associations of scribbly gum,
pink bolldwood, (E. intermedia), yellow stringybark, (E. acmenioides),
blackbutt (E. p i l u l a r i s ) , and rusty gum, while also blue gum and grey
ironbark (E. drepanophylla) a r e often present. Eucalypt open-forests
occur chiefly on soils of light texture, through a clayey subsoil may be
present.
Eucalypt tall open-forests (wet sclerophyll forests to 50 m),
occur sometimes on well drained, deep, moderately fertile loamy soil
adjacent to closed forests on the high slopes of ranges of ten with a dense
understorey of t r e e s and shrubs. Common t r e e s in this community
a r e flooded gum, blackbutt, scrub box, swamp box, and tallow-wood
(E. m i c r o c o r y s ) .
L a r g e a r e a s of natural vegetation communities in the Shire
have been destroyed over the y e a r s due to clearing or partial clearing
activities for cultivation, grazing and timber cutting, while burning has
has a considerable influence on the presence and importance of species of
understorey and ground l a y e r s of various vegetation communities in the
Shire.
A large range of various weeds have invaded some a r e a s in
the Shire, of which the most obvious a r e groundsel, (Baccharis
halimifolia), Ian tana, (Lantana c a m a r a ) , noogoora b u r r , (Xanthium
pung«ns), stinking r o g e r (Tagetes minima) and mistflower (Eupatorium
riparium).
(References
5.02
1)
Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, Sth. Qld. 1961.
b y J . E . Coaldrake. bulletin No. 283.
2)
Moreton Region. Natural Environment, Brisbane, 1972.
Co-ordinator-General's Department. Qld.
)
Fauna:
Most species of native fauna a r e r a t h e r strictly habitatdepenclent. They have evolved filling a particular ecological system and
depend upon certain climatic and environmental conditions or species of
plants for survival.
5-4
Where a habitat is altered or destroyed the population of
fauna species dependent on such a habitat is reduced or eliminated.
Information on the previous status of most fauna species
which occurred in the Shire region is fairly limited, as considerable
areas of natural vegetation have been cleared during the past 100 years
of European settlement.
Terrestrial Fauna
With regard to the terrestrial fauna many of the Australian
families of birds and reptiles are represented in the area, while
representative groups of marsupials also still occur in number.
The open-forest, woodland and coastal heathlands (Wallum)
are the most extensive fauna habitats in the Shire supporting such
obviously recognisable animals as magpies, honeyeaters, kookaburras,
wallabies, possums, bandicoots, bearded dragons.
There is also a fairly typical representation of terrestrial
invertebrate fauna such as protozoans, flat worms, nematodes earthworms,
leeches, millipedes and centipedes, spiders, insects and molluscs.
Mangrove and tidal areas are important habitats in the Shire
and these support a specialised fauna mainly of invertebrates and birds,
the latter including large numbers of migratory waders.
Most types of habitat originally found in the area at European
settlement still exist although in many cases at a considerably reduced
scale, while most of the original fauna species are thought to be still
present in these habitats.
Examples of habitats which have been greatly reduced are
the closed forests and the coastal heathlands and wetlands. In this
respect the State Forest areas have an important function in the preservation of native wild life as all State Forests are fauna sanctuaries.
Marine and Aquatic Fauna
A fairly typical representation of most aquatic groups of
fauna occurs in the Shire.
In marine habitats the range of animals includes protozoans,
Jelly fish, flat worms, bristle worms, barnacles, crabs, prawrjs, mussels,
sea slugs, squid, fishes, turtles and possibly still an odd dugong. The
latter were apparently quite common a hundred years ago.
Siltation of creeks and rivers, pollution and destruction of
habitats such as mangrove and swamp habitats appear to have resulted
in reductions in the numbers of several marine fauna species.
The freshwater fauna includes animals such as protozoans,
hydroids, rotifers, flatworms, leeches, insects, shrimps, crayfish,
smails, mussels, frogs, fishes and tortoises.
The freshwater fauna has suffered from considerable habitat
alteration since European settlement.
5 - 5
Siltation and pollution of streams have probably had detrimental
effects on many species. Running water habitats have been altered by
construction of farm dams and reservoirs and land clearing, which have
reduced the available habitat areas for many species and interfering with
breeding cycles in some cases.
For many species the habitat utilised may vary seasonally
and at different stages of the life cycle. Some marine species of fishes
and other animals also utilise freshwater habitats, such as the mullet
in Juvenile stages. Freshwater runoff stimulates movements of some
fish and runoff from swamps provides large amounts of organic matter.
Mangrove swamps have an important role in the fish food chain, while
seagrass beds are important in providing food, shelter and detritus.
Much remains to be learnt about habitat requirements and
life cycles of even best known species such as fish, crabs and prawns
of value to commercial fishing
Several types of aquatic habitats are present in the Shire
area.
Freshwater
Standing water, such as swamps and holes or lagoons or
creeks which flow only seasonally with variations in size, permanence and
vegetation. (Lagoon Creek System is an example.
Running water of rivers and creeks with variations in depth,
flow rate, turbulance, presence of snags etc. (Stanley and Caboolture
River).
Marine
Open shores (for example open beach line on the eastern
side of Bribie Island which is subject to considerable wave action).
Sheltered areas, such as are present in Deception Bay,
Pumicestone Passage and estuarine areas of the lower reaches of the
Caboolture River and several creeks in the eastern lowlands of the
Caboolture Shire.
Several types of sheltered habitat areas occur, such as
intertidal mangrove habitats as fringing mangroves on beaches ind as
mangrove forests along streambanks, non-mangrove intertidal
habitats consisting of beaches of sand or silt or loose rubble, upstream
areas where appreciable dilution of seawater occurs, and permanently
inundated habitats, such as mud-sand areas, seagrass beds associated
with foreshores, and sea grass beds not associated with foreshores.
6-1
Section 6.
FARMING SYSTEMS AND PRACTICES
6.01
Land Tenure:
Most of the Shire is under freehold tenure. Approximately
20% of the Shire area is forestry reserve and vacant Crown land. Most
of Bribie Island is under Special Lease to A. P.M. Pty. Ltd. , which
also occupies considerable areas of freehold land within a 16 to 24 km
radius of the Caboolture township.
6.02
Land Valuation:
It is difficult to determine actual land values anywhere in
the Shire due to influence of land developers and land speculators who
have been extremely active during the recent couple of years. Land
prices in the proximity of town in the Shire range from $2 500 to
$7 500 per ha.
6.03
Tobacco:
Tobacco is an important agricultural crop inthe Shire
although it is grown on only 27 farms. The reason for this is the high
production value of this crop. On some of these tobacco farms vegetables
are grown in the off-season as a sideline while on four tobacco farms
a few head of cattle are kept on spare land where tropical pastures have
been established during the last few years.
The tobacco farms in the Shire are confined mainly tothe
area surrounding the town of Caboolture a'nd towards Wamuran and
Elimbah.
The area grown on each farm is fairly stable from season
to season. This is so because of the Tobacco Production Sales Quota
system under which the Tobacco Industry operates.
The average area grown per farm is 5. 2 ha with a range of
4 to 20 ha. The total area available on tobacco farms ranges from
16 to 48 ha.
Table 16.
Caboolture Shire Tobacco Quotas 1972
Tobacco Quota
No. Farms
kg
4 540 and less
350 - 6 800
800 - 7 260
260 - 8 240
240 - 9 600
6 0 0 - 1 1 400
400 and over
L5 900 and over
6
6
7
8
9
11
1
8
5
5
3
3
1
1
1
6 - 2
The climatic conditions and sandy to sandy-loam soils are
suitable for the production of good quality tobacco leaf in this area.
Yields however are at times adversely affected by hail and wind damage,
and by blue mould disease during the spring when weather conditions
at times can be cool and humid.
Labour requirements are normally met from casual workers
in the area; however casual labour appears to become increasingly
difficult to obtain from season to season. As a result several aspects
in crop management and leaf handling have now been changed using
chemical or mechanical means which have led to production cost savings.
The total tobacco sales quota allocated to tobacco farms located in the
Caboolture Shire is 215 000 kg which amounts to a value of approximately
$540000 for every year of production.
6. 04
Fruit and Vegetable Cropping:
Fruit and vegetables are grown in much of eastern part
of the shire, with the main centres of production being Elimbah
(pineapples and citrus), Wamuran (pineapples and bananas), Caboolture
(vegetables), Burpengary and Deception Bay (strawberries and
vegetables).
Bananas and pineapples are the chief crops.
grown mainly as monocrops.
Both are
Pineapples
The area of pineapples grown on a holding where pineapples is the main crop varies from 4 ha to in excess of 80 ha. The
variety is grown almost exclusively. About 90% of production is sent
to the "Golden Circle Cannery" for processing. The remainder is
sold to fresh fruit markets in Queensland or interstate. Fruit for
processing is dispatched to the cannery in crates holding about 1 000
kg of topless fruit. Fruit marketed as fresh fruit is dispatched top-on
in cartons or cases.
Most growers fumigate the soil before planting to control
nematodes which can drastically reduce yields. Top rot caused
by the fungus sometimes cause losses and many growers drench after
planting.
Bananas
There are about 200 banana growers in the Shire. However
only about 50 derive most of their income from bananas. The remainder
grow bananas as a spare time activity or as part of mixed farming.
The bananas are grown on steep hillsides of the D'Aguilar
Range and associated foothills, in the area west of Narangba to west
of Wamuran, with odd areas around Woodford.
These steep hillside plantations are sheltered from the
west and south, but heavy losses occur from strong easterly winds.
The total area of bananas is about 650 ha of which tall
growing cavendish strains constitute 75% of the area and lady fingers
most of the remainder.
6 - 3
About 25% of the growers grow their bananas on land
leased from graziers of A. P.M. forests.
Other Fruits
Other fruits grown in smaller quantities are: citrus,
custard-apples, macadamia, papaws, passionfruit, avocadoes and
strawberries.
Vegetables
Watermelon, pumpkins, tomatoes, peas, beans, cabbages,
and cauliflowers, lettuce, cucumbers, capsicums, potatoes, eggfruit,
zucchinis, sweet potatoes and ginger and grown commercial quantities
in the shire.
Vegetables are grown mainly by full time growers with 4 12 ha under cultivation. These growers grow a variety of crops over
the year. A typical rotation consists of tomatoes, capsicums,
watermelons, pumpkins and cucumbers.
Various types of flowers are grown by a few specialist
growers, gladiolo being the main crop.
Most vegetable growers are in the southern part of the
shire in the Caboolture-Burpengary, Deception Bay area, where there
has been considerable activity of subdividers and many farms have
been purchased. This has led to a reduction in the number of full
time vegetable growers and an increase in "weekend*1 growers.
6.05
Dairying:
Dairying enterprises are mainly located in the Mt. Mee
area, Stanley River basin and Delaney Creek area, with less than
ten in the surrounds of Caboolture.
Farms range from 24 to 640 ha in size.
however an area of 100 to 120 ha.
The common is
Dairy farms supply milk to the following factories: Woodford
- cheddar and fancy cheeses and market milk for
Caboolture
,
Caboolture - market milk, butter, cream and manufactured milk
products such as yoghurt.
Paulte Brisbane is supplied directly by 12 farms.
Approximately 150 dairy dairy farms are left in the industry
producing milk, while the number is still steadily decreasing. Bulk milk
is supplied by 106 farmers, or 88. 5%.
The rate of decrease depends on trends in the industry,
land developers activity and A. P.M. land purchase trends.
A range of 15 to 300 cows are run on farms, but the
6 - 4
average would be around 100 cows per farm. The three main dairy
breeds are Friesian, Jersey and A.I. S. with Friesian apparently
on the increase. The average production of herd-recordeu cows in
1972 was 1 960 kg of milk and 84 kg butter fat.
The number of dairy farms with subsidiary enterprises is
very small and applies to beef only as a sideline. A.I. Services are
available from Dayboro.
Farm feed programmes in the Shire are different in that
the Mt. Mee dairy pastures are mainly based on Kikuyu grass, while
in the Stanley River Basin irrigated pastures and oats are used
extensively where no irrigation is available.
Pastures planted under the Dairy Pasture Subsidy Scheme
has been made use of on 70% of the farms. In general areas of 4 to
20 ha of temperate or tripicals have been planted at a time.
Supplementary feeding is done using mainly grain and
proprietary meals fed in the bails.
Weed taints are not common.
Farm buildings are in fair to good condition with dairies
mostly of wooden walk-through types. The number of concrete block
herringbone sheds is increasing.
Cattle ticks are present in the area and strategic dipping
as a control measure is used.
Stock (cull cows and calves) is sold at Woodford where
sales are held regularly, or consigned direct to Cannon Hill.
6.06
Beef Cattle:
Beef cattle holdings in the Shire are generally very small
with areas between 100 and 160 ha. Some beef producers are in fact
part-time farmers with a full time Job in the Caboolture Shire. Many
of the small sized beef holdings were originally small dairy farms.
To increase the available grazing forestry reserve land is leased
mainly from A P.M.
There is a minority of larger beef holdings with areas of
over 400 ha and one of about 1 600 ha near Bellthorpe owned by
Brandon and one of 1 200 ha at D'Aguilar. Beef cattle holdings are
found scattered throughout the Shire, that is Toorbul, Narangba,
Woodford, Wamuran and Bellthorpe.
Beef breeding and fattening are two systems of equal
importance, but not common as a mixed enterprise. Stock are mainly
raised on native pasture.
'
The number of holdings carrying beef cattle has increased
by about 11 farms each year till 1970-71. Beef and vealer numbers
have increased 138% over 7 years, while average herd size increased
from 44 to 63.
Store cattle are purchased from Toogoolawah and Ipswich
and bobby calves from Woodford.
6-5
Stock is mainly sold to Cannon Hill.
Stock is normally fattened to 400 kg L. W. at 3-4 years or
at 2 years on good improved pastures. Vealers are fattened to
200 kg L.W. and sold at 9 to 12 months.
The most popular breeds are Brahman, Droughtmaster
and Hereford bulls crossed with dairy cows, such as A.I.S. and
Friesians and some Jersey. A.I. service is available from Dayboro.
The pregnancy rate ranges from 70 to 80%, and the branding
rate from 70 - 80%. Losses suffered are due to dingoes, worms
or blackleg.
The Shire is part of the tick infested region and therefore
tick control through dipping is a major practice.
6.07
Poultry:
Poultry enterprises include both egg and broiler production.
Producers generally have 2 to 300 ha of land, in areas close to
communication routes. In 1972 there were 23 egg producers and 9
broiler growers.
The egg producers have 3 000 to 24 000 layers in cages.
The broiler growers grow batches of 8 000 to 85 000 birds
each in 8 to 10 weeks.
About 50% of poultry farms have some subsidiary enterprise
such as growing chokoes, pumpkins, watermelons, vealers, citrus,
pineapples or tomatoes.
The by-product of poultry manure is used in the area to
fertilize pastures or pumpkins.
Capital equipment costs about $1 per bird for broilers
and $ 2 per bird for layers.
Eggs are sold to the E.M.B. or under licence elsewhere.
Broilers are grown under contract. There are 2 small
processing works in the Shire. At present no contracts with new
growers are made in the Shire.
All broiler feeds are produced by the integrated parent
broiler processor in Brisbane. Egg producers either mixtieir own
feeds or buy from Brisbane feed manufacturers.
6.08
Pigs:
Pig enterprises are of less importance in the Shire than
Dairy or Beef enterprises.
In 1972 out of the total of 29 holdings with pigs, 17 were as
a sideline to dairying, 5 as a sideline to beef production and 7 were solely pig enterprises, the latter with a total number of pgs ranging from
100 to 450 per piggery.
7-1
Section
7.
CROPS, PASTURE AND ANIMAL PERFORMANCE
7.01
Crops:
Table 17.
District Average Yields Agriculture Crops (March 1969)
Crop
Average Yield/ha
1 000 - 1 300 kg
10 - 15 tonne
7
12 tonne
2. 25 - 3. 0 tonne
2.25 tonne
2.5 tonne
1 tonne
Tobacco
Potatoes
Sweet Potatoes
Sorghum
Maize
Barley
Millet, Panicum)
Setaria
)
Source:
area lh»)
240
4
10
20
25
8
2
Bureau of Census and Statistics
Tobacco growing is the most important agricultural
enterprise in the Shire.
Table 18.
