A Beginner`s Guide to Fruit Tree, Fruiting Vine and Nut Tree
Transcription
A Beginner`s Guide to Fruit Tree, Fruiting Vine and Nut Tree
A Beginner’s Guide to Fruit Tree, Fruiting Vine and Nut Tree Identification Compiled by William Allison, Dec 2012 About this guide: This is designed to be a source for referencing information on identifying several types of fruit and nut trees that are common and easily harvested in the City of Portland. While there are many useful tools for identifying a tree, we have used a set of characteristics to describe these trees and vines that should make it possible to identify a tree or vine in any season; Description, Bark Appearance, Leaf Appearance, Twig Appearance, Leaf Structure, Flowers/Bloom and, Fruit. This guide attempts to provide information about the trees and vines mentioned that will be applicable in different seasons. As you attempt to identify a tree or a vine, do not limit yourself to using only the characteristics described here, there are many indicators. The twigs and the bark are the most useful indicators to become familiar with, because they are present year round. In the spring and in the summer, the leaves, flowers and fruits will be outstanding and readily observed indicators for most. Throughout this guide, words that are highlighted (e.g. dioecious) can be found in the glossary of terms. Image: Texas Tree Trails Image: Texas Tree Trails Apple ‘Malus Domestica’ Common varieties include: Fuji, Gala, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith, Gravenstein, Liberty, McIntosh, Pink Lady, Red Delicious Description: Mature Size 15-25 ft high; 1-2 ft. diameter; generally poor (form), with twisted trunks and low branching; spur shoots are prominent. When unpruned, numerous sucker shoots form along trunk and in crown. Bark Appearance: Variable, generally smooth when young, later thin and scaly. Twig Appearance: Moderate in thickness, brown to gray, rapid growth usually gray hairy, generally many spur shoots; buds plump ovate, gray hairy. Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID Leaf Structure: Alternate, simple, elliptical to ovate, 1 1/2 to 3 inches, pinnately veined, finely serrated, sometimes borne on spur shoots, green above and paler, white pubescent below and on the petiole. Flowers/Blooms: Perfect, showy, may be white to red in color, with 5 petals for each flower; appear in the spring, usually in umbels. Fruit: Pomes of various sizes and color (cultivar dependent) ranging from yellow to red when ripe in the fall. 1 Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID, Date? Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID 1. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID. Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation. European Pear ‘Pyrus Communis’ Common varieties include: Bartlett, Bosc, Comice, D-Anjou, Red Bartlett Description: Typically quite upright and conical with very narrow branch angles. Bark Appearance: Gray-brown to reddish brown, becoming grayish brown with shallow furrows and flattopped scaly ridges. Twig Appearance: Glossy brown to reddish brown, medium in texture, spur shoots present; terminal buds are medium in size (less than 1/4 inch), conical to dome shaped, and may be lightly hairy. Leaf Structure: Alternate, simple, ovate with a finely serrated margin, 1 to 4 inches in length, shiny green above, paler and dull below. (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Flowers/Blooms: Clusters of showy white flowers (each 1/2 to 3/4 inch across) appearing before or with the leaves. Fruit: A large edible pome (3 to 4 inches), pear-shaped.2 2. Peterson. VT Tree ID. Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation. (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Asian Pear ‘Pyrus serotina, Pyrus Pyrofilia, Pyrus Calleryana’ Common varieties include: Hosui, Shinseiki, and Fujitsu Description: The sand pear is larger than most kinds of pear trees, reaching as high as 40 ft (12 m), with a rounded crown that may spread 20 feet (6 m) or more across. 