Language - Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience

Transcription

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
大會歡迎詞 Welcome Remarks .............................................................. 1
理監事會 General Council & Supervising Council ........................... 2
論文摘要審查委員會 Abstract Review Committee .............................. 3
會議議程 Conference Agenda................................................................ 4
主題演講 Keynote Speakers .................................................................. 5
專題研討會議程及摘要 Mini-Symposium Agenda and Abstracts..... 9
壁報論文摘要 Poster Abstracts ............................................................. 35
地圖及路線指引 Map & Directions ........................................................ 64
工作人員名單 Staff List ........................................................................... 65
誌謝 Acknowledgements .................................................................... 66
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大會歡迎詞
Welcome Remarks
歡迎各位會員及各界朋友們蒞臨國立臺灣師範大學，參與臺灣認知神
經科學學會 2015 年年會暨研討會！
特別感謝此次會議的合辦單位--國立臺灣師範大學，在人力、物力與
經費給予我們相當大的協助與支援。本次年會特別以教育為主題，邀請國
際知名兒童語言發展及特定語言發展障礙研究的傑出學者 Mabel Rice 教授，
以及注意力、學習與特殊教育研究學者 Jeanne Townsend 教授蒞臨演講，
精彩可期。本次年會亦規劃了包括體能運動與訓練、大腦與語言、決策神
經科學，以及老化認知神經科學等四場小型主題研討會。期待這些重要且
深具潛力的研究議題，能提供與會的國內認知科學研究人員與教育工作者
新的啟發。
去年秋天，由科技部人文司推動的「心智科學大型研究設備建置及共
同使用服務計畫」所成立的腦造影研究中心，在臺灣大學與成功大學相繼
成立、開幕，加上原本就已經運作完善的政治大學台灣心智科學腦造影中
心，國內認知神經科學研究人員已有了完善的儀器資源共享平台。在此之
際，臺灣認知神經科學學會將持續邁步向前，積極推動臺灣認知神經科學
學術研究、促進國內外研究機構的合作交流、以及媒合跨領域整合研究的
重要任務。我們希望藉由整合學界既有的研究經驗，將研究成果廣泛運用
在教育、運動與臨床醫學等相關領域，為我們社會貢獻心力。
這新舊年節交替之際，喜見來自各領域的國內外學界朋友們在台北齊
聚一堂，共同見證臺灣腦與心智科學研究新時代的來臨。
祝各位身心健康，闔家平安。
臺灣認知神經科學學會理事長洪蘭敬上
Taiwan Society of Cognitive Neuroscience
2015 Annual Meeting
錯誤! 所指定的樣式的文字不存在文件中。
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理監事會
General Council & Supervising Council
General Council
理事長 Director General
洪
蘭
服務單位 Affiliation
國立中央大學認知神經科學研究所
秘書長 Secretary General
黃植懋
國立交通大學生物科技學系暨研究所
理
事 Directors
吳
嫻
吳仕煒
國立陽明大學神經科學研究所
李俊仁
國家教育研究院測驗及評量研究中心
張育愷
國立體育大學競技與教練科學研究所
張智宏
郭文瑞
陳建中
國立臺灣大學心理學系暨研究所
鄭仕坤
顏乃欣
國立政治大學心理學系暨心理學研究所
襲充文
國立中正大學心理學系暨研究所
Supervising Council
監事長 Supervisor General
葉怡玉
監
事
Supervisors
曾志朗
中央研究院語言學研究所
戴浩一
國立中正大學語言學研究所
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論文摘要審查委員會
Abstract Review Committee
姓名 Name
吳建德
國立臺灣大學職能治療學系
張智宏
張葶葶
國立政治大學心理學系暨研究所
郭柏呈
顏妙璇
國立臺灣師範大學科學教育研究所
龔俊嘉
國立成功大學心理學系
表列審查委員名單係按照姓名筆畫順序排列。
2015 Annual Meeting
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會議議程
Conference Agenda
Date: Saturday, January 24, 2015 時間：104 年元月 24 日(星期六)
Venue: Education Building, National Taiwan Normal University
地點：國立臺灣師範大學教育大樓
8:30 – 9:00
Registration 報到
9:00 – 9:10
Opening Remark 開幕致詞
Longitudinal Language Outcomes in Children with
9:10 – 10:00
SLI: Phenotypes and Genetic Etiology
Speaker: Mabel Rice
University of Kansas
Venue:
201 Conference Hall
地點：
201 國際會議廳
10:00 – 10:10
Break 中場休息
10:10 – 11:00
Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention: From Basic
Research to Treatment
Speaker: Jeanne Townsend
University of California, San Diego
11:00 – 11:10
Break 中場休息
11:10 – 12:30
Assembly Meeting 會員大會
12:30 – 14:00
Poster Session & Lunch 壁報論文展示時間 & 午餐(自理)
General Council & Supervising Council Meeting 理監事聯席會議 ( Venue: 201)
Mini-Symposium A
Brain and Language
14:00 – 15:40
15:40 – 15:50
15:50 – 17:50
Chair: Chen, Hsueh-Chih (陳學志)
Mini-Symposium B
Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging:
Linking Cognitive and Cerebral Aging
Chair: Huang, Hsu-Wen (黃緒文)
National Taiwan Normal University
Venue: 201
National Taiwan Normal University
Venue: 202
Break 中場休息
Mini-Symposium C
Mini-Symposium D
Research in Physical Activity,
Exercise, Sport, Cognitive Function,
and Brain: Perspective on Taiwan
Chair: Chang, Yu-Kai (張育愷)
Decision Neuroscience and
Experimental Economics
National Taiwan Sport University
Venue: 201
National Yang-Ming University
Venue: 202
Chair: Wu, Shih-Wei (吳仕煒)
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主題演講
Keynote Speakers
Dr. Mabel L. Rice
Professor, Department of Speech, Language & Hearing
University of Kansas
Mabel L. Rice is an international authority on language disorders in children and the
genetics of language acquisition. In 2001, she was a Japan Society Fellow. In 2000, she
was recognized as a Haydn Williams Fellow in Australia. She has been a visiting
scientist at the Center for Cognitive Science at MIT, the Harvard Graduate School of
Education, the Institut fur Linguistik at the University of Potsdam in Germany, and the
Hopital de la Salpetriere in Paris. She is the former editor of the Journal of Speech,
Language, and Hearing Research. At the University of Kansas, she directs the Child
Language Doctoral Program, one of the first interdisciplinary programs in the country
to train child-language specialists. She also directs the Merrill Advanced Studies Center
and the Biobehavioral Neurosciences in Communications Disorders Center. She
maintains an active research lab where students address fundamental questions about
young children's language acquisition and language impairments.
With Ken Wexler from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, she developed the
first test to successfully diagnose Specific Language Impairment (SLI) in children
ages 3 to 8. The Rice/Wexler Test of Early Grammatical Impairment was released by
the Psychological Corporation in 2001 and is being used by school districts and
speech language professionals. Dr. Rice has investigated the disorder SLI and other
language impairments with research funding from the National Institutes of Health.
Currently, she directs a longitudinal study of a grammatical marker in children with
SLI and their family members. This study includes a subcontract for genetics analyses
with Shelley Smith at the University of Nebraska Medical Center - Omaha. She
collaborates with Rebecca Landa of Johns Hopkins University in a study of children
with autism. She also leads a collaborative team with investigators Steve Zubrick and
Kate Taylor at Curtin University in Perth Australia, in a large-scale study of the
language acquisition of twins compared to single-born children, and their families.
2015 Annual Meeting
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Abstract
Longitudinal Language Outcomes in Children with SLI:
Phenotypes and genetic etiology
Mabel L. Rice, University of Kansas, USA
Children with Specific Language Impairment (SLI) show persistent weaknesses in
language growth relative to age peers, as well as strengths in the way language
changes over time. Genetic influences are likely. This presentation will summarize the
growth evidence from an ongoing longitudinal study, and suggest that epigenetic
growth signaling functions may be contributing to the observed patterns of strengths
and weaknesses that culminate in persistent language impairments into adulthood.
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主題演講
Keynote Speakers
Dr. Jeanne Townsend
Professor, Department of Neuroscience,
University of California, San Diego
Jeanne has studied Autism Spectrum Disorders for more than two decades with a
primary interest in abnormalities of attentional function in autism and the influence of
attention deficits on the development of the behavioral symptoms of autism such as
disordered language and social communication.
Her studies employ a variety of methods and techniques, including
neuropsychological and behavioral testing, neurophysiological recordings (EEG,
ERP), eye-tracking and structural and functional MR imaging. She has studied
selective and shifting attention and the underlying brain networks in both normal and
abnormal function for more than two decades, and has received NIH funding to
conduct large studies of attentional function in autism, in other developmental
disorders and in healthy aging.
Jeanne's EEG studies of visual attention have highlighted abnormal attentional
distribution in autism. Her EEG and fMRI studies of shifting attention between
auditory and visual modalities have demonstrated difficulties manipulating attention
in autism, a reduced ability to filter distracting information associated with normal
aging, and individual differences in these skills in normal healthy young adults.
2015 Annual Meeting
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Abstract
Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention: From Basic Research to
Treatment
Jeanne Townsend, University of California, San Diego, USA
Attention is the brain’s gatekeeper-filtering the masses of information which we are
constantly challenged to process. Attention selects information for enhancement or
inhibition and supports higher cognitive processes such as memory and language.
Unlike memory and language, attention cannot be studied directly. What we study and
observe is the effect of attention on brain activity and behavior. There is now a
substantial knowledge base regarding the variety and timing of attentional processes
and the underlying neural networks. Attentional networks are broadly distributed and
are vulnerable to disruption during development, aging and by injury or pharmacology.
There is recent evidence, however, that such disruption in attentional processes may be
subject to correction by neuro-feedback training (commonly in the form of video games)
and this training results in behavioral improvement that is accompanied by changes in
brain activity that can be observed in EEG and fMRI. The extent and duration of these
interventions is not yet clear, but this new direction is promising for treatment in a
number of neuro-developmental disorders, stroke and perhaps to promote cognitive
resilience in healthy aging.
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專題研討會議程及摘要
Mini-Symposium Agenda and Abstracts
Symposium A: Brain and Language
Venue: 201, Education Building
地點：教育大樓 201
Chair: Hsueh-Chih Chen, National Taiwan Normal University
陳學志,國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系
NO.
Title
Time
Presenter
14:00-14:20
詹雨臻
14:20-14:40
戴汝卉
14:40-15:00
馮彥茹
15:00-15:20
陳昱君
15:20-15:40
廖家萱
笑話中的歧義與好笑成分之交互作用的腦神經機制：以
A1
fMRI 為工具
冷笑話真的很冷嗎？以 fMRI 探討失諧解困笑話及部份解困
A2
之無厘頭笑話的腦神經機制差異
A3 以 ERP 探討個別差異於幽默處理之三階段理論中的影響
Developmental changes in Brain Response to Mandarin Lexical
A4
Tones in Late-Talking Children: A Longitudinal MMR Study
Sentence context can affect the bilingual word identification
A5 process: An assessment of Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus
(BIA+) model with ERP
Symposium B: Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging: Linking Cognitive and
Cerebral Aging
Chair: Hsu-Wen Huang, National Taiwan Normal University
黃緒文 ,國立臺灣師範大學應用華語文學系
NO.