Tobacco
Area
Year
ha
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
1971-72
190
180
216
220
240
190
220
248
Production
Production
'000 kg
190
200
238
261
300
244
195
340
Yield
kg/ha
870
1 005
980
1 150
1 200
1 230
790
1 320
Source: Department of Primary Industry Records
Approximately 40 to 45% of the Moreton Region tobacco leaf is
produced in the Caboolture Shire. The remainder is grown in the adjacent
Shire of Landsborough.
Suitable sandy to loamy sand soil types and adequate air
humidity during the main period of growth are favourable for the production
of good quaJity tobacco leaf in th:s region.
7 - 2
Excessive wet weather conditions, wind and hail damage and
the higher incidence of tobacco blue mould disease can at times result in
rather servere yield fluctuations in this agricultural crop.
Table 19.
District Average Yields Horticulture Crops
Fruit & Veges
Bananas
Pineapples
Strawberries
Pumpkin
Cucumber
Melons
Tomatoes
Chokoes
Source:
Average yield/ha
1 830 x 13 kg cartons
28 tonne
28 tonne
8 - 2 2 tonne
2 500 cartons
30 tonne
37 cartons
2 500 cartons
Department of Primary Industries Records.
Table 20.
Fruit and Veges Acreage and Production
Crop
Area
Production
Bananas (bearing)
Pineapples (bearing)
Pumpkins
Tomatoes
344
492
184
28
3 055 tonne
663 419 doz.
1 916 tonne
2 930 tonne
ha
ha
ha
ha
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics.
Watermelons, strawberries, tomatoes, cucumbers, zuchinis,
peas, beans, capsicum, egg fruit, ginger, lettuce, cabbage, passionfruit
and table grapes are some of the smaller scale fruit and vegetable enterprises
Orchard fruit are usually grown as small sidelines, of which oragnes,
lemons, mandarins and lately avocadoes make up the largest tree
populations.
7.03
Animals:
Table 21.
Stocknumbers - Caboolture Shire
7-3
Year
1962-63
1963-64
1964-65
1965-66
1966-67
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
1970-71
DairyTotal
'000
Beef
Total
•000
23.0
23.0
20.9
20.1
17.1
16.8
16.8
15.7
15.5
4. 3
5.2
5. 3
5.7
5.8
6.9
9.0
10.1
11.3
Pigs
Sows
•000
Total
•000
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0. 3
0.4
0.4
0. 6
2.8
2.6
2.8
2.8
2.5
3.2
4. 5
2.1
2.6
Source: Bureau of Census and Statistics
Table 22.
Year
Dairy
•000
Beef
•000
Pigs
total
Horses Sheep
total
total
1972
14.3
10. 9
2 111
474
139
Source: Department of Primary Industries Reocrds.
Table 23.
Number of Holdings According Type of Stock
Less
than
10 head
1972
Dairy
Beef
Pigs
Horses
Sheep
29
21
5
177
6
10-20
head
20-100
head
100-200
head
200
head &
over
10
17
8
5
1
88
96
9
3
2
58
29
3
4
5
4
Source: Department of Primary Industries Records.
Table 24.
Animal Enterprise Farm Systems - 1972
Enterprise
No. Farms
Dairy only
Dairy-Beef
Dairy-Pigs
Beef only
Beef-Pigs
Pigs only
123
49
17
114
5
7
Total
189
168
29
185
9
8-1
Section
8.
REGISTER OF RESEARCH PROJECTS
8.01
Pastures:
(D.P.I.
- Agrostology Branch)
Tropical Species Nursery - Mt. Mee.
Mo. - Frequency of Application Trial - Mt. Mee.
Temperate Grasses with Siratro Trial - Mt. Mee.
Ronpha grass and Australian Phalaris Trial - Mt. Mee.
Safari and Ladino While Clovers sowing rates trial - Mt. Mee.
Planting time of White Clover with tropical species mixture
- Mt. Mee.
White Clover varietal comparison - Mt. Mee.
Evaluation of six White Clovers - Mt. Mee.
Coderiocaly gyroides pilot plot - Marangba.
White and Ladino White Clover Seed Covering Trial - Toorbul
Point.
Safari White Clover Observation - Cedarton.
8.02
Dairying:
(D.P.I.
- Dairy Field Services)
Effect Mastitis on Milk Composition.
Milk quality and Composition (Protein, Butterfat and other
quality factors).
8.03
Horticulture:
(D.P.I. - Horticulture Branch)
Ca-Zn-Cu Banana Observation Trial.
Foliar K and Mg uptake Pineapple Observation Trial.
Weedicides in Cucurbits Observation Trial.
(C.O.D. Experimental Farm-Beerwah).
Nutrition, Pest and Disease Control Investigation in
Pineapples.
Propagation of Selected Pineapple Plant Material.
8.04
Agriculture:
(D.P.I.
- Agriculture Branch)
Sweet Potato Varietal Trial-Elimbah.
Tobacco Plantbreeding for Blue Mould Resistance - Beerwah.
Improving Leaf Quality of Existing Blue Mould Resistant
Lines - Beerwah.
8.05
Fisheries:
(D.P.I.
- Department of Fisheries).
East Coast Prawn Project - Deception Bay.
Mangrove Habitat and Fauna Investigations - Deception Bay.
8.06
Cattle Ticks:
(I.C.I. Cattle Tick R.S. Laboratory)
Chemical Tick Control - D'Aguilar.
9-1
Section 9.
OTHER PRIMARY INDUSTRIES
9.01
Forestry:
There are approximately 21 600 ha of State Forests and
Timber Reserves in the Caboolture Shire.
State Forests and Timber Reserves by Parishes as follows:
Reserve N o
Parish
Area (ha)
State Forests
SF
3F
3F
3F
3F
3F
3F
177
173
313
832
572
589
611
3F
60
3F 893
3F 1152
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Beerwah
( Beerwah, Canning )
( Toorbul
>
Wararba
Byron
Byron
.. 22
3 832
720
1 332
112
2 400
3 600
828
2 000
600
Timber Reserves
TR 391
TR 975
Durundur
Byron
300
600
The State Forestry centre at Beerburrum, Just north of the
Caboolture Shire boundary in the adjacent Shire of Landsborough, has
through its reafforestation programme at present well in excess of
10 800 ha of coniferous plantations under its control of which total
approximately 2 800 ha are located within the Caboolture Shire
boundaries.
The two species of exotic conifers in these plantations are
Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda.
The Australian Paper Mill Pty. Ltd. has also a considerable
area of softwood plantations within the Caboolture Shire boundaries which
practically all consist of Pinus elliottii with a total acreage of 8 600 ha
planted as at the end of 1972. A. P.M. Pty. Ltd. operates a chipping plant
at Morayfield south of Caboolture, while its main paper mill for the
region is located at Petrie in the Pine River Shire. There are about 13
sawmills operating in the Shire.
9 - 2
The State Forestry Department is responsible for the care of
existing natural forests and timber reserves, the selected harvesting of
timber from these forests, the preservation of natural parks, forestry
research work, reafforestation programmes, fire protection of forests and
planting of new areas.
There is an increasing demand for timber for the manufacture
of paper products and for various types of hardboard and practicle board.
Reafforestation work has concentrated on the softwood type
plantations in order to meet most of this type of demand.
Coniferous or softwood plantings provide a quicker way of
producing timber in volume as timber thinnings from these plantations
becomes available for use for either pulp and paper manufacture,
particle board and other sawn timber around 12 to 15 years.
The full life cycle of a planting is completed in about 40 years.
9.02
Mining:
There are no actual mining activities in operation in the
Shire.
Material for road construction is obtained from a privately
operated quarry at moodlu and from a number of locations scattered
throughout the shire which are under control of the Caboolture Shire
Council.
Gravel and sand for building construction is produced at
locations on the Caboolture River and Bribie Island.
9.03
Fishery:
A large variety of fish and crustaceans is present in the
coastal waters of the Shire of Caboolture.
To protect and conserve the marine and fresh water fauna
the Department of Fisheries has a range of restrictive measures in
operation.
Commercial net-fishing is subject to close regulation and
control and is constantly reviewed, particularly in areas where thie
intensity of angling is high. So is net-fishing restricted to only part of the
year in the Pumicestone Passage between Glasshouse Mts. Creek and the
Bribie Island Traffic Bridge.
No nets whatsoever may be used in freshwater for catching
fish.
A schedule of minimum sizes of fish and crabs taken is aimed
at protecting the smaller specimens of aquatic fauna. Female crabs may
not be taken at all.
Approximately 20 commercial fisherman are operating in and
from the Caboolture coastal waters and these comprise netfisherman
fishing for mullet, whiting and prawns and crabbers.
9-3
The main types of fish caught in the Pumicestone Passage and
along the coast of Bribie Island and Deception Bay are whiting, bream,
flathea, Jewfish, tailor, squire, dart and sweetlip.
There are two marine habitat reserves in the Shire of
Caboolture. The first one has its southern boundary Just south of
Glasshouse Mts. Creek on the mainland and "The Stockyards" on Bribie
Island, but this habitat has most of its area covering the Pumicestone
Passage and adjacent land in the neighbouring Shire of Landsborough.
The second marine habitat reserve covers a considerable area
of the Deception Bay and adjacent wetlands north of the Deception Bay
township and takes in as well the mouths of the Caboolture River and the
Burpengary Creek.
In addition all coastal and stream areas occupied by any type
of mangroves vegetation are now protected areas where any interference
which changes its original state is prohibited by law.
The reason for this is because it has been discovered and
increasingly understood that the various mangrove swamp habitats,
adjacent wetland habitats and seagrass bed habitats have an important
role in the aquatic fauna food chain, as feeding, breeding and sheltering
grounds for aquatic fauna.
There is much that remains to be learnt about habits and life
cycles of aquatic faune which concerns the fishing industry along the
Queensland coast. Therefore the study of mangrove habitats carried out by
the Department of Fisheries' Research Station at Deception Bay is
investigational work of considerable importance.
Freshwater Fish Farming
Considering the large number of farm dams constructed as
irrigation water reservoirs in the area during recent years, these have
also created possibilities for a freshwater fish farming industry once
suitable fish species are found for this type of aquatic environment. Some
of the quite large farm dams that were constructed certainly appear to have
the potential in this direction.
9. 04
Beekeeping in the Caboolture Shire:
Honeybees are maintained in the Caboolture Shire by
migratory, part-time and hobbyist beekeepers. Originally it was one
of Queensland's best honey producing areas but of recent years clearing
of native floras for urban, agricultural, pastoral and pine forest
developments has decreased its beekeeping value.
Over 4 000 beehives are maintained in the Shire these being
managed by sever resident commercial apiarists, fifteen part-time and
26 hobbyists. Migratory beekeepers from elsewhere bring beehives into
the Shire seasonally. The resident commercial apiarists migrate their
honeybees to nectar and polen plants outside the Shire.
9-4
Honey and Pollen Flora
Common Name
Botanical Name
Flowering Period
Grey ironbark
Eucalyptus drepanophylla
July-December
Brush box
Tristania conferta
December-January
Paperbark tea-tree
Melaleuca quinquenervia
March-July
Blue gum
Eucalyptus tereticornis
July-November
Pink bloodwood
Eucalyptus intermedia
F ebruary-M ar ch
White clover ,
Trifolium repens
July-October
Glycine and other
Glycine wightii and others
March-November
Aegiceras corniculatum
October-November
tropical legumes
River mangrove
The principal honey producing sections of the Shire are the
wallum, (paperbark tea-tree, the irrigated flats of the Caboolture River
and Stanley River basin (white clover) and the ranges and their lower
slopes (grey ironbark and brush box). Tropical legume pastures and
mangrove fringes also contribute.
Honeybees assist in the pollination of white clover, tropical
legumes and particularly cucurbits such as pumpkins, watermelons and
cucumbers.
Annual honey production by resident beekeepers is 110 tonnes,
beeswax 1. 5 tonnes, queenbees sold 440, queenbees purchased from
outside the Shire 438, including 10 from overseas.
The Shire of Caboolture is still reasonably important for
beekeeping under the migratory system: in winter the wallum is useful
as colonies of honeybees remain strong, produce honey and are maintained
viable for the main honey producing season, which extends throughout
spring on river flats and in summer in coastal ranges.
Equipment
The standard hive found in the Caboolture Shire is the
10-frame full-depth Landstroth, which is often used with only nine
frames in honey supers and brood-chambers. Some beekeepers prefer
the 8-frame size because it is lighter; a few use smaller hives
known as "W.S. P. " Ideal" and "Half-depth".
Permanently sited honey houses are used for extracting the
honey. These are equipped with power-driven multiple-frame extractors,
all compactly arranged. Some large outfits couple two multiple-frame
extractors in order to speed the process. Mechanical hive lifting
diyices on trucks are a feature of their operation.
Management
Systems of management vary from the "let-alone" system
of the smaller beekeepers to sophisticated methods used by the commercial
9-5
apiarists who manage colonies intensively in accordance with accepted
bee husbandry techniques. These include migration, requeening, swarm
control, disease and pest control, honey flora surveys, site selection
and equipment maintenance.
Marketing
Honey may be sold locally by honey producers or transported
to honey packers in 44 gallon drums for the intra - or interstate and
overseas markets. Locally produced honey attracts a levy of 5£ per lb.
which helps finance the activities of the Commonwealth Australian
Honey Board, largely in relation to overseas export, research and
sales promotion.
518
1963-64
1964-65
522
610
620
628
1967-68
1968-69
1969-70
502
1965-66
1966-67
523
543
941
1078
Source:
1175
1181
1190
n. a.
637
646
658
2021
n. a.
2019
2222
2208
653
690
674
644
2029
2216
676
2241
567
532
480
401
386
344
328
327
Tractors
Male
on
Permanent
Holdings
Workers
Bureau of Census and Statistics.
1033
1035
1032
953
964
1210
1065
1068
n. a.
1040
Rural
Population on Holdings
Holdings
No.
Male Female Total
1962-63
Year
6009
n. a.
n. a.
357
n. a.
n. a.
662
n. a.
n. a.
4990
n. a.
n. a.
184
5294
4529
4688
531
3346
3971
4579
135
259
272
316
580
676
433
292
3266
3594
3973
2738
Agric, Pastoral Forestry Total
Poultry
Mining
Dairyin I
Production $'000
Gross Value of Primary
Primary Production Miscellaneous Data
Table 25.
o
4
3
a
W
"8
©
CO
O
CO
>
CO
3
w
H
B
w
n
o
r+
I
o
10-2
10.02
Demography:
Table 26.
Population Growth - Caboolture Shire
Year
Males
Females
Total
1933
1947
1954
1961
1966
1971
2900
3074
3769
4667
5268
2416
2642
3332
4210
4881
5316
5716
7101
8877
10149
12174
Caboolture
Town
894
1133
1533
2068
2543
3240
Table 27.
Caboolture Shire - Moreton Statistics Division
Age and Sex Structure - 1966
Age
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64
65 +
Male
Female
Total
252
299
291
217
133
92
136
149
150
163
140
119
117
332
231
267
282
187
106
112
127
483
566
573
404
219
204
263
293
319
284
269
224
252
6-2
.
144
169
121
129
105
135
270
10 - 3
Table 28.
Workforce Structure in Industries - 1966 (M. S.D.)
Industry
Male
Fishing
Rural Industries
Forestry
Total
Mining
Engineering
Vehicle Repairs
Yarns, Textiles
Clothing
Food, drink
Paper, printing
Other
Total Secondary Indus.
Electricity, water
Building construction
18
761
101
880
6
51
102
32
2
113
41
152
463
55
437
151
77
54
373
40
126
60
27
Transport
C ommuni cati on s
Finance
Commerce
Public Authority
Community Services
Hotels
Other
Total Work Force
2648
Female
1
202
203
6
8
8
2
71
37
7
11
142
6
12
26
25
176
14
110
88
50
853
Total
19
963
101
1083
12
59
110
34
73
150
48
163
605
55
443
163
103
79
549
54
236
148
77
3501
!
Source:
10.03
Bureau of Census and Statistics.
Transport Services:
The Shire has 345 km of sealed roads, 358 km of formed roads,
and 545 km of unformed roada. The Bruce Highway aw well as the main
Northern Railway Line bisects the eastern half of the Shire.
The railway line branches off at Caboolture and terminates at
Wamuran. This rail connection is maintained only for the purpose of
pineapple transport to the Northgate Cannery.
10. 04
Secondary Industries:
10-4
Table 29.
Secondary Industries
Industry
Caboolture
Baker
Builders
Blacksmiths
Engineers
Saw Mills
Caravan Factory
Milk & Cheese Factory
Hatcheries
Saddlers
Soft Drink Factory
Clothing Factories
Chipping Plant AP. M.
