HBHS Novice - hbhsmun
Transcription
HBHS Novice - hbhsmun
UNODC United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime topics: Mexican Drug War Organized Crime in Asia Chaired by the Honorable Taylor Marosek, Scarlett Anderson, and Joey Paturzo S i n c e HBHS April 25th, 2015 1 9 7 8 Novice hbhsmun.webs.com Huntington Beach High School Model United Nations UNODC April 25th, 2015 Welcome to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime! Hi all. I’m Taylor Marosek and am a junior at HB making it my third year in our MUN program. Currently I am planning on majoring in the field of computer science/engineering. Currently, I am on our school’s swim team, I snowboard, and am a gymnastics coach. In the past I have done all types of sports from soccer to dance, volleyball, track, etc. I enjoy hiking, video games, and hanging out with friends in my spare time. Hello I’m Scarlett and I am a sophomore at Huntington Beach High School. This conference will be my first time chairing and I am so excited to see everyone in committee. Along with being in Modeled United Nations for two years, I am also in Associated Student Body (ASB), the Academy of the Performing Arts (APA), National Honor Society (NHS), and in a plethora of honors classes. I wanted to be in this committee for my last eight conferences and I am thrilled that I now get to chair it. I look forward to all of your innovative solutions in debate! See you in April! Hello I’m Joey Paturzo and I am so excited to be a chair in this committee. I am junior at Huntington Beach High School and currently am in my third year of MUN. This will be my first time chairing at a conference. Aside from MUN I am a leader in Fellowship of Christian Athletes, participate in the National Honors Society, play baseball, and other stuff outside of school. UNODC is my favorite committee to be part of as a delegate and I can wait to hear all of you debate about these pressing issues. If you have any questions you can email my fellow chairs and me at [email protected]. Position Papers must be submitted to your Dais’s central email no later than 11:59 PM on April 19th, 2015 to be considered for a Research Award. Research Awards will be presented during committee; please be sure to follow the HBHSMUN Position Paper format available on our website. Your Dais’s central email is: [email protected] 2 1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I [email protected] UNODC April 25th, 2015 I. Mexican Drug War Topic Background area in Mexico. For example, the Sinaloa Cartel was put in charge of distributing the drug through the Pacific Ocean or the Tijuana Cartel used the close connection of Tijuana as an entry point into the United States. Gallardo divided the Mexican cocaine trade into different groups and regions so that if the police did try to stop the illegal drug trade they could not stop the whole Guadalajara Cartel, but only a portion of it.iii However, once Gallardo was detained by the Drug Enforcement Agency in 1989 a huge power vacuum over the cocaine trade occurred in Mexico. Each of the subdivisions of the Guadalajara Cartel turned into a cartel of its own and attempted to rule the drug trade. The power vacuum of these various cartels stirred up large amounts of violence in the years to come.iv Much of the violence resulted from territorial disputes because the cartels still controlled the areas assigned to them, and if another cartel impeded on their area, gang wars would occur. However, today a main problem with this drug war is the endless supply of guns and other forms of weaponry supplied to these cartels. v The states that border Mexico and the United States, such as Texas supply large amounts small arms to these cartels because their gun policy is loose. Large military grade weaponry is flowing from the black markets south of Mexico in Guatemala. With these two arms suppliers, the various Mexican drug cartels violence is constantly fueled. In addition, these cartels are still able to function because they are able to launder large The Mexican drug has its roots in the 1980’s and 1990’s with a main distributor and manufacturer of the cocaine in Colombia. The Medellin Cartel, which ruled cocaine trade in Colombia, used Mexico as an entry point to international markets for cocaine. i The cartel and its leader, Pablo Escobar, chose Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo and his Guadalajara Cartel to be main cocaine distributors in Mexico. Already a large manufacturer and distributor of cannabis and methamphetamines, the Guadalajara Cartel was a perfect transporter of Colombia’s cocaine seeing that they already had a strong system of trading drugs. The Medellin Cartel brought the cocaine through the southern portion of Mexico where the Guadalajara Cartel would take the drug and distribute it to international buyers. ii At first the Medellin Cartel only paid Gallardo in money for his services, but as the years passed Colombia compensated them with 30% to 50% of the cocaine that flowed into Mexico. Now being paid in cocaine, the Guadalajara Cartel could now be the transporter and distributers of these drugs. Miguel Angel Felix Gallardo decided to split Mexico into various regions and have different people run the drug trade in these areas. This system of infrastructure created today’s main drug cartels in Mexico: Los Zetas, Sinaloa Cartel, Gulf Cartel, La Familia Michoacana Cartel, Tijuana Cartel, the Knights Templar, Beltrán-Leyva Cartel, and the Juárez Cartel. Each subdivision of the Guadalajara Cartel would be in charge of an 3 1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I [email protected] UNODC April 25th, 2015 (XLIII-O/13) “Declaration of Antigua Guatemala: For a Comprehensive Policy against the World Drug Problem in the Americas” from May of 2014. ix Therefore reflecting the guidelines set forth in mid2014 and reaffirming them throughout the international community. In 2008, the UN met in Vienna to achieve the goal of an international Political Declaration and Plan of Action regarding the world drug problem. In