Title
Time
Presenter
14:00-14:20
張智宏
14:20-14:40
吳恩賜
14:40-15:00
黃緒文
15:00-15:20
林慶波
Comparing Cognitive Ageing of Different Functional Domains
B1
by Bits
Individual Differences in the Effect of Age on Selective Neural
B2
Processing: A Signature of Susceptibility
B3 Age-related changes in basic integrative processes in language
Brain structural and functional signatures for dementia, MCI,
B4
and frailty
2015 Annual Meeting
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Symposium C: Research in Physical Activity, Exercise, Sport, Cognitive
Function, and Brain: Perspective on Taiwan
Chair: Yu-Kai Chang , National Taiwan Sport University
張育愷 ,國立體育大學競技與教練科學研究所
NO.
Title
Time
Presenter
C1 身體活動、運動、認知功能、大腦當代研究之進程：臺灣視角 15:50-16:10
張育愷
C2 身體活動促進注意力缺乏過動症孩童之抑制控制
16:10-16:30
洪聰敏
C3 身體活動與健康老年人工作記憶：事件關聯電位研究
16:30-16:50
張育愷
C4 身體活動量對老年人額葉-頂葉 P300 振幅分佈改變之探討
16:50-17:10
豐東洋
C5 神經營養因子在運動提升認知表現的角色
17:10-17:30
蔡佳良
17:30-17:50
王駿濠
以競技運動經驗的角度探討運動訓練認知功能與神經可塑性影
C6
響的可能性
Symposium D: Decision Neuroscience and Experimental Economics
Chair: Shih-Wei Wu, National Yang-Ming University
吳仕煒,國立陽明大學神經科學研究所
NO.
Title
Time
Presenter
15:50-16:10
王道一
D2 Testing ambiguity theories with a mean-preserving design
16:10-16:30
楊春雷
D3 The reduction principle under imprecise probability information
16:30-16:50
翁明宏
16:50-17:10
陳尹華
17:10-17:30
游家鑫
17:30-17:50
李芯如
Confucianism and preferences: Evidence from lab experiments in
D1
Taiwan and China
Stakes do matter for the proposing behavior in Ultimatum Games:
D4
an fMRI study
VMPFC as the neural locus for tDCS-induced improvement in
D5
cognitive control
Motivation can modulate the connectivity strength between the
D6
pre-SMA and rIFG in a stopping task
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Brain and Language 大腦與語言
Venue: 201, Education Building (教育大樓 201)
語言習得向來是國內教育界與社會大眾矚目的課題之一，本大腦
與語言專題提供五篇研究，企圖從不同角度去探討語言習得與應用的
本質。戴汝卉、陳學志、詹雨臻、卓淑玲、宋曜廷、張國恩以 fMRI
探討失諧解困笑話及部份解困之無厘頭笑話的腦神經機制差異。馮彥
茹、陳學志、宋曜廷、張國恩以 ERP 探討個別差異於幽默處理之三
階段理論中的影響。詹雨臻探討笑話中的歧義與好笑成分之交互作用
的腦神經機制。陳昱君、劉惠美以 ERP 探討語言發展遲緩學童於中
文語音辨識上之表現。廖家萱、詹曉蕙以 ERP 探討句子脈絡之於第
二外語學習者在字詞辨識歷程上的影響。綜合上述研究，以期更加瞭
解人們如何習得語言及其與相關因素之關聯性。同時亦欲藉由生理指
標的建立使得未來之教育目的/方針能有所依據，進而達到學習的最
大成效。
2015 Annual Meeting
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14:00-14:20
A1
笑話中的歧義與好笑成分之交互作用的腦神經機制：以 fMRI 為工具
詹雨臻 a
a
國立清華大學學習科學研究所
幽默是人類獨有高層次的認知思考及情緒反應，它不但能緩衝壓力、調節情緒，
也是人際關係的潤滑劑，良好的使用幽默是有助於提升身心健康及促進人際因應。
歧義是笑話中常用的技巧，更是運用的基石之一。然而，單單使用語言歧義性卻
不見得會營造出好笑的氛圍，因此，「歧義」與「好笑」這兩者如何產生交互作
用及其腦神經機制正備受關注。笑話研究中雖有分離語音笑話和語意笑話的
fMRI 研究（Goel & Dolan, 2001）及探討歧義與好笑之交互作用的 fMRI 研究
（Bekinschtein et al., 2011），然而他們的材料並未區分出使用歧義技巧的不同笑
話類型的腦神經機制，而且他們皆採用單行英文趣謎的冷笑話為材料，但是中文
不同類型的語文歧義笑話，其認知和情緒歷程有其獨特性，而且語文笑話所引發
的愉悅情緒感受也是大於冷笑話。因此，本研究探討歧義和好笑的主要效果及交
互作用。本研究顯示，歧義笑話與非笑話條件相比，有較大活化在左半腦的腹側
前扣帶皮質（ventral anterior cingulate cortex, vACC）
（BA 32/14/33, FWE corrected）
及背側前扣帶皮質（dorsal ACC, dACC）
，以及延伸至海馬旁迴、豆狀核（Lentiform
nucleus）及視丘（Thalamus）。此外，兩者相比也在右半腦的海馬旁迴（BA35,
FWE corrected）有較大的活化。雖然，輔助運動區（supplementary motor area, SMA,
BA6）在多重比較達未校正的活化，但 Z 值也達到 4.11（p < 0.001 uncorrected, 20
voxels），該區域與笑的反應有關。
關鍵詞：功能性磁振造影、語意歧義笑話、笑話技巧、邏輯機制
13
14:20-14:40
A2
冷笑話真的很冷嗎？以 fMRI 探討失諧解困笑話及部份解困之無厘頭笑話的腦
神經機制差異
戴汝卉 a, 陳學志 a, 詹雨臻 b, 卓淑玲 c, 宋曜廷 a, 張國恩 d
a
國立臺灣師範大學教育心理與輔導學系
b
國立清華大學學習科學研究所 c 輔仁大學臨床心理學
系 d 國立臺灣師範大學資訊教育研究所
本研究以行為實驗及 fMRI 技術探討能「完全解困」的失諧解困類笑話以及僅能
「部分解困」的無厘頭笑話（俗稱冷笑話）的腦神經運作差異。研究參與者在磁
振造影掃描過程中閱讀失諧解困類笑話及無厘頭笑話，且對每則笑話進行好笑程
度的評定，並在掃描結束後進行三項指標（好笑、驚訝及理解程度）的事後評定。
行為結果指出，失諧解困笑話的好笑、驚訝程度皆顯著高於無厘頭笑話，但在理
解程度上，兩者並無顯著差異。根據腦造影資料，排除好笑程度評分對腦區活化
的影響後發現，無厘頭笑話在右側枕葉舌回（R-Lingual Gyrus）、左側梭狀回
（L-Fusiform Gyrus）、左側枕下回（L-Inferior Occipital Gyrus）、左側中央前回
（L-Precentral Gyrus）、左側額下回（L-Inferior Frontal Gyrus）、左側額中回
（L-Middle Frontal Gyrus）、左側顳葉顳上回（L-Superior Temporal Gyrus）有較
大的活化；而失諧解困類笑話在左側後扣帶回（L-Posterior Cingulate）、右側角
回（R-Angular Gyrus）、右側頂下回（R-Inferior Parietal Lobule）、右側頂下回
（R-Inferior Parietal Lobule）、右側上邊緣迴（R-Supramarginal Gyrus）、右側
（R-Inferior Parietal Lobule）
、雙側楔前葉（R-Precuneus）有較大的活化。由此可
知，相較於失諧解困類笑話，無厘頭笑話會涉及較廣泛的神經網絡，此結果是因
為無厘頭笑話僅提供部分解困的線索，因此，個體必須動用更多的認知資源，如：
與語言相關的幽默處理、語意選擇歷程、尋找幽默刺激的資源使用及記憶編碼與
提取以理解無厘頭笑話。根據本研究發現，相對於已過的幽默研究，本研究結果
則有所突破，其更能釐清且區分失諧解困笑話及無厘頭笑話之神經機制，且更精
確區分出「完全解困」和「部分解困」的歷程，對於幽默的神經機制之理解有所
貢獻。
2015 Annual Meeting
14
14:40-15:00
A3
以 ERP 探討個別差異於幽默處理之三階段理論中的影響
馮彥茹 a, 陳學志 a, 宋曜廷 a, 張國恩 b
a
b
國立臺灣師範大學資訊教育研究所
奠基於過去研究，本實驗旨在從個別差異的角度驗證幽默三階段理論。過去我們
透過趣謎、非趣謎以及無厘頭語句並輔以腦電波儀，從時間解析的角度建立幽默
三階段理論，同時找到了對應失諧、解困以及愉悅歷程之相對應的生理指標：
N400, P600 及 LPP。但礙於受試者人數不足，我們並無法將個別差異納入考慮，
故本研究旨在透過比較受試者於幽默感知上的差異進一步確認各腦成份波於幽
默處理歷程中所扮演的角色。本研究共招募 58 位受試者，根據其在好笑程度中
的評定表現分為高分組及低分組。結果顯示高分組於腦電波上的反應更趨向典型：
於失諧階段中，由三種刺激材料所誘發的 N400 有顯著差異(無厘頭>趣謎>非趣
謎)；於解困階段中，由無厘頭語句所誘發的 P600 顯著大於趣謎和非趣謎；於愉
悅階段中，由趣謎所誘發的 LPP 顯著大於非趣謎及無厘頭語句。相較之下，低
分組中由三種刺激所誘發的腦電反應就比較難以區分。此外，本研究發現高、低
分組在驚訝程度以及理解程度上的行為反應並無顯著差異，此行為結果亦反映在
腦電波上：縱觀三個幽默歷程，高、低分組於趣謎中的表現僅有 LPP 有顯著差
異，再次驗證了 N400,P600 及 LPP 於幽默歷程中所扮演的角色。
15
15:00-15:20
A4
Developmental changes in Brain Response to Mandarin Lexical
Tones in Late-Talking Children: A Longitudinal MMR Study
陳昱君 a, 劉惠美 b
a
國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育中心
b
國立臺灣師範大學特殊教育學系
The purpose of this study is using Mismatch Responses (MMRs) to explore the
dynamic changes of Mandarin speech perception abilities and the relationship to
language abilities in late-talking children. Participants were twenty children identified
as late-talkers (LTs) between 2 to 2.5-years-old and 15 children with typical language
development (TLD). LTs were further classified into non-late bloomer (non-LB) and
late bloomer (LB) groups according to their performance in the standardized language
tests at 4-year-old. ERP data were collected from 3 to 6-year-old. Synthesized speech
stimuli varying in lexical tones (/i2/ rising vs. /i3/ contour tones) were used. Six
frontocentral sites (F3/Fz/F4, C3/Cz/C4) were selected for analysis. Mean amplitudes
of the MMRs were calculated for two intervals (185-335ms, 335-535ms), with
starting point defined as 100 ms after the onset of acoustic difference between the
standard and deviant. Group effect was found in the 3-4 years of age which showed
that the non-LB group demonstrated more positive responses to the deviant than the
TLD group during the interval of 185 to 335 ms at Fz and Cz (F(2,32)=4.15, 5.02,
p<.05) and during the interval of 335 to 535 ms at Cz (F(2,32)=4.37, p<.05). At the
age of 5, all three groups showed more negative responses to the deviant stimuli, but
the maturation of MMRs could be observed in the subtle change of topography, with
more prominent negative response in the frontal sites in the TLD group (F(1,14)=7.14,
p=.018). Nevertheless, all three groups showed similar MMR pattern at six year of
age and no more significant differences were found. In addition, correlations were
found between the index of MMRs and children’s language performance,
demonstrating the relationship between the early brain responses to speech perception
and language performance.