Brick & Concrete
Quarry
Banana Ripeners
Newspaper Co.
Tannery
Butchers
Bacon Factory
10.05
3
4
1
3
4
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
Woodford
1
2
3
1
3
-
Deception
Bay
_
4
1
1
1
-
Other
5
1
5
1
1
1
-
1
4
-
Tertiary Services:
Table 30.
Services
Caboolture
Woodford
Deception
Other
Bay
Auctioneers
Banks
C arriers-General
Dentist
Doctors
Hotels
Newsagents
Vet. Surgeon
Library
Solicitors
Bus. Services
Agric. Machinery
Produce Agencies
Co-operatives
2
3
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
2
3
1
2
4
2
-
1
1
1
2
10-5
10. 06
Community Services:
Health
The nearest hospital facilities are at Redcliffe. Q. A. T. B.
service is available at Caboolture and Bribie Island.
Education
There are 16 schools in the Shire.
Table 31.
School Pupils - Caboolture Shire
Totals estimated as at 1-8-69.
Pupils
Male
Female
Total
797
63
711 )
75 )
1646
436
413
Primary
Government Schools
N on-Government
Secondary
Government Schools
Non-Gevernment
849
The R.S.S.A.I.L.A. War Veterans' Home is located at
Caboolture.
10.07
Associations:
Kindergarten
R.S.L.
Apex
Rotary Club
Q.C.W.A.
Chamber of Commerce
10. 08
Historical Society
Masonic Lodge
Oddfellow Lodge
P. A. & I. Society
R.O.A.B. Lodge
Red Cross Society
State Services to Primary Producers:
Department of Primary Industries.
Horticulture Branch
Agriculture Branch
Dairy Field Services
Poutlry
Veterinary Services
Soil Conservation
Plant Pathology & Entomology
Economic Services Branch
Beef Cattle Husbandry Branch
Forestry Department
Irrigation & Water Supply Commission
Lands Department
Caboolture
Caboolture
Caboolture
Caboolture
Caboolture
Ipswich
Brisbane or
Nambour
Brisbane
Brisbane
Beer bur rum
Brisbane
Brisbane.
11-1
Section
11.
ECONOMICS
Prepared by:-
11.01
L . C . Hannah,
Agricultural Economist.
Brisbane.
Introduction:
Tobacco growing and horticulture are the principal farming
activities in the Caboolture Shire. Dairying, poultry and beef are the
principal livestock enterprises.
Gross Margins analysis and partial budgeting have been used
in this economic assessment.
A gross margin in simply Gross Returns minus Variable Costs.
There are two reasons for calculating a gross margin rather than the net
profit.
(a)
Variable, or operating costs, such as fuel, fertilizer,
etc. are relatively easy to determine and can be precisely
allocated to one particular crop or livestock enterprise.
(b)
Fixed costs or overheads (e. g., depreciation, interest,
rent, rates, taxes etc.) are sometimes difficult to
accurately allocate to an enterprise.
The use of gross margins for the purposes of comparison
suffers from the limiting assumption that the different farming activities
are using the same amounts of fixed resources. It must also be remembered
that the gross margin is not the profit but is generally related to profit.
Where there is a change in the basic combination of resources
partial budgeting should be used to compare enterprises. For some
enterprises preliminary estimates of directly attributable Variable
costs, only, have been included. Particularly for horticultural crops this
practice has been followed largely to discourage the casual quotation of a
"normal" gross margin range of margins.
11.02
Fodder Crops:
In 1970-71 about 1 700 acres were devoted to fodder crops.
Oats, millet, forage sorghums and lucerne are of greatest importance.
Estimates of the direct costs of production, that is the out-ofpocket expenses associated with growing a crop have been included for
oats and millet. A summary of the other fodder crop growing costs have
been included.
Full details of direct costs of production for the various fodder
crops can be found by referring to the Kilcoy Shire Handbook, Section 11
"Economics".
11-2
I.
Grazing Oats
Oats are grown principally as a winter supplementary grazing
crop. The average area sown each year is about 1 100 acres. The main
variety grown is Saia.
Direct Variable Costs/Acre
Dryland
Land Preparation
$
Fuel and Oil 2 hrs @ 70 $
Fuel and Oil 3 hrs @ 70 t*
1-40
Saia: 1 bus @ $4. 40
lj bus @ $4. 40
4. 40
Bentland: 1 bus® $3.10
l\ bus @ $3.10
3.10
Irrigated
$
2.10
Seed
6. 60
or
4. 65
Fertilizer
8 inches @ 60<?/ac. in
4. 80
TOTAL DIRECT VARIABLE COSTS/ACRE
or
Saia
9.20
21.80
Bentland
7.90
19.85
Note:
The cost structure will depend very heavily on the fertility of
the soil, the available soil water and the rainfall during the growing and
grazing period.
II.
Millet
About 240 acres of millet was grown for use as green fodder
in 1970-71. An additional 30 acres was harvested for grain.
Direct Variable Costs/Acre
$
Land Preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 2 hrs @ 70<?/hr
1. 40
10 lb@ 10<?/lb
1.00
Seed
Fertilizer
1 cwt Super @ $25/ton
j cwt Urea @ $85/ton
1. 25
2. 15
5.80
11 - 3
III.
Summary of Grazing Crops
The following summary of the annual direct growing costs
per acre of grazing crops is only meant to be a general guide. Any decisions
regarding the growing of fodder crops will have to be based on the
individual farm situation. Factors such as the fertility status of the soil,
and available soil water will cause variations in the per acre costs of such
things as fertilizer and seed.
Dryland
Sorghum Barley
Dryland Irrig. Dolichos Cow Mlet
Oats Oats Lab Lab Peas
Fuel and Oil*
1.75
1.40
1.40
2.10
0.70
0.70 1. 40
Seed
1.75
2.65
4. 40
6.60
3.60
1.52 1.00
Fertilizer (2)
Irrigation (3)
3.40
3.40
3. 40
8.30
1.25
1.25 3.40
-
-
4.80
-
Total
6. 90
Crop
7.45
-
9.20
21.80
5. 55
-
-
3.47 5.80
Note:
(1)
Tractor operating costs have been estimated on the basis
of the following: 30-40 D.B. Horsepower Diesel Tractor
Fuel and oil
Repairs
Tyres
40«?/hr
20«?/hr
10c7hr
70«?/hr
(2)
Fertilizer costs are net of cartage.
(3)
Irrigation costs can vary from 20 cents to $1. 00 per
hour depending on the power source.
11.03
Pastures:
Pasture recommendations will vary according to the soil
type, rainfall and availability of water for irrigation, frost incidence,
etc. For the purposes of summarizing the direct costs of pastures
establishment, examples of general recommendations have been included
for a range of soil types.
On average about 50 per cent of new pastures are established
under the Dairy Pasture Subsidy Scheme which offers a maximum subisdy
payment of $14 per acre. Generally, subsidy payments will cover the
bulk of cash-out-of-pocket expenses associated with establishment of
temperate pastures but not of the higher cost tropical species.
Pasture Establishment
The per acre costs of establishment have been estimated for
the recommended pasture and fertilizer mixtures in the area. Pasture
recommendations have been classified according to the situation with respect
to the soil type.
11-4
I.
Red Volcanic Soils
(a)
5i^?SiZ^l2X?£
Land Preparation and Planting
$
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hr @ 70<?
2. 80
6 lb Ladino White Clover @ $1. 10/lb
6. 60
6 cwt Super (. 02% Mo) @ $27/ton
8.10
Seed
Fertilizer
TOTAL ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE
(b)
17.50
Oversowing with Clover
On steeper slopes where conventional land preparation is
impossible or where weed infestation may result from disturbing the
sward Kikuyu pastures can be improved by applying a heavy dressing
of phosphatic fertilizer plus an improved strain of white clover
Seed
6. 60
Fertilizer
Fuel and oil etc. 1 hr @ 70£
. 70
8.10
15.40
Note:
Careful management and the initial heavy dressing of Super
mean that clover can be maintained as a year round component of these
pastures.
II.
Wallum Soils
(a)
Pangola
Land preparation and planting
$
Fuel and oil etc. 5 lirs @ 70<?
3. 50
Runners @ $3
3.00
Seed
Fertilizer
3 cwt Ammonium Nitrate @ $70/ton
10. 50
3 cwt Super (o 2% Mo) @ $27/ton
4. 05
1 cwt Muriate of Potash @ $74/ton
3. 70
24.75
11-5
(b)
Namti jS£teriji_-jCrree D: 1 tM P— !L™2Q}^-^3dSilver_le&f
Desmodium
Land preparation and planting
$
Fuel and oil etc. 4 hours @ 10$
2. 80
3 lb Nandi Setaria @ $1. 57/lb
4. 71
1 lb Greenleaf Desmodium @ $1. 72/lb
1. 72
2 lb Silverleaf Desmodium @ $2. 60/lb
5. 20
5 cwt Dolomite @ $20/ton
5. 00
3. 50
6 cwt Super (. o2% Mo) @ $27/ton
8.10
1 cwt Muriate of Potash @ $74/ton
3. 70
Seed
Fertilizer
34.73
Note:
Development of Wallum areas in the Shire has principally
been to pine forest by the AP.M.
III.
Scrub Soils
(a)
Frost Free Areas
Green Panic - Glycine - Siratro
Land preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70c"
2. 80
4 lb Green Panic @ 65<?/lb
2. 60
8 lb Tinaroo Glycine @ 44 (?/lb
3. 52
1 lb Siratro @ $2. 58/lb
2. 68
5. 40
Seed
Fertilizer
(b)
17.00
^z^j^jyîiLtP-^îiL
Nandi Setaria - Greenleaf Desmodium - Siratro
Land preparation
Fuel Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70 cents
2.80
4 lb Mandi Setaria @ $1.57/lb
6. 28
Seed
11-6
3. 44
5. 3C
4 cwt super (. 02%) Mo @ $27/ton
5. 40
Fertilizer
Note:
23.28
The higher soil fertility levels of scrub soils are favourable to
the Glycines.
be used.
The lower seed costs mean that higher planting rates can
Other legumes may be included as a form of insurance against
poor growth rate in the Glycine component.
IV.
Forest Soils
(a)
J ^ T -_g?od drainage
Nandi Setaria - Siratro - Greenleaf Desmodium
Land preparation
$
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70£
2. 80
2 lb Nandi Setaria @ $1. 57/lb
3.14
5.36
1. 72
8.10
21.12
Seed
Fertilizer
(b)
Poor Drainage
Paspalum Plicatulum - Clover
Land Preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hours @ 70<?
2. 80
2 lb Paspalum Plicalulum @ $2. 10/lb
4. 20
3. 30
8.10
18.40
Seed
Fertilizer
11-7
V.
Alluvial Soil
(a)
?Z?_.IL£!££.I_£}£X£r_
Raingrown
Irrigated
Land Preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hrs @ 70<*
2. 80
4 1bK. V. Rye @ 28(?/lb
1.12
2. 80
Seed
8 lb K. V. Rye @ 28<?/lb
2.24
3. 30
6 ]b Ladino White Clover @ $1. 10/lb
6. 60
Fertilizer
6cwtSuper(.
% Mo) @ $27/ton
8.10
8.10
3. 50
Irrigation
6" @ 60«?/acre inch
AVERAGE ESTABLISHMENT COSTS/ACRE/
ANNUM (4 years)
(b)
Lu
3. 60
18.82
23.34
4. 70
5. 84
.9_e_Tn.e_
Land preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 4 hrs. @ 70£
2.80
16 lb @ 38«?/lb
6.08
8.10
6" @ 60<?/ac.in
3. 60
Seed
Fertilizer
Irrigation
ANNUAL COSTS/ACRE (4 years)
20. 58
5. 15
Summary of Improved Pastures
The following is a summary of the total direct costs of
pasture establishment per acre. A summary of annual maintenance
costs has also been included.
11-8
Pasture
Situation
Fuel &
[. Red
Volcanic
Soils
Oil etc seed
1
Fert- Irrig- Total
ilizer ation Estab. Annual
Costs/ Maint.
Acre
(a)Kikuyu-Clover
2.80
6.60
8.10
17.50
3.40
.70
6.60
8.10
15.40
3.40
3 Ul
(a) Pangola
3.50
3.00
18.25
(b)Nandi-Setaria
-Desmodiums
2.80
(b)Oversowing
Clover
24.75 15.70
II. Wai
Soi
•—1 r-H
w
rH
•rH
_o
•S
w
g
(a)G.P. -Glycine
- Siratro
h O
IV.
. •—'
I - * -rH
6.10
8.80
5.40
17.00
3.40
2.80
15.08
5.40
23.28
3.40
(a)NandiSetaria
-Siratro Desm odium
2.80
10.22
8.10
21.12
4.75
(b)PaspalumClover
2.80
7.50
8.10
18.40
4.75
(a)Rye grass Clover
2.80
2.80
4.42
8.84
11.60
8.10 3.60
18.82
23.34
3. 40
7.00
(b) Lucerne
2.80
6.08
8.10 3.60
20.58
7.00
(b)Nandi-Setaria
-Desmodium Siratro
1—I
I—I
1—1
o co
fo
34.73
2.80
CO
"S «
11.63 20.30
In this examination of pasture establishment costs it must be
noted that: (1)
There are many more species suitable for establishment on
each of the soil types and which are eligible for subsidy under the D. P . S.
Scheme.
(2)
The total seed costs a r e low because only the minimum
recommendations have been followed. Planting rates will vary greatly
depending on the situation with respect to such things as available soil
moisture, rainfall and irrigation, and weed incidence.
(3)
Additional establishment costs will include,
(a)
pre-cropping, where pastures a r e being established
on virgin land or where there are weed problems resulting
from soildisturbance,
(b)
legume innoculation,
(c)
lime pelleting legume seed.
11-9
(4)
The average annual establishment costs have been estimated
for the temperate pasture species. Annual maintenance costs huve been
included for both tropical and temperate species.
(5)
Annual maintenance has been estimated on the basis of the
cost of the recommended maintenance dressing of 2cwt of superphosphate
plus tractor operating costs for 1 hour. Other fertilizers may be needed
from time to time. For unirrigated pangola pastures about 100 lb of
nitrogen is required annually. Higher dressings of super are required on
the lesser fertile wallum and forest soils. Slashing may also be required.
Strategic use of nitrogen may be warranted to fill particular feed gaps.
Irrigation costs have been included in annual maintenance costs where
necessary.
Livestock
11.04
I.
Dairying:
Introduction
Although dairying is still the most important livestock
interprise the industry in the area is experiencing a slow decline. Over
the period 1963-64 to 1968-69, the number of dairy farms decreased at an
average rate of 14 per year from 279 to 196, while average herd size
increased from 83 to 96 head. Most of those farmers leaving dairying have
moved into beef production, while a few have obtained alternative employment
in the shire. As at 16-5-72, 4 farms had been sold for amalgamation
under the Marginal Dairy Farms Reconstruction Scheme. Some farms have
been sold to land developers anticipating further suburban development
North of Brisbane. The A. P.M. are also buying land for pine plantations.
II.
Production.
Although cow numbers have been declining by an average of
600/year since 1960-61, total milk production has continued to rise due to
an increase in annual average production per cow. In 1969-70 about
4 900 000 gallons of milk were produced. Over the 10 year period 1960-61
to 1969-70 average production per cow rose over 150 per cent from 263
gallons to 401 gallons. Total district butter production underwent a more
fluctuating trend over the same period.
Only 7 dairy farmers herd recorded in 1971. Average production
from this group was approximately 472 gallons per cow or about 18 per
cent above the current average.
HI.
Costs per Dairy Cow.
The main costs of maintaining a dairy cow are feed costs.
These vary according to the level of purchased feed per cow, seasonal
conditions, soil type, farm size and the types of crops grown. There
are other costs which will not vary greatly from year to year. Likely
ranges of these costs are: -
11 - 10
Item
Cost Range/ cow
$
Electricity
3. 00 - 5. 00
Animal Health
2. 00 - 4. 00
Other Livestock Expenses
.
-I
,.
AT
_
^ » VjU
— I.
UU
including A.I.
Dairy requisites
Sundry
IV.
1. 00 - 1. 50
1.00-2.00
11.00 - 19.50
Marketing.
Dairy produce in the Caboolture Shire is marketed principally
through the Caboolture Co-operative Association. Twelve dairy farms
supply milk directly to Pauls in Brisbane and some cream producers
deliver supplies to the Maleny butter factory.
