Clinical Infectious Diseases

Clinical Infectious Diseases
15 November 2014
Volume 59
Number 10
The title Clinical Infectious Diseases is a registered trademark of the IDSA
i News
iii In the Literature
ARTICLES AND COMMENTARIES
1353 Impact of GeneXpert MTB/RIF Assay on Triage of Respiratory
Isolation Rooms for Inpatients With Presumed Tuberculosis:
A Hypothetical Trial
Lelia H. Chaisson, Marguerite Roemer, David Cantu, Barbara Haller, Alexander J. Millman,
Adithya Cattamanchi, and J. Lucian Davis
On the cover: Leper Woman Praying at the Shrine
of St. William. Window at York Minster. Stained
glass panel, ca. 1330. Anonymous (British,14th c.)
York Minster, York, England. Wellcome Images.
Reproduced with permission.
The kneeling woman clearly has symptoms of
leprosy, here displaying the characteristic cutaneous
lesions stylized as spots. The motive for depicting a
sufferer from leprosy in such a public place as
a church, in a readily seen stained glass window,
would have been to arouse sympathy. Indeed, those
who were generous in alms or caregiving to those
afflicted with this disease were encouraged by the
medieval church. For example, as leprosy increased
in this town during the 12th century, St. Nicholas
Hospital was built just outside the walls, on land
given for this purpose.
Although the leprosy victim’s prayers were directed
to William, Patron Saint of York, he had no special
association with the disease but was credited with
several miracles.
(Mary & Michael Grizzard, Cover Art Editors)
We assessed the potential impact of GeneXpert MTB/RIF to make respiratory isolation decisions for
inpatients undergoing evaluation for tuberculosis, compared with smear microscopy. GeneXpert had
similar sensitivity and specificity for culture-positive tuberculosis and could substantially reduce time
spent in isolation.
1361 Editorial Commentary: Xpert MTB/RIF Testing for Individuals With
Presumed Tuberculosis: Implications for Infection Control and Rapid
Tuberculosis Detection in the United States
Maunank Shah
1364 Treatment Outcomes of Patients With Multidrug-Resistant and
Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis According to Drug
Susceptibility Testing to First- and Second-line Drugs: An Individual
Patient Data Meta-analysis
Mayara L. Bastos, Hamidah Hussain, Karin Weyer, Lourdes Garcia-Garcia, Vaira Leimane,
Chi Chiu Leung, Masahiro Narita, Jose M. Penã, Alfredo Ponce-de-Leon, Kwonjune J. Seung,
Karen Shean, José Sifuentes-Osornio, Martie Van der Walt, Tjip S. Van der Werf, Wing Wai Yew, and
Dick Menzies; for the Collaborative Group for Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data in MDR-TB
The clinical validity of drug susceptibility testing (DST) for pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and second-line
antituberculosis drugs is uncertain. In an individual patient data meta-analysis of 8955 patients with
confirmed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, DST results for these drugs were associated with treatment
outcomes.
1375 Impact of Repeated Vaccination on Vaccine Effectiveness Against
Influenza A(H3N2) and B During 8 Seasons
Huong Q. McLean, Mark G. Thompson, Maria E. Sundaram, Jennifer K. Meece, David L. McClure,
Thomas C. Friedrich, and Edward A. Belongia
The effect of prior influenza vaccination history on vaccine effectiveness was assessed in a
community cohort over 8 seasons. Current- and previous-season vaccination generated similar levels of
protection; vaccine-induced protection was greatest for individuals with no recent vaccination history.
1386 Prevalence and Predictors for Homo- and
Heterosubtypic Antibodies Against Influenza
A Virus
Ines Kohler, Alexandra U. Scherrer, Osvaldo Zagordi, Matteo Bianchi,
Arkadiusz Wyrzucki, Marco Steck, Bruno Ledergerber,
Huldrych F. Günthard, and Lars Hangartner
Heterosubtypic antibodies to influenza A virus will be crucial for the
development of a pan-influenza vaccine. Here we show that most
individuals already possess heterosubtypic antibodies and that their
generation is favored both by vaccination and age.
