Applications of Renormalization Group Methods in Nuclear Physics – 3 Dick Furnstahl
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Applications of Renormalization Group Methods in Nuclear Physics – 3 Dick Furnstahl
Applications of Renormalization Group Methods in Nuclear Physics – 3 Dick Furnstahl Department of Physics Ohio State University HUGS 2014 Outline: Lecture 3 Lecture 3: Effective field theory Recap from lecture 2: How SRG works Motivation for nuclear effective field theory Chiral effective field theory Universal potentials from RG evolution Extra: Quantitative measure of perturbativeness Outline: Lecture 3 Lecture 3: Effective field theory Recap from lecture 2: How SRG works Motivation for nuclear effective field theory Chiral effective field theory Universal potentials from RG evolution Extra: Quantitative measure of perturbativeness Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Flow equations in action: NN only √ In each partial wave with k = ~2 k 2 /M and λ2 = 1/ s X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 ) + (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Basics: SRG flow equations [e.g., see arXiv:1203.1779] Transform an initial hamiltonian, H = T + V , with Us : Hs = Us HUs† ≡ T + Vs , where s is the flow parameter. Differentiating wrt s: dHs = [ηs , Hs ] ds with ηs ≡ dUs † U = −ηs† . ds s ηs is specified by the commutator with Hermitian Gs : ηs = [Gs , Hs ] , which yields the unitary flow equation (T held fixed), dHs dVs = = [[Gs , Hs ], Hs ] . ds ds Very simple to implement as matrix equation (e.g., MATLAB) Gs determines flow =⇒ many choices (T , HD , HBD , . . . ) SRG flow of H = T + V in momentum basis Takes H −→ Hs = Us HUs† in small steps labeled by s or λ dHs dVs = = [[Trel , Vs ], Hs ] ds ds √ with Trel |k i = k |k i and λ2 = 1/ s For NN, project on relative momentum states |k i, but generic X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 )+ (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Vλ=3.0 (k , k 0 ) 1st term 2nd term Vλ=2.5 (k , k 0 ) First term drives 1 S0 Vλ toward diagonal: 2 2 Vλ (k, k 0 ) = Vλ=∞ (k , k 0 ) e−[(k − k 0 )/λ ] + · · · SRG flow of H = T + V in momentum basis Takes H −→ Hs = Us HUs† in small steps labeled by s or λ dHs dVs = = [[Trel , Vs ], Hs ] ds ds √ with Trel |k i = k |k i and λ2 = 1/ s For NN, project on relative momentum states |k i, but generic X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 )+ (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Vλ=2.5 (k , k 0 ) 1st term 2nd term Vλ=2.0 (k , k 0 ) First term drives 1 S0 Vλ toward diagonal: 2 2 Vλ (k, k 0 ) = Vλ=∞ (k , k 0 ) e−[(k − k 0 )/λ ] + · · · SRG flow of H = T + V in momentum basis Takes H −→ Hs = Us HUs† in small steps labeled by s or λ dHs dVs = = [[Trel , Vs ], Hs ] ds ds √ with Trel |k i = k |k i and λ2 = 1/ s For NN, project on relative momentum states |k i, but generic X dVλ (k , k 0 ) ∝ −(k − k 0 )2 Vλ (k , k 0 )+ (k + k 0 − 2q )Vλ (k , q)Vλ (q, k 0 ) dλ q Vλ=2.0 (k , k 0 ) 1st term 2nd term Vλ=1.5 (k , k 0 ) First term drives 1 S0 Vλ toward diagonal: 2 2 Vλ (k, k 0 ) = Vλ=∞ (k , k 0 ) e−[(k − k 0 )/λ ] + · · · Outline: Lecture 3 Lecture 3: Effective field theory Recap from lecture 2: How SRG works Motivation for nuclear effective field theory Chiral effective field theory Universal potentials from RG evolution Extra: Quantitative measure of perturbativeness “Traditional” nucleon-nucleon interaction (from T. Papenbrock) Local nucleon-nucleon interaction for non-rel S-eqn Depends on spins and isospins of nucleons; non-central longest-range part is one-pion-exchange potential −mπ r 3 3 e + Vπ (r) ∝ (τ1 ·τ2 ) (3σ1 · ˆr σ2 · ˆr − σ1 · σ2 )(1 + ) + σ1 · σ2 2 mπ r (mπ r ) r Characterize operator structure of shorter-range potential central, spin-spin, non-central tensor and spin-orbit {1, σ1 · σ2 , S12 , L · S, L2 , L2 σ1 · σ2 , (L · S)2 } ⊗ {1, τ1 · τ2 } Tensor =⇒ deuteron wf is mixed S (L = 0) and D (L = 2) Non-zero quadrupole moment V(r) (MeV) 200 S=1, T=0 deuteron proton-neutron L = 0 relative state 100 S=0,T=1 0 Argonne v18 -100 The quantum numbers of the deuteron have the deepest potential well! -200 -300 0 1 2 3 r (fm) 