Globalisation, Population Change and Migration

Globalisation, Population
Change and Migration
Demography/Population
• Demographic (population) changes are an
important part of globalisation.
• Demography has changed massively over
the last 50 years and is predicted to
change even more in the next 50 years –
both in terms of population size and
distribution.
Places that experience economic growth
usually trigger an increase in the number
of people living in region due to changes in
the:
a)Birth rate
b)Death rate
c)Migration – natural increase
Population Growth Over Time
• The Industrial Revolution lead to fall in death rate
and the birth rate – due to benefits of modern
healthcare, sanitation, nutrition and education
• Economic growth is normally coupled by
population growth e.g. the UK went from 5 million in
1750 to 40 million in 1900
• Similarly, India has boomed from 300 million to over
a billion today
• However, population growths remain high when a
countries birth rate does not drop due to cultural
preferences for more children not changing – this is
the case in large parts of Africa
The Demographic Transition Model
Animation of population
• http://www.worldmapper.org/animations/w
m01to02.html
• Read p 90-91 Philip Allan
Population ….worldmapper.org
Countries
Point at which real advances
are seen in health care,
hygiene and medicine
During the 20th Century transportation
increases allowing more people to
move around
However, even though wealthy countries may have
declining birth rates, Africa and Asia still continue to
Famous Migrations
Immigration to the USA has been going
on since the 16th Century. People from
Europe have long since considered the
USA as a place of opportunity and
where anything is possible
And similarly migration
to Australia has been
forced, as well as
through choice in
recent years
Timeline of American Immigration
First Wave of
immigration
1492 - 1840
•Colonial settlement
•New Amsterdam (New York)
founded 1626
•95% from Northern Europe
•70% from GB – prisoners,
puritans, adventurers
•Irish potato famine
•5 main groups of immigrants
arrived in the first wave
•Irish Catholics
•German Catholics
•German Protestants
•English Protestants
•Scandinavian Protestants
Second Wave of
Immigration 1840 1920
•Central and Eastern European
settlers with many from rural
backgrounds
•Reduction in urban life
•Opening of Ellis Island in 1892
•12million processed 1892 –
1924
•5000 a day
•Under went medical
assessments
•2% deported for medical
and legal reasons
•1/3 of Ellis Island
immigrants stayed in New
York
•Second wave mainly
concentrated in New York
•The second wave added
another four groups:
•Catholics from Eastern
Europe
•Catholics from Italy
•Jews from Russian and
Eastern Europe
•Catholics from Canada
Third Wave of
immigration 1970s
- Present
•1965 – removal of quotas
•650,000 legal immigrants
•10million 1968 – 1990
•10% European
•40% Asian
•50% of this was from the Americas,
mainly into California
•LA becoming USA’s primary gateway
city (New York a continuing one)
•2002 – 32.5 million foreign born persons
living in America (11% of total popn)
•13.5 million people arrived in the 1990s
(44% of total nation foreign born popn)
So what affects why and how
people move around?
• You should hopefully remember that refer to
these reasons as push and pull factors
Things that
encourage
people to
leave the
place they live
in
Things that
draw/attract
people to an
area
Push and pull factors
Task
• Create a table of push and pull factors
• Then colour code your factors into four
categories: economic, social, political
and environmental
Push Factors
Pull Factors
Push factors
Pull factors
•Unemployment
•Employment/jobs available
•Lack of services/amenities
•Better services (schools,
hospitals etc)
•Poor safety and security
•Safer area
•High crime rates
•Low crime rate
•Crop failure
•Fertile land for growing crops
•Drought
•Good food supplies
•Harsh climate (too hot or too
cold)
•Less risk of natural hazards
(drought, hurricanes etc)
•Flooding
•Poverty
•War
•More wealth
•Stable political group
•Attractive climate (not too
harsh)
•Better quality of life
Migrational change can lead to either a fall or rise in population
• A Net Migration gain occurs when more people immigrate than
emigrate.
• A Net Migration loss occurs when more people emigrate than
immigrate.
The movement of people has led to a globalisation of population
with diverse populations made up of many different beliefs, cultures
and mixed societies.
Migration is largely dependent on a combination of push and pull
factors. However it is also largely dependent on the barriers facing a
migrant known as ‘intervening obstacles.’ Examples include:
• Social obstacles e.g. family ties back home.
• Economic obstacles e.g. The cost of setting up a new home.
• Lack of information about destination e.g. Where to stay upon
arrival.
Lee’s migration model
Intervening opportunity?
• An alternative migration destination that exists between
the migrant’s place of origin and their destination
• E.G. Poles migrating to Ireland pass through London on
route and instead settle there.