The Caboolture Co-op Association has factories at Caboolture,
Woodford and Eumundi as well as a receival depot at Pomona. Butter,
milk, cheese and yoghurt are produced.
The Caboolture factory has a quota of 4 300 gallons of milk
per day to the Brisbane Milk Board and sales of pasteurised milk are
made throughout the shires of Caboolture, Kilcoy and Pine Rivers and
to the City of Redcliffe.
There are 252 cream suppliers and 150 milk suppliers
currently delivering to the Caboolture Co-op, 88. 5% or 106 farmers supply
bulk milk. The price for quota milk has risen from 47 cents in March
1971 to its present level of 52 cents per gaoon. The price of manufacturing
milk is 57 cents per lb. butterfat, and cream prices per lb. butter fat for
choice, first grade and second grade are 45. 5 cents, 44. 5 cents and 42. 0
cents respectively. Both the prices of cream and manufacturing milk have
undergone a fluctuation rise since 1967-68. Market milk quotas are
allocated by the board of directors and are set every year as a percentage
of milk shipped in over a three monthly period between April and July.
Expected sales of milk are calculated and compared with production
during "Quota" months of the year.
The percentage of total factory intake which is required for
market milk is calculated, and each farmer receives as a quota, the
same percentage of his farm's total production in that period. In 1971-72
Quotas were set at approximately 63% of farm production during the "Quota"
months. The maximum quota that a new supplier can be allocated is 20
gallons per day. In the second year of quota supply this can be increased
to 35 gallons per day and there after yearly increases of 10 gallons per
day.
Milk cartage costs are 2. 5 cents per gallon of quota milk
and 1. 5 cents per gallon of manufactured milk. Cartage costs for cream
suppliers who are mainly in outlying areas are about 8 cents per gallon
of cream. A bulk milk premium of 0. 5 cents per gallon is paid and a
manufacturing charge is levied on each gallon of quota milk supplied in
order to meet expenses involved in supplying the co-operative's quota
to the Brisbane Milk Board.
11 - 1 1
There is no waiting list for quotas and the rate at which
farmers supplying cream are switching to milk production is a very slow
one. Deterrents to a farmer changing over include cash expenses such
as total monthly repayments on the milk vat, of between $450 and $500
per annum for a vat in the $3 000 range, manufacturing charges of 3. 5
cents per gallon of quota milk and the cost of skim milk replacement for
calves and pigs which ranges from 7 cents to 10 cents per lb. butterfat
if skim milk is used efficiently as a protein feed. In addition there are
intagible disadvantages such as the necessity to milk year round.
Comparison of Quota Milk, Manufacturing Milk
(a)
and Cream
cartage/
Price Price
Net Price
Deduct- Bulk
per
gallon
per
Mi]k
per gallon
ions
gallon
milk
Unit
Premium
of milk
of milk
52c7gal. 52c*
Quota Milk
Manufacturing Milk
Cream
(a)
- 2 . 5<?
57<?/lb
B.f.
23. 6$
-1.5<S
44<?/lb
B.f.
18. 2£
-0.75<?
- 3 . 5<?
+0. 5$
46. 5<?
+0. 5«?
22. 6<?
17. 5<?
Assuming milk at 4 per cent B. f. and cream at 40 % B. f
The net price per gallon of milk is the price at the farm gate.
11.05
I.
Beef:
Introduction.
Beef is mainly of importance as a sideline enterprise to
dairying. The occasional poultry, pineapple and banana f a r m e r also
may have a beef sideline. Some beef producers a r e actually p a r t time
f a r m e r s with full time Jobs in the Caboolture Shire. Beef cattle holdings
in the shire a r e generally very small with a r e a s between 300 and 400
a c r e s . There a r e a minority of much l a r g e r holdings with a r e a s between
1 000 and 4 000 a c r e s . The reason for the small sizes of many beef
holdings is that most were originally small dairy f a r m s . Some of the
producers on smaller holdings lease forestry r e s e r v e land, principally
from the A. P . M . , to i n c r e a s e their available grazing acreage.
The number of holdings carrying beef cattle has increased
by an average of about 11 farms each year for the last 7 y e a r s to 1970-71.
Total beef and vealer numbers have increased 138% over the same period
while average herd size has increased from 44 to 63. The small herds
reflect the sideline nature of the beef enterprises.
II.
Production
Beef breeding and fattening are of equal importance in the
Stock
are mainly raised on native pasture. Store cattle are
Shire.
11 - 12
purchased from Toogoolawah and more recently from Ipswich. Store
yearling prices are presently between $90 and $95 landed. Boboy calves
are purchased from Woodford at prices between $20 and $22.
III.
Marketing
Fattened cattle are generally sent to Cannon Hill. Commission
on cattle sales is usually about 4 to 5 per cent. Cartage costs to
Cannon Hill are about $1. 20 per head. Vealer calves and stores are either
sold from farm to farm or through Mctaggarts and the Kilcoy Shire yards.
Cartage to Kilcoy is $0. 70 per head.
IV.
Gross Margins - Examples
(a)
Running 100 breeders and selling cattle @ 2 | - 3 years of age.
Gro s s_Returns
(Assuming 80 per cent branding, 3 per cent breeder deaths and 20 per cent
breeder replacements each year)
$
17 Cull Cows @ $110
1870
20 Vealers @ $85
1 700
40 Steers @ $29. 00/100 lb. dressed weight
5 800
9 370
Variable^_osts per_100_breeders
Bull depreciation, $200 over 5 year
life, with 3 buls per 100 breeders
120.00
Pregnancy Testing 50 cents/breeder
50. 00
Medical Supplies $2. 00/breeder
200. 00
Dips, minerals, stock licks $2. 00/breeder
200.00
Commonwealth Beef slaughtering levy
45<?/head (77)
Commission @ 5% of sales
34. 65
468. 50
Cartage to Kilcoy @ 70c7head
14. 00
Cartage to Cannon Hill @ $1. 20/head (57)
68. 40
Stock Assessment 7. 5(?/head ((340)
25. 50
Buffalo fly tax 1 cent/$12 gross sales
7.80
1 188.85
This would give a gross margin of about $82. 00 per breeder
to cover crop growing costs, purchased feed, overhead, capital charges
and profit. Stocking rates are between 1 beast to 4 or 5 acres. It must
be stressed that both this and the following gross margin are examples.
Any advice that might be given to a farmer must be based on his own
figures for the various cost and returns items.
11 - 13
(b)
Fattening 100 yearling stock
Gross_Re_turn.£_
100 fat cattle @ $30/100 lb
dressed weight (500)
15 000
v'ariabLe Costs p e r 100 Steers
100 yearlings @ $90
Medical supplies @ $1. 00/head
Dips @ $1. 00/head
Commonwealth Beef Slaughtering Levy
45$/head
Commission 5% of sales
Cartage to Cannon Hill @ $1. 20/head
Stock a s s e s s m e n t @ 7. 5 cents/head
iiuJTalo fly tax @ l£/$12 gross sales
9 000
100
100
45
750
120
7. 50
12. 50
10 135. 00
This would give a g r o s s margin of about $49 per head to cover
the annual average costs of pasture establishment and crop growing,
as well a s purchased feed costs, overhead, capital charges and profit.
Fattening is c a r r i e d out on improved tropical p a s t u r e s . These
a r e mainly in newly developed Wallum a r e a s where the l a r g e r properties
a r e situated. The minimum turnoff time for a yearling s t e e r would be
about 12 months while the actual time will depend upon the age and condition
of the animal purchased and on pasture management.
The decision whether to breed or fatten will depend on
The availability of improved pastures or fodder crops
The costs and availability of store cattle
The property size
V.
P a r t i a l Budgeting
The trend towards running a beef sideline enterprise in
conjunction with a dairy herd i s a continuing one. To aid in advising
on the possible benefits of a partial changeover to beef the partial
budgeting technique is appropriate. This is derived by determining
additional r e c e i p t s plus reduced costs, and subtracting from this reduced
receipts plus additional costs. The net figure is the marginal advantage,
or disadvantage of the proposed change. The partial budget approach
takes into account all of the i n t e r - e n t e r p r i s e relationships.
VI.
P a r t i a l Budget Analysis of a Dairy-Beef F a r m
The following partial budget i s an example of how a partial
changeover to beef could be analysed. Any advice on a production decision
should be based on the individual's own figures.
11 - 14
Example
A farmer is at present milking a mixed herd of 70 cows. His
milk quota is at present only 50 gallons per day. He also runs 40 beef
cows and sells vealers. Because he is dissatisified with his low quota and
i1s potential rate of increase, he considers culling 20 of his poorer milk
cows and replacing them with 25 beef cows. It is estimated that this
would increase his average milk production from 450 gallons to 500
gallons per cow.. His quota is likely to be reduced about 10 per cent to
45 gallons per day. He does not expect to change his feed plans substantially. He expects the 25 beef cows to be worth about the same as
the 20 dairy cows.
He expects to save about $300 per year in labour costs, by
means of this partial enterprise shift.
Additional Receipts:
Sale of 18 vealers calves yearly @ $85
Sale of 1 cull beef cow @ $110
1 530
110
TOTAL ADDITIONAL RECEIPTS
1 640
Reduced Costs:
Labour saving
Reduced veterinary charges @ $2/head
Electricity saving @ $3/head
300
40
60
TOTAL REDUCED COSTS
ADDITIONAL RECEIPTS PLUS REDUCED
COSTS
400
2 040
Additional Costs:
Cartage on 18 Vealers to Kilcoy @ 70^/head
13
Commission on Vealers @ 5%
76
TOTAL ADDITIONAL COSTS
89
Reduced Receipts:
1 825 gallons of quota milk @
46. 5 cents/gallon
4 675 gallons of manufactured milk
@ 4% B.f @ 22.6 <?/gal
15 dairy calves @ $20 less commission and
freight (4% plus 70 cents/head)
TOTAL REDUCED RECEIPTS
ADDITIONAL COSTS PLUS REDUCED RECEIPTS
2 259
NET ADVANCE OF PROPOSED CHANGE
$2 040 - $2 259
-$219
11 - 15
This example partial budget would indicate that the proposed
partial enterprise shift would result in a $219 reduction in net income.
Whether or not the farmer considers this favourable will depend on his
appraisal of the dairy situation in the long term.
Other factors such as the reduction in labouttme may also
have a bearing on his decision.
11.06
Pigs are only of minor importance in the shire. Sow numbers
rose 47% over the 11 year period 1960-61 to 1970-71 from 447 to 657 sows.
Pigs are kept in conjunction with dairying and poultry but just over half
the sows are located on three large piggeries each currently having over
100 sows. The remainder of the farms on which pigs are raised have an
average of 3 sows.
On the major piggeries pre mixed rations are fed, on one
piggery whey from the cheese factory at Woodford is also used. None
purchased grain although on one extensive piggery the animals are grazed
on pasture.
Suggested Balanced Ration of Skim Milk Feeding
Liveweight
(lb.)
50
70
90
110
130
150 and
over
Source:
Pints Skim Milk
per day
4
4. 5
5
5. 5
5. 5
5. 5
Cereal Grain
lb./day
2
2. 5
3
3. 5
4
4.5
"Farm Management Handbook"., Economic Services Branch,
Note:
Generally 3 sows will provide enough skim milk to feed one
sow and her offspring to market weight. This would be about 1 500 gallons
of skim milk per sow. When skim milk is fed at levels greater than
100 gallons per baconer, it begins to replace grain as an energy source,
rather than as a protein supplement, and hence the value per gallon of
skim drops.
When skim milk is fed to pigs judiciously each gallon can
replace feed costing 5 to 6 cents. As extra skim is fed, the value of each
extra gallon will decrease.
Pigs are sold at bacon weight usually under contract to the
Darling Downs Co-op Bacon Association Limited (K. R. Darling Downs)
at Doboy in Brisbane. The current price for baconers is 25 cents per lb.
dressed weight. This would give a gross return of $33. 80 per baconer
with a dressed weight of 130 lb. On farmer sells Weaners under contract
to a fattener in Brisbane for $12 each.
11 - 16
11.07
I.
Poultry:
Introduction
There are 30 farms producing commercial poultry in the
Caboolture Shire. The present number represents a 23% contraction,
over the period from 1963-64 when there were 37 commercial poultry
holdings. All facets of the poultry industry are represented in the
shire. There are two hatcheries selling day-old chicks, and other
producers sell fertile eggs under contract and "started pullets" at pointof-lay. Most producers are engaged in either egg or broiler production.
II.
Egg Production
Egg producing commercial poultry farms in the Caboolture
Shire have an average size of 8 500 birds however the range is from 5 000
to more than 35 000 birds. The total egg production in 1970-71 was
1 236 819 dozen. Average egg production is about 17 dozen eggs over
the laying life of the hen. Industry leaders consider that at least 10 000
layers are required to provide one man with a "reasonable" living from
egg production at present.
III.
Marketing
Sales of eggs are controlled by the Egg Marketing Board,
South East Queensland which has three systems operating as follows:
ungraded egg supply to the Board,
the Producer Pack Scheme whereby approved growers can
supply shell eggs pre packed into Board cartons for delivery to the Board;
an allowance of 2 cents per dozen from Board Handling charges is
given to producers who pack under this scheme.
permit holders have selling permits allowing them to sell
directly to the retailer; they pay all Board charges including a permit
administration charge except Handling and cartage which account for about
two thirds of the total decductions for the producer supplying ungraded
eggs to the Board.
Eggs are sold under all three of these schemes in the
Caboolture Shire.
Current average returns to growers for all grades are about
24-25 cents per dozen after deductions of all Board charges and Levies
as well as the Commonwealth Hen Levy as indicated below.
Average Returns to P r o d u c e r s (Eggs - A l l Grades)
Period
Gross
F r o m 1-7-71 to 31-12-71 38.13
4 weeks ended 2 9-1-72
37.16
P r o g r e s s i v e to 29-1-72
38.01
Board
Charges
6.56
6.70
6.58
Herl Levy
6. 00
6. 00
6. 00
Net
25. 57
24. 46
25. 43
Source: E . M . B. Bulletin F e b . 1972 and the Egg Marketing B o a r d ' s
Report to the Director of Marketing 1970-71.
11 - 17
Note:
Board.
This a s s u m e s that a grower i s supplying ungraded eggs to the
The hen levy i s assumed to be $1 per bird per y e a r . This
i s equivalent to about 6. 00c per dozen assuming a laying period of 52
weeks and a production of 17 dozen eggs.
IV.
Cost of Own Reared Replacement
The cost per bird will vary according to the age at which it
i s considered that the r e a r i n g period ends. However for practical
purposes the "point of lay" can be considered to be 20 weeks and if
t r a n s f e r r e d to the laying cages before this must still be fed to that age.
Variable Costs per Bird Reared
(after allowing for 11% losses)
c
Day old chicks
L . P . gas for brooding
Medication
Litter
Casual labour
Electricity
Sundry
Feed
33.2
1.2
2.7
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.5
64. 5
104.0
Total Cost
1.04
Many f a r m e r s in the shire r e a r their own r e p l a c e m e n t s .
V.
G r o s s Margin
- Egg Production
It i s assumed that all fed i s bought in ready mixed $59 per
ton and that the birds a r e housed at 20 weeks and a r e culled after 52
weeks laying. L o s s e s a r e assumed to be 18% over the 52 weeks.
Incom£ p e r bird_h£used
Net egg r e t u r n per dozen from Board
(after deduction of hen levy, Board
charges and cartage)
Egg income - 17 dozen
Cull hens 0.82 @ 45 cents
Total
24£
25<?
26£
27£
4.08
37
4.25
37
4.42
37
4.59
37
4.45
4.62
4.79
4.96
11 - 17
Running Costs
Bird (own reared)
90 lb feed at $59/ton
Medication
Casual labour
1.04
2. 66
0.03
0. 03
3.76
Margin per bird
0.69
0.86
1.03
1.20
Notes:
1.
For each $5 per short ton change in laying feed costs, the
margin per bird will change by 22. 5 cents.
2.
Net egg returns were between 28 cents and 27 cents in 1970-71.
In the first two months of 1972 returns were between 24 cents and 25 cents.
Further falls are possible.
VI.
Farm Mixed Feeds
In the Caboolture Shire 15 per cent of farmers mix their own
feed.
