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Peter F. Drucker Larry Sayler
Peter F. Drucker Larry Sayler Life Born in Vienna in 1909 Educated in Austria and England Doctorate in Law in Germany Came to the US in 1937 Taught and Consulted Bennington College New York University Claremont Graduate School (Since 1971) The Practice of Management Peter Drucker 1954 The Practice of Management 1954 The first true management book Depicts management as a distinct function Management has distinct responsibilities Three Roles of Management Managing a Business Managing Managers Managing Workers and Work Managing a Business Managing a Business Purpose of Business Functions of Business To Create Customers Marketing Innovation Profit is result, not a cause, of business activity “What is Our Business?” Who is the Customer? What does the Customer Buy? What is the Value to the Customer? What will our Business Be? What SHOULD our Business Be? Business Performance Objectives Market Share Innovation Productivity Physical and Financial Resources Profitability Manager Performance and Development Worker Performance and Attitude Public Responsibility Principles of Production Three Systems of Production Unique Product Production Mass Production Old style New style Process Production Managing Managers Three Stonecutters “I am earning a living” “I am being the best stonecutter I can be” “I am creating a cathedral” Misdirection by the Boss Sometimes Management Directions are Not Clear Henry II King of England Thomas Beckett Archbishop of Canterbury Mid 1100s Sack cloth and ashes Management by Objectives (MBO) Prepared by Employee (In Consultation with His/Her Manager) Includes Objectives and Measurement Standards Facilitates “Management by Self Control” Other Topics Span of Managerial Responsibility The Manager and his Superior The Spirit of an Organization Appraisals, Compensation, Promotions CEO and the Board Developing Managers Managing Workers and Work Managing Workers and Work Personnel Management Taylor, Fayol, Gilbreth Organizing for Peak Performance Engineering the Job Motivating for Peak Performance Communication; Vision Supervisor / Foreman Professional Employee Summary and Conclusions The Work of the Manager Set Objectives Organize Motivate and Communicate Measurement Develop People 5 Steps in Making Decisions Define the Problem Analyze the Problem Develop Alternative Solutions Find the Best Solution Implement the Decision The Manager of Tomorrow Must manage by objectives 2. Must take more risks and have a longer time frame 3. Must be able to make strategic decisions 4. Must be able to build an integrated team 5. Must be able to communicate fast and clear 6. Must see the business as whole 7. Must relate to total environment 1. Responsibilities of Mgmt Operate Social “Our at a Profit and Grow Impact Lord’s Parables of the Talents Management as a Leading Group The Effective Executive Peter Drucker 1966 Two major assumptions The executive’s job is to be effective Effectiveness can be learned Three interesting quotes There are few things less pleasing to the Lord, and less productive, than an engineering department that rapidly turns out beautiful blueprints for the wrong product. (p. 4) People decisions are time consuming, for the simple reason that the Lord did not create people as “resources” for organization. (p. 33) There is little danger that anyone will compare this essay on training oneself to be an effective executive with, Kierkegaard’s great self-development tract, Training in Christianity. (p. 169) EFFECTIVE EXECUTIVES Executives tend to have high levels of Intelligence Imagination Knowledge But often lack Effectiveness Intelligence, Imagination, and Knowledge are essential But only Effectiveness converts them to Results An Executive is To Execute EFFECTIVE EXECUTIVES Executive and Manager are not synonymous An executive is those knowledge workers, individual professionals, and managers who are expected by virtue of their position or their knowledge to make decisions in the normal course of their work that have significant impact on the performance and results of the whole. EFFECTIVE EXECUTIVES Effective executives have certain practices in common that make them effective. In other words, effectiveness is a set of practices; a habit Practices can be learned. Therefore, effectiveness can be learned As with all practices (such as playing the piano) anyone with normal aptitudes may become competent. Mastery may elude a person, but with effectiveness, what is needed is simply competence. EFFECTIVE EXECUTIVES There are 5 practices/habits that have to be acquired to be an effective executive – Time allocation Focus on outward contribution Build on strengths, own and others Establish