2015 Annual Meeting
16
15:20-15:40
A5
Sentence context can affect the bilingual word identification process:
An assessment of Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+) model with ERP
廖家萱 a, 詹曉蕙 a
a
國立臺灣師範大學英語學系
Bilingual Interactive Activation Plus (BIA+) model (Dijkstra & van Heuven, 2002) is
one of the few modles that suggest sentence context could modulate the word
identification process; however, it has not been thouroughly tested with congitive
neuroscience tools. We adopted the ERP technique to examine how sentence context
affects the word identification and the task/decision subsystems of this model. We
focused on high-constraint sentences and manipulated their semantic and language
expectancies. Semantic expectancy was achieved through manipulating the cloze
probability of a sentence (i.e., the percentage of a word used to complete a sentence
frame, high vs. low). As for language expectancy, the sentence context was presented
in Mandarin, with the sentence-final word either kept in Mandarin (expected) or
switched into Taiwanese (unexpected). Four conditions were constructed: High-cloze
non-switched, High-cloze switched, Low-cloze non-switched and Low-cloze switched.
The participants were 20 Mandarin-Taiwanese native speakers (6 females, mean age:
26). Our findings revealed that sentence context could affect the word identification
subsystem semantically and phonologically, as indicated by stronger N400s in
Low-cloze conditions and Switched conditions. Interestingly, we also observed a
frontal negativity in Switched conditions, which might be associated with cognitive
control in the task/decision subsystem. The onset of this negativity was earlier than
the activation of semantic representation in the word identification subsystem. This
finding was in disagreement with the encapsulated view on the word identification
subsystem. We proposed that the BIA+ model could be modified to accommodate the
early involvement of cognitive control incurred by the top-down sentence effect.
17
Cognitive Neuroscience of Aging: Linking Cognitive
and Cerebral Aging
The main goal of cognitive neuroscience of aging is to link the effects of aging on
cognition to the effects of aging on the brain. Although it is reasonable to assume that
cognitive aging is largely a consequence of cerebral aging, the relationships between
these two domains are still largely unknown. The brain is an open system, and life
span cognitive development is a dynamic, cumulative process that shapes the
neurocognitive representations of ongoing interactions with the environment and
sociocultural contexts through experiences. Given the complexity of the substantive
issues, we should consider data from multiple sources and levels. This symposium has
four talks, the first one focuses on the impacts of aging on human motor and cognitive
control, the second talk examines patterns of neural activations as a function of
individual differences on different cognitive functions, the third talk addresses
age-related changes in language comprehension and the last one focuses on clinical
and applied topics, such as the structural and functional distinctions between dementia,
MCI and frailty.
2015 Annual Meeting
18
14:00-14:20
B1
Comparing Cognitive Ageing of Different Functional Domains by
Bits
張智宏 a
a
Cognitive ageing has been assessed across multiple types of cognitive functions in the
literature. Because tasks tailored to different functional domains often vary in their
dependent measures and the scale of difficulty, the methodological differences pose
barrier to make fair comparisons across functions directly. To address the
comparability issue, the current study takes advantage of information theory to
quantify tasks examining the domains of motor and executive control with the same
scale of cognitive loading and response measure. An adapted version of Fitts’
paradigm and a majority judgment task were adopted for assessing motor and
executive functions, respectively, where participants encountered trials with task
difficulty varying in the units of bits, and their response time were analyzed by fitting
a linear function between response time and the difficulty. We observed significant
main effect of Group for both slopes and intercepts of the linear function, significant
main effect of Task only for intercepts, and significant interaction only for slopes.
While the results of slopes indicate differential ageing pattern for loading dependent
processes in motor control (i.e., steeper in the elderly than in the young group) but not
in executive function, the results of intercepts suggest an overall age-related decline
for basic processing speed across both domains. As such, we directly compare distinct
types of cognitive functions, and dissect their components parametrically for the
comparison of age differences. Future work will apply the same approach to compare
a wide array of cognitive functions and across the whole life span.
19
14:20-14:40
B2
Individual Differences in the Effect of Age on Selective Neural
Processing: A Signature of Susceptibility
吳恩賜 a
a
國立臺灣大學腦與心智研究所
The aging brain undergoes several neurobiological changes including declines in
neuronal structure as well as efficacy of neurochemical processes. A general effect of
these changes is that neural connections lose their processing fidelity. By this is meant
that the ability of aged neural systems to filter and transmit information becomes
laden with noise and non-selectivity. But does aging reduction in neural selectivity
affect all persons equally? Evidence suggests that this is not the case. Rather, there is
substantial variability in the manner in which different individuals age. In this talk, I
will review studies from my past work that have characterised the general effect of
aging on perceptual, memory, executive, and reward-learning systems and, critically,
further evaluate the nature of individual differences in these effects.
2015 Annual Meeting
20
14:40-15:00
B3
Age-related changes in basic integrative processes in language
黃緒文 a
a
國立臺灣師範大學應用華語文學系
Normal aging is accompanied by changes in both structural and functional cerebral
organization. Although verbal knowledge seems to be relatively stable across the
lifespan, there are age-related changes in the rapid use of that knowledge during
on-line language processing. In particular, aging has been linked to reduced
effectiveness in preparing for upcoming words and building an integrated
sentence-level representation. The current talk addressed whether such age-related
changes extend even to much simpler language units, such as modification relations
between a centrally-presented adjective and a lateralized noun. Adjectives were used
to elicit concrete and abstract meanings of the same, polysemous lexical items (e.g.,
“green book” versus “interesting book”). Consistent with findings that lexical
information is preserved with age, older adults, like younger adults, elicited
concreteness effects at the adjectives, with more negative responses to concrete
adjectives over posterior (300-500 ms; N400) and frontal (300-900 ms) channels.
However, at the noun, younger adults elicit concreteness-based predictability effects
linked to left hemisphere processing and imagery effects linked to right hemisphere
processing, contingent on whether the adjectives and nouns form a cohesive
conceptual unit. In contrast, older adults showed neither effect, suggesting they were
less able to rapidly link the adjective-noun meaning to form an integrated conceptual
representation. Age-related changes in language processing may thus be more
pervasive than previously realized.
21
15:00-15:20
B4
Brain structural and functional signatures for dementia, MCI, and
frailty
林慶波 a
a
Dementia is a mental disorder accompanied by global cognitive ability loss including memory,
language, and attention in older people with abnormal aging. Due to the lack of
disease-modifying treatment at present, early diagnosis becomes paramount in trying to
prevent subsequent disability. In practice, a diagnosis is largely based on clinical history and
cognitive examination supported by neuropsychological evidence of the pattern of cognitive
impairment. However, the onset of cognitive symptoms largely results from neuronal death,
which has caused irreversible neurodegenerative damage. To advance the diagnosis and
prediction of dementia, there is a need of more sensitive instruments specifically developed
for early diagnosis of the risk factors in dementia including effects of risk genes, physical
frailty and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), where frailty is an age-related syndrome
described as the decreased ability of an organism to respond to stressors. A number of studies
have reported that frailty increases the risk of future cognitive decline and dementia. MCI is a
nosological entity proposed as an intermediate state between normal aging and dementia.
There is a growing body of evidence suggesting that the cognitive decline in dementia may
arise from integrative abnormalities between functionally and/or anatomically related brain
regions. Recent advances in brain network analysis shed some lights on the study of
large-scale brain system disruptions by using graph theoretical approaches. Particularly,
connectivity patterns of dementia were recently reported to fall into dissociated but dispersed
brain networks, suggesting that the damage from the disease is transmitted along neuronal
pathways rather than by proximity. They inferred that structural and functional connectivity
patterns might serve as markers to predict the progression of dementia.
Structural and functional deficits affects by risk genes, frailty, and MCI are under actively
studied by means of modern MRI technologies to identify the early markers of dementia. A
longitudinal cohort of MCI patients and healthy subjects with different aging range is under
studying to clarify the links between genes, structural and functional changes, and cognitive
performances. Related effects in brain plasticity through lifespan are studied as well to serve
as a standard for further prognosis studies.
2015 Annual Meeting
22
Research in physical activity, exercise, sport,
cognitive function, and brain: Perspective on Taiwan
體能訓練與運動
15:50-16:10
C1
身體活動、運動、認知功能、大腦當代研究之進程：臺灣視角
張育愷 a
a
身體活動、運動對於認知功能的探究，可以追溯至 1970 年代 Spirduso 等人的研
究。其後在 Etnier 等 (1997)、Colcombe 與 Kramer (2003) 此些先驅的統合分析
發現，健身運動、身體適能對於認知功能有著顯著的正向效益後，身體活動、運
動對於認知功能的議題開始受到較大之矚目。該議題的發展亦隨著認知神經科學
非侵入式的儀器進展，拓展到大腦功能的探究，使得身體活動、運動、認知功能、
大腦的整合探討，成為該議題在當代研究之主流。在國際間相繼投入於身體活動、
運動對於認知功能與大腦的探討同時，臺灣學者也從未缺席，並在該議題當代研
究知識進程中，扮演著舉足輕重之角色。本次主題討論會之目的即在邀請該些臺
灣學者，進行身體活動、運動、認知功能、大腦議題中受到矚目或新穎研究之成
果分享。具體而言，張育愷博士首先針對身體活動、運動、認知功能、大腦議題
國際間之研究發展歷史與趨勢作簡要回顧；洪聰敏博士則聚焦於身體活動對於注
意力缺乏過動症孩童，在抑制控制之影響及其事件相關電位之變化。其後，張育
愷博士、豐東洋博士則針對身體活動對於老年人執行功能之影響，尤重於以事件
相關電位 P300 成分之變化與分佈作探究。不僅採用事件相關電位的探究，蔡佳
良博士進一步以大腦神經營養因子、類胰島素生長因子等生化指標，深入探討急
性健身運動對於認知功能的影響，使得該效應之神經生化機轉之建立成為可能。
最後，王駿濠博士則以競技運動經驗的角度，探討其對於認知功能與神經可塑性
影響的可能性，與日後在實務上之結合與應用。
Keywords：健身運動、競技運動、事件相關電位、執行功能、老年人、注意力
缺乏過動症孩童、神經生化機轉、神經可塑性
23
16:10-16:30
C2
身體活動促進注意力缺乏過動症孩童之抑制控制
洪巧菱 a, 洪聰敏 a
a
國立臺灣師範大學體育學系
身體活動對於大腦認知功能效益的研究大部分聚焦在老年人身上，近年來開始拓
展到其他的族群，在這當中，針對注意力缺乏過動症 (ADHD) 孩童的研究也逐
漸受到重視。台師大運動心生理學實驗室也在這幾年開始進行此方面研究，橫斷
性研究發現體適能或基本運動能力較佳的 ADHD 兒童，有較佳的抑制控制行為
表現與 ERP 指標、較接近典型發展兒童的基準線 θ/α。而長期運動介入的研究也
發現參與此課程的 ADHD 兒童，其在抑制控制行為表現與基準線 θ/α 上也比控
制組佳。最後，一次性運動也發現有助於此類兒童之抑制控制與動作準備穩定性。
上述這些研究應用神經心理測驗，配合 EEG 與 ERP 的測量，提供初步證據支持
身體活動對 ADHD 兒童的核心認知效益。
關鍵詞：孩童、執行功能、抑制控制、身體適能
參考文獻
Chuang, L. Y., Tsai, Y. J., Chang, Y. K., Huang, C. J., & Hung, T. M. (in press).
Effects of acute aerobic exercise on response preparation in a Go/No Go task in
children with ADHD: An ERP study. Journal of Sport and Health Science.
Huang, C. J., Huang, C. W., Tsai, Y. J., Tsai, C. L., Chang, Y. K., & Hung, T. M. (in
press). A preliminary examination of aerobic exercise effects on resting EEG in
children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorder.