1394 Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Chronic Fatigue
6 Years After Giardia Infection: A Controlled
Prospective Cohort Study
Kurt Hanevik, Knut-Arne Wensaas, Guri Rortveit, Geir Egil Eide,
Kristine Mørch, and Nina Langeland
Giardia infection in a nonendemic setting is associated with an
increased risk for irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue 6 years
later. These conditions should be considered a differential diagnosis in
patients with persisting symptoms after eradication of the parasite.
1401 Acute Muscular Sarcocystosis: An International
Investigation Among Ill Travelers Returning From
Tioman Island, Malaysia, 2011–2012
Douglas H. Esposito, August Stich, Loïc Epelboin, Denis Malvy,
Pauline V. Han, Emmanuel Bottieau, Alexandre da Silva, Philipp Zanger,
Günther Slesak, Perry J. J. van Genderen, Benjamin M. Rosenthal,
Jakob P. Cramer, Leo G. Visser, José Muñoz, Clifton P. Drew,
Cynthia S. Goldsmith, Florian Steiner, Noémie Wagner,
Martin P. Grobusch, D. Adam Plier, Dennis Tappe, Mark J. Sotir,
Clive Brown, Gary W. Brunette, Ronald Fayer, Frank von Sonnenburg,
Andreas Neumayr, and Phyllis E. Kozarsky; for the Tioman Island
Sarcocystosis Investigation Team
A large outbreak of acute muscular sarcocystosis (AMS) among
international tourists who visited Tioman Island, Malaysia, is described.
Clinicians evaluating travelers returning ill from Malaysia with myalgia,
with or without fever, should consider AMS in their differential
diagnosis.
1411 Emerging Epidemic of Hepatitis C Virus
Infections Among Young Nonurban Persons Who
Inject Drugs in the United States, 2006–2012
Anil G. Suryaprasad, Jianglan Z. White, Fujie Xu, Beth-Ann Eichler,
Janet Hamilton, Ami Patel, Shadia Bel Hamdounia, Daniel R. Church,
Kerri Barton, Chardé Fisher, Kathryn Macomber, Marisa Stanley,
Sheila M. Guilfoyle, Kristin Sweet, Stephen Liu, Kashif Iqbal,
Rania Tohme, Umid Sharapov, Benjamin A. Kupronis, John W. Ward, and
Scott D. Holmberg
Acute hepatitis C has increased in the United States from 2006 to
2012 among young nonurban persons in or nearby Appalachia.
Prescription opioids are frequently abused at an early age and should be
a focus for medical and public health intervention.
1420 Clinical Assessment of Potential Drug Interactions
of Faldaprevir, a Hepatitis C Virus Protease
Inhibitor, With Darunavir/Ritonavir, Efavirenz,
and Tenofovir
John P. Sabo, Jens Kort, Charles Ballow, Manuel Haschke,
Manuel Battegay, Rainard Fuhr, Birgit Girlich, Michael Schobelock,
Ulrich Feifel, Benjamin Lang, Yongmei Li, and Mabrouk Elgadi
Faldaprevir is a potent hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitor.
The findings from 3 phase 1 studies reported here suggest that
faldaprevir can be safely coadministered with commonly used
antiretrovirals.
1429 Serum Mannose-Binding Lectin Concentration,
but Not Genotype, Is Associated With Clostridium
difficile Infection Recurrence: A Prospective
Cohort Study
Andrew Swale, Fabio Miyajima, Ruwanthi Kolamunnage-Dona,
Paul Roberts, Margaret Little, Nicholas J. Beeching,
Mike B. J. Beadsworth, Triantafillos Liloglou, and Munir Pirmohamed
Low mannose-binding lectin concentration, but not genotype, was
associated with disease recurrence in a large prospective cohort of
patients with Clostridium difficile infection.
VIEWPOINT
1437 Antifungal Combination Therapy for Invasive
Aspergillosis
Almudena Martín-Peña, Manuela Aguilar-Guisado, Ildefonso Espigado,
and José Miguel Cisneros
Antifungal combined therapy against invasive aspergillosis in primary
and salvage therapy has been widespread in recent years, despite
limited data supporting its efficacy. The available information is analyzed
and our viewpoint on this topic is discussed.