4 5 6 Problems with Phenomenological Potentials The best potential models can describe with χ2 /dof ≈ 1 all of the NN data (about 6000 points) below the pion production threshold. So what more do we need? Some drawbacks: Usually have very strong repulsive short-range part =⇒ requires special (non-systematic) treatment in many-body calculations (e.g. nuclear structure). Difficult to estimate theoretical errors and range of applicability. Three-nucleon forces (3NF) are largely unconstrained and unsystematic models. How to define consistent 3NF’s and operators (e.g., meson exchange currents)? Models are largely unconnected to QCD (e.g., chiral symmetry). Don’t connect NN and other strongly interacting processes (e.g., ππ and πN). Lattice QCD will be able to predict NN, 3N observables for high pion masses. How to extrapolate to physical pion masses? Alternative: Use Chiral Effective Field Theory (EFT) QCD and Nuclear Forces Quarks and gluons are the fundamental QCD dof’s, but . . . At low energies (low resolution), use “collective” degrees of freedom =⇒ (colorless) hadrons. Which ones? Different EFTs depending on scale of interest LQCD scale& separa)on& ab initio CI DFT collective models Resolution constituent quarks Effective theories [H. Georgi, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 43, 209 (1993)] One of the most astonishing things about the world in which we live is that there seems to be interesting physics at all scales. To do physics amid this remarkable richness, it is convenient to be able to isolate a set of phenomena from all the rest, so that we can describe it without having to understand everything. . . . We can divide up the parameter space of the world into different regions, in each of which there is a different appropriate description of the important physics. Such an appropriate description of the important physics is an “effective theory.” The common idea is that if there are parameters that are very large or very small compared to the physical quantities (with the same dimension) that we are interested in, we may get a simpler approximate description of the physics by setting the small parameters to zero and the large parameters to infinity. Then the finite effects of the parameters can be included as small perturbations about this simple approximate starting point. E.g., non-relativistic QM: c → ∞ E.g., chiral effective field theory (EFT): mπ → 0, MN → ∞ E.g., pionless effective field theory (EFT): mπ , MN → ∞ Goals: model independence (completeness) and error estimates Classical analogy to EFT: Multipole expansion If we have a localized charge distribution ρ(r) within a volume characterized by distance a, the electrostatic potential is Z ρ φ(R) ∝ d 3 r |R − r| If we expand 1/|R − r| for r R, we get the multipole expansion Z q 1 X 1 X ρ = + 3 Ri Pi + (3Ri Rj − δij R 2 )Qij + · · · d 3r |R − r| R R 6R 5 i ij =⇒ pointlike total charge q, dipole moment Pi , quadrupole Qij : Z Z Z q = d 3 r ρ(r) Pi = d 3 r ρ(r) ri Qij = d 3 r ρ(r)(3ri rj − δij r 2 ) Hierarchy of terms from separation of scales =⇒ a/R expansion Can determine coefficients (LECs) by matching to actual distribution (if known) or comparing to experimental measurements Completeness =⇒ model independent (cf. model of distribution) Effective Field Theory Ingredients General procedure for building an EFT . . . 1 Use the most general L with low-energy dof’s consistent with global and local symmetries of underlying theory 2 Declaration of regularization and renormalization scheme 3 Well-defined power counting =⇒ small expansion parameter General procedures: QFT: trees + loops → renormalization Include long-range physics explicitly Short-distance physics captured in a few LEC’s (calculated from underlying or fit to data). Check naturalness. Effective Field Theory Ingredients General procedure for building an EFT . . . 1 Use the most general L with low-energy dof’s consistent with global and local symmetries of underlying theory What are the low-energy dof’s for QCD? What are the relevant symmetries? 2 Declaration of regularization and renormalization scheme What choices are there? Will we be able to use dimensional regularization? 