3 A small, erect, sometimes spiny deciduous tree reaching 9-15 m in height.4 (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Bark Appearance: see photo on right (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Twig Appearance: see photo on right Leaf Structure: see photo on right Flowers/Blooms: The flowers are pure white with crimson anthers, 3 to 3.5 m centimeters (1.2 to 1.4 inches) in diameter, and are borne in rounded clusters on slender stalks 5 Fruit: The fruit is a pyriform to subglobose pome, 2-3 cm in diameter in wild forms and up to 15 cm in cultivars, brown, reddish-brown or yellow in colour. 5 Its hard, round fruits are 3 to 4 centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 inches) in diameter, brown, and covered with pale dots. The fruit has an extremely gritty texture (hence its common name—sand pear) and a puckery aftertaste when bitten into. 6 Image: Forest and Kim Starr (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf 3. Christman, Steve. Floridata Pyrus Pyrofilia. 4. Pyrus Pyrofilia,Ecocrop.org 5. Andris, Beutel, Day, Kozuki. Asian Pears. 6. Tredici, Del Peter. The Sand Pear Pyrus Pyrofilia Persimmon ‘Diospyros kaki, Diaspyros Virginiana’ Common varieties include: Fuyu, Hachiya Description: Deciduous, fruit bearing tree native to Asia but common in North America. Grows 35 – 60 feet tall 20 – 30 feet wide at the crown. Bark Appearance: thick, dark gray to black and distinctly divided into "blocks" by deep furrows, often described as having an appearance similar to the skin on an alligator's back. Twig Appearance: Slender, brown and gray. Buds are slightly triangular with three outer scales. Terminal buds are absent. Flowers are dioecious. From the photo on the right, we can see that the buds are alternate. Leaf Structure: Leaves have a smooth margin and are ovate shaped. Flowers/Blooms: dioecious (male and female on separate trees), though some mosaics are known. Female flowers are bell-shaped, yellowish-green to creamy white, fragrant. Male flowers are more tubular and greenish-yellow. Fruit: Fruit is a large, juicy berry. Large (12 inches) fleshy berry with several flattened seeds. Unripe fruits are green, then yellow, and mature to a deep purplish-orange. They may have a reddish-to-purplish blush. Fruits are high in tannins and astringent when unripe, but maturing slowly to lose the astringency. The calyx usually remains with the fruit when it drops or is picked. Fruit is persistent; sometimes well into winter or lasting until spring. 7 Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf 7. Diaspyros Virginiana L. Botany. Persimmon Pudding Plum ‘Prunus salicina (Japanese), Prunus domestica (European), Prunus insititia, Prunus Americana’ Common varieties include: Santa Rosa, Shiro, Wickson, Brooks, and Stanley, Damson Description: Prunus americana Marsh., American plum, is a deciduous large shrub or small tree with a broad crown, reaching heights up to 15 feet. Bark Appearance: See Photo on the right Twig Appearance: The plant’s numerous stems are grayish and become scaly with age; its branches are more or less spiny with sharp-tipped twigs. The roots of American plum are shallow, widely spreading, and readily sprouting. Image (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Leaf Structure: Leaves are alternate, broadly oval in shape with a sharply tapering tip, and sharply, often doubly toothed edges; they are generally 2 to 4 inches long on slender stalks, dark green above, pale and smooth below. Flowers/Blooms: Flowers are white, 5petaled, about 1 inch across, and borne singly or in clusters at the juncture of a stem and leaf. Fruit: Fruits are red to yellow, almost globular edible plums about l inch in diameter. 8 8. American Plum Plant Fact Sheet, USDA NRC http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pram.pd f Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Quince ‘Cydonia oblonga’ Common varieties include: Orange, Pineapple, and Smyrna Description: Cydonia oblonga is a monotypic genus belonging to family Rosaceae, subfamily Spiraeoideae, tribe Pyreae, and subtribe Pyrinae (USDA 2009a). It grows as a multi-stemmed shrub or small tree and has pubescent to tomentose buds, petioles, leaves, and fruit. All varieties are self-pollinating.9 As they mature, trees take on an unusual gnarled form. Foliage is deep green and pubescent