Document 6607536
Transcription
Document 6607536
1 Queens cottege, ECo l0l, 2"d 't1 Mid-Term Exam Spring 2014 Last Name (Print) Phone Number Language spoken at home , First Year_ Major Prof. Dohan Student ID # College e-mail Country of birth Note: for a statement to be tnue, the entire statement must be true, not just part of it. I. Matching basic vocabulary with concepts (2 pt each) Select the best answer for the word or tenn in Column letter here Column A A from the answers given in Column B. (Abbreviations/slmbols u'ere used frequentlv in class & are on "hint sheet".) Column B. Put I The reason why incorne taxes reduce the multiplier A Nonrinal GDP corrected,for price changes by the GDP deflutor 2 Y2 : Ypotential B taxes on cigarettes, alcohol, perfume, tires, phone service C Taxes such as properly tax that don't vary v,ith incorne or D Taxes-(gov't spending + gov't transfer puyrnenls >0 oLrtput 3 Cause of Multiplier effect n Causes dernand-pull inflation 5 8 lrrduced investment (mpi x Ya) Aggregate demand <Yr. Real GDP Marginal propensity to save 9 Current definition of investment l0 Cost of unexpectedly high 6 7 bv businesses E Iruports, income laxes, unemployment pcrvment r e c' e iv in g tm :) sale.s lvalue of mtrltiplier F 4 I I w or k e rs e n I b e n e fi t s. G 4ll non-inslitutionalized people ubove ase l6 whont actively seek worlc H Adiuslment to mtltiplier because taxes are paid partly.from savinp4s. I Caused hy the spending and respending o.f a prirnary shift in Ydfrom the hisher incomes earned bv the workers - consltnters J Nominal interest rates rninus inflation rate e m p I oyrn inflation rates ll Federal government surplus t2 Rule of doubling tirne t3 Automatic stabilizers t4 Tax multiplier: 15 16 l7 tg 19 20 21 22 23 K L The printe rate ntinus the /bderal./imcls rute Sqles - co,st o.f goods ancl ,services bought M llhen Y,t > from other.firms. Y1, N Building of nevt plont and equiprnent,, btrilding of nev' residences, and 1l(1-moc + moc*tx') lhe chunse in itnentorie.s Crowd ng in of investment o Equal increases in government spending and taxes raise Y,,* CroVd ng out of investment P l{ominal GDP adjusted b1, GDP price deflulor. Unemployrnent as measllred in ttsa a 70 divicled by grou,th rote per period Excise taxes, exarnples of R Hurts creditors and helps debtors if inllation is higher than expected. real interest rate S Int,estment ccntsed by increa.secl needJbr capaciQ as output rises Potential GDP or Yrt T Firm,y demaneling higher prices.lbr lheir excess inventorlt Equilibrium only if I,: Io:Sa U A savingresultingfroru qn A in disposable inconrc V An increase in the deficit increa.yes interesl rates u,hich leads to a Interest-sensitive part of reduclion in private inveslment investment \,\ Yd-c:d +Id+Gd+xd- Md The paradox of thrift 24 Balanced budget multipl ier 25 Value-add by a firm 26 The definition of aggregate demand 27 Lump sum taxes x Businesses order/produce more, same or less depending on Io <, Id. Iu olv,ctys Sa in the short run Y Taxes based on inconrc reduces the multiplier elfect by reducing Cisposable income earned al every level ofoutput ' : :, or > Z Rapid increases in prices distorts peoples' and producers' purchase AA bb cc dd ee lecision,s lov,ard.s sold, housins. elc. Aggregate demandJbr all inputs in lhe econonty Taxes > governtnent spendittg and transfer payments Demandfor inve,slmenl goocls increases as reql intere,st ratesfall Level of GDP (called Yt) u,hichfully employs the laborforce An inc'rease in production leads to an increase in investment as capucity is reached ff The econonty will experience unemployment When everybody tries to sm)e rnore lhey v,ill probably save the same or tes,s because of the fallacy of convositiott II. lnflation (o pts) We have identified three causes of inflation as measured by an increase in the consumer price index. They are demand pull (DP). cost push (CP), and increased prices of imports (import price shock = IPS), no effect NE. There are several scenarios described below that could be associated with inflation. 