2015 Annual Meeting
24
16:30-16:50
C3
身體活動與健康老年人工作記憶：事件關聯電位研究
張育愷 a
a
國立體育大學競技與教練研究所
身體活動與認知功能間之正向關係已建立在多方的研究證據上，然而，是否身體
活動能影響老年健康族群之工作記憶，以及身體活動與認知功能間效應之機轉仍
未可知。為此，本此分享建立於 Chang 等 (2013) 對於該議題之研究發現而來。
具體而言，該研究旨在探討不同身體活動量老年人，在工作記憶及其所誘發之事
件相關電位成分波活化之差異與變化。該研究結果發現，身體活動量高之老年人
在行為之反應時間上，皆較身體活動量低之老年人短；且該正面效應並表現在不
同難度的工作記憶難度情境。另一方面，身體活動量高之老年人亦呈現較大之
P3 與 N1 振福，以及較短的 P3 潛伏時間。該結果暗示，身體活動與注意力資源
投入、增進刺激辨識有正向關聯；其並可能與早期工作記憶之編碼階段有所關
聯。
關鍵詞：老化、執行功能、工作記憶、身體適能
參考文獻
Chang, Y. K., Huang, C. J., Chen, K., F., & Hung, T. M. (2013). Physical activity and
working memory in healthy older adults: An ERP study. Psychophysiology, 50(11),
1174-1182.
25
16:50-17:10
C4
身體活動量對老年人額葉-頂葉 P300 振幅分佈改變之探討
豐東洋 a, 黃耀宗 a, 郭正煜 a, 蔣憶德 a, 王永順 b
a
國立臺北科技大學體育室
b
探討不同程度身體活動量對於一般正常且健康的老年人在大腦執行控制功能中
的影響，是這個研究的第一個目的；為瞭解其中的差異情形，本研究徵召 51 位
參與者分為低身體活動量老人組 (17 人)、高身體活動量老人組 (17 人) 及年輕
人組 (17 人) 進行研究，並採取數字轉換作業（同質性作業及異質性作業）應用
在認知的評估中，以瞭解各組參與者在作業轉換表現的情形。結果顯示：1. 行
為表現的資料顯示出年輕人與高身體活動量老人的反應時間，無論在同質性作業
或異質性作業均顯著的快於低身體活動量老人；2.事件關連電位的資料也顯示年
輕人與高身體活動量老人均較低身體活動量老人有較快的 P300 潛伏時間及較大
的 P300 振幅。身體活動量對於老年人額葉補償機制的影響是本研究的第二個目
的，從結果中顯示老年人的 P300 振幅往額葉 (Fz) 增加的分佈趨勢明確，且高
身體活動量老人有較明顯的頂葉及額葉補償現象，顯示當老年人擁有較高的身體
活動量時，大腦可能會發展出較全面的額葉補償機制，並對認知作業之轉換表現
有正面的效益。
關鍵詞：老化、認知功能、運動、事件關聯電位
2015 Annual Meeting
26
17:10-17:30
C5
神經營養因子在運動提升認知表現的角色
蔡佳良 a
a
國立成功大學體育健康與休閒研究所
近十年來，已有相當多的文獻證實運動能有效地提升認知表現，但其中的生理生
化機制卻無任何的實證性研究來加以探討。有鑒於此，本研究將採用神經營養因
子 [例如：腦衍生神經滋養因子 (brain-derived neutrophic factor)、生長激素
(growth hormone)、類胰島素生長因子 (insulin-like growth factors) ] 與其它生化
指標 [例如：腎上腺皮質固醇 (cortisol)、同半胱胺雙 (homocystine)] 來了解這些
與神經元生長和認知表現相關的血液生化指標，對單次急性耐力運動或阻力運動
提升行為與大腦相關事件電位所佔的角色為何，希望藉由這些內分泌指標能更清
楚瞭解急性運動是如何的提升認知表現。
關鍵詞：運動型態、內分泌、認知電生理、急性運動
參考文獻
Tsai, C. L., Chen, F. C., Pan, C. Y., Wang, C. H., Huang, T. H., & Chen, T. C. (2014).
Impact of acute aerobic exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness on visuospatial attention
performance and serum BDNF level. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 41, 121-131.
Tsai, C. L., Wang, C. H., Pan, C. Y., Chen, F. C., Huang, T. H., & Chou, F. Y. (2014).
Executive function and endocrinological responses to acute resistance exercise.
Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8, 262.
27
17:30-17:50
C6
以競技運動經驗的角度探討運動訓練認知功能與神經可塑性影響的可能性
王駿濠 a
a
國立成功大學體育健康與休閒研究所
人類的行為表現會因為學習或環境的刺激而改變，表現出大腦高度敏銳與可塑性。
一般而言，運動員除了具有較為優異的技能及體能條件之外，也能在運動場上展
現出過人的認知反應能力，反映了運動訓練對大腦的刺激與學習效果。然而，是
否運動員在脫離運動情境時仍可展現出優異的認知表現，則有待研究更進一步地
探討。有鑒於此，本研究將採用基礎認知作業，探討運動經驗與認知功能之間的
關聯性，並以腦電波探討其可能的神經機制。初步的研究結果顯示：從事開放性
運動的選手，在某些歷程如準備歷程、抑制控制及視覺空間能力比非運動員有較
佳的表現。另外，從腦電波的證據則發現了運動員有較大的 theta 波及 beta 波的
振盪活動，反映了投入較多的注意力資源與動作準備歷程。綜合上述研究發現，
運動訓練或許可當作促進認知或大腦學習的一種方式；此外，認知訓練或許也可
當作提高競技運動表現層次的方式之一。
關鍵詞：競技運動、認知功能、神經振盪活動
參考文獻
Wang, C. H., Tsai, C. L., Tu, K. C., Muggleton, N. G., Juan, C. H., & Liang, W. K.
(2015). Modulation of brain oscillations during visuo-spatial processing: A
comparison between female colligate badminton players and sedentary controls.
Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 121-129.
2015 Annual Meeting
28
Decision neuroscience and experimental economics
Venue: 202, Education Building (教育大樓 202 會議室)
In the last decade, there is considerable progress in neuroscience research that aims
tounderstand the neurobiological basis of decision-making. During this period of
growth, advances in theory and empirical results in decision neuroscience are largely
inspired by experimental/behavioral economics and psychology. The message is clear.
As decision neuroscience grows as a field, economics and psychology will continue to
shape the neurobiological understanding of decision-making. In this symposium, our
goal is to initiate a platform for cross-disciplinary interaction and dialogue. Recent
progress from decision neuroscience and experimental economics will be shared and
discussed.
29
15:50-16:10
D1
Confucianism and preferences: Evidence from lab experiments in Taiwan and
China
王道一 a
a 國立臺灣大學經濟學系
In this talk, I will present a series of experiments that investigated how Confucianism
affects individual decision making in Taiwan and in China. We found that Chinese
subjects in our experiments became less accepting of Confucian values, such that they
became significantly more risk loving, less loss averse, and more impatient after being
primed with Confucianism, whereas Taiwanese subjects became significantly less
present-based and were inclined to be more trustworthy after being primed by
Confucianism. Combining the evidence from the incentivized laboratory experiments
and subjective survey measures, we found evidence that Chinese subjects and
Taiwanese subjects reacted differently to Confucianism.
2015 Annual Meeting
30
16:10-16:30
D2
Testing ambiguity theories with a mean-preserving design
楊春雷 a
a
中央研究院經濟研究所
Prominent models such as MEU/α-MP and KMM interpret ambiguity aversion as
aversion against second-order risks associated with ambiguous acts. We design an
experiment where the decision maker draws twice with replacement in the typical
Ellsberg two-color urns, but with a different color winning each time. Given this set
of mean-preserving prospects, MEU/α-MP, KMM and Savage’s SEU all predict
unequivocally that risk-averse DMs shall avoid the 50-50 urn that exhibits the highest
risk conceivable, while risk-seeking ones do the opposite. However, we observe a
substantial number of violations in the experiments. It appears that the ambiguity
premium is partially paid to avoid the ambiguity issue per se, which is distinct from
notions of second-order risk. This finding is robust even when there is only partial
ambiguity.
31
16:30-16:50
D3
The reduction principle under imprecise probability information
翁明宏 a
a
國立成功大學經濟學系
Experiments are carried out to examine if choices under risk are consistent with the
reduction principle when the decision maker lacks precise probability information.
Participants are asked to choose between two risky options with probability
information vaguely presented. When the difference between expected values is
significant, participants' choices are mainly guided by the gap between
expected values, regardless of whether the lotteries are single or compound.
Nevertheless, participants tend to avert the compound lottery when the gap between
expected values is insignificant.
2015 Annual Meeting
32
16:50-17:10
D4
Stakes do matter for the proposing behavior in Ultimatum Games: an
fMRI study
陳尹華 a
a
國立政治大學台灣心智科學腦造影中心
Previous ultimatum game studies show that raising stakes has little effect on
proposers’ offers, possibly due to offsetting effects from higher conflict in higher
stakes between “sentiment” toward low sharing and fear of rejection. We tested this
hypothesis by asking subjects (proposers) to choose splitting money (NT$200 versus
NT$2,000) either fairly (5:5) or unfairly (one of 6:4, 7:3, 8:2, and 9:1) in an fMRI
paradigm. For subjects who chose to split the money fairly, longer decision time was
spent in higher stakes. The conflict-related areas such as lACC, rOFC and PCC
activated more. Furthermore, higher rOFC and rPCC activations were found to
correlated to the longer decision time in higher stakes. Taken together, the cognitive
and affective activities aroused by higher stakes provide evidence in support of our
conflict hypothesis, indicating that stakes do matter for the proposing behavior.
Moreover, we found the higher activations in the mPFC, particularly in BA8, along
with the longer decision time for the slightly unfair offers (i.e., 6:4 and 7:3) than the
very unfair offers (i.e., 8:2 and 9:1). These results suggested that proposers were
thinking harder about the thoughts of responders possibly due to a higher uncertainty
of rejection rate for the slightly unfair offers.
33
17:10-17:30
D5
VMPFC as the neural locus for tDCS-induced improvement in
cognitive control
游家鑫 a
a
Previous research has demonstrated the importance of brain stimulation in improving
inhibitory control. However, the neural substrates underlying such artificially-induced
improvement remain unclear. Here, by coupling anodal transcranial direct current
stimulation (atDCS) with functional MRI, we show that atDCS can effectively
increase stopping speed when stopping is required. Without atDCS, contrasts between
stop and go trials showed activations in the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA)
and right inferior frontal gyrus (rIFG), which is consistent with prior research.
Importantly, by contrasting stop-inhibition versus stop-response trials between atDCS
and sham condition within each individual, we observed activation in preSMA and
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), and an increase in effective functional
connectivity between the two. Furthermore, such atDCS-induced BOLD increase in
vmPFC was positively correlated with participants’ improvement in stopping
efficiency. These results implicate that the rapid yet short-lived behavioral
improvement from brain stimulation may be mediated by a novel, but
functionally-connected, brain region as opposed to the regions behind normal and
long-term cognitive training from previous fMRI studies.
2015 Annual Meeting
34
17:30-17:50
D6
Motivation can modulate the connectivity strength between the
pre-SMA and rIFG in a stopping task
李芯如 a
a
The stop-signal paradigm is a well-established paradigm for studying action control,
which requires both participants’ fast going and accurate stopping. Brain areas
including pre-SMA, right IFG, and subthalamic nucleus comprise a neural network to
process the stop-signal. In this study, we tested if this control network can be
modulated by motivation, i.e., the reward prospect. Reward prospect has been
demonstrated to facilitate various cognitive and behavioral operations, particularly by
enhancing the speed and energizing processes related to approaching reward. By
including this factor, we compared the performance and neural involvement in the
reward-related and reward-unrelated condition. Behaviorally, the participants
performed better when they looked forward to gain the reward. This better
performance was accompanied by the enhanced activity in the frontal-parietal
attention networks. For action control, we found that the pre-SMA not only showed
higher activity but also its coupling connectivity with the right IFG was strengthened.