underneath, turning yellow in fall. Fruits are very fragrant and are commonly used to make jelly.10 Bark Appearance: Image: Joseph Postman Twig Appearance: Leaf Structure: Leaves are ovate to oblong, about 2 inches (5 centimeters) across and 4 inches (10 centimeters) long Flowers/Blooms: The solitary white flowers are 1½ to 2 inches (4 to 5 centimeters) across, have 5 petals, 20 or more stamens, 5 styles, an inferior ovary with many ovules, and are borne on current season growth. Bloom time overlaps with that of apples, usually beginning mid April in the central latitudes of the northern hemisphere Fruit: The fruit is a fragrant, many-seeded pome about 3 inches (8 centimeters) in diameter. Shape ranges from round to pear-like, flesh is yellow, and the Baileys refer to it as “hard and rather unpalatable” (Bailey and Bailey 1976; Rehder 1986). Fruit size and leaf size of cultivated varieties can be many times larger than the wild type described above. 9 Image : Fruit Trees Direct 9. Postman, Joseph The Unappreciated Quince 10. Quinces, Cydonia Oblonga. Cornell University Dept. of Horticulture Cherry ‘Prunus avium, Prunus cerasus’ Common varieties include: Bing, Royal Ann, Stella, Lapins, Rainier Form: A small to medium sized tree, generally to 50 feet, with a broadly rounded crown. 11 Leaf: Alternate, simple, 2 to 5 inches long, oval to obovate, serrated margin (slightly rounded teeth), obvious darkened glands on petiole, generally with more than 8 pairs of veins. Flower: Showy, white, 1 inch across, 3 to 5 per cluster, appearing early spring. Fruit: Sour Cherry: Sweet, dark red to black, 1/2 to 1 inch across, may be clustered on spur shoots; matures early to mid summer.11 Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID Sweet Cherry: Sweet, dark red to nearly black drupe, 1/2 to 1 inch across, may be clustered on spur shoots; matures early to mid summer.12 Twig: Medium textured, gray-brown, with a mild bitter almond taste; buds large (up to 1/4 inch), reddish brown; spur shoots present with multiple terminal buds. Bark: Gray-brown, smooth, with prominent, long horizontal lenticels, often peels. 11. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera and Peterson, VT Tree ID, Sour Cherry Factsheet 12. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera and Peterson, VT Tree ID, Sweet Cherry Factsheet Image: Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID Fig ‘Ficus carica’ Common varieties include: Brown Turkey, Desert King, and Stella Description: A broadly spreading shrub or small tree with a height of 25 feet and a width greater than or equal to the height. Bark Appearance: Smooth and silvery gray, somewhat warty. Twig Appearance: Stout, new growth may be somewhat pubescent, leaf scars nearly round, terminal bud conical, wrapped in a single cap-like scale that leaves a bud scale scar that nearly encircles the twig. Resting buds apparently form after each leaf is formed. On overwintering twigs, flower buds are nearly round. Leaf Structure: Alternate, simple, deciduous; 5 inches in diameter, but sometimes larger; palmately lobed with (usually) 5 finger-like lobes, dark green above and lighter green below, petiole exudes a milky sap, somewhat scabrous, margins entire and wavy. Flowers/Blooms: Either male and female or all female, flowers not showy, green, fleshy and rounded, the actual flowers minute, located on the inner surface of a hollow receptacle. Fruit: An edible fig; purple-brown, pearor onion-shaped, and somewhat leathery when mature, succulent, 1 to 2 inches, technically a multiple of tiny drupes; produced in two distinct crops - an early crop that arises from old wood and a late summer crop that arises from new wood.13 Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf 13. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID – Common Fig Factsheet Grape ‘Vitis vinifera, Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis rotundifolia” Common varieties include: Flame, Concord Description: High-climbing perennial liana. Bark Appearance: The bark is distinctively shredding and without lenticels; the pith is brown and interrupted at nodes by a diaphragm. Twig Appearance: See image on the left. Leaf Structure: Leaves 10-20cm long and broad, simple, alternate, orbicular to cordate, variably toothed, and almost always 3-lobed. Leaf lobes are typically shallow and more or less forward-pointing. Leaves are thick and display strong palmate venation. Leaf undersides are permanently and completely covered in brown pubescence (5, 6, 7, 10). Flowers/Blooms: Flowers are borne in groups of 20 or fewer on ovoid axillary panicles 4-8cm long. Flowers are perigynous, 5-merous, green, and incomplete: the calyx is essentially missing. Stamens are 5, opposite the petals, and can be elongate to short and erect to reflexed, if the flower is sterile or fertile, respectively. Pistils are rudimentary to well-developed depending on fertility. The superior ovary is 2celled with 2 ovules per cell. Styles are short; stigmas are 2-lobed (6, 7, 10). As an interesting side note, grape floral characteristics are highly conserved; vegetative characters are much more useful in distinguishing between species, unlike most other plants (5). Fruit: The fruit is a dark red to black, sweet berry 15-25mm in diameter. Fruits are borne in axillary panicles (6, 7, 10). 14 14. Susu, Yuan. Plant Diversity Website. University of Michigan Image: Will Cook, Muscadine Grape, 2010 Image: © Les Mehrhoff, 2008-2010 Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Hardy Kiwi ‘Actinidia arguta, Actinidia deliciosa, Actinidia kolomikta’ Common Varieties Include: Ananasnaja (Anna), Cordifolia, Issai Description: Fast growing decidious, twiny, vine. May require a support structure to ensure continued growth. Known to grow 25' to 30' but can grow taller with proper support. Vine can grow up to 20' in one season given the right conditions. Bark Appearance: Mature bark appears gray and flaky Twig Appearance: See photo on the right. Image: About-Garden.com Leaf Structure: alternate, simple, unlobed leaves with sharp serrations; 3" to 5" long lustrous, unmarred dark green color Flowers/Blooms: whitish-green with purple anthers; 0.80" across in clusters at leaf axils, hidden by leaves. Fragrant. June-July. Dioecious. 15, 16 Image: About-Garden.com Fruit: The fruit are generally green, fuzzless, and the size of grapes. Cut open, they look much like regular kiwifruit with its small black seeds, emerald green color, and typical rayed pattern. Although typically green in both the skin and flesh, some cultivars have various amount of red, either in the skin, flesh or both. Hardy kiwifruits are generally sweeter than regular kiwifruit. 2 15. NJ Invasive Species Strike Team, Hardy Kiwi 16. California Rare Fruit Growers, Hardy Kiwi Image: About-Garden.com Walnut ‘Juglans regia (English), Juglans Hindsii (Black)’ Common varieties include: Hartley, Scharsch Franquette, Placentia, Chandler, Howard, Pedro, Tehama Description/Form: Black walnut usually matures in about 150 years. An average site will produce mature black walnut trees which are 70 to 80 feet in height and attain diameters of 2 to 4 feet when grown in a forest stand. On the best sites this tree may reach up to 150 feet tall and over 8 feet in diameter. When grown at low stocking or in open fields, black walnut produces a short, wide spreading crown. A deep, wide spreading root system supports this large tree. Leaf: The deciduous leaves are 1 to 2 feet long, alternate, and compound. The 15 to 23 leaflets are stemless, unequally rounded, and wider at the base than at the pointed tips. Flower: Unisexual flowers emerge on black walnut from mid-April to mid-June, appearing with the leaves on a separate inflorescence of the same tree. Fruit: A globular fruit is produced which contains a corrugated nut in its yellowishgreen husk. The nut is usually 1 1/2 to 2 1/2 inches in diameter, containing an oil-rich, sweet, and edible seed. The large fruit ripens between September and October. Upon ripening the husk softens and turns dark brown to black. Twig: The brown to orange-brown twigs are stout, with large, shield shaped, conspicuous leaf scars. Bark: Mature trees have a deeply furrowed gray-brown to nearly black bark.17 17. Dickerson, John. Black Walnut Fact Sheet Image: Seiler, Jensen, Peterson, Aust, et al. Image: Seiler, Jensen, Peterson, Aust, et al. Image: Seiler, Jensen, Peterson, Aust, et al. Pawpaw ‘Asimina triloba’ Common varieties include: Description: Perennial tree or shrub that grows from 3 to 12 meters tall. Bark Appearance: See photo on the right Twig Appearance: See photo on the right Leaf Structure: The drooping, pear-shaped leaves are alternate, from 10 to 30 cm long, with smooth margins and pointed tips. The leaves are coated with fine whitish hairs on the upper surface with rusty-colored hairs on the under-side. Leaves are aromatic, with a smell reminiscent of bell pepper. The deciduous leaves turn bright yellow before dropping in the fall. Flowers/Blooms: Inconspicuous but interesting flowers (4 to 5cm in diameter) with 3 sepals, are green upon opening and turn to dark purple or maroon in color. From 1 to 4 flowers grow in the leaf axils before leafing, usually in April or May. The six velvety petals (2cm-2.5cm long) are stiff and curl slightly backwards. Fruit: Yellowish green to brown, cylindrical, mango-shaped fruits are 7-16 cm long and grow solitarily or 2 to 4 together. The large fruits (5 to 16 ounces) ripen between August and October. Fruits have a thin skin, which contain a yellow custard-like pulp that is said to taste like papaya. Some varieties contain a whitishgreen pulp that is less flavorful. Fruits contain several flat 2cm long seeds. 18 Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf 18. Immel, L. Diana. Paw Paw Fact Sheet Images: USDA NRCS. Wetland flora: Field office illustrated guide to plant species. USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. Provided by NRCS National Wetland Team, Fort Worth, TX. Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Chestnut ‘Castanea Dentata, Castanea Crenata, Castanea Mollissima’ Common varieties include: American Chestnut, Chinese Chestnut Description: A small tree with low branching and a rounded crown, reaching up to 40 feet tall. Bark Appearance: Gray-brown to brown, furrowed, but without distinguishable patterns. Twig Appearance: Moderately stout, tan to olive-brown with prominent lenticels, gray fuzzy; buds are graybrown and pubescent, offset from leaf scar, covered with 2 to 3 overlapping scales. Leaf Structure Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, oblong, 5 to 8 inches long, coarsely serrated (but not as strongly toothed as American chestnut), shiny green above and paler and fuzzy below. Flowers/Blooms: Monoecious; male flowers are small and white, borne in long (4 to 5 inches) slender catkins; female flowers are borne on short aments, 1/2 to 3/4 inch long, appearing in early summer. Males flowers are strongly smelling. Fruit: Large spiny (very sharp) bur 2 to 3 inches in diameter, each contains 2 to 3 edible nuts, 1 to 1 1/4 inches in diameter, shiny brown, typically flattened on 1 to 2 sides, ripen in late summer.19 Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf 19. Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID – Chinese Chestnut Castanea mollisima Factsheet Image: (c) 2004 Steven J. Baskauf Glossary of Terms Spur: A short branch that is specialized for flower and fruit production on most fruit species. (Ingels, 196) The petiole: The stalk connecting a leaf to a stem. (Ingels, 195) Internode: The portion of a stem between two nodes or buds. (Ingels, 194) Node: The point on a shoot or branch where a leaf is attached and one of more buds arise on the leaf Axil. (Ingels, 194) Leaf axil: The angle formed by the petiole with the shoot (Ingels, 194) Leaf Scar: After a leaf falls, a leaf scar remains on the twig at the point at which the leaf was attached. Within each leaf scar there are one or more bundle scars, each representing a crosssection of vascular bundles that ran from the branch into the petiole when the leaf was attached. (Fewless, Gary. Glossary of Terms Relevant to the Identification of Trees and Shrubs) Stipule: Stipules are green, leaf-like, (often small) structures, attached to the twigs in pairs, one at each side of the base of a petiole. In some species they may fall off early in the growing season and in others they may persist essentially throughout the growing season. In either case they leave behind distinctive, though often very small, stipule scars on the