1 . Write in the abbreviation for the appropriate cause of inflation in each of the scenarios givgn below. _a.Price of crude oil rose sharply in 1973 and 1980 causing an oil price shock which shifted the aggregate supply curve inward. _b. lJnions force up wages. then companies raise prices to cover higher costs, so unions force up prices again etc. Fed greatly increases the money supply to fight a deep recession & high The _c. unemployment. Low interest rates in the US weakens the dollar relative to all other cumencies and the _e. prices of foreign goods rise and the demand for US goods rises. The demand for goods a services exceeds the capacity of the economy to produce goods a _f. services. Wages rising faster than labor productivity. Even though we are at full employment the FED greatly increases the money supply to _9. _h. finance a major deficit incurred to finance a major upgrading of the infrastructure. III. Investment and Saving(2 pts per question unless noted otherwise) *. In the long run the desired level of investment in the economy determines the equilibrium level of saving. But in the short run what determines the actual rate of investment in the economy? (Careful) a. The profitability of new investment. b. The need to replace sold inventories and depreciated capital. _l rate. c. The interest d. The desired rate of savings. which also equals the actual rate of saving. e. The desired rate of investment l of the following affect the desired or planned rate of investment in the economy? Circle one or more answers. (6 pts) (Careful) a. The desired rate of saving. b. The profitability of new investment compared to the interest rate. c. The depreciation of existing capital. d. The need for new capacity as the economy expands. e. The opportunity to lower costs by automating the production process by using new technology. _2*.Which _3*. Choose the complete definition of disposable income from the choices below is a. GDP - depreciation - "addition to retained earnings" - all taxes + all transfer payments * imports. b. GDP - depreciation - all taxes r all transfer payments. c. GDP - depreciation - "addition to retained earnings" - all taxes + all transfer payments. d. NDP - all taxes + all transfer payment. e. GDP - taxes * transfer payment. _4* . What determines the desired level of savings in an economy? a. Saving : Personal Saving * Corporate Saving plus Government Saving plus net imports (X-M) b. Actual Saving: Actual Investment c. Saving: Personal Saving * Corporate Saving plus Government Saving minus net imporls (X-M) d. S:Yai-C : personal saving e. Saving: Personal Saving * Corporate Saving plus Government Saving 3 5. 1S ptsZt pt each) (For this problem it may be helpful to consult your "cheat sheet" to look for the formula for the multiplier and exogenous components.) The multiplier is caused by the secondary expansion of demand that results when the autonomous variables (C, Tx, Tr, l, G, X, M1 as seen in the marginal propensity to consumption from disposable income (yd) and crowding in of new investment as output rises. The size of the multiplier however, is also affected by something called "automatic stabilizers" which reduce the impact of a shift in aggregate demand. Using up t or down .1, arrows or zero for no change. Show w'hat impact each of the followins events has on the size of the multiplier. _a.* the marginal propensity to consume falls from: .99 to .9 its normal level. _b the tax rate "tx" is lower on all income e.g. Tx Tx * /xYa. _c. the marginal propensity to invest, e.g. the mpi rises from 0.0lYato 0.05Yn. _d. the marginal propensity to import (mpm) goods fall because American made goods are becoming less expensive. govemment decides to build a smafi electric grid. The _e. 6. How are these items counted in gross domestic product (GDP)? Put an "X if counted in the Expenditure approach. E if in Eamings approach, B if appear in both expenditures and earnings approach (yes), DI if only in disposable income, Not if not included at all. *:>Careful (1 pt each - 18 pts) _a. i. Purchase of paint by the man around the house b. Purchase ofoaint bv orofessional house painters. c. Purchase ofa new house at a cheao nrice. d. Purchase ofa foreclosed house at a cheap price. _e. The hiring of Transportation Safety Officers by the government for airporls _f. The hiring of a security force by the residents of a communitv. _g. The payment by the government to private f,irms to build a new smaft electricitv erid. _h*. Purchase of a new computer by a homeowner to do Wages paid to a university professor at QC financed by the state government. k. Waqes paid to private university prolcssors. l. Social Securitv Davments paid to orofessors. m. The total income ffom samblins casinos at Atlantic Citv. _n. Capital gains on the sale of stock and other securities. _o. Capital losses from the sale of gold purchased at $ 1,700 that was purchased at $2,700. _ _,p*. Scholarships received by Queens College students for which no service is surendered in exchange. _q. Depreciation on private sector equipment and machinery taxes. i. Purchase ofpaper and printer supplies by a student. _r*. lnterest paid by the government to households on government bonds. IV. Growth 1z pts; Which policies