3 Well-defined power counting =⇒ small expansion parameter Usually Q/Λ. What are the QCD scales? General procedures: QFT: trees + loops → renormalization Include long-range physics explicitly Short-distance physics captured in a few LEC’s (calculated from underlying or fit to data). Check naturalness. Outline: Lecture 3 Lecture 3: Effective field theory Recap from lecture 2: How SRG works Motivation for nuclear effective field theory Chiral effective field theory Universal potentials from RG evolution Extra: Quantitative measure of perturbativeness Symmetries of the QCD Lagrangian Besides space-time symmetries and parity, what else? Is SU(3) color gauge “symmetry” in the EFT? Consider chiral symmetry . . . LQCD = q L i/ DqL + q R i/ DqR − D / ≡/ ∂ − igsG / aT a ; M= qL,R = mu 0 1 (1 ± γ5 )q , 2 0 md 1 Tr Gµν Gµν −q R MqL − q L MqR 2 T a = SU(3) Gell-Mann matrices SU(2) quark mass matrix projection on left,right-handed quarks mu and md are small compared to typical hadron masses (5 and 9 MeV at 1 GeV renormalization scale vs. about 1 GeV) M ≈ 0 =⇒ approximate SU(2)L ⊗ SU(2)R chiral symmetry Chiral Symmetry of QCD What happens if we have a symmetry of the Hamiltonian? Could have a multiplet of equal mass particles Could be a spontaneously broken (hidden) symmetry Experimentally we notice Isospin multiplets like p,n or Σ+ ,Σ− ,Σ0 (that is, they have close to the same mass). So isospin symmetry is manifest. But we don’t find opposite parity partners for these states with close to the same mass. The “axial” part of chiral symmetry is spontaneously broken down! Isospin symmetry is “vectorial subgroup” with L = R The pions are pseudo-Goldstone bosons. The symmetry is explicitly broken by the quark masses, which means the pion is 2 light (mπ2 MQCD ) but not massless. Chiral symmetry relates states with different numbers of pions and dictates that pion interactions get weak at low energy =⇒ pion as calculable long-distance dof in χEFT! Effective Field Theory Ingredients Specific answers for chiral EFT: 1 Use the most general L with low-energy dof’s consistent with the global and local symmetries of the underlying theory 2 Declaration of regularization and renormalization scheme 3 Well-defined power counting =⇒ expansion parameters Effective Field Theory Ingredients: Chiral NN Specific answers for chiral EFT: 1 Use the most general L with low-energy dof’s consistent with the global and local symmetries of the underlying theory Left = Lππ + LπN + LNN chiral symmetry =⇒ systematic long-distance pion physics 2 Declaration of regularization and renormalization scheme momentum cutoff and “Weinberg counting” (still unsettled!) =⇒ define irreducible potential and sum with LS eqn use cutoff sensitivity as measure of uncertainties 3 Well-defined power counting =⇒ expansion parameters {p, mπ } use the separation of scales =⇒ with Λχ ∼ 1 GeV Λχ P∞ chiral symmetry =⇒ VNN = ν=νmin cν Q ν with ν ≥ 0 naturalness: LEC’s are O(1) in appropriate units Chiral Lagrangian Unified description of ππ, πN, and NN · · · N Lowest orders [Can you identify the vertices?]: 1 1 gA 1 ∂µ π · ∂ µ π − mπ2 π 2 + N † i∂0 + τ σ · ∇π − 2 τ · (π × π) ˙ N 2 2 2fπ 4fπ 1 1 − CS (N † N)(N † N) − CT (N † σN)(N † σN) + . . . , 2 2 2c1 2 2 c2 2 c3 † 2 = N 4c1 mπ − 2 mπ π + 2 π˙ + 2 (∂µ π · ∂ µ π) fπ fπ fπ c4 − 2 ijk abc σi τa (∇j πb )(∇k πc ) N 2fπ D 1 − (N † N)(N † στ N) · ∇π − E (N † N)(N † τ N) · (N † τ N) + . . . 4fπ 2 L(0) = L(1) Infinite # of unknown parameters (LEC’s), but leads to hierarchy P of diagrams: ν = −4 + 2N + 2L + i (di + ni /2 − 2) ≥ 0 Nucleon-nucleon force up to N3LO Ordonez et al. ’94; Friar & Coon ’94; Kaiser et al. ’97; Epelbaum et al. ’98,‘03; Kaiser ’99-’01; Higa et al. ’03; … Chiral expansion for the 2N force: (0) (3) (2) (4) V2N$=$V2N$$+V2N$+$V2N$+$V2N$+$… Short4range'LECs'are' fi9ed'to'NN4data LO: 2 LECs NLO: renormalization of 1π-exchange N2LO: 7 LECs renormalization of contact terms leading 2π-exchange Single4nucleon'LECs'are' fi9ed'to'πN4data renormalization of 1π-exchange subleading 2π-exchange N3LO: renormalization of 1π-exchange sub-subleading 2π-exchange 15 LECs renormalization of contact