twig that may provide important key characters. The shape of stipules may vary dramatically from one species to the next. Some species do not produce stipules. (Fewless, Gary. Glossary of Terms Relevant to the Identification of Trees and Shrubs) Umbel: an inflorescence in which the pedicels (flower stalks) arise from a single point Terminal Bud: A bud that develops at the tip of a shoot or branch when growth stops. (Ingels, 196) Vegetative Bud: A bud that produces only a shoot with leaves. (Ingels, 196) Syconium: A type of multiple fruit in which the flowers are borne inside of a balloon-like receptacle (e.g., figs). (Ingels, 196) Anther: The tip of the stamen (male flower part) that contains the pollen grains. (Ingels, 192) Dioecious: Of plants, species that have male flowers on one plant and female flowers on another, such as kiwifruit and pistachio. Compare to monoecious. (Ingels, 193) Calyx: The usually green outer whorl of sepals of a flower. (Ingels, 192) Lenticels: One of the small, corky pores or narrow lines on the surface of the stems of woody plants that allow the interchange of gases between the interior tissue and the surrounding air. Marginal: Pertaining to the edges of the leaf. (Ingels, 194) Entire: Having a smooth margin Sinuate: Having slight curves with smooth wave-like edges Dentate: Having small teeth at the margin Serrate: Having larger, bent teeth at the margin Lobbed: Having several major projections from the center Pinnate Venation: Veins extend from a midrib to the edge (elm, peach, apple, cherry). SOURCE: CMG COLOSTATE.EDU Palmate Venation: Veins radiate fan-shaped from the petiole (maple, grape). Source: CMG COLOSTATE.EDU Perigynous: A flower where the floral parts are inserted around the ovary. This is a special case for flowers with a hypanthium [flower base to where stamens, sepals and petals are attached]. Technically, the ovary is superior for these flowers. Tomentose: A covering of thick, wooly hairs Pubescence: A covering of short, soft hairs Drupe: Botanical name for a one-seeded fruit derived entirely from an overy with a stone endocarp containing the seed. Stone fruit and almonds are drupes. (Ingels, 193) Inflorescence: A cluster of flowers on a branch or on a system of branches. Sepal: One of the outermost flower structures; usually encloses the outer flower parts in the bud. Part of the Calyx. (Ingels, 195) Monoecious: Of a plant, bearing both male and female flowers separately on the same plant, as with walnuts, pecans, filberts and chestnuts. Compare with Dioecious. (Ingels, 194) Liana: any long-stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil and climbs or twines around other plants. Recommended Articles Catlin and Chapman. Growth Stages in Fruit Trees - From Dormant to Fruit Set. New York’s Food and Life Sciences Bulletin. NO. 58 http://fls.cals.cornell.edu/OCRPDF/58a.pdf. Web Article Sources Almond Trees. Daviswiki.org. Nov. 25 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 < http://daviswiki.org/almond_trees> American Plum Plant Fact Sheet. United States Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, 5 Feb. 2002. Web. 5 Dec 2012. < http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_pram.pdf> Andris, Beutel, Day, Kozuki. Asian Pears. University of California Fruit and Nut Research and Information Center, 6 Feb. 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://fruitsandnuts.ucdavis.edu/dsadditions/_Asian_Pears/> Baskauf, Steve. Bioimages. Vanderbilt University, 23 Nov. 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 <http://bioimages.vanderbilt.edu/> California Rare Fruit Growers Inc. Hardy KiwiFruit, Actinidia arguta. Web. 10 Dec. 2012 < http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/hardy-kiwifruit.html > Cook, Will. Muscadine Grape (Vitis Rotoundifolia). Will Cook, 26 Mar. 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://www.carolinanature.com/trees/viro.html > Christman, Steve. Pyrus Pyrofilia. Floridata.com, 18 Mar. 2010. Web. 10 Dec. 2012. < http://www.floridata.com/ref/p/pyrus_pyrifolia.cfm> Diaspyros Virginiana L. Botany. Persimmon Pudding. Web 5 Dec 2012. < PersimmonPudding.com/Botany.html > Dickerson, John. Black Walnut Fact Sheet – Juglans Nigra. USDA NRCS New York State Office, Syracuse, New York, 5 Feb. 2002. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 < http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_juni.pdf > Fewless, Gary. Glossary of terms relevant to the identification of trees and shrubs. Cofrin Center for Biodiversity, University of Wisconsin Green Bay. Web. 10 Dec. 2012 < http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/trees/glossary_for_trees01.htm> Fruit Trees Direct, http://www.fruittreesdirect.co.uk/fruit-trees-c1/quince-trees-c37/vranja-quince-treep201. Web. 14 Dec. 2012 Ingels, Geisel and Norton. The Home Orchard – Growing your own deciduous fruit and nut trees. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources, 2007. Print Edition Immel, Diana L. Paw Paw Plant Guide. United States Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service, 21 May 2001. Web 5 Dec 2012. < http://plants.usda.gov/plantguide/pdf/cs_astr.pdf> Mehrhoff, Lez. Vitis Labrusca. DiscoverLife.org, 6 Dec. 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 < http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Vitis+labrusca&mobile=iPhone > New Jersey Invasive Species Strike Team. Hardy Kiw, Actinidia Arguta. Web. 10 Dec. 2012 < http://www.njisst.org/fact-sheets/plants/Actinidia_arguta_2011.pdf > Postman, Joseph. “Cydonia Oblonga: The Unappreciated Quince” Arnoldia - The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum 2009 (Volume 67 Number 1). Web 5 Dec. 2012 < http://www.scribd.com/doc/46556699/2401-Copy> Pyrus Pyrofilia. Ecocrop.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN. Web. 5 Dec 2012. <(http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/home> Quinces, Cydonia Oblonga. Cornell University Dept. of Horticulture, 11 Oct. 2010. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 http://www.fruit.cornell.edu/mfruit/quince.html Rieger, Mark. Almond – Prunus Dulcis. FruitCrops.org. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 < http://www.fruitcrops.com/almond.html> Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID – Apple, Rosaceae Malus. Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=59 > Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID – Common Pear, Pyrus Comunis. Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=369 > Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID – Common Fig, Ficus Carica. Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=741 > Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID – Sour Cherry, Prunus Cerasus. Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=860 > Seiler, Jensen, Niemiera, and Peterson. VT Tree ID –Sweet Cherry, Prunus Avium. Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=63 > Seiler, Jensen, Peterson, Aust, et al. VT Tree ID – Chinese Chestnut Castanea mollissima Fact Sheet,. Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, 2010. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus/factsheet.cfm?ID=23 > Seiler, Jensen, Peterson, Aust, et al. VT Tree ID – English Walnut Juglandaceae Juglans,. Virginia Tech Department of Forest Resources and Environmental Conservation, 2010. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. < http://dendro.cnre.vt.edu/dendrology/syllabus2/factsheet.cfm?ID=856 > Starr, Forest and Kim. Pyrus pyrifolia var. culta (Asian pear, Japanese pear, sand pear) Stem at Olinda, Maui. 2009. Starr Environmental. Plants of Hawaii. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 < http://www.starrenvironmental.com/images/image/?q=090919-5146&o=plants > Susu, Yuan. Plant Diversity Website - Vitis Labrusca L. University of Michigan. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. < http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rburnham/SpeciesAccountspdfs/VitilabrVITAFINAL.pdf > Texas Tree Trails. “Generalized Leaf Shapes.” Image. http://www.texastreetrails.org/leaftwigidlinks.html. Texas Tree Trails. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 Tredici, Del Peter. The Sand Pear Pyrus Pyrofilia. Arnoldia - The Magazine of the Arnold Arboretum 2010 (Volume 67 Number 4). Web 5 Dec. 2012 < http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/issues/2010-67-4Arnoldia.pdf >