35
壁報論文摘要 Poster Abstracts
Time: 12:20-14:00
Venue: 2F Atrium, Education Building
(教育大樓 2 樓中庭)
NO.
Title
Presenter
P01 Testing Effect is Affected by Different Social Stress
張翠珊
The distinct interaction patterns of attentional components in
P02 healthy older adults with different age groups: evidence from the
Attention Network Test (ANT)
路翰娜
P03
Do semantic radicals contribute to verbal short-term memory of
Chinese characters?
陳瑞青
P04
Binding of musical pitch and audio-spatial memory in congenital
amusia
謝宜蕙
P05
Effects of emotional expression and religion on trauma
adaptation and well-being
謝宜儒
P06 Asymmetry in contrast polarity processing in behaving rats
吳聲暉
P07 人類海馬迴前後長軸向之功能特化檢驗
黃
菁
P08
Roles of the pre-SMA and rIFG in the selective stop-signal task:
A TMS Study
李漢華
P09
The neural fate of the task-relevant and task-irrelevant features of
an attended object
陳德祐
P10 The dynamic modulation of contingent attentional capture
張期富
Facial bipartisanship: Taiwanese public’s ability to discriminate
P11 between the photos of the candidates of the two dominant
political parties in Taiwan
胡舜傅
P12
P13
The development of the other-race effect in school-aged
Taiwanese children: using a morphed face paradigm
Semantic Ambiguity Effect on Chinese Character Naming - A
Corpus-based Approach
戴佇歷
張亞寧
2015 Annual Meeting
36
NO.
P14
Title
Building the Taiwanese Norm of the Harvard Group Scale of
Hypnotic Susceptibility
Presenter
林美靜
Differential roles of theta and gamma oscillation within the
P15 temporoparietal network in supporting binding—visual working
memory: a transcranial alternating current stimulation study
曾祥非
Do the Abilities of Auditory and Visual Statistical Learning
P16 Correlate with the Sensitivity to the Consistency of Phonetic
Radicals? Evidence from Non-native Chinese learners
余安雅
P17
P18
P19
An encoding advantage for faces of own-race over other-race in
Taiwanese participants: A morphed face study
Visual lateralization effects and its neural manifestation in
reading Chinese characters
Age Reduces Striatal Selectivity and Increases Frontal Activation
during Choice Value Processing
P20 視知覺相關技巧對台灣學童中文識字能力之發展的影響
P21
P22
P23
Auditory sentence comprehension: Multiple effects of sentential
constraint on word processing
運用動態因果模型去研究虛擬實境誘發體感覺事件相關電位
P300 神經網路
Holistic Processing of Faces May Underlie Performance on
Taiwanese Face Memory Test (TFMT)
P24 Prefrontal Activity in processing Face and Voice Information
陳君嫚
郭文瑞
蘇煜翔
宣恩盈
王雅藝
陳純娟
襲充文
黃世琤
37
Learning and Memory
P01
Testing Effect is Affected by Different Social Stress
張翠珊 a, 鄭仕坤 a
a
A substantial number of studies have shown that testing is beneficial to
long-term retention due to the engagement of retrieval practice. The effects of
retrieval on subsequent memory performance are collectively referred to as the
testing effect. Nevertheless, whether frequent quizzes are useful in educational
intervention is not yet clear because testing not only modulates the learners’
cognition but also their attitudes and affects, such as anxiety.
The current study examined the effect of social stress induced by rankings
among competition on the testing effect. Thirty-two male participants learned
Swahili–Chinese word pairs (half via repeated study and half via repeated
testing). Half of the participants received negative feedbacks (low ranking)
while the other group received positive feedbacks (high ranking) during the
repeated testing. They then engaged in a memory test for the word pairs
immediately and one week after the learning phase.
The results showed that negative feedbacks but not positive feedback induced a
higher level of anxiety, as indexed by a state-anxiety inventory. The testing
effect was observed in both the immediate and the delayed test. Importantly,
the testing effect was of a greater magnitude for the participants who received
negative feedbacks than those who received positive feedbacks, particularly in
the delayed test. This finding suggested that the testing effect might be
enhanced by a social stress during the repeated testing.
Keywords: testing effect, anxiety, social stress
2015 Annual Meeting
38
Attention and Consciousness
P02
The distinct interaction patterns of attentional components in healthy
older adults with different age groups: evidence from the Attention
Network Test (ANT)
路翰娜 a, 馮慧東 a, 陳秀雯 a, 林翠華 a
a
香港中文大學
Introduction:
Attention is a fundamental and complex function that affects cognitive abilities, and is
reported to be susceptible to cognitive ageing and degeneration. The current study
was aimed to evaluate the three attentional components (Alerting, Orienting, and
Executive control) and their interaction in cognitively healthy older adults.
Method:
We evaluated 137 Chinese older adults (mean 72.41, Range 65-80 years of age) with
a comprehensive cognitive battery and ANT. The participants were categorized into
three age subgroups (Age 65-70, Age 71-75, Age >75) with matched demographics
(gender, education) and global cognition. The comparison of three attention network
components was carried out between-groups, and the interaction pattern of attentional
components was detected within group.
Results:
(1) One-way ANOVA was used to compare the ANT score, and revealed that there
were a significant age effect was found in executive control (F=4.55, p=0.012), in
which Age >75 group had larger executive control effect than Age 65-70 group
(p=0.012).
(2) Two-way ANOVA for repeated measurement was used to detect the main effect
and interaction effect within each group. We found the significant main effects of
alerting, orienting and executive control in three different age groups. But, the
interaction between alerting and executive control was significant only found in age
65-70 group (F=6.923, p=0.002); and the interaction between orienting and executive
39
control was significant only in age >75 group (F=4.549, p=0.021). There was no
significant interaction effect in age 71-75 group.
Conclusion:
(1) Age has an effect on executive attention in cognitive healthy older adults,
suggesting that executive attention decline is a sensitive sign to reflect cognitive
ageing in the context of normal cognition.
(2) The interaction effects of three attentional components are distinguished,
suggesting that the interaction pattern may differentiate the healthy older adults with
different age range."
Keywords: Attention; Cognitive ageing; Attention network test; Executive control;
Interaction;
2015 Annual Meeting
40
Language
P03
Do semantic radicals contribute to verbal short-term memory of
Chinese characters?
陳瑞青 a, 林依禎 a, 陳香瑜 a, 吳嫻 a
a
Previous research has indicated that semantic and phonetic radicals contribute to
recognition of Chinese characters. In our previous explorations, however, verbal
short-term memory (STM) of Chinese characters in a probed serial recall task was
only affected by the orthographic similarity among to-be-remembered characters
when they shared phonetic but not semantic radicals. One potential problem of the
previous study was that the memory accuracy of phonologically distinct Chinese
characters, with or without shared semantic radicals, was high and might exhibit a
ceiling effect. Hence, in the present study the same task of probed serial recall was
employed with concurrent articulatory suppression. Specifically, three variables of
Chinese characters were manipulated: with versus without the shared semantic
radicals among the characters within a memory list, the transparent versus opaque
semantic relationship between the semantic radical and the meaning of the whole
character, and the semantic radical at the right versus left side of a character. With
concurrent articulatory suppression, the overall STM accuracy from 16 college
students was 0.63, which indicated that articulatory suppression did prevent the
ceiling effect and possibly interfered phonological processing in STM. Critically, the
results of this study demonstrated that shared semantic radicals among the
to-be-remembered stimuli did not affect STM performance, nor did the semantic
relationship between semantic radical and the whole character, or the position of the
semantic radical, contribute to the verbal STM performance. Taking together, the
present findings were consistent with our previous study in showing that semantic
radicals did not affect verbal STM of Chinese characters.
Keywords: semantic radicals, verbal short-term memory
41
Learning and Memory
P04
Binding of musical pitch and audio-spatial memory in congenital
amusia
謝宜蕙 a, 陳思禎 b
a
國立中央大學認知神經科學研究所 b 國立陽明大學神經科學研究所
Remembering the identity of sounds often elicits automatic encoding of other sound
features such as spatial information due to possible binding of these features in
auditory short-term memory. The extent to which impaired processing in one domain
is accompanied by deficits in processing the other can give support to a shared
representational framework. Individuals with congenital amusia (CA), characterized
by deficits in processing musical pitch, offer a unique opportunity to test this claim.
We hypothesized that pitch processing impairment seen in amusia may be expected to
be accompanied by an impaired sound localization ability if musical and audio-spatial
processing draw on partly shared representations. In the current study we examined
psychophysical thresholds and memory recognition ability for musical pitch
sequences randomly presented from four (out of eight) loudspeakers equally spaced
on a 180 degree semicircular arc. Ten congenital amusics and ten non-musically
trained controls served as participants. In an ordered-probe recognition paradigm,
participants were required to judge if either the musical pitch or location of the probe
was identical to that of the previous sequence. We found that while amusics were
consistently less efficient in identifying pitch sequences, performance on task-relevant
sequences was not affected by task-irrelevant information. Both amusic and control
participants were faster and more accurate in recognizing features of the intact probe
as compared to those of the recombined probe, suggesting incidental binding of pitch
and spatial features of sounds. Additionally, performance of amusics significantly
declined when the probe contained new pitch features. Findings support automatic
binding of musical pitch with spatial location in auditory short-term memory, and that
amusics’ impaired pitch processing ability extends to modulate audio-spatial
representation.
Keywords: congenital amusia, short-term memory, audio-spatial, pitch, binding
2015 Annual Meeting
42
Emotion
P05
Effects of emotional expression and religion on trauma adaptation
and well-being
謝宜儒 a, 高敏嘉 a, 陳永儀 a
a
Background:
Previous research has found that repeated expression of a traumatic experience
is beneficial to physical health. Religion is another factor that has been found to
facilitate adaptation to psychological trauma. However, possible combined
effects of written emotional expression and religion on health, particularly
among an Asian sample remains unclear.
Purpose:
We evaluated the correlation among language use, religion, and well-being
indicators in a Taiwanese student sample. These indicators included depressive,
anxiety, physical, and PTSD symptoms. Other psychosocial variables included
trait optimism, trait emotional intelligence, and emotional regulation.
Method:
Participants were 158 NCU students. Participants were assigned randomly to
write about a trivial topic (CC), a traumatic experience (TC), or a traumatic
experience from a religious/spiritual perspective (TRC). Baseline well-being
indicators were administered before participants wrote for 3 sessions, 20
minutes, on a traumatic or neutral topic. Well-being indicators were
administered again at 1-month follow-up.
Result:
Writing about a traumatic experience from a religious/spiritual perspective was
associated with reduced depressive symptoms for those who with high trauma
severity and lower trait emotional intelligence, but not for those who with
higher trait emotional intelligence. For those with low trait of optimism,
43
writing about a traumatic experience from a religious/spiritual perspective was
associated with reduced anxiety symptoms for participants with lower trait
emotional intelligence, but not for those who with higher trait emotional
intelligence. For participants with high trait of optimism, writing about a
traumatic experience from a religious/spiritual perspective was associated with
reduced anxiety symptoms for those who with higher trait emotional
intelligence, but not for those who with lower trait emotional intelligence.
Conclusion:
Taking a religious perspective in writing about a traumatic experience could
augment the beneficial effects of emotional expression, for those who may be
less capable of expressing feelings, in reducing their depressive symptoms and
anxiety symptoms.