Priorities Concentrate on a few major areas where superior performance will produce outstanding results Make effective decision Effective decision making is a system – a series of correct steps in the correct sequence TIME Output is limited by the scarcest resource Time is the limiting factor, the most scarce resource Can always acquire more money or people But one cannot obtain more time The Supply of Time is totally inelastic No matter how high the price, the supply cannot increase TIME Three Step Process Record Time Manage Time (Prune the time wasters) Consolidate Time TIME WASTERS Identify time wasters which follow from lack of system or foresight Recurring crisis Time waste often results from overstaffing Another common time waster is malorganization. Its symptom is an excess of meetings People can either meet or work, but they cannot do both at the same time Meetings should never be allowed to become the main demand on an executive’s time Another major time waster is malfunction in information TIME Three Step Process Record Time Manage Time (Prune the time wasters) Consolidate Time OUTWARD CONTRIBUTION Key Question - “What do you do that justifies being on the payroll Answer must be outward focused, not inward BUILD ON STRENGTHS Promote people based on what they can do Make staffing decisions to maximize strengths, not minimize weaknesses BUILD ON STRENGTHS Four rules for staffing based on strengths Don’t make jobs impossible Do make jobs demanding and big Know employee’s strengths Know that to get strengths, one must put up with weaknesses Logical consequence - It is the duty of the executive to remove ruthlessly anyone who consistently fails to perform with high distinction. BUILD ON STRENGTHS Effective executive must also maximize his/her own strengths Must ask oneself, “What are the things that I seem to be able to do with relative ease, while they come rather hard to other people?” PRIORITIZE Sloughing off Yesterday Continuously ask, “If we did not already do this, would we go into it now.” Priorities and Posteriorities Priorities - Decide what you will do Posteriorities - Decide what you will not do PRIORITIZE Rules Pick for identifying priorities the future instead of the past Focus on opportunity rather than problems Choose your own direction, rather than climb on the bandwagon Aim high for something that will make a difference rather than for something that is safe and easy to do EFFECTIVE DECISIONS To make decisions is the specific executive task Effective executives do not make many decisions. They concentrate on the important ones EFFECTIVE DECISIONS Elements of the Decision Making Process Is this a generic situation, or a special situation? What must the solution accomplish? Build into the decision the action to carry it out Determine feedback which tests the actual results against the desired results EFFECTIVE DECISIONS The effective executive does NOT start with the facts, but with opinions The effective executive encourages differences of opinions Don’t foster consensus, but dissension EFFECTIVE DECISIONS “Executives are not paid for doing things they like to do. They are paid for getting the right things done most of all in their specific task, the making of effective decisions.” Managing the Non Profit Organization Peter Drucker 1990 I. The Mission Development of the Mission The mission is forever and may be divinely ordained; the goals are temporary Leadership Interview Setting is a Foul-Weather Job - Exec. Director of Girl Scouts New Goals I. The Mission Interview - Max De Pree, chairman of Herman Miller and Hope College Leadership Action Implications Never start with tomorrow to reach eternity Think long range, then figure out today II. From Mission to Performance Converting Good Intentions into Results Winning Strategies Defining the Market Interview – CEO, American Heart Assoc. “Pray for Miracles; Work for Results” How to Innovate Common Mistakes Interview – Prof. at Northwestern Need Plan, Marketing, People, Money Building Donor Constituency Action Implications III. Managing for Performance What is the Bottom Line? Basic Do’s and Don’t’s Effective Decisions Interview – President of American Federation of Teachers How Action to Make Schools Accountable Implications IV. People and Relationships People Decisions Key Relationships Interview – Vicar for Social Ministry From Volunteers to Unpaid Staff – President of Fuller Theological Seminary Interview The Effective Board Action Implications V. Developing Yourself As a Person, as an Executive, as a Leader You Are Responsible What do You Want to be Remembered For Interview – Founder of 2 NFPOs Interview – VP of Hospital Chain Non-Profits: The Second Career The Woman Executive Action Implications