would lead to a higher per capita GDP growth rate over the next 20 years? Label as TRUE or FALSE. Hint: Output per caprta: Q/L: f,(K/L, N/L. HC/L). rr ptcach=7pts) A. B. The rate of population groMh has fallen below the growth rate of CDP. Increased investment by the government and private indLrstry in research and development of new technologies. C. In our depressed economy with widespread unemployment, the FED lowers interest rates to stimulate investment in new plant and equipment. D. Granting a dollar for dollar investrnent tax credit against corporate taxes making in essence the cost of investment zero. E. China's policy at first of restricting the birth rate to one child per family and now holding it to no more tlran 2 children per family. F. In a full employrnent economy, the Fed lowers interest rates to encourage investment and the government increases taxes on households to discourage consumption to free up real resources to produce investment goods. G. [n an economy with unemployment but has a strong induced investment behavior (crowing in) the government finally lowers household income taxes permanently. 4 _ A. V. TRUE = T, FALSE = F. (l pt each, 19) Even though these questions may look familiar, do not be fooled! Cutting taxes on the poor (incornes under $20,000/yearlhousehold) will probably have a significant impact orr consumption because their marginal propensity to consumer is probably around 0.93. _8. Increasing taxes on the rich and cutting taxes on the poor ivill probably shift the consumption function upward because of the differences in the marginal propensiq.to consume. _C. _ D. _ E. The primary- cost of unemployment to our society is the benefits lost by not having the Iost olltput such as neu' infrastructure. Hor"rseholds which conslrme rnore than their disposable income are dissaving, but some still have an MPS< 0. At a tirne of high unemployment and stable prices tlre sale of bonds by the federal goventmeltt to stimulate the econorny will crowd out private investment and leave future generations worse off because of the smaller capital stock and the larger national debt. _ F'. We are still in a recession rvith high unemployment. stable prices and running a large national deficit each year. A large increase in spending by the Federal governrnent (G) to build infrastructure would actually stirnulate real private investment ("crowding in" or induced investment) so that future generations could actLralll- be economically be better off because of the larger private capital stock. _G. If, the MPC falls from .99 to .90 the slope of the consumption function is flatter and the rnultiplier becomes smaller. _ H*. Economists still believe that the economy will be in equilibrium when desired investment equals desired savings (la:Sa) which both depend on the interest rate. _ I*. Keynes hypothesized that since consumption and saving depended mostly on disposable income rather than on the interest rate, so that the equilibriLrrn level of income was reached when Ia=Sa We now believe that the equilibrium level of incorne rvill NOT autornatically go to the full employment level of income. Indeed. it is likely to be abore or below Yt" r,r ithorrl sorne govenrrnent intervention. J. As people's wealth fell (net assets) with the collapse of housing prices in 2007, they stafied to save rnore. _ - K*. Since interest rates on bonds right now are relatively low compared to historically normal rates, people who believe that bonds are a good investment for retirement will have to save enough additional money to earn a higher income to compensate for the lower return on their initial investment. _ L*. Rapid growth in technology and investment, which increases labor productivity, makes it more difficLrlt to growth reduce unemployment in a slow economy. Republicans M. of federal debt creates a burden for future generations and will depress state that the size the _ consumption. Most people when asked if they are burdened by the federal debt rnost people answer "no". _N. The economy is at full ernployrnent with price stability. The Federal Reserve lou,ers iuterest rates to increase investrnent in realplant and equipment. If this is the only policy followed, this willcause inflation. _ O The economy is at less than full employnrent with price stability. The government finances rrore spending on infrastructure such as roads, a smart grid, and research by issuing bonds. The Fed holds interest rates steady by expanding the r-noney supply so that no "crow.dit.tg out" occurs. This will leave future generations better off and able to pay the slightly higher interest costs for servicing the additional