There are two alternatives available to those who mix their
own feed: (1)
Purchase of a complete protein concentrate
This product contains 45% - 50% protein plus all necessary
vitamins as well as some minerals. The normal formula for mixing
one short ton of laying mash is:
Grain 1 440 lb
Plus:
$
Concentrate 290 lb. at $135 per short ton
Limestone 40 lb. at $20 per short ton
Shell grit 100 lb. at $45 per short ton
Hard grit 40 lb at $8 per short ton
Lucerne meal 90 lb. at $70 per short ton
1 9 . 58
40
2. 25
16
3. 18
25.57
The cost of grain landed in the Caboolture Shire will vary
but if the running costs of milling and mixing are assumed tobe $4. 20
per short ton (fuel, repairs, maintenance, and casual labour) then
the cost of the farm mixed feed is as shown below:
Cost of Grain
per long ton
$
40
44
48
52
56
60
Cost of 1 440 lb
Grain
$
25.72
28. 29
30. 86
33.43
36.00
38.57
Cost of other
Ingredients
$
25.57
25.57
25.57
25.57
25.57
25.57
Cost of Feed
per shor ton
$
55.49
58.06
60.63
63.20
65.77
68. 34
11 - 18
(2)
Purchase of Individual Ingredients
When no concentrate is used it is necessary to use a "multi
vitamin and mineral premix" costing about $1. 70 per short ton of
completely home mixed feed. Instead of the concentrate varying amounts
of fish meal, meat meal or soybean meal are used together with the
other components of the ration.
VII.
Broilers
Broilers are raised under contract to the major chicken meat
processors. Most producers in the Caboolture Shire have contracts with
either Provincial Traders or Inghams Enterprises in Brisbane. The way the
contract systems operates is basically that the processors provide the
chickens, feed and usually medication while the grower provides the
shedding and labour. The processors may provide other services if the
grower desires and some growers lease feed bins and have their sheds
disinfected by the processing firms. During the rearing period which
usually ranges between 9-10 weeks the chickens are subject to a weekly
inspection by a representative of the processing firm supplying the
contract.
At the end of the rearing period the processor sends a
catching team to the farm to round up the birds and they are then transported to Brisbane where the chickens are weighed and the rearer's return
is determined. The processors generally provide some guaranteed
minimum margin above the coat of chickens, feed and medication.
The conditions under which the bird is to be reared will
depend on the processing firm with which the contract is held. They
recommend bird density, litter use policy, and other shed requirements.
Producers in the Caboolture Shire are disadvantaged because of
the distance from the processing works and in addition to freight costs
they have to pay road tax. Average current capital requirements for
sheds, which includes lighting, water connection and watering facilities,
automatic feeders and hot air facilities for the brooding area is currently
about $1. 20/bird. This does not include the cost of land and feed bins.
The number of batches reared in a year is usually about 4. 5 but this
depends on the processor. Batch size will depend on the terms of the
contract but the largest broiler grower in the shire has in excess of
50 000 birds.
A comparison of Costs for Principal Contractors *
P. T. L.
Inghams
Cost of Day-old Chicks/100
17.50
Cost of Feed/ton
100.00
Guaranteed Margin over chicks feed
and medication (or equivalent)/
7 .50
100 birds
18. 98
97.00
Item
February, 1972.
9.00
11 - 19
Note:
The cost of day-old chicks is inclusive of debeaking and fowl
pox innoculation.
The feed cost is an average of the ration costs for the startinggrowing-finishing period.
The margin is the guaranteed lower limit or its equivalent.
Both firms consistently pay well above the guaranteed margins.
The grower has the choice of either paying cash for these items
or having them deducted from his total returns from the processor.
Feed
The feed conversion ratio will determine feed costs. This is
in turn affected by the culling rate, the general health of the bird, the
quality of the feed and the time of year when a batch is reared. Feed costs
per 100 birds reared for a range of likely feed conversion ratios are set
out below.
Bird Weight (lbs)
Feed Cost® $100/short/toni/
100 birds
2.00
2.10
2.30
2.30
2.35
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
$
40
$
42
$
44
$
46
$
47
Cost£/Batch_
(Assuming a batch of 16 000 chicks in a single shed with losses of 5 per
cent and a feed conversion ratio of 2.2)
Day-old chicks @ $17. 50/100
Feed @ $100/short ton (Caboolture)
Sawdust litter @ $34/shed
Medication
Electricity
Healing Fuel 30 gals @ 60$/gal
Repairs and Maintenance
Shed cleaning costs (tra ctor, fuel
insecticides, disinfectants etc. )
Casual Labour
Sundry
$
2 800.00
6 700.00
34.00
130.00
30.00
18.00
40.00
140.00
100.00
20.00
10 012.00
Costs/100 birds
62. 45
D£ductiôn_s_per_100 _birds
Day-old chicks
Feed
Medication
17. 50
44. 00
•80
62. 30
11 - 20
Under the assumed cost structure the following table of
returns for a range of margins can be drawn up.
Item
Costs, Returns/100 birds
$
$
$
$
$
$
(1)
Day-old Chicks
Feed, medication
62.30
62. 30
62.30
62.30
62.30
62.30
(2)
Margin above (1)
7.50
8.00
8.50
9.00
9.50
10.00
Total (1 + 2)
69.80
70.30
70.80
71.30
71.80
72. 30
Total Batch
Running Costs
62.45
62.45
62.45
62.45
62.45
62.45
7.35
7.85
8.35
8.85
9.35
9.85
Return available
for ownership
costs etc.
Note:
The return is not the gross margin because it covers the 15
cents remainder of batch running costs as well as overheads, depreciation
on plant and equipment, capital charges and profit.
Currently it is considered that at least 41 000 birds per batch
would be required to provide one man, solely engaged in broiler production,
with a reasonable living
11. 08
Horticulture - A General Note:
A wide range of horticultural crops is grown in the shire. The
major portion of the horticultural sector consists of the plantation fruits,
pineapples and bananas, which together account for 34 per cent of area of
land under crops or fallow. Other plantation fruits of importance are
strawberries, and more recently smaller amounts of passionfruit and table
grapes. Orchard fruits are usually grown as small sidelines. Oranges,
lemons, mandarins and lately avocadoes make up the largest tree populations.
Vegetable growing mainly cnetres around melons, and early
pumpkins, as well as tomatoes, sweet potatoes, and cucumbers. Other
vegetable crops such as zuchinis, peas and beans are of less importance.
The more important horticultural crops have been discussed
in relation to
Areas of crop and numbers of growers
Production trends
Direct growing costs
Prices
Sources of further information
It needs to be carefully noted that the types of costs incurred are
based on Horticulture Branch recommendation for possible contingencies
that may arise in connection with Ihe growing of any particular horticultural
11 - 21
crop in the area. Any particular farmer would not have the quoted cost
structure because their crop husbandry practices would largely be dictated by
physical and even economic conditions before and during the growing period
and at harvesting. Other costs such as harvesting and freight charges
would be related to crop yields. Notes have been made on those cost
items which are likely to experience extreme, variation.
Hence the direct growing costs quoted are meant to be an
example of the types of costs items that can arise. They should not be
quoted offhand when examining any particular situation.
Gross returns will depend on yields and market conditions.
Both are subject to wide variation any any attempt to describe "likely
returns" is difficult. Any attempt to relate costs and returns in the form
of a gross margin must be done in closest consultation with the particular
farmer to which advice is being given.
Estimations of direct costs per acre and associated market
prices have been for pineapples, bananas, strawberries, pumpkins and
watermelons.
I.
Plantation Fruit
Pineapples are the most important plantation crop in the shire.
There was a 170% increase in the bearing acreage over the period 1960-61
to 1970-71. In 1970-71 there were 1362 bearing acres and 798 acres not
bearing. The estimated average area per farm is about 20 acres with
about 90 gr6wers.
Estimated production in 1970-71 was 16 168 tons with 12 981
tons or about 80% being sent to the Cannery at Northgate and the remainder
to the fresh fruit market.
Direct Costs per Acre
The following summary is based on the direct costs associated
with growing a plant crop and a first ratoon with a 40 month crop cycle.
Land preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 23 hours @ $0. 70/hour
16.10
8. 40
Fuel and Oil 13 hours @ $0. 70/hour
9.10
1
Planting* *
Fertilizing
Fertilizer
226.00
Cultivation/Weed Control
Fuel and Oil 1. 6 hours @ $0. 70/hour
Weedicide
Cascual Labour 9. 6 hours @ $. 1. 31/hour
1.10
33.00
12. 60
11 - 22
Physiological P r o b l e m s
(a)
Sunburn/frost
P a p e r Wool 7. 6 bales @ $2. 95/bale
C a s c u a l l a b o u r 32 hours @ $1.31/hour
(b)
22. 40
41. 90
Flower induction
Chemical
2. 80
15.00
P e s t Control
Chemical
(3)
Harvesting (40.tons)
38.00
Cascual labour (Picking and loading) 72 h r s
@ $1.31/hr
(4)
F r e i g h t (40 tons) *
21. 00
Rail freight @ $3. 32/ton
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS/ACRE
94.30
132. 80
674.50
Note:
(1)
Planting costs can vary by $200-$300 depending upon whether
planting m a t e r i a l is purchased or not. Most growers use their own
planting m a t e r i a l .
(2)
Cultivation costs will vary slightly depending on the previous
cropping history.
(3)
A yield of 40 tons has been assumed for the two crops; an
average of 20 tons each.
(4)
Similarly freight has been estimated for 40 tons to the Cannery
at Northgate. If fresh fruit is sold average cartage costs a r e about
$33/ton to Southern outlets in Sydney, Melbourne and Adelaide.
(5)
No disease control costs have been included because disease
is not usually a problem. F r e s h fruit treatment after harvesting costs
$150 per a c r e . No treatment is required for processing fruit.
Marketing
The m a r k e t for pineapples operates on a two pool system.
Briefly, a cannery supplier has a quota determined by the number of
Pineapple Certificates he holds. Each certificate entitles him to a 3.6
ton share of the Number 1 Pool which supplies the domestic market. The
number 2 Pool is unrestricted and supplies export commitments. A
guaranteed minimum proce operates for the No. 1 Pool. The fresh fruit
market absorbs only 20% of the tota] pineapple crop and is far l e s s lucrative
than No. 1 pool supply. Much of the fruit sold on the fresh fruit m a r k e t
is quota over-production. F r u i t i s sold with tops in 1^ bushel c a s e s .
To maintain a stable income and a fair r e t u r n for effort it is n e c e s s a r y
to have a cannery quota.
11 - 23
Prices
(a)
Cannery Supply: In 1970-71 the No. 1 pool was paying
about $90 per ton and the No. 2 pool $55 per ton.
(b)
Fresh Fruit Market: The returns from fresh fruit are much
lower than the cannery because of additional marketing costs and cartage
costs. Prices in 1970-71 averaged about $2. 70 per carton of $81 per ton.
Sources of Information
A more complete account of all aspects of pineapple growing
and associated costs can be found in the preliminary gross margins
analysis (3rd draft) of pineapples put out by J. R. Hardman, Agricultural
Economist, Gympie in preparation for the Horticulture Handbook. A
later draft is in preparation.
2.
Bananas
Bananas have declined in relative importance with increasing
acreages of pineapples, however there was a 34 per cent absolute
increase in acreage grown from 1960-61 to 1970-71. During this time there
has been a decline in grower numbers from 113 to about 80. A total area of
1 129 acres was grown in 1970-71.
Production from the 1 011 bearing acres was 249 042 bushels.
About 20 per cent of the crop is of the Lady Finger variety and the remaining 80 per cent Mons/Cavendish.
The following summary of the direct costs per acre assumes
an indefinite productive life for Mons/Cavendish varieties and 6 years
for Lady Fingers". ** **
11 - 24
Summary for Direct Costs P e r Acre for Bananas
MONS/CAVENDISH
ITEM
LADY FINGER
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4, Year 1 Year 2 Year 3
5
- 6
$
$
$
$
$
$
$
64.00
-
-
-
40.00
-
-
46.00
14.00
14.00
14.00
14. 00
29.00
8.50
8. 50
8.50
11.00
1.00
14.00
0.20
14.00
0.20
14.00
0. 20
11.00
0.20
14.00
0.20
14.00
0.20
-
27.00
5.00
27.00
10.00
27. 00
10. 00
-
17.00
17.00
5. 60
5.60
5.60
5.60
5.60
5.60
33.00
33.00
33.00
33.00
33.00
Planting
Planting materials
Fertilizer
Basal
Side dr.
Weed Control
Chemicals
Mister fuel
Other operations
Bagging (material cost S>
Propping
"•
"
Pest Control
Chemicals
5.60
Discox Control
Chemicals
-
-
Harvesting
89.00 133. 00
20.00 30.00
145. 00 220.00 220.00
32.00 50.00 50.00
Materials
Cartage
-
Commission
-
-
-
-
-
Levies
-
14. 60
25.00
25.00
-
141.60 290. 90 398.80 398.80
Total
8. 00
12.00
94.30 195. 30 253. 30
Assumptions
The assumptions under which these costs were estimated are
ful]y set out in a gross margins analysis prepared by J. R. Hardman. A few
points should be noted:
The cost of urea side dressing is based on a price of $85 per ton.
Harvesting costs have been based on yields of 325 cartons (30-35
lb) and 500 cartons for the second and subsequent years respectively for Mons/Cavendish. Yields of 200 and 300 cartons have
been assumed for second and subsequent production from Lady
Finger.
Cartage costs are based on an assumed cost of 10^/carton to the
ripening room.
11 - 25
Cartons are supplied by the Ripener in some cases?
No commission is paid on bananas.
Marketing
The Banana Industry is at present seeking a Stabilization scheme
to rationalise production and ensure reasonable returns to growers. In
Caboolture the local ripeners take over 70 per cent of the local crop with
the remainder going to the C. O. D. ripening Room.
Prices
The prices paid by the local firms are similar to those paid
by the C.O.D.
Sources
Production Details
J.R. Hardman
Handbook.
3.
Preliminary Gross Margin for Horticulture
Strawberries
Production of strawberries in 1970-71 was 26 033 lbs. from
4 bearing acres. These figures are from the Agricultural and Pastoral
Statistics published by the Bureau of Census and Statistics which requires
holdings of 1 acre or more to complete a production return. As many
holdings growing strawberries are less than 1 acre these figures are
misleading.
$
Land preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 8. 5 hrs @ $0. 70/hour
6. 00
Cover Crops
5.00
Planting and Mulching
Fuel and Oil etc. 5 hrs. @ $0. 70/hour
Runners 1 400 @ $14/1 000
Casual labour
Mulch (polythene) 4 000 @ $12/900 feet
Casual labour
3. 50
196.00
35. 00
53. 40
21.00
Fertilizer
Fuel and Oil etc. 10. 5 hours @ $0. 70/hr.
Basal Fertilizer
Side dressing
7. 40
83. 00
2. 00
Weed Control
Fuel and Oil etc. 2 hours @ $0. 70/hr
Chemicals
1. 40
13.00
Pest and Disease Control
Fuel and Oil etc. 14 hours @ $0. 70/hr.
Pesticide
Fungicides etc.
9. 80
68.00
40. 00
11 - 26
Irrigation
44 inches @ $0.60/ac. in.
26.40
Harvesting and Packing (21 000 lb)
(Assuming 50% is sent to the fresh fruit
market and 50% to the Cannery)
Casual labour (total requirements)
Packing materials (fresh fruit only)
Freight 10 500 lb @ (average) @ 68<?/carton ave.
1 050. 00
884. 00
595. 00
Commission
11% of fresh fruit sold ($6 125 for 10 500 lb
or 35<?/ 9. 6 oz punnet)
674. 00
3 773. 90
Note:
Cost items are subject to similar types of variations as
those for pineapples and bananas.
Harvesting costs have been based on a contract rate of 10c7lb.
for processing fruit depending on the availability of labour,
the number of berries per bush and the number of picks
necessary. The farmer usually picks his own fresh fruit
because of labour quality problems. No charges have been
made for the farmer's own labour or any permanent labour
that would be necessary on larger plantations.
Freight charges are based on costs of road transport to
Sydney and Melbourne with 60% of fresh fruit being sent
to Sydney and the remaining 40% to Melbourne.
The actual percentages of a farmer's crop taken for fresh
and processing fruit will vary widely; the 50:50 figure
assumed is based on the State's total fruit distribution.
Most variation in the total direct costs per acre will be due
to variations in harvesting and packing costs, freight and
commission which in turn are related to variations in yield
and market destinations.
Marketing
Most strawberries are sold for fresh fruit on the Sydney
and Melbourne Wholesale Markets. A grower organisation, Sunland
Strawberry Growers, arranges for group freight rates. Picking for
fresh fruit begins in June. That for processing fruit is begun in August.