New York
•As with most American cities, New York is a magnet to
immigrants from all over the world
•Increasing population:
•1890: 1,515,300
•1920: 5,620,000
•1950:7,892,000
•1910 – 40.4% foreign born, white population
•A continual target for immigration
•Mosaic of ethnic neighbourhoods which are re colonized throughout history
•Anti – immigrant attitudes are prevalent throughout time
Other Groups
• Irish
• African American
The world as we know it…
Net immigration
Net emigration
Why has globalisation been
increasing since 1945?
What do you think?
Why is globalisation increasing?
In 1945, when WW2 ended, worldwide economic reconstruction
began and globalisation became noticeable. The factors that
accelerate it were/are:
1)Transport:
•In the 1960’s the Boeing 747 made international travel more common, and
more recently, the expansion of cheap flight sectors has increased air travel
e.g. Easyjet and Ryanair .
•Secondly containerisation (shipping goods) since the 1940’s has increased
globalisation.
•See Fig 7 p 76 Pearson
2) Transnational corporations (TNC’s):
These are firms with operations spread through out the world, operating in
•
many
nations as both makers and sellers of goods and services. Eg. CocaCola and McDonalds. The BBC is one too (interestingly part funded by the
government of the UK). They have caused massive economic and cultural
changes.
3. Computer & internet (and media):
• Computer aided design (CAD) and manufacturing (CAM)
have made manufacturing less human reliant allowing firms
to become more footloose.
• And ICT has allowed video conferencing and emails,
allowing TNC’s to expand worldwide.
• Social networking eg Facebook, Skype and Twitter
• Home internet shopping
• Online education eg Open University
• Even on-line dating!!!
Internet users 2000-2007
• http://www.worldmapper.org/animations/internet_users_animation.
html
4. International organisations:
•
•
•
5.
•
•
•
•
Such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which channels loans
from worlds richest nations to countries which seek economic help. In
return, the requesting country has to agree to free-market economies,
which means TNC’s can enter, promoting globalisation.
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) and World Bank also work along
side the IMF.
Non-governmental organisations (NGO’S) such as Oxfam, also have
had major influence, working to connect places through aid and debt
relief.
Markets:
More people are resident in urban areas and are significant
consumers of goods and services.
In 2007 China already had 30 million affluent consumers and by 2015 it
is expected to be the world’s largest market for consumer goods.
The growth of major stock markets has been an important influence
•
New stock markets have emerged eg Shanghai
P92 Philip Allan
• Have a look at the post war globalisation
timeline
Gangnam Style
• http://www.globalization101.org/gangnamstyle-takes-the-world-by-storm/
The song “Gangnam style” by Korean pop (K-Pop) star Psy has surpassed all
previous internet milestones and is now the most-watched video ever on
YouTube. As of December 25th, the video was watched more than one
billion times. From politicians to human rights activists to military officials, it
has been parodied around the world by nearly every conceivable group.
According to Wikipedia, in South Korea, Italy, Indonesia, and France, flash
mobs of 12,000 to 20,000 people danced the song’s signature moves.
Xmas….globalisation at it’s
best?
• P94 Philip Allan
The Borderless World
This is the first photo ever
taken of the Earth from
Apollo 11 in 1969. People
had never seen the Earth
like this.
From this point onwards
people began to view
themselves as global
citizens, visiting and often
relocating to distant places
This is especially true of the
international elite
Who are the ‘Elite’?
Film stars
Musicians
Celebrities
Doctors and health care professionals
Computer programmers
Property developers
Writers
Academics
Sportsmen
Bankers
These people have
desirable skills or
money which is
highly prized by
countries and they
will be allowed to
move easily.
EG – there are
200,000 Americans
living in the UK
which is an
example of
international
migration
Footballers
• P78 Pearson
Actors
‘Gerard Depardieu granted Russian
citizenship’
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe20896894
What about the ‘normals’?
• Since September 11th 2001 developed
countries (particularly the USA) have
become very concerned about immigration
policies and numbers
• However, people in the poorest parts of the
world are becoming increasingly aware of
the affluent conditions that can be found in
the richer countries, while at the same time
being forced to move through natural
disasters and conflict
• P 78-79 Pearson
INTERNAL MOVEMENTS?
• Within countries internal migration too has
increased.
• In the poor and emerging economies ruralurban migration dominates.
• This is for 2 reasons:
A)Media eg television, radio, books and
newpapers
B)Foreign Direct Investment – mainly in
urban areas
Indian Spiderman
by Marvel
• Economic or
cultural globalisation?
Glocalisation!!!!!!!!
Task
Read p 72-79 Pearson and p 88-96 Philip
Allan
Then answer P79 Pearson - Exam practice
questions