2015 Annual Meeting
44
Sensation and Perception
P06
Asymmetry in contrast polarity processing in behaving rats
吳聲暉 a, 葉俊毅 a, b
a
b
國立臺灣大學腦與心智科學研究所國立臺灣大學心理學系
Humans can detect negative contrast (black on gray) better and more easily than
positive contrast (white on gray). The black-over-white preference in visual
perception is accordance with the findings that negative-contrast stimuli can evoke
larger neuronal responses than positive-contrast stimuli in primary visual cortex (V1)
(Zemon et al., 1988; Olmen et al., 2008; Yeh et al., 2009; Xing et al., 2010). In
contrast, strong white-dominant responses were recently found in rodent V1 with the
voltage-sensitive dye (VSD) imaging technique (Polack & Contreras, 2012). Based on
these findings, it is possible that rodents may prefer positive contrast to negative
contrast. Here we used a two-alternative forced choice task to test the contrast
preference in behaving rodents (Long Evans). We manipulated both the contrast (0%,
8%, 16%, 32%, 64%, 100%) and the mean luminance of the screen (high: 50 cd/m2,
low: 20 cd/m2). Surprisingly, we found that rats can detect negative-contrast stimuli
better than positive-contrast stimuli. The black-over-white bias is the largest at 100%
contrast with the low mean luminance level (the mean difference of the correct rate is
12.27%, SE=2.94%, p=0.0013). On the other hand, rats on average had better
performances in the high mean luminance condition than in the low mean luminance.
The discrepancy between behavioral and neuronal results in rodents may be due to (1)
the difference in the mean luminance (neuronal: 83 cd/m2; behavioral: 20 and 50
cd/m2) and (2) the duration of the stimuli (neuronal: 250 ms; behavioral: on until rats
make a choice). Overall, our behavioral results show that rodents can detect negative
contrast better than positive contrast. Future studies need to address the contradiction
between the behavioral (negative-contrast preferences) and the neuronal
(white-dominant responses in V1) results in rodents.
Keywords: rat, contrast, black, brightness, luimnance
45
Learning and Memory
P07
人類海馬迴前後長軸向之功能特化檢驗
黃菁 a, 林君昱 a
a
關於海馬迴(hippocampus)內不同分區是否有功能上之差異一直是個重要
的議題。許多研究已發現老鼠相對於人類海馬迴長軸向前端的位置細胞
(place cell)之位置域(place field)較後端來得大，但人類的相關證據仍不一致。
最近 Morgan 等人(2011)以 fMRI「適應效果」的派典來研究人類海馬迴，
但卻發現只有在左側海馬迴前端大腦活化降低之程度與相鄰地標刺激間
之距離相關。本研究參照並改進其派典，透過使用地標距離比其更短與更
遠之刺激來進一步檢測是否可能得到更符合動物研究的發現。本研究之結
果顯示兩相鄰地標刺激距離在數百公尺時，的確如 Morgan 等人之發現在
左側海馬迴前端與其有線性關係，但更深入的分析也有新的發現。在本研
究中亦將對此結果作更進一步的討論。
Keywords: 海馬迴(hippocampus)、位置細胞(place cell)、位置域(place field)、
適應效果(adaptation) 、重複抑制(repetition suppression)
2015 Annual Meeting
46
Cognitive Control
P08
Roles of the pre-SMA and rIFG in the selective stop-signal task: A
TMS Study
李漢華 a, b, 呂明珊 a ,陳巧雲 c, 馬杰仁 a, 阮啟弘 a
a
國立中央大學認知神經研究所 b 國立中央大學學習與教學研究所 c 國立中正大學犯罪防治學系
Although both the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the right inferior
frontal gyrus (rIFG) have been demonstrated to be critical for response inhibition,
there is still considerable disagreement over the roles they play in the process. In a
stop-signal task, since the stop signals usually appear abruptly and infrequently, it has
been argued that neural activation observed during the task may reflect attentional
processing associated with response inhibition rather than inhibitory control itself. To
dissociate attentional capture from inhibitory control, some researchers have modified
the stop-signal paradigm by adding an ignore condition which requires the same
motor response as on a go trial but creates the same level of attentional capture as on a
stop trial. A previous study by Sharp et al. (2010) found that pre-SMA but not rIFG
activity differentiated participants who slowed their response on an ignore trial from
those who did not. Given the same level of attentional capture these two groups of
participants experienced, they argued for a role of the pre-SMA in response slowing
and a role of the rIFG in attentional capture. In the present study, we investigated the
subtle differences in involvement of the pre-SMA and the rIFG in a selective
stop-signal task by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). By classifying
participants into a high-slowing and a low-slowing group, we found that temporary
suppression of pre-SMA activity prolonged the ignore RT of those who exhibited low
slowing but not those with high slowing, whereas disruption of the rIFG did not lead
to significant changes in performance in either group. These results provide causal
evidence that the pre-SMA but not the rIFG is associated with response slowing on
ignore trials during selective stopping.
Keywords: selective stop-signal task, pre-supplementary motor area, right
inferior prefrontal gyrus, transcranial magnetic stimulation
47
P09
The neural fate of the task-relevant and task-irrelevant features of an
attended object
陳德祐 a, 游如淇 a, 蘇曜祥 a, 楊政達 a,
a
This study examined whether participants can selectively encode and maintain a
feature of an object in visual working memory while ignoring the other task-irrelevant
features. In addition, activities in brain regions processing these features were also
explored. In this study, twenty-three volunteers, 13 females and 10 males (M = 22.92,
SD = 1.46), participated in the event-related fMRI experiment. All images were
acquired with a GE MR750 3T scanner. A modified delayed-matching-to-sample
(DMS) task was adopted. On each trial, a memory stimulus is presented for 200
milliseconds followed by a 1-second random-dot mask and a test stimulus for 1.8
seconds with a jittered inter-trial interval of 3~5 seconds. In the selective-attention
condition, participants were asked to match a feature (i.e., color) and ignore the other
(i.e., shape); in the divided-attention condition, participants were required to match
both color and shape of an object. Behavioral and fMRI results showed that when two
features were equally salient, both of the features (color, shape) were processed
regardless of the task relevancy. Significant BOLD activations were found in the
intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and lateral occipital complex (LOC), which have been
implicated in processing color and shape, respectively. These activations were
comparable across all the conditions, suggesting that the task-irrelevant feature can
elicit brain activation. Theoretical possibilities regarding the effect of feature-based
attention on visual working memory is discussed.(This project was supported by
Ministry of Science and Technology: NSC-102-2420-H-006-004-MY2.)
Keywords: selective attention; memory; intraparietal sulcus; lateral occipital complex
2015 Annual Meeting
48
P10
The dynamic modulation of contingent attentional capture
張期富 a, 梁偉光 a, 曾祥非 a, 洪蘭 a, 曾志朗 a,b, 阮啟弘 a
a
國立中央大學認知神經研究所 b 中央研究院語言學研究所
Contingent attentinal capture is considered as an interaction between top-down and
bottom-up control of attention. Intuitively, attention is usually involuntarily captured
by stimuli possessing highly salient properties, even when irrelevant to the
individual’s current goal (e.g. Theeuwes, 1991). The capture becomes even more
effective when these stimuli share certain target-defining features, which is contingent
on current task setting (e.g. Folk, Remington, & Johnston, 1992).
In the previous event-related potentials (ERP) studies, such contingent attentional
reorienting often evoked N2pc (N2-posterior-contralateral) and Pd (distractor
positivity) components, which index the focus of spatial attention. However,
traditional ERP procedure averages trials to acquire sufficient signal-to-noise ratio.
With the limited SNR and averaging procedure, it is hard to investigate the dynamic
change of contingent attentional capture between trials. In the current study, we
applied the ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) on
electroencephalography (EEG) data and compared the critical intrinsic mode function
with traditional ERP components to testify the utility of EEMD on the cognitive
experiment and possible dynamic change of contingent attentional capture.
The behavioral data replicated the effect that attentional capture is contingent on the
relevance of peripheral distractor. Meanwhile, the electrophysiological indices
showed that task-relevant distractor evoked significant N2pc and attentional
suppression related component Pd. The amplitude of N2pc and Pd did not interact
with different sessions. The results of EEMD showed that the 6th IMF was positive
correlated with ERP components and the frequency of the 6th IMF located in the theta
band. Moreover, the pattern of the 6th IMF indicated that contingent capture
modulated the phase-locked values in the theta brain wave.
Keywords: contingent attentional capture, EEMD, IMF
49
P11
Facial bipartisanship: Taiwanese public’s ability to discriminate
between the photos of the candidates of the two dominant political
parties in Taiwan
胡舜傅 a, 陳宥蓁 a,b, 簡惠玲 a
a
中國醫藥大學神經科學與認知科學研究所 b 中國醫藥大學中醫學系
"Democrats and Republicans can be differentiated from their faces,” discovered Rule
and Ambady (2010) in their research under the same name. Extending their paradigm,
the present study aims to delve into the role of age, number of elections attended,
education, strategies in distinguishing among photos of the Democratic Progressive
Party (DPP) and Kuomintang (KMT, or Chinese Nationalist Party) candidates in
Taiwan, an arguably bipartisan state. The present study consists of two experiments:
Experiment 1 recruited 36 university students and Experiment 2, 36 25-55 yr-old
adults, both groups gender-balanced. The same set of stimuli (photos of candidates,)
were used in both experiments, stimuli controlled in such a way that the number of
photos of the two parties, the gender of the candidates, and the number of candidates
with glasses, were equated, and that candidates with extensive media coverage were
excluded. Participants were asked to guess the party of candidate portrayed in the
photo, and to indicate if they had already known to which party the candidate
belonged; if they had, their response on that item was excluded in subsequent analyses.
The open question “How did you guess?” was asked during an interview after the
experiment. Consistent with Rule and Ambady’s study, both university students and
adults aged between 25 and 55 “guessed” significantly better than chance (M=.535
(.06) >.50, p<.01). Even after we ruled out the observed response bias favoring KMT
(c= -.15(.34) <0, p<.01) statistically, we still found an extant sensitivity, d’=.14 (.34)
> 0, p<.01. Although age, education, and number of elections on which participants
voted, had no significant effects on overall accuracy of “guessing”, we found an
intriguing positive correlation between (r=.36, p=.007) adopting the strategy
“face-to-internal-trait inferences” and high accuracy. In sum, KMT and DPP could
also be differentiated by faces.
Keywords: Facial bipartisanship, face perception, political affiliation
2015 Annual Meeting
50
P12
The development of the other-race effect in school-aged Taiwanese
children: using a morphed face paradigm
戴佇歷 a, 陳君嫚 a, 簡惠玲 a
a
中國醫藥大學神經科學與認知科學研究所
The other-race effect (ORE) refers to better recognition for faces of one’s own race
than faces of other unfamiliar races. Using a morphed face paradigm, Walker and
Tanaka (2003) reported an encoding advantage for processing faces of own-race over
other-race in Canadian Caucasians. The present study extended their approach to
examine the encoding advantage hypothesis in school-aged children in Taiwan. Here
we examined the developmental change of the other-race effect during childhood by
testing a group of 6- to 12-year-old children and a group of undergraduate students as
a comparison. The methods of constant stimuli, with a continuum of morphed pictures
of Caucasian and Taiwanese female face images, were used. The participants were to
perform a sequential 2AFC same/different face discrimination task. In each trial,
participant would view an Asian or Caucasian parent face for 1 s, followed by either
the same parent face or a different morphed face with equal probability. In the
“different” trials, the Asian (or Caucasian) parent face will be followed by a morphed
face consisting of 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% contribution from that parent face and
the remaining percent contribution morphed from the Caucasian (or Asian) parent
face. The psychometric function on the percent of correct rejections for Asian- and
Caucasian-parent conditions were separately fitted with an accumulative normal
function. As predicted, undergraduate students were clearly superior at recognizing
own race faces. For children, 11- to 12-year-olds recognized own-race faces more
accurately than other-race faces, whereas 5- to 6-year-olds, 7-to 8-year-old recognized
own- and other-race face equally well. A steady improvement in face discriminating
ability occurs between 6 to 12 years was observed ; the slopes of the psychometric
functions for the Asian condition gradually increased with age, while the slopes for
the Caucasian condition remained shallow across this age range.