terms 3π-exchange (small) figure from H. Krebs Chiral effective field theory for two nucleons Epelbaum, Meißner, et al. 1S0 3S1 80 150 Also Entem, Machleidt 100 40 Organize by (Q/Λ)ν where Q = {p, mπ }, Λ ∼ 0.5–1 GeV LπN + match at low energy Qν 1π 2π 4N 50 0 0 -40 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 1D2 3P0 80 12 40 8 0 4 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 3G5 3D3 6 0 0 -0.4 -6 -0.8 -1.2 -12 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 Chiral effective field theory for two nucleons Epelbaum, Meißner, et al. 1S0 3S1 80 150 Also Entem, Machleidt 100 40 Organize by (Q/Λ)ν where Q = {p, mπ }, Λ ∼ 0.5–1 GeV LπN + match at low energy Qν Q0 1π 2π — 50 0 0 -40 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 4N 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 1D2 3P0 80 12 40 8 0 4 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 3G5 3D3 6 0 0 -0.4 -6 -0.8 -1.2 -12 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 Chiral effective field theory for two nucleons Epelbaum, Meißner, et al. 1S0 3S1 80 150 Also Entem, Machleidt 100 40 Organize by (Q/Λ)ν where Q = {p, mπ }, Λ ∼ 0.5–1 GeV LπN + match at low energy Qν Q0 Q1 1π 2π — 50 0 0 -40 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 4N 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 1D2 3P0 80 12 40 8 0 4 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 3G5 3D3 6 0 0 -0.4 -6 -0.8 -1.2 -12 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 Chiral effective field theory for two nucleons Epelbaum, Meißner, et al. 1S0 3S1 80 150 Also Entem, Machleidt 100 40 Organize by (Q/Λ)ν where Q = {p, mπ }, Λ ∼ 0.5–1 GeV LπN + match at low energy Qν Q0 1π 2π 50 0 0 -40 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 4N 0.3 80 12 40 8 0 4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 — 0 Q1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 3G5 3D3 Q2 0.2 1D2 3P0 6 0 0 -0.4 -6 -0.8 -1.2 -12 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 Chiral effective field theory for two nucleons Epelbaum, Meißner, et al. 1S0 3S1 80 150 Also Entem, Machleidt 100 40 Organize by (Q/Λ)ν where Q = {p, mπ }, Λ ∼ 0.5–1 GeV LπN + match at low energy Qν 1π Q0 2π 50 0 0 -40 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 4N 0.3 80 12 40 8 0 4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 — 0 Q1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 3G5 3D3 Q2 Q3 0.2 1D2 3P0 6 0 0 -0.4 -6 -0.8 -1.2 -12 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 Chiral effective field theory for two nucleons Epelbaum, Meißner, et al. 1S0 3S1 80 150 Also Entem, Machleidt 100 40 Organize by (Q/Λ)ν where Q = {p, mπ }, Λ ∼ 0.5–1 GeV LπN + match at low energy Qν 1π Q0 2π 50 0 0 -40 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 4N 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 1D2 3P0 80 12 40 8 0 4 — 0 Q1 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 3G5 3D3 Q2 Q3 Q4 many 6 0 0 -0.4 -6 -0.8 -1.2 many → − 4 (15) ∇ -12 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0 0.1 Phase Shift [deg] NN scattering up to N3 LO (Epelbaum, nucl-th/0509032) 60 1 S0 40 20 Phase Shift [deg] Phase Shift [deg] 0 3 S1 100 0 3 P0 0 3 P1 -10 -20 -10 3 P2 40 20 -30 -20 15 ε1 4 0 0 1 D2 10 2 -2 40 D2 30 -30 0 3 D3 5 20 D1 -20 0 3 3 -10 5 0 ε2 -1 -2 0 10 0 P1 -30 0 10 1 -10 -20 50 0 -20 Phase Shift [deg] 150 -3 -5 0 50 100 150 200 Lab. Energy [MeV] 250 0 50 100 150 200 Lab. Energy [MeV] 250 -4 0 50 100 150 200 Lab. Energy [MeV] 250 Theory error bands from varying cutoff over “natural” range NN scattering up to N3 LO (Epelbaum, nucl-th/0509032) Phase Shift [deg] Phase Shift [deg] 0 3 1 F3 -1 -2 2 0.5 -5 3 0 3 F4 2.5 2 -3 0 ε3 -3 -4 0 0 3 0.5 1 G5 -0.2 H5 -0.5 -0.4 -1 -0.6 50 100 150 200 Lab. Energy [MeV] 250 3 H4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 -1.5 0 G3 -2 2 0.5 3 -1 4 1 F3 -2 6 1.5 3 -1 1 -4 0 0 Phase Shift [deg] F2 1.5 -3 -0.8 0 3 2.5 0 50 100 150 200 Lab. Energy [MeV] 250 0 0 50 100 150 200 Lab. Energy [MeV] 250 Theory error bands from varying cutoff over “natural” range Few-body chiral forces At what orders? ν = −4 + 2N + 2L + P i (di + ni /2 − 2), so adding a