Lesson 4 | Cells and Energy
Transcription
Lesson 4 | Cells and Energy
Lesson 4 | Cells and Energy Student Labs and Activities Page Appropriate For: Launch Lab 66 all students Content Vocabulary ELL 67 all students Lesson Outline ELL 68 all students Content Practice A 70 AL AL AL Content Practice B 71 AL OL BL School to Home 72 Key Concept Builders 73 Enrichment 77 Challenge 78 AL AL BL Lab A 81 AL AL AL Lab B 84 AL OL BL Lab C 87 AL AL BL Chapter Key Concepts Builder 88 AL AL AL Lesson Quiz A 79 AL AL AL Lesson Quiz B 80 AL OL BL Chapter Test A 89 AL AL AL Chapter Test B 92 AL OL AL Chapter Test C 95 AL AL BL all students AL AL AL all students Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Assessment Teacher Support Answers (with Lesson Outlines) AL Approaching Level T6 OL On Level BL Beyond Level ELL English-Language Learner Teacher evaluation will determine which activities to use or modify to meet any ELL student’s proficiency level. Cell Structure and Function 65 Name Date Launch Lab Class LESSON 4: 5 minutes What do you exhale? Does the air you breathe in differ from the air you breathe out? Procedure 1. Read and complete a lab safety form. 3. In your Science Journal, record any 2. Unwrap a straw. Use the straw to changes in the solution. slowly blow into a small cup of bromthymol blue. Do not splash the liquid out of the cup. Think About This 1. What changes did you observe in the solution? 2. What do you think caused the changes in the solution? Key Concept Why do you think the air you inhale differ from the air you exhale? 66 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 3. Name Date Class Content Vocabulary LESSON 4 Cells and Energy Directions: In this word search puzzle, find and circle the four terms listed below. Then write each term on the line before its definition. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. cellular respiration fermentation glycolysis photosynthesis F H G L X R L X P O B J K A L F C M X E R R S P A Y I K M U Y G I Q Y B P Q R C Y F K Q N I Y S N S V F V Y D H N M A R W W G K U B E J S W C R A O O L E G Y U L I C W W T J T E Z J S O T C N V L X F D B W Q Y S B Z K V E J O L T E E Y C X H V S B V H E K X Z O S F A J F X C W U D N I N Z P Z O E C Y I T D H U W O A V A G C H F P V A J N E I N A F M I L Z K Z F F B A H U F T G O Q G O R B S Y P A V F B B K N I H C N O I T A R I P S E R R A L U L L E C K Q O E P G K V G I Y S O L U S I S B V Z A Y U P P E Q B S J I E V B T I O U Q E S H W E U D K Y R G W N G M S Y 1. Cells use oxygen in this process to convert food energy into ATP. 2. This is a reaction used by cells to obtain energy from food when oxygen levels are low. 3. This process breaks apart glucose. 4. This process converts light energy into glucose and releases oxygen. Cell Structure and Function 67 Name Date Class Lesson Outline LESSON 4 Cells and Energy A. Cellular Respiration 1. All 2. things need energy to survive. is a series of chemical reactions that convert the energy in food molecules into a usable form of energy called ATP. 3. The first step of cellular respiration, called glycolysis, occurs in the of all cells. 4. During glycolysis , a sugar, is broken into smaller molecules. 5. The second step of cellular respiration occurs in the of eukaryotic cells. This step requires . 6. During the second step of cellular respiration, the smaller molecules made during are broken down. Large amounts of usable energy, called 7. , are produced. and carbon dioxide (CO2) are two waste products that are given off during the second step of cellular respiration. 1. Eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells use fermentation to obtain energy from food when levels are low. 2. Fermentation occurs in a cell’s . 3. Lactic-acid fermentation converts into ATP and a waste product called lactic acid. 4. Some types of bacteria and yeasts make ATP during fermentation. This process produces and CO2. C. Photosynthesis 1. Plants and some unicellular organisms obtain energy from . 2. Photosynthesis is a series of chemical reactions that convert light energy, water, and CO2 into 3. In plants, light energy is absorbed by and . such as chlorophyll. 68 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. B. Fermentation Name Date Class Lesson Outline continued 4. The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in , the organelles in plant cells that convert light energy into food. 5. Photosynthesis uses CO2 that is released during to make food energy and release oxygen. 6. When an organism eats plant material, it takes in released during Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. energy. An organism’s cells use photosynthesis. Cell Structure and Function 69 Name Date Class Content Practice A LESSON 4 Cells and Energy Directions: Put the following steps in the correct order from 1 to 7. Then add the information to the flowchart to show the steps in cellular respiration. Chemical reactions occur in the cell’s cytoplasm. Small molecules enter mitochondria. Carbon dioxide is released from the cell. Water is released from the cell. Small amounts of ATP are released. Sugar molecules enter a cell. Large amounts of ATP are produced. 1. 2. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 7. 3. 6. 4. 5. 70 Cell Structure and Function Name Date Class Content Practice B LESSON 4 Cells and Energy Directions: Work with a partner. Take turns quizzing each other by reading the questions aloud. Use the textbook to research answers that you are unsure about. 1. What does cellular respiration convert? 2. In which organelle does respiration take place? 3. What happens during glycolysis? 4. What three things are produced during the second step of respiration? 5. How does the process of fermentation differ from the process of respiration? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 6. Where can the process of lactic-acid fermentation be found? 7. What do human and animal cells obtain through lactic-acid fermentation during exercise? 8. What does alcohol fermentation produce? 9. What do plant cells use to produce glucose and oxygen? 10. What is reflected by a plant to give it a green color? 11. What does an animal take in when it eats a plant? 12. Which molecules are involved in photosynthesis and respiration? Cell Structure and Function 71 Name Date School to Home Class LESSON 4 Cells and Energy Directions: Use your textbook to answer each question or respond to each statement. 1. What is cellular respiration? 2. In which two parts of the cell does cellular respiration occur? 3. How is fermentation similar to cellular respiration? 4. How is fermentation different from cellular respiration? Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 5. What is photosynthesis? 6. Identify the following chemical reactions: a. 