Prices
Prices of strawberries vary daily but the seasonal average
price paid on the Brisbane Wholesale Market in 1971 was $5. 56 per
carton (12 lb.). The average price paid by the Cannery was about 22
conls/lb.
11 - 27
Most growers in the Caboolture Shire consign the bulk of
their fruit to the Sydney and Melbourne Wholesale Market.
Sources
Production and Marketing: J.R. Hardman (Preliminary
Gross Margins Analysis of Strawberries in Preparation for
the Horticulture Handbook)
Prices: information on average prices was obtained from
Marketing Services Branch, Brisbane.
II.
Vegetables
The same sorts of variations in the production cost structure
that have been mentioned in relation to direct costs of the plantation
fruits can be applied to the vegetable crops.
The direct costs per acre for the two vegetable crops treated
should be viewed with this in mind.
1. Pumpkins
Over the 1960-61 to 1970-71 period the acreage of pumpkins
has increased four fold from 110 to 456.
$
Land Preparation
Fuel and Oil etc. 7. 5 hours @ $0. 70/hour
5.25
2. 80
Seed 2 lb./acre @ $1. 50/lb.
3.00
Planting
Fertilizer
Fuel and Oil etc. , 3 hours @ $0. 70/hour
Fowl manure 2 ton/acre @ $5. 50/ton
2.10
11. 00
"Nitrophoska" (or equiv) 10 cwt/ac. @ $115/ton 57.50
Chemical
35.00
Irrigation
8 inches @ $0. 60/ac. in
Harvesting (8 tons)
Casual labour
40. 00
Freight
8 tons @ $10.00/ton (Brisbane)
!
80.00
Commission
11% gross sales at Brisbane ($70/ton)
Wholesale Markets only
61.60
$298.25
11 - 28
Note:
Fertilizer spreading costs will vary from $2. 00 to $10.00
depending on the method of spreading fowl manure. Casual
labour is employed to spread manure from a truck. Spreading
costs are reduced by using a fertilizer spreader.
Pest and disease control costs usually range between $30 and
$40 depending on the incidence of fungal disease.
Irrigation application costs vary from $0. 40 to $1. 00
depending on the power source.
A yield of 8 tons per acre has been assumed. Yields range
from 6 to 10 tons per acre in the area depending on disease
incidence and other factors.
Most larger producers harvest in bulk using casual labour
for picking.
Freig"ht costs are based on freight charges to the Brisbane
Market.
Commission is only paid at the Brisbane Wholesale Markets.
No commission is paid at Sydney and Melbourne because all
sales are through merchants.
Prices
The average price for the 1970 and 1971 early season crop
in the Brisbane Wholesale markets were as summarised.
Pumpkins - Price/Ton (Brisbane Wholesale Markets)
Month
September
October
November
1970
1971
$
$
94.08
188.00
109.08
118.40
84.80
67.84
Source: Marketing Services Branch
2.
Melons
Watermelons are the principal type grown and over the
1960-61 to 1970-71 period the acreage of all melons increased eight-fold.
In 1970-71 there were 2 96 acres of melons with an estimated production
of 264 tons.
11 - 29
$
Land Preparation
(a)
15.35
Correction of soil Ph dolomite
1 ton @ $18. 30/ton
18.30
(b)
Green manure crop
(Fuel and Oil, seed, Fertilizer)
(c)
Cultivation
Fuel and Oil, 5 hours @ $0. 70/hour
3. 50
Seed, 2 lbs. @ $3. 00
6. 00
Fuel and Oil, 1 hour @ $0. 70/hour
0. 70
Planting
Fertilizer
Fertilizers
37. 30
Cultivation/Weed Control
Fuel and Oil 1. 5 hours @ $0. 70/hour
1. 00
8 inches @ $0. 60/ac.in.
4.80
Irrigation
Chemical
36. 60
Mister fuel
0. 70
Harvesting
Freight (Brisbane) 8 tons @ $10 per ton
80. 00
Commission
11% of gross sales ($269 = 8 tons @
1.5<?/lb)
29.60
233.85
Marketing
The Caboolture area crop is usually sold on the Wholesale
Markets in Brisbane and interstate.
Prices
The annual average wholesale prices for watermelons in
Brisbane for the three years 1969-70 to 1971-72 were 3. 34, 3. 44 and 3. 5
cents per lb. respectively. The returns to an individual grower must
be estimated on the basis of his own price and yield information or
expectations.
Sources
Production details:
Prices:
J.R. Hardman, Preliminary Gross Margin.
Markeiing Services Branch.
11 - 30
11.09
Tobacco:
Forty per cent of the Moreton Tobacco crop is grown inthe
Caboolture Shire.
The cost structure associated with growing an acre of tobacco
can be divided into three components as follows:
(1)
direct costs until harvesting, (relatively constant/acre)
(2)
direct costs from harvesting to marketing, (relatively
constant/lb.)
(3)
overhead costs, which in turn can be subdivided into those
relating to: acreage, eg. irrigation equipment,
the amount of leaf produced, e. g. , curing facilities
which are perhaps the largest capital cost item,
and costs which are difficult to allocate e . g . , owner
operator labour, transport, rates, etc.
The tobacco industry is at present undergoing structural
changes particularly in the presentation of leaf for marketing and the
quoted costs are likely to change markedly in the next few years.
I.
Direct Costs Until Harvesting
The following cost items represent an attempt to standardise
the costs associated with tobacco culture. Cost items which are likely
to vary have been noted.
Remarks
Item
Materials
Seedbeds (Materials only)
Clover crop
11.00
6.00
Little variation.
Not all farmers would
plant a cover crop.
E.D.B.
20.00
Little variation.
Fertilizer
66.00
Fertilizer costs will
vary with soil type and
previous fertilization of
the soil.
Fungicides
20.00
This could vary from
$5 to $20 depending on
Blue Mould incidence.
Insecticides D.D. T.
3.00
Once again, variation
will depend on infestation
within the crop, which in
turn is influenced by
climatic conditions etc.
11 - 31
Item
$
Azinphos
6.00
Lannate
41.00
Wetting Agent
2.00
Penar
23.00
More than 50% of
growers use Penar.
Tractor fuel
12.00
Little variation.
Pumping costs
II.
Remarks
9.00
These will vary according to the type and size of
the motor.
Casual labour Planting
20.00
Most farms would use
casual labour to help
with planting
Hand Hoeing
22.00
With increasing use of
chemical weedicides the
need for casual labour is
decreasing.
Topping and desuckering
13.00
Once again, with increasing use of Penar the casual
labour requirement is
being reduced.
Penar application
16.00
At present only 50% of
growers use Penar
Worker's Compensation
2.00
TOTAL DIRECT COSTS
UNTIL HARVESTING
292.00
Direct Costs that Vary with Yields
These costs include harvesting, curing and baling costs,
as well as, some of the marketing expenses which include freight from
the farm to the sales floor, the Board and research levies, and ware
house charges. These have been estimated for a range of yields per
acre.
11 - 32
YIELD
ITEM
1 000
1 200
1 400
1 600
1 800
2 000
Harvesting
40.00
48.00
56.00
64.00
72.00
80.00
1 Stringing
Loading barn
38.00
45.60
53.20
60.80
68.40
76.00
6.00
7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00
14.40
16.80
19.20
21.60
24.00
130.00
156.00
182.00
208.00
234.00
260.00
Worker's
Compensation
6.00
7.20
8.40
9.60
10.80
12.00
Allisan for barn
rot control
2.00
2.40
2.80
3.20
3.60
4.00
Curing & tractor
fuel
40.00
48.00
56.00
64.00
72.00
80.00
Stringing twine,
hessian & sewing twine
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
Freight to sales
floor
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Board levy
8.50
10.20
11. 90
13.60
15.30
17.00
Research levy
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
Warehouse charges
2.00
2.40
2.80
3.20
3.60
4.00
TOTAL DIRECT
COSTS THAT VAR1f
304.50
WITH YIELDS
365.40
426.30
487.20
548.10
609.00
Unloading, cutting
and bulking
Grading
12.00
Note
The above costs have been estimated on the basis of the
following assumptions:
Harvesting, casual labour, approximately 35 hours per 1 000
lb. , about 20% of farms used mechanical harvesting aids in
1971.
These make harvesting easier and poorer quality
labour could be hired.
Stringing, contract rate 7 cents/stick (app. 21b) 40% of farms
in the Moreton District used stringing machines in 1971 with
considerable saving in casual labour costs;
Loading, cutting and bulking, casual labour 10 h r s / 1 000 lbs.
Grading, contract rate, 13(p/lb, from 1973 bulk sorting and
loose leaf selling may result in considerable cost reduction;
11 - 33
Levies, Board Levy 0.85 $/lb, Research Levy 0. 50<?/lb;
Freight, $10/short ton, this will vary according to the
distance from Brisbane.
HI.
Gross Income per Acre of Tobacco
This varies with yields and prices, and is subject to the
deduction of 2. 5 per cent of the gross sales realisation as commission,
and 0. 875 per cent of the gross sales realisation as insurance, a total of
3. 375 per cent of the gross sales realisation.
Gross Income after Deduction of 2. 5% Commission and
0. 875% Insurance
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11 - 34
IV.
Gross Margins Per Acre
The gross margin per acre is obtained by subtracting
total direct costs from the gross realisation after commission and
insurance. For example for a yield of 1 200 lb. per acre and a price of
$1.10 the calculation would be
$
Gross realisation less charges
1 276
less direct growing costs until
harvesting
292
less direct costs that vary with
yields
365
657
619
Gross Margin/Acre
The gross margin covers overhead costs, owner operator
labour, capital charges and profit.
The results of a full series of these calculations are
given in the following table.
Gross Margins per Acre
\Average
N.price/
YieldXlb.
$0. 95
$1.00
$1.05
$1 . 1 0
$1 . 1 5
$1 . 2 0
$1 . 2 5
$1 . 3 0
$1 . 35
acre\
1 000 lb
321
369
417
466
514
563
611
656
708
1 200 lb
445
503
561
619
677
736
794
852
910
1 400 lb
568
636
704
772
840
907
975
1 043
1 111
1 600 lb
690
768
845
923
1 000
1 078
1 155
1 233
1 310
1 800 lb
814
931
988
1 075
1 163
1 250
1 337
1 424
1 511
2 000 lb
937
1 034 1 131 1 228
1 325
1 422
1 518
1 615
1 712
V.
Tobacco production is controlled by marketing quotas.
ranges of quotas in the Moreton District are as follows.
The
11 - 35
Moreton - Tobacco Quotas (Caboolture-Landsborough)
Size of Quota Group
lb.
No. of Growers
Group Production
lb.
4
26 000
10 001 - 14 000
19
266 000
14 001 - 18 000
27
425 800
18 001 - 22 000
10
203 900
22 001 - 2o 000
5
120 700
26 001 - 30 000
-
Over 30 000
6
263 600
71
1 306 000
up to 10 000
TOTAL
-
Up to the present it has been industry policy to recommend
that a minimum quota of 7 tons is required to earn a reasonable living
from tobacco monoculture. Individual circumstances will be dictated
by the equity in the farm and the scale of investment. Likewise advice
on the purchasing of machinery such as stringing machines and bulk curing
facilities will depend on the size of the quota attached to the farm.
12-1
Section 1 2
Primary Producers.
This list of landholders was extracted from Caboolturo
Shire Council Offiae During January, 1972.
Name
Portion Nos.
Parish
Afton Pastoral Co.
Pty. Ltd.
Alzitio, R,R. & B.
A.P.M.
37
Dvirundur
3V
•
•
•
157,32,47,65,16V,
117,85,25v,105,9V,
3,7.1,58,98,6A - 3 " ,
14V, 59,60-72 (104,
108 - Bu)
57,77,83A,67,78,83,
103,112,144^18,80,
45,109,46,74,56,71
& 1V,2V a H - V.
197
4,12,H,6V-9V,33,
34,20,22V,56,74,26,
35,64,65,69,72,79,
89
83,98,114- 1 16,2OT,
23V, 31V - R.
1,84,5,87,87V,401,
9OV,134V,135V,89V,
170,1 30V,20,28V,54V,
8V,13V,277,115,4OV,
41V, 42V, 43V,48V, 51V,
65V, 427,82A,86A,86V,
93V, 95,121,141,143
SI Por. 26
350/360, 365
Lot 1 H.P. 115886
Lot 1 R.P. 115290
516
11V, Lot 2 R.P.
111632, Lot 2 R.P.
127817,1 25,17V,65,
19,22,78V,60,60,
Lot 2 R.P. 122026,
153,122,139V,128,
141,191,148,197,197,
198,198;208,210-21 2,
213,329,214,252,216,
221, Lot 2'R.P.
107220,277,279,280,
311,325,357, Lot 2
R.P. 106545, Lot 2
R.P. 110010,184,405
1A,5V,1OA,33V,H5,7,
31,1O,11,33,1OV,11,
12V, 17,94,21,39V,62,
64,65,67,93
49
Aquilina, O.S.
11.i
Andrews, H.R., S.U., II. 49V
Armstrong, S. & B.
34,94A
Aucin, L.
16
Austin, K.P.
41,59,41,26
Austral Plywoods p/L
1V,5V,31,32
Cabo oltu.ro
Caboolture
48
55605
Conondale
Toorbul
Burpengary
Caxiaing
Redcliffe
Durundur
¥? ra"ba
"\foorua
¥araba
Durundur
Caboolturo
Waraba
Pine
Toorbul
43
160
115
33
211
1720
12-2
Name
Fogtion Kos.
Back, T.Q.
Barnes, N.J.R.
Bartel & Alexander
Bass, 0.
Bastri, H. & 1.
Batcman, E.J.
Bateman, E.T.
Bateman, I.F., K.
Bauer, C.G. & G.M.
Beanland, A.D.
38, 49
47A
35V
29
82V
Bebbere, V,
Behrens, A.
Behrens, A, & L,
Behrens, L.
Behrens, S.J.
Bennett, B.
Bernhagen, L.G.
Berquier, H. & H.
55V
P114425
9,11A
58,59,9,11A
•DeSb, A .
Bestman, O.G.
Bill, A.G.
Bill, A.R.
Bishop, A.A.
Bishop, A.R.
Bishop, C.E.
Bishop, D.¥.
Bishop, J.A.
Bishop, J.E.
Bishop, M.J.
Bishop, S.E.
Bishop, R.H.
Black, C.H. & B.J.
Black, G.H.
Bleakley, A.M.A.,
E.V.T., H.C.M.
Bleakley, A.P.
Bleakley, E.V.I.,
H.C.M.
Bleakley, H.R.
Bleakley, R.J.
Bleakley, T.C,
Boden, G.E.
Boden and Howell
Bohen, H.A,
Bouna, E.H.
Boyle, G.A., A.F.
Brandon Grazing Co.
Brandt, K. & M.F.
Brittain, B.W.
Brooks, R.E.
Brough, P.J. & N.J.
Brough, R. C., K.J.
Broim, J.C.
Bubhe, M.A.
Bubke, ¥.T. & M.
Buch, R.S. & J. &
K.H.
Buchanan, C.J.
Buchanan, Tf.J.
Area
Durundur
Canning
Canning
Pine
Canning
Durundur
Durun&ur
Durundur
Cahoolture
Byron
330
51
65
400
63
457
289
279
975
601
Canning
Waraba
Canning
Waraba
Durum? \ r
Durundux
Byron
Canning
Wrraba
Toorbul
Tine
Canning
Canning
Canning
Conondale
Toorbul
Tin©
Toorbul
Toorbul
Tine
Tine
Toorbul
Tine
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
153
68
533
121
193
56
350
160
115
405
194
66
128
212
320
476
108
319
744
Durundur
Durundut
446
45
250
298
335
67
Caboolture
Caboolture
Byron
Waraba
Canning
Burpongary
Durundur
Durundur
Conondale
Durundur
Varaba
Durundur
DurundUJ
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Canning
Durundur
Tine
4-10
510
Burpengary
Redcliffe
181,182,183
186
187
27,55,88,92A,66
7V,117V, 183,194,
82
91
60
151, 127
58V
26
11V,15V
105
12-14,108,107,18
49-51
38-42,110
201-95
5
37,36
29
13V
66
19,33
15,30
32A,20V,23V
146
54
115,H6,41V,341,343
170,259
459
P115944
84
101,108,141
27V
11V
41,43
286
316
187-188,183,46,201
282,283
Por. 1 R71/72 Por 92
238
429,439,22V
38,49,68
181,183
188
11V
124V
93
79
166
95
350
173
64
42
339
128
2271
47
105
355
325
292
113
88
98
137
196
49
12-5
Name
Portion Nos.