BRIEF REPORTS
1446 Using Clinicians’ Search Query Data to Monitor
Influenza Epidemics
Mauricio Santillana, Elaine O. Nsoesie, Sumiko R. Mekaru, David Scales,
and John S. Brownstein
1451 High Usage of Topical Fusidic Acid and Rapid
Clonal Expansion of Fusidic Acid–Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus: A Cautionary Tale
Deborah A. Williamson, Stefan Monecke, Helen Heffernan,
Stephen R. Ritchie, Sally A. Roberts, Arlo Upton, Mark G. Thomas, and
John D. Fraser
INVITED ARTICLES
1455 CLINICAL PRACTICE
Avoiding the Perfect Storm: The Biologic and
Clinical Case for Reevaluating the 7-Day
Expectation for Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Before
Switching Therapy
Ravina Kullar, James A. McKinnell, and George Sakoulas
The longer methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia
(MRSAB) persists uncontrolled, the more pharmacotherapy is hindered.
With rapid diagnostics, superior combination antimicrobial therapy, and
the selective pressure consequences of prolonged in vivo persistence,
MRSAB should clear within 3–4 days.
1462 IMMUNOCOMPROMISED HOSTS
Prevention of Infections During Primary
Immunodeficiency
Claire Aguilar, Marion Malphettes, Jean Donadieu, Olivia Chandesris,
Hélène Coignard-Biehler, Emilie Catherinot, Isabelle Pellier,
Jean-Louis Stephan, Vincent Le Moing, Vincent Barlogis, Felipe Suarez,
Stéphane Gérart, Fanny Lanternier, Arnaud Jaccard, Paul-Henri Consigny,
Florence Moulin, Odile Launay, Marc Lecuit, Olivier Hermine,
Eric Oksenhendler, Capucine Picard, Stéphane Blanche, Alain Fischer,
Nizar Mahlaoui, and Olivier Lortholary
Preventing infection during primary immunodeficiency (PID) can include
antimicrobial agents, immunotherapy, and immunization, depending on
the type of PID. Observation is essential, as well as obtaining
information from patients and their family about their infectious
susceptibility.
HIV/AIDS
1471 Beyond Core Indicators of Retention in HIV Care:
Missed Clinic Visits Are Independently Associated
With All-Cause Mortality
Michael J. Mugavero, Andrew O. Westfall, Stephen R. Cole,
Elvin H. Geng, Heidi M. Crane, Mari M. Kitahata,
W. Christopher Mathews, Sonia Napravnik, Joseph J. Eron,
Richard D. Moore, Jeanne C. Keruly, Kenneth H. Mayer,
Thomas P. Giordano, and James L. Raper; for the Centers for AIDS
Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS)
Missed HIV care visits have independent prognostic value for clinical
events beyond core indicators of retention in care. As this information is
readily available and immediately actionable, missed HIV care visits
should be incorporated into clinical, programmatic, and policy initiatives.
1480 Editorial Commentary: Falling Through the Cracks
and Dying: Missed Clinic Visits and Mortality
Among HIV-Infected Patients in Care
1483 Effects of HIV Antiretroviral Therapy on Sexual
and Injecting Risk-Taking Behavior: A Systematic
Review and Meta-analysis
Joseph S. Doyle, Louisa Degenhardt, Alisa E. Pedrana,
Emma S. McBryde, Rebecca J. Guy, Mark A. Stoové, Emma R. Weaver,
Andrew E. Grulich, Ying-Ru Lo, and Margaret E. Hellard
This systematic review and meta-analysis of 58 studies found that
antiretroviral therapy is not associated with increased sexual or injecting
risk-taking behavior among HIV-infected individuals undergoing
treatment.
1495 Emerging Trends of HIV Drug Resistance in
Chinese HIV-Infected Patients Receiving
First-Line Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy:
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Huixin Liu, Ye Ma, Yingying Su, M. Kumi Smith, Ying Liu, Yantao Jin,
Hongqiu Gu, Jing Wu, Lin Zhu, and Ning Wang
Our study finds a rising trend of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
drug resistance prevalence over longer durations of highly active
antiretroviral therapy. China might face the danger of a new HIV
epidemic generated by transmitted drug resistance.
