8 CHAPTER II REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE This chapter
Transcription
8 CHAPTER II REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE This chapter
8 CHAPTER II REVIEW TO RELATED LITERATURE This chapter presents definition of teaching, young learners, definition of vocabulary, techniques of teaching, instructional media, CTL technique, 2.1 Definition of Teaching According to Jarolimek and Foster (1976 : 51) ’’Teaching, one aspect of education, is an interaction between a teacher, a person who induce intelligent behaving, and a learner, a person who is acquiring intelligent behavior’’. It means that teaching is transferring the teacher’s knowledge to the learners. Based on Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, teach is to show somebody to do something so that they will be able to do it themselves; to give somebody information about a particular subject; to help somebody learn something. It can be concluded that teaching is helping the students to study to get knowledge and sharing information between teacher and students. 2.2 Young Learners Scott and Yteberg ( 1990 : 5 ) Young learner mean ’’children from the first year of formal schooling (six to seven years old ) to seven or twelve years of age’’. It means that they are equal to the elementary school students of the Indonesian schooling system. The education of elementary 9 is great value in their increasing, which affect the way they study English. Therefore, the characteristic of young learners is very important to explain. Philips ( 1995 : 2 ) ’’ the physical world of young children was dominant at all the time’’. Furthermore, their own understanding came through hands, eyes and ears. They had very short and concentration span. Young children were often happy playing and working alone but in the company of others. In http ://www.teyl.com/science.html Oxford University Press stated that there are some characteristic in the children learning, they are : 1. Children have fewer inhibitions than adults in making mistakes. Children can be more embarrassed around their peers than adults. Some children experience extreme anxiety when they are asked to perform in another language. 2. All children learn a second language in the same way. Culture and social class are strong factors in determining how a child learns a second language. Some children learn better from peers than from adult instruction. 3. All children learn a second language at the same rate. Outgoing and sociable children tend to learn a second language more quickly than shy children. Different cultures also place different value on how quickly a child learns language. 4. The younger children are when they begin to learn a second language, the better they sill learn it. Many children studies have proved the 10 opposite. Expect for pronunciation, children who start learning at an older age perform better and show quicker gains than those who started learning at an earlier age. We still do not know why this happens. Knowing the fact that children have some unique characteristic, the teacher should provide the various activity that imply the children’s characteristic and it must be made the children interest with the lesson. According to Scott and Ytreberg, characteristic of the young learner : 1. They know that the world is governed by rules. They may not always understand the rules, but they know that they are there are to be obeyed and the rules help to nurture a feeling of security. 2. They understand situations more quickly than they understand the language used. 3. Their own understand come through hands, eyes and ears. The physical world is dominant at all times. 4. They have a short attention and concentration span 5. Young learner sometimes have difficulty in knowing what is fact and what is fiction. 6. Young learner are often happy playing and working alone but in the company of others. 7. Young learner cannot decide for themselves what to learn. 11 8. Young learner love to play and learn best when they are enjoying themselves. 2.2 Vocabulary 2.3.1 Definition of Vocabulary The goal of teaching and learning English language is that the students get the four language skills. In learning the four language skills, they need a lot of vocabularies, because vocabulary has an important role in communication using the target language. According to Hornby ( 2000 : 1447 )’’ Vocabulary is all the words that person knows or uses : all the words in a particular language : the words that people use when they are talking about a particular subject : a list of words their meaning especially is important for learning a foreign language. It means that vocabulary mastery is important for learning foreign language’’. It also helps the uses of language to avoid misunderstanding when the discourse happens. According to Longman ( 1998 : 1177 ) ’’ Vocabulary is words known, learned, used. It means that vocabulary is important to know, learn and use, without having a good vocabulary, they cannot make meaningful sentences in communication’’. 2.3.2 Kind of Vocabulary English vocabulary is divided into two kinds, they are active vocabulary and passive vocabulary. 12 a. Active Vocabulary The students can use the vocabulary in real communication in spoken or written. Furthermore, they can avoid misunderstanding able when they use proper words to express what they want According to Hornsby (2000 : 1447) Active vocabulary is the words that you use. It means that active vocabulary is the words that we use for speaking or writing. b. Passive Vocabulary The students sometimes find the difficulties to understand some words, they may get the meaning bay reading or listening first. The teacher can help the students to improve the students’ vocabulary mastery through a challenging activity. Hornsby ( 2000 : 1447 ) says ’’Passive vocabulary is the words that we recognize and understand when listening or reading materials’’. 