Parish
Area
Buckingham, H.S.
& S.A.
47,6V,9^,247,657,
87,96V, 118,1357,
142V,62A,62V,23V,
134V,71,1287,127V,
130A, 1347,71,129
327,328,440
19
30
Durundur
3829
Woorim
Waraba
Durundvur
Durundur
48
168
Buckley, D . ' \ & Y.S.
Bandy, H.J.
Burke, G.
Burke, H.
Buseddn, G. & P.
Butler, P.A.
Cabrera Bros.
Cabrera, J . & P. *
A. & S.
Cambewarra Pastures
Campbell, J . C .
Campbell, R,
Campbell, T.A.
Campbell, H.
Campbell, T.C.
Campbell, ¥ .
Campus, A.
Carooldine, D.
C=>rseldine, G.A.
Carseldine, G.O.
387,388
146,386
29V
157
Waraba
Canning
77
Caboolture
Caboolture
110
220
Durundur
Tine
Durundur
DurunduX
Durundttic
Jurundur
Conondalo
Waraba
Toorbul
Beorwah
Caboolture
Pino
Caboolture
Caboclture
Byron
Caboolture
Tine
Pine
Durundur
Durundui
Durundur
250
310
198
297,317
337,359,339
23A
370,288
315
317
317
204,205
14
1257
781
29A, 68,1'0,5,44
3A
Carseldine, Z.
Carseldine, 0.
87
Cash, V.D.
191
Chadwick, A.H.
74
Chamberlain & Strong 30,81
Chambers, A.R.
21,21
Chambers, C.J.
381/382,224
Chambers, D.17. & I . J . 26
Chambers, J.N. (Deod) Lot E.P. 106991,26
Chambers, H.V.
Chambers, R.A.
Chandler, J.H.
Chapman, D.J. & M.J.
Chappel, D.
Ch?.ppell, I.A.
Chicken, D. & V. J .
Clark, J.V.
Clark, i.if.
Cobbv R.A,
Cobb, T.
Cochran, J.n.
Corbould, H.E.
27,98,27,98,269
83,27,150,83,46
203,185
172,188
402
847,237,687,447
27,117,452,453,454,
455
217
297
2-55,P116609
P116609
367,45
247
338
1217,
59
Corotens, J.D.
Cosso, M. & L,
Crocombc-, L.G.
Cruice, I . J . F .
Cuccuru, H.
Cunning, W.J.
Dale, A.L.
Damiani, E.
Davies, E.A. & J.C.
Davies, R.A.
79
128
160
105
142
47
317
219
190,189,188
420,421
206
148
597
274,271
247,39,29
179,196
53
121
171
197
60
41
160
308
85
501
83
97
313
175
458
100
962
Durundux
Durundur
Byron
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
404
Durundur
Redcliffe
Toorbul
Toorbul
Waraba
Waraba
Durundur
Byron
\faniba
Canning
Canning
Caboolture
Durundur
Durundur
Canning
Conondale
160
Canning
Canning
Beerwah
Pine
Byron
545
21-9
280
349
100
635
506
41
80
104
451
86
86
128
1162
54
152
158
150
75
341
iii-4
Hang
Portion JJos.
? 1 risn
Davis, E.1I.
Davis, J . & E.E.
Daves, J.C.
Dawson Valley Pastoral
Co. Pty. Ltd.
Day, C.J.
Day, TJ.C.
Daybell, ¥.A.
29,36V,41V,24-V
10,2,84,133V
Pine
Canning
Conondale
Waraba
236
290
160
122
Canning
Burpongary
Conondale
CanrLing
Caboolture
Caboolture
Caboolture
Uar-.ba
¥'.rab:t
Canning
Toorbul
Durui '.ur
Durundur
115
148
150
129
36
391
Del-rosso, F.
DickBon, T. & D.J.
Dobson, A.
Dobson, J .
Dobson, J.W.
Dobson, R.
Douhaniaria, T,
Doyle and Hunt
Draper, A.E.G.
Draper, A.J.E.
Draper, E.II.
Draper, L.lf., 4.L.,
Z.J.
Draper, W.G.
Duane, J»H., J.W.
Duke, J.A. & Way J.A.
Duke, T.K. (deed)
Dun, C.L.
Duncan, A»A.
Duncan, A.C.
Duncan, A.H.
Duncan, C,G.
Duncan, D.I.
Duncan, K.W.
Duncombe, J .
Dunconbo, J.M.
DunoombG, J.K. & D,E.
Duncombe, P.L.
Dunning, V.J.
Du Rietz, C.C.
Eaton,
Baton,
Baton,
Eaton,
E.P.
E.E.
G.E.
G.E., H.G.
Eaton, J..\. (deed)
ft -p
TJ
&,
JJ.It.
Eaton, E.S.
Eaton, L. C.
Eiser, M.B.
Elbom, E.E.
Eliason, H.J, & P.J.
Elliott, A.G.
Embrey, L.J.
Embrey, R.G.
Embrey, R.P.
Emery, J.R.
English, C.J.
Facer, F. £ M.
Fehim, K.
Ferguson, H.H.
Pensham, A. & H.I-I,
Ferris, ¥.B.
Ferris, ¥.J.
Firinu, A.
Fischle, C.
196
R.P. 122628
2,83,84,133V
03
195
226,227
14
66,92
21V
53V
51,454
26V
14V,17V
175,176,361
86,89,90,126,4V,U3
4V
59
149
" -
.
-rea
160
59
286
160
292
438
918
Durundur
Durundur
110
358
263
458
60
305
204
190
Durundur
Durundur
Toorbul
Conning
Conondale
Pino
Byron
Pine
Byron
Waraba
Durundur
Pine
Caboolturo
Caboolture
Whitoside
Burpengary
Durundur
Byron
87V,147V
17,90V, 133V
127,154,171
177,389
1,161,172
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
84V,22,104V
Byron
Durundur
Byron
Toorbul
Wcraba
Canning
Uaraba
Canning
Iforaba
Burpengary
Durundur
46A
207
75,1999V
186
21,52V
8V
29
95
11A
419
40V,39
11,12,3,13-15
P11 •• 2075
87A
46-51,50A, 101
92
40V
P124932, P108129
9
73V-75V
97,11
76V
97,22,30V
P123984
62V,124,130A,93
47V
54V, 127V
373,374,375
56V
238
30V,40V
7, HA
117
Conondale
Canning
Durundur
Canning
Durundur
Durundur
¥^raba
Canning
73
218
530
242
59
30
64
369
792
174
122
300
94
252
752
601
244
611
248
154
155
101
41
488
114
158
260
65
160
175
127
107
58
292
277
54
127
12-5
.Name
Portion Uos.
P-Tish.
F l e t c h e r , ' ITfB.
1027
53,9.1
42
Durundur
Durunduir
Caboolture
Waraba
Byron
Canning'
Conondale
Canning
Pine
Byron
Canning
Pine
Byron
Wr.ratn
\fcraba
Caboolt\ire
Burpengary
T
.Jarabo
F l e t c h e r / E.R;Flux, D.G". "
Flux, S. :
Forstfer, C. J.
Fax," C." '
Fox,' H.' &'K,
Fox, R.O'. '
Francis, E.J.
• •
Francis', J".S.
Franci3, S.J.
Frank, W.E.
Franks, VJL.'
Franz, N.A.
Fraser, D. & J .
Fredline, L.1,* &
A.H.M.
Fullerton, -&.J.
Fyfe, J.C. '
Fyfe, 'J.C., B.L.
Gaiko,' H.J.
Gamgee, A.2, & D.L.
Gannon, K.J.
Gannon, K.J. & P.M.
Garner," S . I .
Giffney, T . '
Gilbert, A.W.
Gillespie, C.B.
Gillespie, T.TJ.
Good, D.O.
Govelsnd, J . & ¥.
Gouen, J.M.
Gowen, J.H. & I . if.'
Graham, J.L. & B.F.
Grant, U, R.W.
Gray, C.L.
Gray, J . ¥ .
Grazing Reserves P / I
Green, C.H.
Greening, t'J.J.
Grigg, C.H.
Grigg, J.C.
Grigg, J . C . , B.E.
*
*
Grimbergen', L.J.
Grimsey, L.
Gulbransen, B. I P .
Gynther, B.H., Ii.B.'
Hall, H.
H i l l , M.E.
Hall, tf.S. '
Hammond, "cf.J.
Hanford, K..V.
Hansman, S.L.
Hardy, J.G.
20
8V-'
135V
185
135V
21
69V,111T,P109029
75,75-1,73
21
123V,115V
19
16,22
54.
5V
•
1,2
P124630
65V,59V
15V
105
11, Lot 2 R.P.
114195
69
39
216
73
14V
21V
29
62 '
4r
81V,19V
818-820
451
217
3
48V
20,23
207,208,254
32V
14V
32V
19,22,R.L.197O
26
39
73,21 •
10
120 (265-D)
12V
10V •
413,419,-W
21
34
3,7S129,65. ,65,71,
Cabining'
Byron
Durundur
Area.
157
125
140
267
220
50'
252
55
657
64
167
68
76
54
82
295
260
156
Caboolture
W-iraba
50
75
Pine
Pine
Conondale
Canning
Canning
Warabn
Pine
Tine
"feraba
- Canning
Beerwah
Boorw-ih
Durundur
Caboolture
'Jnraba
Caboolturo
Conondale
Canning
Durundur
Waraba
Waraba
Durundur
Pine
Tine
Pine
Waraba
53
340
89
50
120
73
224
49
444
299
143
35
466
108
181
259
424
83
72
160
124
184
112
371
120
Byron
Durundur
Durundur
Canning
Pine
Varaba
Canning
316
157
160
104
92
78
293
Pine
199
129V
Harm, C.R.
•
21
192
Byron
12-6
Hame
Portion |fos.
Pariah
•irea
Harper, A . J .
Harper, A . J .
11A
11A
Waraba
Warab-a
90
43
32V
8,9"
25V
62,63
9V
Byron
Caboolture
¥araba
Canning
Byron '
Caboolture
Darundui
Byron
Byron
Durundur
Durandiir
Durundur
Dururdux
(Trustee)
H a r r i s , C,J.
Harris, J.T.
Harrison, K'«*
Hausman.-, K.J.
Hausman, E.G.
Hausman, S,L.
Heckelnann, P.M.
Heisner, J.T,
Heisner, S.J.
Hemsley, R. G., A.
Hennessey, D. & M.B.
Hennessey, J.D.
Hennessey, P.K.
& E.P.
Hession, V.A.
Hewitt, J.H.
33,34
353
687
687
310
78A
24.71A
27V,74V,91Vf79
69
318
71
200
130
177
195
200
131
65
64
782
315
Durundur
Durundux
Byron
Pine
Byron
Byron
Canning
Canning
Waraba
Canning
Toorbul
Durundur
Canning
Byron
Pine
Tine
Burpengaiy
Durundur
353
I . C . I , of Aust. &
IT.Z. Ltd.
Ironer, P. & K.
Ismail, S.
71, 129
Durundur
213
106
46V
Canning
Canning
59
76
Jackson, A.D.
Jamea, C.
49,51,52
1A,84A,90-W
28
2A,96
29,29
75
88V,122
40V
P122344
212
106V, 378, ;35
60V
60,133
P116117
Waraba
Caboolture
T/araba
Caboolture
Caboolture
Pine
Durundur
Caboolture
C-lining
Pine
Canning
IJaraba
ffaraba
Colondale
Durundur
Canning
Durundur
Burpengary
640
245
32
413
72
274
68
261
51
121
711
100
198
121
P120290,192,193
Conondale
261
64V
Canning
Caboolture
Conondele
Conondale
Conondale
160
254
Hewitt, R.V.
Hewitt, W.B.
Hichelmaon, P.M.
Hickey, D.J.
Hicks, F.A.
H i l l , R.J.
Hinchcliffe, G.J.
Hobbs, D,W.
Holloy, ¥ . J . & E.
Hoomineg, T.J.
Home, E.J.
Home, E.J.tf.
Hume, S.B.
Hunt, CM,
Hunter, D.G., D.R.
James, C. (Snr.)
James, C.R.
James, K.
James, M.D.M., P . J .
James, P..
James, S.C.
James, W.
Jensen, E.R.C.
Johnson, B. & A.
Johnson, W.L.
Johnston, D.I.
Johnstone, 17.J.
Joy, R.H.
Juffs, D. ft P.M.
Ju3ter, M.R. & J .
Eajewski, I . & E.
& B.B.
Kasakoff, R.B. & J .
Keillor, G.F.
Keir, D.A.
Kennedy, B.D.
Kennedy, D.P.
180
174,H2
157
247,70
160
94
139
83,133V,16
428
52,60
70V
12
397
225
34,12,82,93
40V
104
6V
3
13V
1A
65
65
194,198
50
2"1
375
570
143
160
176
167
50
53
123
172
144
44
240
92
116
160
212
389
467
543
187
268
12-7
flamo
Kerr, J.M. & G.K.
King, C.
King, D.H.W.
King, V.T.D.
Kirby, G.
Kirby, G.J.
Kirby, 7.
ELoo, D.
Knapp, ¥ . S . , E.tf.,
G.E.
Klein, J .
Knight, K.R.
Knight, D.J. & R.A.
Komrr.us, J .
Kondi, H.
Koppen, V.M. & D.G.
Krause, B.C.
Krause, P.O.
Krisanski, E.
Kropp, D.S.
Kruger, E.L.i.
Kunde, \1.
Landen, G.E.
Lane, K. & S.H.
Lamer, L.S. & E.H.
La Spina, G,
Lee, V.M.
Leek, A.R. <.", C.E.
Leeson, S.E.
Loeson, S.E. S: S.E.
Lehman, A.
Lemmon, J.C.
Lovington, E.
Lindsay, A.V.
Lindsay, A. & I . & K.
Lindsay, B.
Lindsay, D.G.
Lindsay, D.J.
Lindsay, H.1I.
Lindsay, I .
Lindsay, J .
Lindsay, K.
Lindsay, M.
Lindsay, P . J .
Lindsay, R,
Lindsay, W.
Litherland, G.
L i t t l e , A.ff., E.E.,
Hall, L.L,
Livingstone, E.A.
Long, E.L.
Lovehin, D.G.
Portion Nos.
Parish
83V
Durundur
Canning
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Caboolturo
Durundur
Pi 21-630
390
38,49,68,94
307,308
159
80.160
P118978
348,128V
222,223
118
33 HI, 3 , S H , R2,
S17, R2,S2,51O
33V
100V,101V
32
32,34
R1,S2,R2,S2 - 510,
S1,R4/5,517,R2,S2
- 510
S6,R2,S2 - 510
10V
391
192,192
32V,21
4,68,239
49
80205
106
1V
85,29V,33V,57
37V
456,54
422,S.G.P. 70.71
S.F.R. 832 ( 3 y r s .
from 1970)
3 0 , 1 6 0 , S . F . 832
1
22
•i 15V
P"10733
60
46A,7V
3V,52V
P1098C7
Lot 1 E . P . 111659
10
50V,51V,21,13V,49V,
69,49,53V,6O,69
46
96
3V
15V
Lot 4 E.P. <15097
4,5,6V
510
190
6,26V,23V
27V,29,78,77
^roa
160
70
173
330
Durundur
Byron
Rodcliffe
925
160
223
88
185
682
321
52
Caboolture
Conning
Waraba
Burpengary
Eedcliffe
144
52
49
130
67
Reddiffe
42
445
88
445
665
BjTOn
Durundur
Durundur
Toorbul
Canning
¥oorim
Burpengary
Durundur
Caboolture
Caboolture
Tine
Canning
Durundur
Durundur
480
39
318
276
710
179
1160
Durandur
Toorbul
Tine
Byron
Caboolture
Vhraba
Vferaba
vâraba
Uaro.ba
'Jaraba
Waraba
Waraba
400
100
66
218
101
172
260
261
730
125
112
1260
Waraba
Caboolturo
Burpengary
Waraba
Waraba
Iferaba
EeAcliffe
242
327
80
182
431
284
217
Conondale
Toorbul
Burpengary
164
477
261
12-8
Nanê
Portion 11 o s .
Parian
Loweke, C.V.
Lynch, G.H.U.
44V,627
3OV, 131V
Byron
Canning
19
Toorbul
¥oorim
*Iars.ba
Caboolture
Caboolture
Waraba
Waraba
¥araba.
Vfaraba
Pine
¥araba
Caboolturo
War"b-"
Pine
Duruadur
Durundur
Mabb, M.C.