bonds. _ P. C'eteri.s paribzrs, when GDP (Y,) is raised by increased -qovernment spending, desired investment is induced to rise by the mar-qinal propensitv to invest (mpi*LY,) because of the need for more production capacity and inventories. We call this crowdlng lz of private investment. _a. The Republicans and Democrats. however. rightly say that as interest rates return to their normal higher level full employrnent. they are concerned that we will have to raise tax rates or cut governmeltt spending on essential services in order to pay the bond holders the higher interest on tlre now larger public debt. Independents say thatthe increased productivity and higher incomes generated by this deficit spending will be rnore than adequate to pay the slight increase in interest payments. as we reach _ R. If the GDP price deflator rises frorn 200 to220 (10%) and the nominalGDP rises from $17 trillion to $18 h'illion, then the real GDP has gone dolr,n as measured in constant prices. _S. To get an accurate measurement of the outpnt of domestic producers. we measure the output of every good (grain. flour. bread) and service as evaluated at market prices which gives us nominal GDP. 5 Nominal GDP measures the output of all legal final goods & services bought by households. the government, sold as expofts, or bought as an investrnent -eood by producers that are evaluated at the current market prices. When we are at full employment on the PPF, then a large increase in the Federal deficit. (Tx - G - Tr > 0), ccteris paribu's, is likel)' to cause inflation and shortages. _T _U. An increase in disposable income Y6i resulting from a small long-term reduction in weekly payroll taxes withheld will probably have a higher impact on the consumption function than if we had the same total arnount sent out to us in otte lump sum per year. The prirnary purpose of savings by households is to redistribute consumption over time and maybe to give to their children rather than to earn interest and profit at tlieir current levels. _V _W. PART VI. MACRO ECONOMIC POLICY (tittte algebra is required) Itto credit will be gitten.for just a number! European economies, still recovering from the world financial crisis, have been suffering higher and higher rates unemployment as they try to follow the policy urged by Germany's leader Merkel. Assume initially that these economies are described by the followilig: of C:consumption, I:desiredorplannedinvestment,G=plannedgovernmentspending,X:exports.M:ilnports,Tx:taxes, : transfer payments, Ya actual GDP, Disposable Income : Ydi Ya-Tx + Tr Yd : aggregate demand (in lectttre or " aggregate etpendihu e " or ,,l li in text) and is defined as Yd Ya* is where Ya: Yd where aggregate demand equals actual GDP output. Tr : - C:C-l. rYdi l:t,G:G.fxITx,Tr-Tr.X-i,andM:M, : C+ l + G + X - M, i C.l,'G,X, M,Tx,andTrareassumedconstan/ soYd:C+,8fa+l+G+X-M. Initial Conditions of the Economy in billions of Euros. Yn = C+|+G+X-M The equilibrium levelof GDP output is currently: Yu* = 111000 Full employment level of GDP output Yfe = 15,000 You can drarl' strai-uht lines on the graph using your QC ID or a credil card Marqinal propensity to consume MPC : 0.8 i. What is the one 2 pis 2 pts -2. basic economic problern in this economy? ol inf'lation b. gron in-e recession & unemplol'ment c. slorv -Erouth German Chancellor Merkel believes that the large deficits such as in Greece, Italy and Spain were the cause of their economic problems, so she has been 45" urging thern to cut government spending bv 400 Euros (austeritv arrproach). What impact do you predict such a cut will have on equilibrium the GDP (Y"-) on the European economv. Be sure to specifo sien of the change in Yu*. a. high rate 3. Using post-Keynesian macro theory, what basic fiscal policy strategy would you recornmend to achieve full ernployment? a*. raise or lower Yd (aggregate demand) by the amount of the demand gap b. cut the deflcit first and then see what else needs to be done. c. lower the full employment level of incotne d*. raise or lower Yd (aggregate demand) by the amount of the incon.re gap e. simply change the equilibrium levelof GDP 2pb Watch vour signs & sh uations and calculations 4. Calculate the simple rrrultiplier (show equations) 2 pts 2nfs correct sign that gets Yr" :> 5b.Calculate AYo with the conect sign (aggregate demand gap ,\Yd shifted up or down to achieve economic goals of ,1v,,-. 2 pls ncome Gap aYo* AYo* - Yrt -Yax : Yo* or Yo* :> Yr, the arnount by which aggregate demand Y,1 has to be Aggregate Denrand Gap So that .\Yd *M= \Y". = - On the above graph to the riqht. draw approximately the "Keyesian Cross" (dontt worry about the actual scale or numbers). 