2.4 Technique of the Teaching Teaching is defined as the way of giving something to the students, making the students from not knowing something become knowing ( Longman English Dictionary: 1986 : 231 ). It means that to get knowledge, the people have to practice in real situation through teaching learning process. Oxford dictionary ( 1999 : 425 ) teaching is to give knowledge, skill, or wisdom to a person. Teaching can not be defined apart from learning. Nathan Gage ( 1964 : 269 ) noted that, To satisfy the practical demands of education, 13 theories of learning must be stood on their head, so as to yield theories of teaching. Teaching is guiding and facilitating learning, enabling the learner to learn, setting the conditions for learning. Your understanding of how the learner learn will determine your philosophy of education, your teaching style, your approach, methods, and classroom techniques. Teaching process involves many aspects, they are students, teacher, materials, etc. their involvement causes the teaching learning process or activities run easily. Understand if we consider teaching as system. Teaching does not come from teacher only, but also comes from radios, newspapers, book, internet, etc. It means that the role of teaching is not only as formal but also as an formal. Learning by doing is usually use the students in elementary school setting. It means that they will more active and they can explain their opinion what will they want and say. It is connected with their characteristic. Scott and Ytreberg ( 1990 : 7 ) says ’’The way children learn a foreign language, and therefore the way to teach it, obviously depends on their development stage. So the teacher should think the right technique for presenting the material that correlate with the children needs’’. Scott and Ytreberg ( 1990 : 7 ) state some points to bear in mind when a teacher to decide activities for young learner. First the activities should be a simple enough for children to understand what is expected of 14 them. Second, the task should be within their abilities. Third, it needs to be achievable but at the same time sufficiently stimulating for them to fell satisfied with their work. Then, the activities should be largely basedindeed, with very young children listening activities will take up a large proportion of classes time. Finally, written activities should be used sparingly with younger children. Children at six or seven years old are often not yet proficient in the mechanics of writing in their own language. From the statement above, teaching for children must present the four skills, listening, speaking, reading, and writing but it should think about the stage of the age of the learner. Furthermore, it is important to make the students enjoyable with the lesson. 2.5 Instructional Media Kasbolah( 1995 : 70 ) states ’’that young children tend to react to situations as a whole. Through experience they start differentiating their responses to the things around them’’. It can be said that young learners will easy to learn if they see or touch what they are taught to them. The teacher can use media to teach young learner. Nurhajati in TEYL on paper says that means audio visual which maybe used by teachers and learners to attain certain education objectives. It means that media can help a teacher in presenting the lesson and make easy the learners to understand the lesson. Teacher of young learners have to use some visuals in their teaching activities to facilities their teaching. In general some of the 15 visuals are (1) still pictures; (2) realia; (3) drawing or teacher – made drawing; (4) charts, posters, cartoons; and (5) real objects. It can be concluded that there are some types of media and the function is the teacher can choose which media that appropriate with the material, the students need and also whether is it to prepare or not. 2.6 Contextual Teaching Learning Johnson ( 2002 : 25 ) stated’’ that CTL is an educational process that aims to help students see meaning in the academic material they are studying by connecting academic subjects with the context of their daily lives, that is, with the context of their personal, social, and cultural circumstances’’. To achieve this aims, the system emphasizes the following eight components; making meaningful connection, doing significant and creative thinking, nurturing the individual, reaching high standards, using authentic assessment. Concerning with the students individual needs, teacher should apply some principles to run CTL. They are : 1. Teacher should plan the lesson fit on the students’ development appropriate. Here, curriculums, methodology that are used, have to be used on the condition of the students’ social, emotional and educational development. 16 2. Teacher should make independent learning groups. Students study from their friends in little groups and study together in the classroom. So, students will be active. 3. Teacher should make self-regulated learning. Regulated learning has characteristic, those area awareness in thinking, the strategy using, and continuing motivation. Based on the survey, children on 5 – 16 years old get development awareness to the knowledge that they have, characteristic of the duty which imply their learning, and learning strategy. 4. Teacher should consider the diversity of students. Because as we know that students some from different, natural, language and social economic degree. They should be considered by teacher. 5. Teacher should pay attention to the multiple intelligences students. 6. Teacher should use questioning technique to improve students development. In order TL can reach the significant degree, so that students should have ability in making quality questions. It should be trained for them. 7. Teacher should use authentic assessment. Then assessment that can be used as like written test, portfolio, homework, quiz, students’ work, presentation, demonstration, report, journal, interview, discussion groups. 17 2.6.1 Five Main Strategies CTL Center of occupation research and development (CORD) stated five strategies to educator to apply CTL, Prof. Dr. H. Wina Sanjaya, M.Pd (2006, 263-268) they are: 1. Relating. Studying is related to the context of real life experience. 