Macukinny, H . J . L .
McClintoch, R.H,
McClure, D.L.
McClure, J . ¥ .
McClure, L.R.
McClure, ¥.K.
McConnell, C.T.
McC03kGT, F . & H.P,
KcCullough, B.M.
MacKenzie, W.K.R.
McLaughlin, J . T .
McNamara, E.
KcNamara, W.A.
McNeill, 3.A.
MeSwoeney, B.K.
McSweeney, K . J . H . ,
J.R.
McSweenoy, R.T,
Male, G.F.
Male, G.F. & T,M.
Mangini, G. & V.C.
Marcon, H.B.
Marcsik, P._
Maroskoi L.G,
MrshmaH^ J U 1 . _ „ .
m.Ttinf ff.B. & R . S . A .
Martin, I.M., B . I .
Martin, T.H,
Mason, D,G.
Mcistors, ¥ . H .
Mecklem, S . J . c% P .
Mellino, G.
Mellino, G. & C.
Memont, J . D .
MeycxH, P . J .
M i l l e r , D.M.
M±ller, R.' T .
Mob, A.E.
Mollenhagen, B . J .
Mollenhagen, R,^.
Moloney, J . H .
Moore, A.If.
Moorhead, C.H.
Moreton P a s t . Co.
Morgan, V.
Morisson, E.D. w
Draper, tf.G.
Morrison, V,M.
Mountford, L, & D^H.
Mundt, C.H. Deed.,
O.L. 37
19
2A,96
78
49
12
23
45A,53,32,34
28V,29,36V,39,24V
7
119,114
37V
29
100,91
S.G.P.67/124 Part
R173,215,Pt. S.F.R.
173
.Jea
182
164
64
4250
370
39
-i 30
201
63
160
155
164
85
224
166
310
276
499
203
Durundur
167
76,111 f 76A
Durundur
Canning
Canning
Warabc
Waraba
Durundur
Burpongary
DurfinaHr J
Durundur
Conondale
Durundur
¥araba
Canning
Canning
Caboolture
Varaba
Conondale
Durundur
Canning
¥araba
¥araba
¥araba
Canning
Burpengary
Pine
Caboolturo
Rtioliffe
Durundur
162
105
12V
122,123,400-405
2, R.L. 5102
1
?$
I&.135
39V,316
213
89V,59,20
13V, 49V
29V
18V
30V
97
P111387
312
•"'',2,10,10
50
1
1
119,171
76,77
29
3,9
10V,Lot1 R.P.109040
46A
37,383
102
362
850
78
50
1
i?
4?3
203
3H
307
167
84
50
67
72
39
399
113
154
178
93
148
271
151
109
112
309
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
401
157
230
203
90
158
G.Ai.. & R. C«
Mundt, G.A., R.C.
Murray, V.C.
Murtas, D. & S.
168/79
228,230
Durundur
Pine
Canning
ITcNabb, S. & M.R.
Newman, L.
Hewton, K. & Buckley,
4"i,5A,4,96
11V,18V
63
Caboolturo
Caboolturo
¥oraba
400
265
140
P112075
Caboolturo
Caboolture
Caboolture
Caboolturo
247
100
120
313
21
Til
B.
Hevrton, C. & M.H.
Newton, E.C.
Newton, J . C .
Newton, L.E.
38
28
2A,96,2A,96
12-9
New York Enterprises
Pty. Ltd.
Nichols, D.S.
Portion Noa.
Parish
546,21V
•Refccliffe
'87
19V
Pine
Byron
Durundur
Durundur
Burundur
Durundtir
Waraba
VJaraba
Durundur
519
12/10,158,86V
Nichols, G*A., i.I.
199,200
Nichols, K.A.
20
ITicholg,
_,r N.J,
. . *-& H . M . 202
Nichols, R.H., D.J.
201
Nicholson, G.D,
32.45A
Nicholson, M.Q.
33,24V
Nonraus, E.V.
19V
O f Brion, B.E.
262,157,20,66,vO4
O'Brien, V.
97A
Offer, C.J.
40
Old, N.A.
28V
Oppes, P. & A.
2
Orty, F. & 0.
5V
Osboume, L.J.
Lot 2 R.P. 109040
Osborae, if.J. & M.M. S2, 9V
O'Shea, K.J.
66
Ottosen, D.L.
P124970
Page, A.G. & J.G.
Page, W.tf.
Palman, S. & L.H.
Pnreell, O.D. (Deed.)
Paulus, S.J.
Pedler, A.E., P.M.
Pedwell, A.G.
Pedwell, IJ.L.
Penaspley Estates
Pty. Ltd.
Pesonen, A.K., & V.
P.G.H. Industries
(OJLd) Pty. Ltd.
Philps, G.A.
Pierontozzi, D.P.
Pinna, S.G.
Poder, J. & P,M.
Polzoni, P.A,
Porter, J.B.
Potani, L. fc A. & S.
Powell, W.J.f.
Price, R.V.
Price, R.V. & B.
Prior, H.E.
Prohaszka, J.
Prosser, ¥.A,
Raaen, D.lf. 8; H.I1.
Eainbow, N.P.
Reid, T . G .
Rich, E. (Deed.)
RiChilian, J.H. .
Roberts, G.ti.
Robertson, C.E.
Robinson, F.N.
Robinson, G.A.
Robinson, G.J.
Roderick,. F.1I. .
Romley, V.L, & E.E.
Roshid, A,
Ross, A.J. f. H. de
Vere
79V,384
20,81,122V,70V
S1,3,32V
42
15.1,129,4V, 16
85
7
29~P,"4V-W,23V
58,6V,14
35V,58,34V
196,196
Lot 1 R.P. 123141,
Lot 1,2 R.P. 124141
Lot 2 R. Plan 1179''7
M.L. 1054
77,41
275-277
19
5V
24V
44V
2!-V
72
40
15
197
P108234
13
124V
43
61
84B
34,14
6V
2A,96
187,86V
79V,96,195
21
R177
87A
61
Lot 2 R.P. 115907
Area
734
133
396
393
70
84
247
Durundur
Burpengary
Waraba
VJaraba
Ware.ba
Burpengary
Redcliffe
Rodcliffe
I/£iraba
Caboolture
449
110
143
155
62
78
43
Durundur
Byron
Redcliffe
VJborim
Byron
Durundur
Vnraba
Pine
Byron
V?.rabe
527
362
63
150
Durundur
Durundur
Redcliffe
Caboolture
Beerwah
Uaraba
Canning
Uaraba
Canning
V'araba
Waraba
Caboolture
Waraba
Byron
Tine
Waraba
Durundur
Varaba
Tine
Caboolture
Toorbul
Durundur
Caboolture
Byron
Byron
Pine
Durundur
Vhiteside
Ifaraba
Waraba
160
80
123
1525
132
742
300
256
56
72
190
77
85
40
31
100
34
155
46
120
77
108
160
65
84
128
255
91
240
122
516
371
200
58
33
130
44
12-10
ffamo
Portion ITos.
Parish
Rothan, A.¥.17.
Ruchen, R.H.
97
58
Rutler, L.C.
60
Canning
Yaraba
Tine
Sampson, A.
Sampson, F,
Sompson, R. & A.
Sanderson, R.L., B.S.
Sartor, P. & B.
Caboolturc
1,2,1,5
Caboolturo
51-53,91-93
Varaba
42,50,44
16
!/araba
Waraba
81
72
Canning
60V
Canning
153,156
Canning
Canning
73
7,8
Uaraba
Caboolturo
73,73A
20V
¥arabp
Lot 2 R.P.108077,11A l/araba
Durundur
340,344,345
Savago, G.S.
Schiffhe
Schroder, P.
Schrodter, C.W.
Schultz, E.B.
Scurr, W.J.
Seccombe, L.
Sheehan, D.G.H. &
U.M.
Shoehan, J.H.
342
Shorrock, U.K. S; P.M. 21V
Simpson, A.G.
41
Simpson, 11.
290,331
Simpson, R..i.
197,197
Simpson, S.R.
196
Simpsons Sawmills
289
Pty. Ltd...
Sippel, *.*.
346
S i r l , C.C. (Lood.)
182
Small, u «
218,366,219
Smith, B.C.
93A
Smith, J.A. & J.H.
250
Smith, J.G. & L.F.
54,54
Smith, L.P.D.
36V, 4W
Smith, M.
61V
Smith, 1T.0.
60
Spinks, R.P.
38
Stanton, F.E.
46.62A
Stanton, J . T . (Deed.) 39
Stanton, W,
46
Stephens, R.H.
309
Stophensen, L.P. & B. 22V, 21V
Sullivan, C.J.
8V
Sumsion, A.R.M.
38
Sutton, K.H.
38
Taylor, R.S.
Thomas, C.
Thomoson, N.M.
Thomason, W.H. & A.R.
Thompson & Gitunm
Thomson, A . H . t. 11.T.
Thompson, K, & G.
Torrens, A.T.
Torrens, C.G.
Torrons, J.R.
Tracoy, II. T.
Trentin, A, & c.
Trevoton, V.C. r S.
Trim, R.V. & H.K.
Tripcony, R.A.
Tripoony, R . J . , I.G.,
15
21V
80
13
80,82
29
123V,115V
4V,P108978,11A,8
67,69
93
36/07,84
PI 30615
72,136
83V
7,13V,49V
47,350,62V,101,47V,
v7,69,281
220
22,65,221
Area
165
36
284
90
1572
163
33
195
45
40
75
43
131
189
50
333
Durundur
Jaraba
Byron
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
159
70
160
338
296
142
207
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Caboolture
Canning
Durundur
Pine
Canning
Varaba
Tine
Dumndur
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Ifaraba
Cfebooltur©
•Jaraba
Iforaba
96
497
311
50
85
219
62
145
44
239
560
469
135
201
125
;7
63
128
v'-raba
Byron
Ifaraba
Byron
Pine
Byron
VJarabi
Canning
T
Jaraba
Burpcngary
?Jar?ba
Durundur
Canning
•Jaraba
Durundur
37
98
273
T
•105
202
824
82
211
315
211
239
164
207
1286
Durundur
Durundur
299
170
Byron
Conondalo
Burpangary
320
160
115
a.
Tumbriafe., R > s #
Turner, C.R.
Twist, J.H.
198,199,185,118V
189,199
106
12-11
lame
Portion Nos.
University of Qld.
Usher, C.W.
66
268
Vaughan, A. & H,
47V
Venz, R.C. & Walkar, Lot 2 R.P. 1241 !-1
J.C.
Vorner & Hine
55V
Victoria Cross
14V
Manufacturing Co.Ltd •
Villamsdiano, M. & E, 84V
Von Der Oho, O.D.
7
7ade, R.W.
85V,
83
Wagner, P.K.
Wain, W.L. &• O.R.
Waldron, G.K. & E.F.
Walker, G.
Walker, R.M.
Wallace, E.D.
Wallace, J. & E.
Walmsby, E.J.
Warman, W.A.
Webb, J.C.
Webb, J.C. & R.W.
Webb, R.J.
Webber, L.G.
Webster, Ji,¥.
"ebstor, D.W.
Webstar, G.
Webster, A.K.
Weior, R. & H.
l.rest, R.A,
Westcott, R.B.J, &
A.N.
Wheaton, D.M.
1-fliito, E.R.
lOiite, R.J.
S i t i n g , E.L.
Wiersma, R.
Wild, A.E.
Wild, I.G.
Wilkinson, M.E.
Wilks, R.H., D.M.
Willett, W.G.
Williams, C.T.
Williams, F. (Snr.)
Williams, F.R.
Williams, L.G.
Wilton, J.E.
Winhel, B.J.
Winhel, J .
Wiseman, P,W.
Woldron, R.E. & J.M.
Wood, J.G,
Woods, P . J .
Wright, R.J.
Wyman, J.M.
45
666
1
33
249,54V,55V
U
1,4,435,14
34V
71V
169,168,347,349
178
Lot 2 R.P. 11 •'322,
Lot 1 R.P. 111322
96,95,173
214
33V,130,28V
88,41V
109V
375V,376A
2A,96
57V
13V
69
21
*7V
55,42,56,57
19
93,103
19,20,22,19,20,22,
19,22,65
106
91
200,199
P120446
19,20,22
17,222
22V
22V
28V
74
21
111V
18V.17V
18V
256
60V
39V,138
U.255
65,71
36V, 45
Area
Woorim
Canning
600
43
Canning
Durundur
156
Pine
Durundur
163
391
Conning
Warabo
154
52
Durundur
Waraba
Waraba
Rodcliffc
Wareba
B3rron
Canning
Toorbul
Toorbul
Caboolture
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
Durundur
279
Durundur
Conondale
Durundur
Durundur
Byron
Redcliffo
Ccxbooltur©
Canning
Durundur
C.-iboolturo
Pine
Waraba
Waraba
Wmba
Byron
Durundur
Burpengary
Durundur
Conondale
Caboolturo
Durundur
Canning
Waraba
Waraba
Pine
Durundur
Pine
Byron
Byron
Durundur
Conondale
Byron
Durundur
Conondale
Conning
Waraba
104
86
48
62
46
112
282
348
112
160
989
294
252
191
317
•156
409
50
223
160
123
173
95
104
625
55
242
608
47
356
170
423
80
193
73
154
134
320
160
121
164
392
77
50
12-12
Neme
Portion. Nos.
Zaini, G.
Zaini, H.
Zonou, B.A.
Zillman, C.H. (Deed.)
Zillman, C.H.S.
Estates
Zivani, R.
27V
2¥
i^rea
3,6
Geboolturc
Burpengary
Canning
Catoolture
Jaraba
24V
Warsba
45,47,48,57,60,61
2A
42
73
203
51
792
147
BIBLIOGRAPHY
References
Oxley Memorial Library - William Street, Brisbane.
Caboolture Historical Society.
Steven, N.C. - Geological Excursions in south-eastern Queensland.
Coaldrake, J . E . - Ecosystem of the Coastal Lowlands, southeastern Queensland. 1961.
Brian, W. H. - The Red Earth residuals and their significance in
south-eastern Queensland. (1939).
Vallance, L.G. - A soil survey of the Beerburrum, Glasshouse
Mts. and Beerwah Pineapple Districts.
Vallance, L.G. & Lewcock, H.K. - The soils of the Beerburrum,
Glasshouse Mts. - Beerwah Area and their
suitability for Pineapple Culture.
C. S.I. R. O. - Atlas of Australian Soils and Explanatory Data,
part of sheet 4, collated by K. H. Northcote.
C.S.I.R.O. - A factual key for the recognition of Australian Soils.
1967. (C.S.I.R.O. Aust. Div. Soils Div. I.
Rep. No. 2/65).
Co-ordinator-General's Dept. Queensland - Moreton Region.
Natural Environment, Brisbane. 1972.
Wheatley, C. H. - A climatological study of the near north coast
district in south-east Queensland. Marketing
Services Branch, Department of Primary
Industries.
Herbert, D.A. - The Vegetation of south-eastern Queensland.
The various data occurring in the tables of this handbook have their
origin from the following official sources:
Bureau of Census and Statistics
Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology, Brisbane.
Department of Forestry, Beerburrum.
Caboolture Shire Council.
A cknowle dgemen ts
The assistance given in the form of valuable advice and co-operation
with the preparation of individual parts of this handbook by the following
officers is gratefully acknowledged:
MissD.J. Beal, Extension Officer, Agriculture Branch,
Mr. R.N. Hassall, Economist, Department of Primary Industries,
Brisbane.
Mr. L. C. Hannah, Agricultural Economist, Department of Primary
Industries, who prepared the Section on Economics.
Mr. J. Van Haeringen, Economist, Department of Primary Industries,
Brisbane.
Mr. I . J . L . Wood, Agriculture Branch, Brisbane.
The Librarian, Central Library, Department of Primary Industries,
Brisbane.
Mr. C.II. Smith, Poultry Branch, Caboolture.
Mr. J. Smith, Dairy Field Services, Caboolture.
Mr. J.A. Baker, Horticulture Branch, Caboolture.
Messrs. J. Goodwin and A. Nisbet, Veterinary Services,
CabooBure.
Mr. K.S. Bullen, Horticulture Branch, Caboolture.
Mr. J . T . O'Rourke, Horticulture Branch, Caboolture.
Mr. H. Ostrowski, Agrostology Branch, Brisbane.
Mr. C. Roff, Apiculture Branch, Yeerongpilly.
Mr. L.G. Hoppins, Forestry Department, Beerburrum.

Document 6575646

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