nucleon suppresses by Q 2 /Λ2 . Power counting confirms 2NF 3NF > 4NF NLO diagrams cancel 3NF vertices may appear in NN and other processes Fits to the ci ’s have sizable error bars dimensional analysis counting Status of chiral EFT forces [H. Krebs, TRIUMF Workshop (2014)] Zwei-Nukleon-Kraft Two-nucleon force Drei-Nukleon-Kraft Three-nucleon force Vier-Nukleon-Kraft Four-nucleon force nder Beitrag LO (Q0) r 1. NLO Ordnung (Q2) 2LO (Q3) r 2.NOrdnung 3LO (Q4) r 3.NOrdnung converged not yet converged accurate description of NN at least up to Elab ~ 200 MeV higher orders in progress converged ?? impact on few- & many-N systems? Also in progress: versions with ∆ included =⇒ better expansion? ! Summary: Conceptual basis of (chiral) effective field theory Separate the short-distance (UV) from long-distance (IR) physics =⇒ defines a scale Exploit chiral symmetry =⇒ hierarchical treatment of long-distance physics Use complete basis for short-distance physics =⇒ hierarchy a` la multipoles Summary: Conceptual basis of (chiral) effective field theory Separate the short-distance (UV) from long-distance (IR) physics =⇒ defines a scale Exploit chiral symmetry =⇒ hierarchical treatment of long-distance physics Use complete basis for short-distance physics From =⇒ hierarchy a` la multipoles QCD QCD to nuclear physics From QCD to nuclear physics QCD ChPT T T T = ChPT T ⇡ ⇡ = [H. Krebs] NN'interac/on'is'strong:(resumma-ons/nonperturba-ve(methods(needed |pi | M ⇥ mN 1/mN J(expansion:(nonrela-vis-c(problem(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((()( Generate a nonrelativistic ✓ X ◆ NN'interac/on'is'strong:(resumma-ons/nonperturba-ve(methods(needed A ◆ A 2 ⇥2 ✓ X i 3 i + O(mN⇥ ) + V4N+ + ..+ . |V4N + = .E| 2N +3V +V O(m ) 3N++V2N V3N .. | N potential for many-body 2m i=1 2mN 1/m i | N M ⇥ mN i=1|p N J(expansion:(nonrela-vis-c(problem(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((()( methods (controversies!) ... the(QM(AJbody(p = E| the(QM(AJbody(problem derived&within&ChPT ✓ X ◆ (((((Construct(effec-ve(poten-al(perturba-vely A ⇥2i 3 2i 3Vdraw + O(mN⇥ ) + VO(m + Vthe . . . | 4N + = .E| Where/how do draw 2Nwe 3N++ 4N + ) V2N ++ Vline? . if . |we = E| it in different places? 3N + VWhat N 2m =1 2mN A X . ◆ How do we draw the line in an EFT? Regulators! In coordinate space, define R0 to separate short and long distance In momentum space, use Λ to separate high and low momenta Much freedom how this is done =⇒ different scales / schemes How do we draw the line in an EFT? Regulators! In coordinate space, define R0 to separate short and long distance In momentum space, use Λ to separate high and low momenta Much freedom how this is done =⇒ different scales / schemes Non-local regulator in momentum (e.g., with n = 3 for N3 LO): VCHPT (p, p0 ) −→ e−(p 2 /Λ2 )n VCHPT (p, p0 )e−(p 02 /Λ2 )n Local regulator in coordinate space for long-range and delta function: 4 4 Vlong (r) −→ Vlong (r)(1 − e−(r /R0 ) ) and δ(r) −→ Ce−(r /R0 ) Or local in momentum space [Gazit, Quaglioni, Navratil (2009)] Rough relation: Λ = 450 . . . 600 MeV ⇐⇒ R0 = 1.0 . . . 1.2 fm What does changing a cutoff do in an EFT? (Local) field theory version in perturbation theory (diagrams) ∆Λc Loops (sums over intermediate states) ⇐⇒ LECs d + =0 dΛc | {z } | {z } R Λc d 3 q C0 MC0 Λc (2π)3 k 2 −q 2 +i C0 (Λc )∝ 2π 2 +··· Momentum-dependent vertices =⇒ Taylor expansion in k 2 Claim: Vlow k RG and SRG decoupling work analogously SRG (“T” generator) “Vlow k ” Outline: Lecture 3 Lecture 3: Effective field theory Recap from lecture 2: How SRG works Motivation for nuclear effective field theory Chiral effective field theory Universal potentials from RG evolution Extra: Quantitative measure of perturbativeness S. Weinberg on the Renormalization Group (RG) From “Why the RG is a good thing” [for Francis Low Festschrift] “The method in its most general form can I think be understood as a way to arrange in various theories that the degrees of freedom that you’re talking about are the relevant degrees of freedom for the problem at hand.” Improving perturbation theory; e.g., in QCD calculations Mismatch of energy scales can generate large logarithms