CORRESPONDENCE
1503 Conducting Randomized Controlled Trials for the
Treatment of Enteric Fever
Poojan Shrestha and Amit Arjyal
1504 Severe Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease and
Coxsackievirus A6—Shenzhen, China
Fan Yang, Jing Yuan, Xiaofang Wang, Jinlin Li, Jiang Du, Haoxiang Su,
Boping Zhou, and Qi Jin
1505 Caution Is Needed Concerning Location of
Legionella Testing, as 1 Size (Method) Does Not
Fit All
Carl D. Boethel, Shekhar A. Ghamande, Robert C. Fader, and
Alejandro C. Arroliga
1506 Reply to Boethel et al
David R. Murdoch, Roslyn G. Podmore, Trevor P. Anderson, Kevin Barratt,
Michael J. Maze, Kathryn E. French, Sheryl A. Young,
Stephen T. Chambers, and Anja M. Werno
1506 Preoperative Asymptomatic Bacteriuria and
Subsequent Prosthetic Joint Infection: Lack of a
Causal Relation
Ilker Uçkay, Anne Lübbeke, and Benedikt Huttner
Wendy S. Armstrong and Carlos del Rio
1507 Reply to Uçkay et al
Ricardo Sousa, Alex Soriano, and Andrea Guyot
1508 Developing an Epidemic Forecasting Model for
Influenza A in Brisbane, Australia, Based on
Climate and Hong Kong Influenza A Surveillance
Data
Xi-Ling Wang, Chit-Ming Wong, Lin Yang, Kwok-Hung Chan,
Ricardo J. Soares Magalhaes, Archie C. A. Clements, Shi-Lu Tong, and
Wen-Biao Hu
BOOK REVIEW
1510 One Health—People, Animals, and the
Environment
e150 Incidence, Etiology, and Outcome of Bacterial
Meningitis in Infants Aged <90 Days in the
United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland:
Prospective, Enhanced, National Population-Based
Surveillance
Ifeanyichukwu O. Okike, Alan P. Johnson, Katherine L. Henderson,
Ruth M. Blackburn, Berit Muller-Pebody, Shamez N. Ladhani,
Mark Anthony, Nelly Ninis, and Paul T. Heath; for the neoMen
Study Group
A surveillance study to determine the incidence, aetiology, and
outcome of bacterial meningitis in infants aged <90 days across the UK
and Ireland during July 2010–July 2011 shows that the incidence and
outcome has not changed since the 1980s.
Hossam M. Ashour
ELECTRONIC ARTICLES
e142 Sputum Culture Conversion With MoxifloxacinContaining Regimens in the Treatment of Patients
With Newly Diagnosed Sputum-Positive
Pulmonary Tuberculosis in South India
Banurekha V. Velayutham, Iliayas S. Allaudeen,
Gomathi N. Sivaramakrishnan, Venkatesan Perumal, Dina Nair,
Ponnuraja Chinnaiyan, Paul K. Paramasivam, Baskaran Dhanaraj,
Ramesh K. Santhanakrishnan, Gangadevi P. Navaneethapandian,
Makesh K. Marimuthu, Vanaja Kumar, Chandrasekaran Kandasamy,
Kalaiselvi Dharuman, Thiruvalluvan Elangovan, Meenakshi Narasimhan,
Sridhar Rathinam, Gangadharan Vadivelu, Prabhakaran Rathinam,
Chandrasekar Chockalingam, Lavanya Jayabal, Soumya Swaminathan,
and Jawahar M. Shaheed
A 5-drug daily regimen of moxifloxacin, rifampicin, isoniazid,
pyrazinamide, and ethambutol resulted in significantly higher sputum
culture conversion at 2 months compared with thrice-weekly rifampicin,
isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol in newly diagnosed, sputumpositive, HIV-uninfected pulmonary tuberculosis patients in south India.
The electronic articles listed above are freely available in this issue
of Clinical Infectious Diseases online (http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/
content/current ).