Keywords: Other-race effect; face perception; child development; morphed faces;
perceptual encoding
51
Language
P13
Semantic Ambiguity Effect on Chinese Character Naming - A
Corpus-based Approach
張亞寧 a, 李佳穎 a
a
中央研究院語言學研究所
Words are considered semantically ambiguous if they have more than one
meaning and can be used in multiple contexts. A number of studies have
demonstrated ambiguity advantage in both naming and lexical decision tasks
(e.g., Rodd et al., 2002). Semantic ambiguity is typically measured by the
number of meanings based on dictionary definitions or subjective ratings. To
provide more objective contextual measure of semantic ambiguity, a
corpus-based approach has been developed. For example, Adelman, Brown,
and Quesada (2006) derived contextual diversity of a word by counting the
number of contexts in a text corpus contained the word. However, this measure
may not reflect how various contexts associated with a given word relate to
each other. That is even a word can be used in various contexts the meaning in
each usage may be similar. To explore this, we performed latent semantic
analysis on the Academia Sinica Balanced Corpus to compute contextual
diversity of Chinese characters. We further computed the best number of
distinct clusters grouped by the contexts that contained a given word by using a
k-means algorithm, termed contextual distinctiveness. We demonstrated that
contextual distinctiveness was superior to contextual diversity in predicting
Chinese naming data. These result suggests that considering the substructure of
various contexts associated with a given word can provide a relatively fine
scale of ambiguity information for a word.
Keywords: semantic ambiguity, linguistic context, naming
2015 Annual Meeting
52
P14
Building the Taiwanese Norm of the Harvard Group Scale of
Hypnotic Susceptibility
林美靜 a, 張智宏 a
a
The assessment of individual hypnotic susceptibility is crucial for systematic
investigations on hypnosis in cognitive neuroscience. This report describes the status
of on-going norm construction for a Taiwanese adaptation of the Harvard Group Scale
of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A (HGSHS-A) (Shor & Orne, 1962). Currently, the
Taiwanese HGSH-A was carried out on eighty three participants (36 females and 47
males), and has shown the following features: (1) 18.1% of the participants are of
high hypnotizability (scored > 9), 65.1% are of medium hyponitizability (scored
between 4 and 9) and 16.8% are of low hypnotizability; (2) the results also show
consistent trend in response rate of each item with previous reports in the literature.
The reliability and validity of the normative data were also assessed: The
discriminating power of every item, which indicates the extent to which it
discriminates between individuals of high and low hypnotizability, ranged between
0.18 ~ 0.91; Cronbach’s alpha for the whole scale was 0.905, showing good internal
consistency. Finally, factor analysis found four factors explaining 46.25% of total
variance. To summarize, although currently the sample size of the Taiwanese
normative data is still quite small, it already shows good discrimination power and
high reliability, as well as similar features to versions in other languages. The
development of the Taiwanese HGSHS-A norm looks promising at this stage, and it
will become an useful tool for initial screening of hypnotic susceptibility in Taiwan.
Keywords: hypnotisability, HGSHS-A, norms, Taiwanese
53
Learning and Memory
P15
Differential roles of theta and gamma oscillation within the
temporoparietal network in supporting binding—visual working
memory: a transcranial alternating current stimulation study
曾祥非 a , 張育庭 a, 阮啟弘 a
a
How does the brain enable us to remember two or more object representations in visual
working memory (VWM) without confusing them? This “gluing” process, or binding, refers
to the ability to join certain features together while keeping them segregated from others in
order to form correct object representations of the external world (e.g., I saw a green circle
and a red triangle, and not the other way around). Recent neuroimaging research has reported
higher BOLD response in the left fusiform gyrus and left parietal cortex when participants
perform a VWM binding task, especially during the memory maintenance period (Parra et al.,
2014). However, less is known about how the two regions work together to support such
process. In this study, transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) was used to test
whether neural oscillation in the range of theta (6 Hz) and gamma (40 Hz) band, which have
been shown to affect general working memory performance (Lisman & Jensen, 2013), may
play a causal role in mediating feature binding. In addition, phase differences of 0° (in-phase)
and 180° (out-phase) were also manipulated under each active stimulation condition to
account for the different ways through which neural entrainment may occur (Fell &
Axmacher, 2011). Our preliminary results showed an enhancement effect of out-phase
gamma stimulation in binding performance on the low-performers, with no facilitatory or
inhibitory effect from in-phase gamma entrainment. Furthermore, out-phase theta stimulation
impaired high performers’ ability to detect shape (single feature) changes, but not binding
changes, whereas in-phase theta stimulation had no effect in either direction. Together, these
results suggest that the left temproparietal network supports the VWM via different
oscillatory mechanisms, depending on the nature of the representation: whereas single-feature
representations rely on oscillations in the theta frequency range, bound representations of
multiple features are maintained via gamma-range entrainment.
Keywords: transcranial alternating current stimulation, theta oscillation, gamma oscillation,
binding-visual working memory, parietal cortex, temporal cortex
2015 Annual Meeting
54
Language
P16
Do the Abilities of Auditory and Visual Statistical Learning Correlate
with the Sensitivity to the Consistency of Phonetic Radicals?
Evidence from Non-native Chinese learners
余安雅 a, 宣恩盈 a, 吳嫻 a
a
Statistical learning has been proposed to be a domain general ability. However, this
characteristic has not been rigorously examined before. Recent studies have
demonstrated the predictive power of statistical learning in the visual modality (VSL)
on the success of learning Hebrew and Chinese as a second language (L2), while
statistical learning in the auditory modality (ASL) shows relatively little, if any,
correlation with most language proficiency indices. Such results, which may be due to
the fact that most language proficiency indices are literacy-based and thus draws
heavily upon the visual input processing skills rather than speech or auditory fluency,
imply that the ability of statistical learning is modality specific. Following this
reasoning, although ASL did not correlate with the performance of L2 learners in the
task of lexical decision, it is possible that it would correlate with these learners’
knowledge of the correspondence between Chinese orthography and phonology that is
indexed by their sensitivity to the consistency of phonetic radicals embedded in
Chinese characters. We thereby examined the correlation between the performance
of lexical decision and the consistency of Chinese characters of 105 non-native
Chinese-learners. The results showed that the participants’ accuracy and reaction time
correlated significantly with the frequency and consistency of Chinese characters.
Moreover, there was a significant negative correlation between the ASL ability and
the reaction time of lexical decision. However, neither ASL nor VSL correlated
significantly with participants’ sensitivity to the consistency or frequency of Chinese
characters. These findings could be caused by the fact that the stimuli were still
visually presented in the lexical decision task employed in the present study. Further
studies with tasks that require auditory or speech processing skills directly are needed
to determine the effect of ASL on L2 learning of spoken materials.
Keywords: bilingualism, statistical learning, modality specificity, lexical decision,
consistency
55
P17
An encoding advantage for faces of own-race over other-race in
Taiwanese participants: A morphed face study
陳君嫚 a, 胡舜傅 a, 戴佇歷 a, 簡惠玲 a
a
中國醫藥大學神經科學與認知科學研究所
The other-race effect (ORE) in face recognition refers to better performance in
recalling faces of our own race. Yet little is known as to the exact stage of visual
processing at which ORE came into play. Using a morphed face paradigm, Walker
and Tanaka (2003) reported a small but significant advantage at the stage of visual
encoding for faces of own-race over other-race in Canadian Caucasians. The present
study adopted Walker and Tanaka’s approach to further explore the encoding
advantage hypotheses in Taiwan, a mono-racial society. A set of morphed pictures of
Caucasian and Taiwanese male and female face images were used as the stimuli. In
each trial, the participant viewed a Asian or Caucasian parent face followed by either
the “same” face or a “different” face, morphed with a photo of the other race to a
certain percentage (90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, or 40%), and the probability for the
“same” and “different” trials were equal. The results showed that Taiwanese
participants (N=20, 10 females) had a higher correct rejection rate for Asian-parent
condition than that of Caucasian-parent condition. The results were further fitted with
accumulative normal psychometric functions and showed that the participants, males
and females alike, had a significantly lower discrimination threshold (15.22% for
Asian vs. 35.79% for Caucasian faces) and a steeper slope (1.15 for Asian vs. 0.909
for Caucasian faces) in the own-race condition. To sum up, our findings supported the
encoding advantage hypothesis for faces of own-race over other races.
Keywords: Other-race effect; face perception; morphed faces; perceptual encoding
2015 Annual Meeting
56
Language
P18
Visual lateralization effects and its neural manifestation in reading
Chinese characters
郭文瑞 a, 陳春宇 a
a
The goal of this study is to examine neural and psychological basis of visual
lateralization of Chinese characters using a bilateral visual presentation
protocol and fMRI. Chinese characters were simultaneously, bilaterally
presented to the participants, one in the LVF and one in the RVF. On the same
(visual) presentation frame, there was a central cue (< or >) accompanying the
two characters to indicate which character (the LVF one or the RVF one) to
attend and process for lexical decision. For robustness checking, frequency of
the characters was included as a variable and varied (low, medium, and high).
Results of single-character and two-character word conditions show processing
profiles opposite to each other for the left and right visual targets. That is, while
a LVF/RH advantage was revealed in the single-character condition, a RVF/LH
advantage was found for the two-character word condition. Our findings are
consistent with the behavioral data previously reported (Tzeng et al., 1979).
Neural manifestation of the advantage effects were revealed well in fMRI data
also, suggesting the way of how Chinese characters are processed in the brain.
Keywords: sentence processing, compounding, merging
57
Decision-making
P19
Age Reduces Striatal Selectivity and Increases Frontal Activation
during Choice Value Processing
蘇煜翔 a, 吳恩賜 a
a
國立臺灣大學心理學系
The ventral striatum and prefrontal cortex, involved in value prediction during choice
processing, show age-related decline in dopamine efficacy. In this study, we
postulated that such diminished dopamine efficacy might reduce neural selectivity of
value encoding in older adults relative to younger adults. In tandem, there may be
age-related overactivation in other frontal areas reflecting secondary processing due to
the reduced fidelity of value encoding. We conducted a functional magnetic resonance
imaging (fMRI) experiment using a lottery-choice task to investigate age-related
neural differences related to choice value processing. 40 younger and 40 older healthy
adults saw numbers depicting the probability of winning and losing specified point
values in the scanner. For each trial, participants chose to accept or decline the offer
and then outcome feedback was provided. Behaviorally, older adults were more likely
to accept choices coding low probabilities of winning compared to younger adults,
with relatively longer response times in low probability conditions as well. As
expected, whole-brain analysis of fMRI data revealed less sensitivity to increasing
probability levels in older compared to younger adults in bilateral nucleus accumbens
(NAcc). In addition, left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) showed
overactivation in older relative to younger adults particularly for responses to low
probability conditions. Further functional connectivity analysis showed that older
adults had negative connectivity between left DLPFC and right NAcc, which was
absent in younger adults. Thus, older adults have more difficulty in effectively
processing choice values, and specifically overvalue low probability choices.
Importantly, our study uncovers a novel mechanistic link between age-related
reduction in neural selectivity in the bilateral NAcc and overactivation in the DLPFC
during value encoding.