2 pts 2 pts 6a. Mark Yo, on the appropriate place on the Y" axis and draw a vertical line up to 45o Yo line (Use a folded piece of paper as ruler) 6b. Mark Y6", ofl the appropriate place on the Yo axis and draw a vertical line up to 45o Yu line 2pts Ta.Drawthe"original"YacurvesothatitcrossestheYalineatYa. ltomabove. 6 pts 7b. Draw the "new" 2 Yd cllrve sufficient to close the aggregate demand gap so that it crosses the Y"-lt!C-fi9-!L4bov9-41--Y- 8. Now mark the income or output gap AYn* by drawing an arrow in the correct direction and label it "income gap" with the amount 2,pb Mark the "demand gap"Ayu by drawing an arrow in the correct direction of desired change of Yd, and label it "demand gap" with the amount. 2rph:, Q. The goal: Get Y,* to move from $11,000 to Yo*= $15,000 = Yr". B. Use Goal Oriented Thinking: Start from where you want to end up (Yrt of 15,000) and work backwards. (same as ',ou calcttlated up above in 5b) So Fiscal Policl is easy to figure out but vou must show that vour recommended change reaches the goal. 10. In this situation, how could the administration reach full employment using just government spending so that AG: AYa [C---l '--$AG (+: :> Ayo*:$ Change in Government Spending: AG xM 3pi$' of increase in G, - :> yax - cut in G) show increase as J" ilecrease as + Ayo- of S _ J Tax and Transfer Policy (more difficult) Let's assume that the administration is forced into making (permanent) changes in taxes. ing taxes affect in order to shift Yd by the desired amount (AY6) I l. What two economic variables does 2ph pts 2 4 pl$ So what amount of change in taxes or transfers do you wotlt, (lfor increase and J for decrease) to change AYato make Ya* "q* 13 How does this Tax (Tx) policy work? (- l) ->-AYo, which*MPC of *pts by- Tx bl, 4pts A 2pb =>-A which*MPC oL :>- 14. What change in transfer payments (Tr) would do the same thing? l'r +l h1' )_ AYai by $_ :>-AYa *M of C by - - - AYo* : Yfe? of AC by $ 15. What would this policy do at first to the deficit in the government budget? c. Raise d. Not enough information. b. Lower it a. Nothing it. 16. Changes in investment needed to achieve the same result. The European central bank decides that it must act now using monetary policy to influence private investment that responds to the interest rate because it could possibly leave a larger capital stock for the future. They change the interest rate by changing the money supply (Ms). The monev supply (Ms) is currentlv 200 Here is how private investment I(i) responds to changes in the interest rate "i" usually. Ms 100 200 300 I(i) i t4% 500 12 800 10 1,000 400 500 600 800 e 8 7 6 I 800 2,200 2,800 3.000 2 pts 2 pt* 2 pts EI 2 pts i 2 pti' 2 p*s 2 p1s : ---__l How much do we want investment to change and in wh/at direction? bv % lncrease Ms from What do we want to do to the interest rate to achieve our goal of Yfe lower How much do we have to cliange the money supply to get the required rate of interest. to I will go up by$ Ya* : and Ya* What : Yfe will happen to investment and Yd if we change the interest rate that way? After the rnultiplier effect, what will be the change in Ya*? 7 VII Consumption & Savings Functions, S:I equilibrium, Paradox of thrift In a simple economy, with no I. C. or Tx or Tr. 2 pts _1. Wliich function is the rylg[ A. S-Ya-C 2 pts _2.What 2 pts _3. M. consumption equals C= 500 + .75Ya savings function that is the twin of the consumption function above? S:Ya-500 B. or X & C. S: -500 +.25Ya D. S: -500 + .75Ya is the multiplier? It will help you answer the questions below. What consumption graph below best plots this C-function. A B D C Ya Ya c Ya .75Y GDP 2400 Output 4. At what output Ievel Ya- will the people be spending exactly as much as is being A. +.75Y GDP Output B. s00 c. 2000 D.2400 produced at Ya E. 2500 5.Show your calculations to the right. $aving-lnvestment Graphs (Not to scale) Saving A [=+200 $ Sa=+400 ''''l;=+200 .75Y Sa=-500 Ya Ya S,r=o So=-500 2000 l ioo sa=o Sa=-500 Sa=-500 _6. Based on your choice above. or a calculation. which savine-investment $aph best representsthe savings function conesponding to (or derived liom) the consumption problem in the above problem l. Think about which graph rept"esents lhe aclual sat ings function, such that Sd - 0 at the outpul level v,here C equals Ya. Remember that v,here the consumption.fitnc:tictn intersects the 45 degree Ya line, consumption exactly equals outprt and that level of output is colled the "breakeven point". The slopes of these qnphs are reprsentationat & not r@listic. So = 0 and I.r =0. Calcr-rlate & enter on left. Show your calculation down below.