RG: shift between couplings and loop integrals to reduce logs Nuclear: decouple high- and low-momentum modes Identifying universality in critical phenomena RG: filter out short-distance degrees of freedom Nuclear: evolve toward universal interactions Nuclear: simplifying calculations of structure/reactions Make nuclear physics look more like quantum chemistry! RG gains can violate conservation of difficulty! Use RG scale (resolution) dependence as a probe or tool Flow of different N3 LO chiral EFT potentials 1 S0 from N3 LO (500 MeV) of Entem/Machleidt 1 S0 from N3 LO (550/600 MeV) of Epelbaum et al. Decoupling =⇒ perturbation theory is more effective hk |V |k i+ X hk |V |k 0 ihk 0 |V |k i k0 (k 2 − k 0 2 )/m +· · · =⇒ Vii + X j Vij Vji (ki2 1 +· · · − kj2 )/m Flow of different N3 LO chiral EFT potentials 3 S1 from N3 LO (500 MeV) of Entem/Machleidt 3 S1 from N3 LO (550/600 MeV) of Epelbaum et al. Decoupling =⇒ perturbation theory is more effective hk |V |k i+ X hk |V |k 0 ihk 0 |V |k i k0 (k 2 − k 0 2 )/m +· · · =⇒ Vii + X j Vij Vji (ki2 1 +· · · − kj2 )/m Approach to universality (fate of high-q physics) Run NN to lower λ via SRG =⇒ ≈Universal low-k VNN Off-Diagonal Vλ (k , 0) 1.0 k′ < λ −1 λ = 5.0 fm 0.5 1 Vλ S0 Vλ(k,0) [fm] 0.0 q≫λ −0.5 C0 Vλ −1.0 k<λ 550/600 [E/G/M] 600/700 [E/G/M] 500 [E/M] 600 [E/M] −1.5 −2.0 0.0 =⇒ 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 −1 k [fm ] 2.5 3.0 3.5 q λ (or λ) intermediate states =⇒ replace with contact term: C0 δ 3 (x − x0 ) [cf. Left = · · · + 12 C0 (ψ † ψ)2 + · · · ] As resolution changes, shift high-k details to contacts, e.g., C0 Approach to universality (fate of high-q physics) Run NN to lower λ via SRG =⇒ ≈Universal low-k VNN Off-Diagonal Vλ (k , 0) 1.0 k′ < λ −1 λ = 4.0 fm 0.5 1 Vλ S0 Vλ(k,0) [fm] 0.0 q≫λ −0.5 C0 Vλ −1.0 k<λ 550/600 [E/G/M] 600/700 [E/G/M] 500 [E/M] 600 [E/M] −1.5 −2.0 0.0 =⇒ 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 −1 k [fm ] 2.5 3.0 3.5 q λ (or λ) intermediate states =⇒ replace with contact term: C0 δ 3 (x − x0 ) [cf. Left = · · · + 12 C0 (ψ † ψ)2 + · · · ] As resolution changes, shift high-k details to contacts, e.g., C0 Approach to universality (fate of high-q physics) Run NN to lower λ via SRG =⇒ ≈Universal low-k VNN Off-Diagonal Vλ (k , 0) 1.0 k′ < λ −1 λ = 3.0 fm 0.5 1 Vλ S0 Vλ(k,0) [fm] 0.0 q≫λ −0.5 C0 Vλ −1.0 k<λ 550/600 [E/G/M] 600/700 [E/G/M] 500 [E/M] 600 [E/M] −1.5 −2.0 0.0 =⇒ 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 −1 k [fm ] 2.5 3.0 3.5 q λ (or λ) intermediate states =⇒ replace with contact term: C0 δ 3 (x − x0 ) [cf. Left = · · · + 12 C0 (ψ † ψ)2 + · · · ] As resolution changes, shift high-k details to contacts, e.g., C0 Approach to universality (fate of high-q physics) Run NN to lower λ via SRG =⇒ ≈Universal low-k VNN Off-Diagonal Vλ (k , 0) 1.0 k′ < λ −1 λ = 2.5 fm 0.5 1 Vλ S0 Vλ(k,0) [fm] 0.0 q≫λ −0.5 C0 Vλ −1.0 k<λ 550/600 [E/G/M] 600/700 [E/G/M] 500 [E/M] 600 [E/M] −1.5 −2.0 0.0 =⇒ 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 −1 k [fm ] 2.5 3.0 3.5 q λ (or λ) intermediate states =⇒ replace with contact term: C0 δ 3 (x − x0 ) [cf. Left = · · · + 12 C0 (ψ † ψ)2 + · · · ] As resolution changes, shift high-k details to contacts, e.g., C0 Approach to universality (fate of high-q physics) Run NN to lower λ via SRG =⇒ ≈Universal low-k VNN Off-Diagonal Vλ (k , 0) 1.0 k′ < λ −1 λ = 2.0 fm 0.5 1 Vλ S0 Vλ(k,0) [fm] 0.0 q≫λ −0.5 C0 Vλ −1.0 k<λ 550/600 [E/G/M] 600/700 [E/G/M] 500 [E/M] 600 [E/M] −1.5 −2.0 0.0 =⇒ 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 −1 k [fm ] 2.5 3.0 3.5 q λ (or λ) intermediate states =⇒ replace with contact term: C0 δ 3 (x − x0 ) [cf. Left = · · · + 12 C0 (ψ † ψ)2 + · · · ] As resolution changes, shift high-k details to contacts, e.g., C0 Approach to universality (fate of high-q physics) Run NN to lower λ via SRG =⇒ ≈Universal low-k VNN Off-Diagonal Vλ (k , 0) 1.0 k′ < λ −1 λ = 1.5 fm 0.5 1 Vλ S0 Vλ(k,0) [fm] 0.0 q≫λ −0.5 C0 Vλ −1.0 k<λ 550/600 [E/G/M] 600/700 [E/G/M] 500 [E/M] 600 [E/M] −1.5 −2.0 0.0 =⇒ 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 −1 k [fm ] 2.5 3.0 3.5 q λ (or λ) intermediate states =⇒ replace with contact term: C0 