Keywords: Aging, Decision-making, fMRI, reduced selectivity, increased activity
2015 Annual Meeting
58
Language
P20
視知覺相關技巧對台灣學童中文識字能力之發展的影響
宣恩盈 a, 廖長彥 b, 古麒毓 b, 陳德懷 b, 辜玉旻 c, 吳嫻 a
a
c
國立中央大學學習與教學研究所
b
國立中央大學網路與學習科技研究所
由於中文字形與字音間對應的規律程度與透明性不及拼音文字系統，早期許多學
者認為聲韻覺識並不是中文字習得過程的有力指標，然而後來許多的相關研究還
是證實了此一變項對中文識字的影響。不僅如此，近年來在關於詞素覺識與視知
覺技巧等認知因素的相關研究中，也發現這些認知因素亦與中文識字能力有關。
可惜目前較少有整合性的研究，來驗證這些認知因素對中文識字之發展過程的影
響力大小，因此本研究嘗試以低年級學童共 214 位為研究對象，分析綜合各個認
知因素與中文識字指標間的關係。結果顯示，視知覺技巧與中文指標中聽讀詞彙
量、閱讀理解不僅有顯著相關，當排除智力、聲韻覺識與詞素覺識的影響之後，
對這兩項中文指標依然有獨立的解釋力。
Keywords: 聲韻覺識，詞素覺識
59
Language
P21
Auditory sentence comprehension: Multiple effects of sentential
constraint on word processing
王雅藝 a , 黃緒文 a
a
The current study examined sentence comprehension processes with auditory stimuli.
Participants listened to strongly and weakly constraining sentences followed by
predicted and unpredicted (but plausible) words for comprehension. Consistent with
prior work with visual presentation, predicted endings elicit smaller N400s than
unpredicted items, and this was true both within strongly and weakly constraining
sentence frame. Also, predicted word in strongly constraining contexts elicited smaller
N400 amplitudes than that in weakly constraining contexts. Moreover, the frontal
positivity associated with the cost by the revision of unpredicted words in strongly
constraining sentences was displayed from 700 to 1100 ms post-stimulus onset. These
findings suggest that context effects on word processing unfold over multiple
processing stages, and the processes between visual and auditory modality share
similar stages.
2015 Annual Meeting
60
P22
運用動態因果模型去研究虛擬實境誘發體感覺事件相關電位 P300 神
經網路
林宜樺 a, 薛楷勳 a, 陳純娟 a
a
國立中央大學生物醫學工程研究所
本研究目的為使用動態因果模型去探討被動式體感覺 P300 在大腦中的神經網路。
當中被動式體感覺 P300 是以虛擬實境所建立的新異刺激程序所誘發。十位男受
試者(22-29 歲)被要求用慣用手去接虛擬球。接球任務有兩種刺激條件:標準刺激
(有力回饋)與靶刺激(無力回饋)，發生機率分別為 80%與 20%。
DCM 結果顯示，頂葉-額葉網路較能解釋大腦在被動式體感覺新異刺激程序下的
活動，當中以 Forward 連結調變的重要性又高於 Backward 連結調變，Forward
的連結調變意味著感覺的訊息、目標的自動偵測、刺激驅使的注意力處理和記憶
的更新與儲存所產生的變化。
Keywords: Dynamic causal modelling, Somatosensory passive P300
61
P23
Holistic Processing of Faces May Underlie Performance on
Taiwanese Face Memory Test (TFMT)
Ya-Hsin Chenga,b, Kuanhao Chenga,b, Vicky Y.-H. Chena,b, and Gary C.-W. Shyia,b
a
b
國立中正大學認知科學研究中心
The main goal of the present study was twofold: (a) to establish a test that utilizes face
images collected and normed in the Taiwanese society in order to provide a culturally
calibrated tool for assessing face memory ability, and (b) to examine the relationship
of face memory performance with a range of face tasks to reveal the underlying
processing that may play an important role in face memory. To create the face
memory test, we followed the procedure of the popular Cambridge Face Memory Test
(CFMT) (Duchaine & Nakayam, 2006), and drew upon images from a Taiwanese face
database created by Shyi, Huang and Yeh (2013). Like CFMT, the Taiwanese Face
Memory Test (TFMT) was administered in three stages with increasing difficulty. The
results of TFMT from 52 participants showed an almost identical pattern reported by
Duchaine & Nakayama (2006), lending credence to the validity of TFMT. We then
correlated participants’ performance on the TFMT with their performances on an
array of three face tasks that tapped, respectively, component (feature), configural,
and holistic processing of faces. Only performances on the face composite task, which
presumably reflects holistic processing of faces, were significantly correlated with
that on TFMT, and in particular the latter two stages of TFMT, which tapped memory
of face identities rather than mere face images. Taken together, these findings not
only highlights the importance of creating culturally calibrated tool for assessing face
memory ability, but also implicates that holistic processing of faces may underlie
participants’ performance on TFMT.
2015 Annual Meeting
62
P24
Prefrontal Activity in processing Face and Voice Information
Shih-Tseng Tina Huanga,b, Ming-Chun Leea
a
b
國立中正大學認知科學研究中心
The present study investigated the brain activity in processing information of emotional face
and voice. Twenty young adults participated. Congruous and incongruous faces and voices
of angry and sad emotion were presented. In a congruous angry (or sad) pair, an angry (or sad)
face was presented with an angry (or sad) tone. The incongruous angry pairs contained an
angry face presented with a sad tone or neutral face with angry tone. And, the incongruous
sad pairs contained sad face with angry tone or neutral face with sad tone. In the event-related
potential procedure, congruous emotional pairs were presented in 85% and the incongruous
pairs were in 15% of the trials. The results found the latency of P120 and N170 were greater
at Pz than at Fz and Cz. Results also found higher mean amplitudes (MAs) of P300-500 on
sad than on angry pairs. Similarly, the MAs at F3 and F4 found greater on sad than on angry
pairs. It was also found a significant interaction of emotion and sex on P3 at F3 and F4,
suggesting male participants performed higher activation on the sad pairs than on the angry
pairs. The results suggested a greater activation at the parietal lobe at the initial phase and
male tended to perform higher activation in the integration of sad pairs of face and tone than
angry pairs.
I. Introduction
Previous research suggested that the judgment of the emotional tone of a spoken utterance is
influenced by a simultaneously presented face expression (De Gelder, Böcker, Tuomainen,
Hensen, Vroomen, 1999).In processing facial expressions alone, differential ERP patterns
were found at occipital-temporal regions within 300ms post facial stimuli (Leppanen,
Kauppinen, Peltola, Hietanen, 2007).It was also found that males showed an asymmetric
functioning in processing facial expression, whereas females showed a more bilateral
functioning at the early perceptual process (Proverbio, Brignone, Matarazzo, Del Zotto, Zani,
2006). The present study investigated the gender differences of brain activity in processing
emotional faces and voice utterance in both the perceptual and integrative processes.
II. Method
Participants: Twenty college students, 10 males and 10 females, were recruited from the
National Chung Cheng University in Taiwan to participate in the study. They were aged
63
between 18 and 24, with no history of neuropathology, and all with normal or corrected
vision.
Stimuli: Two types of stimuli, congruous and incongruous pairs of emotional facial expression
and voice utterance, were used. In each congruous pair, an angry (or sad) voice fragment
combined with a congruous angry (or sad) face expression. In each incongruous pair, an angry
voice expression was paired with a sad face, or a sad face paired with an angry voice.
Apparatus: As illustrated in Figure 2, the SynAmps2 brain-wave recording system of
Compumedics NeuroScan was used for recording EEG/ERPs. Sixty-four electrodes
NeuroScan quickcap for EEG recording was mounted on participants’ scalp with 64
electrodes planted at the standard 10-20 system locations and additional intermediate
positions. The EEG was amplified by the battery-operated SYNAMPS amplifiers with a gain
of 30,000 and a band pass of 0.01-70Hz. The impedance of all electrodes was kept below
5KΩ. The two reference electrodes were set at M1 and M2. The horizontal and vertical eye
movements were recorded at HEOG and VEOG, respectively. EOG artifacts were eliminated
and epochs beginning 200 msec prior to stimulus onset and continuing for 1000 msec were
defined and used. The brainwave data were filtered between 0.1 and 30 Hz.
Procedure: During the experiment, each participant was asked to sit in a chair facing a
17-inch screen and viewed a set of facial expressions also heard passively sentences that were
uttered with different emotional tones . A pair of earphones was used for eliminating other
environmental noise while listening to the speech stimuli.The sound stimuli were
programmed and presented by the software, E-prime (version 1.0) Figure 1.
Data analysis: ERP data were analyzed in terms of three temporal phases, namely the
initial phase (100-300 ms after stimulus onset), the morpho-syntactic phase (300-500 ms),
and the integration phase (500-1000 ms). The pre-processing of the EEG data including
epoching, filtering (bandpass: 0.1 Hz – 70 Hz, notch: 50 Hz), re-referencing, baseline
correction , artifact rejection, and averaging. Finally, a sample grand average was
calculated for each condition of emotional tones.
III. Results
In the event-related potential procedure, congruous emotional pairs were presented in
85% and the incongruous pairs were in 15% of the trials. The results found the latency of
P120 and N170 were greater at Pz than at Fz and Cz. Results also found higher mean
amplitudes (MAs) of P300-500 on sad than on angry pairs. Similarly, the MAs at F3 and
F4 found greater on sad than on angry pairs. It was also found a significant interaction of
emotion and sex on P3 at F3 and F4, suggesting male participants performed higher
activation on the sad pairs than on the angry pairs. The results suggested a greater
activation at the parietal lobe at the initial phase and male tended to perform higher
activation in the integration of sad pairs of face and tone than angry pairs.
2015 Annual Meeting
64
地圖及路線指引
Map & Directions
自行開車
1. 國道 1 號：於圓山交流道（建國北路） →建國高架→信義路匝道口下高架
（沿建國南路直行至和平東路右轉）→國立臺灣師範大學（圖書館校區）。
2. 國道 3 號：於木柵/深坑交流道下；接三甲台北聯絡道→辛亥路（至復興南
路口右轉） →復興南路（直走至和平東路口左轉)）→和平東路一段→國立
臺灣師範大學（圖書館校區）。
3. 停車資訊：國立臺灣師範大學地下停車場（半小時 25 元）－台北市大安
區和平東路一段 162 號、129 號。
搭乘捷運
1. 淡水信義線、小南門新店線『古亭站』5 號出口往和平東路方向，直行約 8
分鐘即可到達。
2. 台電大樓站：小南門新店線『台電大樓站』4 號出口往師大路方向直行約 8
分鐘即可到達。
搭乘公車
搭乘 15、18、235、237、278、295、662、663、672、907、和平幹線至「師大
站」或「師大一站」
國立臺灣師範大學圖書館校區
65
工作人員名單
Staff List
會務工作人員
姓名 Name
吳
嫻
吳仕煒
宋曜廷
國立臺灣師範大學邁向頂尖大學計畫辦公室
李如蕙
中央研究院腦磁波實驗室
李俊仁
張育愷
張智宏
郭文瑞
陳學志
黃植懋
國立交通大學生物科學學系暨研究所
黃緒文
名單按姓名筆畫順序排列
場務工作人員
姓名 Name
吳淯瑋
李沅翰
李佳瑋
李垚暾
谷潔如
姚在府
郭書豪
陳亦竹
陳映竹
國立臺灣師範大學
黃珮娟
劉兆婷
蕭亦佑
簡靜玲
國立臺灣師範大學
名單按姓名筆畫順序排列
2015 Annual Meeting
66
誌謝
Acknowledgements
國立交通大學 I-RiCE
行政院科技部
中央研究院腦磁波實驗室

Language - Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience

Transcription

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