2. Experiencing. Studying is emphasized to exploration, discovery, and invention. 3. Applying. Here, students study how the knowledge is presented in exploiting context. 4. Cooperating. Studying is related to the context of interaction in a group. 5. Transferring. Studying by using the knowledge in a new situation or context. 2.6.2. 1. Main Component in CTL Questioning. Questioning is a center from the CTL, the beginning of knowledge, and an important aspect of learning. The purpose of question is to know something, to confirm, to appreciate, to guide, to activate the schemata, to judge, to clarify, to focus, to avoid misinterpretation. Teacher uses question to guide students in thinking, to make continuities value of the students’ understanding. It is taken in reach competency which is needed in all aspect. There are some kinds of contexts which can be used by teacher to apply the questioning technique in the classroom. They are 18 questioning is one of the entering and including way in doing something. Questioning is a tool used by someone to start and depend interaction with others, questioning is a strategy used actively to clarify and to make sure an information, questioning is a strategy used actively by students to analyze an explore the idea. 2. Learning Community. It can be taken by makes students have habits in talking and sharing their experience and work together. Learning each other can be done if there is no dominant side in communication. Generally, the result of learning community is better than by doing individually. There is responsibility of team work ; every member of the team work has the equal responsibility. There is an effort to built learning motivation by students which has not been able to do it. Learning community creates a situation and condition, so that students can study with others. The teacher has role to guide the learning process in a group. There must be two ways communication and multi ways. There is a willing to receive a better idea from another. There is a willing to respect another idea. There is no the only right idea. The students dominant should be reduced, so that there is an equaling role in learning community. Student asks to his friends. Learning community concept suggest in order learning result in gotten from work together with others. The result was gotten from sharing among friends and groups. 19 3. Reflection. Reflection is the way of thinking about what has studied or thinking to back about what has been done in the previous. Reflection is a description to the activity or knowledge gotten. Reflection gives is a response to the act, activity, or knowledge gotten. A meaningful experience is gotten from the process. The knowledge gotten is enlarged by learning context and will be developed step by step. Teacher helps students to relate the knowledge gotten which the new one. Therefore the students will feel that they find something useful for their selves. The key is how the knowledge is caught and understood in students’ mind. 5. Authentic Assessment. Assessment is a process of collecting data which gives description of students’ development in learning process. Authentic assessment can be taken from : written test, portfolio, homework quiz, students’ work, presentation, demonstration, report, journal, interview discussion group. It is taken to message students’ knowledge and students’ ability. It also prepares them to apply their knowledge and their ability. 6. Inquiry. Inquiry is a complex idea that means many things to many people in many contexts. Inquiry is question. Question related to what students has studied. Question must be able to observe and validate meaningfully. 20 In this case, their cycles that can be done, as like : observing, questioning, analyzing, describing concept either individually or in group. 2.6.3 Teaching Strategy in CTL In CTL, teaching strategy used is teaching problem based learning, cooperative teaching, teaching based inquiry, teaching based task, teaching based work, teaching based service. 2.6.3.1 Problem based learning Problem based learning is an approach using the problem in real world as a context of students in learning to thing critically, and the skill to solve the problem and also getting knowledge and essential concept from the learning subject. Problem based learning is designed to help teacher by giving the information as many as possible to the students. Ibrahim and Nur ( 2000 : 7-12 ) stated that there are three purpose in this case. They are thinking and solving problem skill, modeling of parent’s role and autonomic and self supporting students. 2.6.3.2 Cooperative learning Cooperative learning is designed to create the interaction so that the learning source is not only teacher and book, but it can be students or somebody else. There are some characteristic in cooperative learning ; they are positive dependent, face to face, individual accountabilities, and individual relationship skill. Example : learning method which divided the 21 students become groups or teams and every group consists of 5 or 6 students with hydrogen characteristic. Here the academic material from is texts. Every students has to be responsible to study it. And this groups or teams can be called as an expert group. 2.6.3.3 Authentic learning Authentic learning is the learning which gives introduction of the students to learn meaning context. The students can improve the intelligent and can solve the problem which are important in real of context life, because the students always get difficulties to apply the skill that they have got from school in real daily life because the context of the school is higher than the context of real life. The teacher helps the students to learn how to solve problem by giving the duties which have the real of context life with conducting in the skills in real of context life. Then to solve these problems, the students have to identify the problem, try to solve it, analysis, and report the findings by themselves. Moreover, the students can apply the skill academic such as : collecting information, accounting, writing, and reading in real of context life.