δ 3 (x − x0 ) [cf. Left = · · · + 12 C0 (ψ † ψ)2 + · · · ] As resolution changes, shift high-k details to contacts, e.g., C0 NN VSRG universality from phase equivalent potentials 1 0.3 (a) 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 2 3 k [fm−1 ] 1 S0 λ=∞ 1 2 k [fm−1 ] 3 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1 3 1 δ(k) [degrees] S0 160 120 80 40 0 40 (b) S1 2 k [fm−1 ] 3 (b) 3 V(k,k) [fm] 1 δ(k) [degrees] 60 45 30 15 0 15 (a) V(k,k) [fm] V(k,k) [fm] δ(k) [degrees] Diagonal elements collapse where phase equivalent [Dainton et al, 2014] S1 λ=∞ 1 2 k [fm−1 ] 3 10 P1 20 30 (c) 0.6 (c) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1 2 k [fm−1 ] 1 3 P1 λ=∞ 1 2 k [fm−1 ] 3 NN VSRG universality from phase equivalent potentials 1 0.3 (a) 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 2 k [fm−1 ] 1 3 S0 λ = 1.5 fm−1 1 2 k [fm−1 ] 3 1 3 1 δ(k) [degrees] S0 160 120 80 40 0 40 (b) S1 2 k [fm−1 ] 1.5 1.0 3 S1 0.5 λ = 1.5 fm−1 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 1 2 k [fm−1 ] 10 (b) 3 P1 20 30 (c) 3 V(k,k) [fm] 1 δ(k) [degrees] 60 45 30 15 0 15 (a) V(k,k) [fm] V(k,k) [fm] δ(k) [degrees] Diagonal elements collapse where phase equivalent [Dainton et al, 2014] 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 1 2 k [fm−1 ] 1P (c) 1 3 λ = 1.5 fm−1 1 2 k [fm−1 ] 3 Result: local decoupling! 0 20 30 V(k,k) [fm] 1 P1 70 4 5 6 7 8 k [fm ] −1 (a) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 klab [fm−1 ] (c) ISSP λ = ∞ AV18 λ = ∞ ISSP λ = 1.5 AV18 λ = 1.5 P1 50 60 klab [fm ] 1 40 −1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0 1 2 3 ISSP AV18 10 δ(klab) [degrees] Use 1 P1 as example (for a change :) 0 ISSP 10 AV18 20 1P 1 30 40 50 60 (c) 70 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0.6 1 0.4 V(k,k) [fm] What if not phase equivalent everywhere? δ(klab) [degrees] Use universality to probe decoupling P1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 (b) ISSP λ = ∞ AV18 λ = ∞ ISSP λ = 1.5 fm−1 AV18 λ = 1.5 fm−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k [fm−1 ] Result: local decoupling! δ(klab) [degrees] Use 1 P1 as example (for a change :) 0 ISSP 10 AV18 20 1P 1 30 40 50 60 (c) 70 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 V(k,k) [fm] klab [fm−1 ] 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 0 1 2 3 1 P1 (c) ISSP λ = ∞ AV18 λ = ∞ ISSP λ = 1.5 AV18 λ = 1.5 4 5 6 7 8 k [fm ] −1 0 ISSP 10 AV18 20 30 1P 1 40 50 60 70 80 (a) 90 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 klab [fm−1 ] 0.6 1 0.4 V(k,k) [fm] What if not phase equivalent everywhere? δ(klab) [degrees] Use universality to probe decoupling P1 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.4 (b) ISSP λ = ∞ AV18 λ = ∞ ISSP λ = 1.5 fm−1 AV18 λ = 1.5 fm−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 k [fm−1 ] Outline: Lecture 3 Lecture 3: Effective field theory Recap from lecture 2: How SRG works Motivation for nuclear effective field theory Chiral effective field theory Universal potentials from RG evolution Extra: Quantitative measure of perturbativeness S. Weinberg on the Renormalization Group (RG) From “Why the RG is a good thing” [for Francis Low Festschrift] “The method in its most general form can I think be understood as a way to arrange in various theories that the degrees of freedom that you’re talking about are the relevant degrees of freedom for the problem at hand.” Improving perturbation theory; e.g., in QCD calculations Mismatch of energy scales can generate large logarithms RG: shift between couplings and loop integrals to reduce logs Nuclear: decouple high- and low-momentum modes Identifying universality in critical phenomena RG: filter out short-distance degrees of freedom Nuclear: evolve toward universal interactions Nuclear: simplifying calculations of structure/reactions Make nuclear physics look more like quantum chemistry! RG gains can violate conservation of difficulty! Use RG scale (resolution) dependence as a probe or tool Flow of different N3 LO chiral EFT potentials 1 S0 from N3 LO (500 MeV) of Entem/Machleidt 1 S0 from N3 LO (550/600 MeV) of Epelbaum et al. Decoupling =⇒ perturbation theory is