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 b. C6H12O6 → ATP (energy) + lactic acid c. C6H12O6 → 6O2 + 6H2O + ATP (energy) d. C6H12O6 → ATP (energy) + CO2 + alcohol 72 Cell Structure and Function Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 4 Cells and Energy Key Concept How does a cell obtain energy? Directions: Label this diagram by writing the correct term from the word bank on each line. Some terms may be used more than once. carbon dioxide light energy oxygen reactions in chloroplasts reactions in cytoplasm reactions in mitochondria water Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Cellular Respiration in Plant and Animal Cells 1. _______________ 2. _______________ _______________ _______________ Glucose is broken down into smaller molecules. Smaller molecules are processed releasing energy. 3. ______________ ______________ 4. ______________ ______________ Photosynthesis in Plant Cells 5. ______________ ______________ 6. ______________ ______________ Cell Structure and Function 7. _______________ _______________ 8. ______________ Light, energy, water, and carbon dioxide react to produce glucose (stored energy). ______________ 73 Name Date Key Concept Builder Class LESSON 4 Cells and Energy Key Concept How does a cell obtain energy? Directions: Complete the chart to explain the process of cellular respiration. Create a diagram showing where glycolysis occurs. Step 2 Explain the production of ATP in mitochondria and identify which molecule is required for the process. Create a diagram of a mitochondrion showing what occurs in Step 2. Alternate Step—Fermentation Explain what fermentation is and compare the type of fermentation used by humans to obtain energy with the type used by some kinds of bacteria. Create a diagram comparing the two types of fermentation. 74 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Step 1 Explain the process of glycolysis and tell where it occurs. Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 4 Cells and Energy Key Concept How do some cells make food molecules? Directions: On each line write the correct term from the word bank. carbon dioxide glucose light energy oxygen water Sun 1. Chloroplast Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2. and 3. Mitochondrion 4. ATP (energy) and 5. Directions: Circle the term in parentheses that correctly completes each sentence. 6. In photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by (water/chlorophyll) and other pigments. 7. The chemical reactions of photosynthesis occur in organelles called (chloroplasts/mitochondrion). 8. In photosynthesis, light energy, water, and (carbon dioxide/oxygen) are used to make sugars. 9. Photosynthesis also produces (oxygen/carbon dioxide) that is released into the atmosphere. Cell Structure and Function 75 Name Date Class Key Concept Builder LESSON 4 Cells and Energy Key Concept How does a cell obtain energy? Directions: Use the diagram to complete the chart below. Write five questions for cellular respiration and five questions for photosynthesis. Then trade with a partner and answer your partner’s questions. Photosynthesis Light Energy Carbon Dioxide Oxygen Sugar Water Vapor Respiration Energy Released Question Example: What is needed for respiration? Answer Sugar and oxygen are needed for respiration. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 76 Cell Structure and Function Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Name Date Class Enrichment LESSON 4 Photosynthesis Takes on World Hunger Hunger affects millions of people worldwide. Scientists are working hard to find solutions to this problem. A promising solution might be found in one of the most common processes on Earth—photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, plants and certain algae use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make sugar-rich food. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere; the oxygen is used by living things during cellular respiration. Photosynthesis is clearly crucial to life functions. However, it is not an efficient process. At best, plants store only about 1 percent of the energy they receive from the Sun. By improving the efficiency of photosynthesis, scientists hope to increase crop yields. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Switching Enzymes Enzymes are proteins that break larger molecules into smaller molecules. The rubisco enzyme is the most abundant protein on Earth. In photosynthesizing organisms, the rubisco enzyme helps take in carbon dioxide and convert it into sugars and other compounds. It is also slow and inefficient. Red algae, however, contain a more efficient form of rubisco. Scientists theorize that they can increase crop yields by replacing the enzyme currently found in grains and other crops with the more efficient form of rubisco. Or they might be able to alter the rubisco in crops so it resembles the more efficient form of the enzyme. Mixed Reviews Scientists are divided about whether these theories hold true promise. Some scientists state that studies thus far have not proved the connection between increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis and increasing crop yields. Other scientists insist that making photosynthesis more efficient leads to marked increases in crop yields—as much as 12 percent in a two-year period. As the debate over rubisco continues, scientists are exploring other methods of improving the efficiency of photosynthesis. For example, photosynthetic efficiency might be increased by forcing large amounts of carbon dioxide into a plant’s cells, a process know as supercharging. Using these and other techniques, scientists hope to substantially reduce world hunger. Applying Critical-Thinking Skills Directions: Answer each question. 1. Apply Assume that scientists are successful in putting the more efficient form of rubisco into common crops. Could you assume that such crops would produce higher yields when they are grown in fields? Why or why not? 2. Judge Some scientists do not see any promise in increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis, but other scientists do. How could you decide which argument to support? 3. Weigh What possible disadvantages might be associated with increasing the efficiency of photosynthesis? Cell Structure and Function 77 Name Date Class Challenge LESSON 4 Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Directions: Complete the table to compare cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Use the information in the completed table to write a poem that compares cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Comparison of Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis 1. 2. Reactants 3. 4. Products 5. 6. Chemical Equation 7. 8. 78 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Where It Occurs Cell Structure and Function