more effective hk |V |k i+ X hk |V |k 0 ihk 0 |V |k i k0 (k 2 − k 0 2 )/m +· · · =⇒ Vii + X j Vij Vji (ki2 1 +· · · − kj2 )/m Flow of different N3 LO chiral EFT potentials 3 S1 from N3 LO (500 MeV) of Entem/Machleidt 3 S1 from N3 LO (550/600 MeV) of Epelbaum et al. Decoupling =⇒ perturbation theory is more effective hk |V |k i+ X hk |V |k 0 ihk 0 |V |k i k0 (k 2 − k 0 2 )/m +· · · =⇒ Vii + X j Vij Vji (ki2 1 +· · · − kj2 )/m Convergence of the Born series for scattering Consider whether the Born series converges for given z T (z) = V + V 1 1 1 V +V V V + ··· z − H0 z − H0 z − H0 If bound state |bi, series must diverge at z = Eb , where (H0 + V )|bi = Eb |bi =⇒ V |bi = (Eb − H0 )|bi Convergence of the Born series for scattering Consider whether the Born series converges for given z T (z) = V + V 1 1 1 V +V V V + ··· z − H0 z − H0 z − H0 If bound state |bi, series must diverge at z = Eb , where (H0 + V )|bi = Eb |bi =⇒ V |bi = (Eb − H0 )|bi For fixed E, generalize to find eigenvalue ην [Weinberg] 1 V |bi = |bi Eb − H0 =⇒ 1 V |Γν i = ην |Γν i E − H0 From T applied to eigenstate, divergence for |ην (E)| ≥ 1: T (E)|Γν i = V |Γν i(1 + ην + ην2 + · · · ) =⇒ T (E) diverges if bound state at E for V /ην with |ην | ≥ 1 Weinberg eigenvalues as function of cutoff Λ/λ 3 Consider ην (E = −2.22 MeV) S1 (Ecm = -2.223 MeV) 2.5 Deuteron =⇒ attractive eigenvalue ην = 1 free space, η > 0 2 Λ ↓ =⇒ unchanged | ην | 1.5 1 0.5 0 2 3 4 5 -1 Λ [fm ] 6 7 Weinberg eigenvalues as function of cutoff Λ/λ Consider ην (E = −2.22 MeV) Deuteron =⇒ attractive eigenvalue ην = 1 Λ ↓ =⇒ unchanged But ην can be negative, so V /ην =⇒ flip potential Weinberg eigenvalues as function of cutoff Λ/λ Consider ην (E = −2.22 MeV) Deuteron =⇒ attractive eigenvalue ην = 1 Λ ↓ =⇒ unchanged But ην can be negative, so V /ην =⇒ flip potential Weinberg eigenvalues as function of cutoff Λ/λ 3 Consider ην (E = −2.22 MeV) Deuteron =⇒ attractive eigenvalue ην = 1 free space, η > 0 free space, η < 0 2 Λ ↓ =⇒ unchanged Hard core =⇒ repulsive eigenvalue ην Λ ↓ =⇒ reduced 1.5 | ην | But ην can be negative, so V /ην =⇒ flip potential S1 (Ecm = -2.223 MeV) 2.5 1 0.5 0 2 3 4 5 -1 Λ [fm ] 6 7 Weinberg eigenvalues as function of cutoff Λ/λ 3 Consider ην (E = −2.22 MeV) 2.5 Deuteron =⇒ attractive eigenvalue ην = 1 Hard core =⇒ repulsive eigenvalue ην Λ ↓ =⇒ reduced In medium: both reduced ην 1 for Λ ≈ 2 fm−1 =⇒ perturbative (at least for particle-particle channel) -1 kf = 1.35 fm , η > 0 -1 kf = 1.35 fm , η < 0 1.5 | ην | But ην can be negative, so V /ην =⇒ flip potential free space, η > 0 free space, η < 0 2 Λ ↓ =⇒ unchanged S1 (Ecm = -2.223 MeV) 1 0.5 0 2 3 4 5 -1 Λ [fm ] 6 7 Weinberg eigenvalue analysis of convergence Born Series: T (E) = V + V 1 1 1 V +V V V + ··· E − H0 E − H0 E − H0 For fixed E, find (complex) eigenvalues ην (E) [Weinberg] 1 V |Γν i = ην |Γν i E − H0 =⇒ T (E)|Γν i = V |Γν i(1+ην +ην2 +· · · ) =⇒ T diverges if any |ην (E)| ≥ 1 [nucl-th/0602060] Im η Im η 1 3 S0 −3 S1− D1 1 −2 −1 3 1 −3 1 −2 −1 1 Re η −1 AV18 CD-Bonn −2 3 N LO (500 MeV) −3 Re η AV18 CD-Bonn 3 N LO −1 −2 −3 Lowering the cutoff increases “perturbativeness” Weinberg eigenvalue analysis (repulsive) [nucl-th/0602060] Im η 1 0 S0 1 S0 1 −0.2 −2 −1 1 Re η −1 −2 -1 Λ = 10 fm -1 Λ = 7 fm -1 Λ = 5 fm -1 Λ = 4 fm -1 Λ = 3 fm -1 Λ = 2 fm 3 −3 ην(E=0) −3 N LO −0.4 −0.6 Argonne v18 2 N LO-550/600 [19] −0.8 3 N LO-550/600 [14] 3 N LO [13] −1 1.5 2 2.5 -1 Λ (fm ) 3 3.5 4 Lowering the cutoff increases “perturbativeness” Weinberg eigenvalue analysis (repulsive) [nucl-th/0602060] Im η 3 0 S1− D1 −3 3 −2 −1 −0.5 1 Re η −1 −2 −3 3 S1− D1 1 ην(E=0) 3 −1 -1 Λ = 10 fm -1 Λ = 7 fm -1 Λ = 5 fm -1 Λ = 4 fm -1 Λ = 3 fm -1 Λ = 2 fm 3 N LO Argonne v18 2 N LO-550/600 −1.5 3 N LO-550/600 3 N LO [Entem] −2 1.5 2 2.5 -1 Λ (fm ) 3 3.5 4 Lowering the cutoff increases “perturbativeness” Weinberg eigenvalue analysis (ην at −2.22 MeV vs. density) 3 1 S1 with Pauli blocking 0.5 ην(Bd) -1 Λ = 4.0 fm -1 Λ = 3.0 fm -1 Λ = 2.0 fm 0 -0.5 -1 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 -1 1 1.2 1.4 kF [fm ] Pauli blocking in nuclear matter increases it even more! at Fermi surface, pairing revealed by |ην | > 1