this document it states the member states to work toward implementing laws discussed and testing strategies and follow up on them with the international community. Furthermore, the 2009 Political Declaration and Action plan includes the commitment to being a prosperous drug eliminated or reduced nation. This document provides what to do and what not to do while reducing the drug supply in a nation, For example, it asks that nations not do anything quick and extreme, but instead use legal instruments and an integrated solution. x Three years later the tumult in heavy drug influenced area increased dramatically and nations stepped up to ask for a quicker resolution. For the first time since 1998, the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) will debate and reiterate the importance of control of drugs. The meeting in 1998, as well as the upcoming meeting in 2016, have been initiated by the President of Mexico, yet this time along with the Presidents of Colombia and Guatemala. Since the original set date for this meeting for 2019, it was moved up by General Assembly A/RES/67/193, International cooperation against the world drug problem, which was also sponsored by Mexico and ninety five other countries to make this meeting three years prior to the original set sums of money internationally, which keeps these cartels functioning. Finally, the corruption within the Mexican government and police force allow the cartels to rule Mexico. Statistics have shown that if an officer turns a blind eye towards the cartel’s actions, they will earn two to three times their original pay. vi Also, if government officials do not comply with these cartels, they will become targeted. The cartels have killed over forty mayors and dozens of city council members that have opposed the flow of the drug trade. The drug war officially started after 2006 when Mexico elected Felipe Calderon as president, and he sought to put an end to the power of these drug cartels. In a six year period, 2006-2012, the War on Drugs cost the lives of over 60,000 people and resulted in upwards of 6,000 missing persons.vii United Nations Involvement The United Nations has been fiercely advocating for the halt of all drug related incidents over recent years. Established in 1997, the UNODC has been helping nations with the prevalent issues of drugs, crime, and terrorism.viii More recently, a resolution was presented in the UN following a Hemispheric Review of the Organization of American States in September of 2014. Within this it recognized former resolutions and declarations such as AG/RES 2868 (XLIV-O/14) “The promotion and protection of human rights in the search for new approaches and effective solutions, in the development and implementation of policies for addressing the world drug problem in the Americas” which was presented in June of 2014 and AG/DEC. 73 4 1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I [email protected] UNODC April 25th, 2015 date. In this session, reviews of other drug control tactics will be shared as well as an overall review of major drug crime infested geographical locations.xi The Sinaloa Cartel is one that would prefer to use its monetary power but is not afraid to resort to violent methods if necessary or if threatened. They are seen as “reckless business men” by the residents of the state of Sinaloa as opposed to their archrivals the Los Zetas. xvi Most of the violence committed by the Sinaloa Cartel is in reaction to the Zetas, and although violence is less common from the former, the attacks are still gruesome and vicious. One example of extreme violence performed by this cartel was the execution of an opposing gang member, named Hugo Hernandez who was killed, cut into seven pieces, and had his face skinned off and reattached to a soccer ball. xvii Much more video evidence of executions has surfaced on the internet and is viewable to the public. Even though their current leader was incarcerated a few months ago, the cartel is still running strong. The Mexican government, with great help from the United states is currently battling against this group as well as many others, and believe to be winning the war as more cartels bosses are incarcerated and violence rates have dropped since 2012, but much of the public believes this to only be a temporary fall after more than 80,000 people have been killed.xviii The legalization of some illicit drugs in the United States is also seen to have the potential of weakening drug cartels such as the Sinaloas, but will most likely not fully eliminate them. There is no clear guess as to how much longer the drug war will continue, but most do not think it will be soon. Case Study: The Sinaloa Cartel Drug trafficking and cartels afflict every area in the world to some degree, but is especially prominent in the Latin American countries such as Mexico and Colombia. With the start of the Mexican Drug Wars in 2006, more attention has been brought to the public’s attention. One of the main belligerents is the Sinaloa Cartel. The Sinaloa Cartel is arguably the most powerful cartel in existence and is the most influential in Latin America. This cartel was first started in 1989 by Pedro Avilés Pérez on the Pacific coast of Mexico in the city of Sinaloa.xii It is currently being led by a man known as Joaquin "El Chapo" Guzman who became the number one public enemy in Chicago in 2013. He is the first drug lord to receive this title since Al Capone.xiii Since then it has evolved into a cartel superpower, holding great power in 17 states in Mexico including Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Zacatecas. xiv The Sinaloa Cartel is most known for its dealing of Colombian cocaine, Asian heroine, and Mexican meth and marijuana. It is also thought that this cartel has some presence in every major city in the United States, especially in the city of Chicago, Illinois. xv It is estimated that the Sinaloa Cartel makes about $3 billion a year from drug trafficking in the United States alone. 5 1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I [email protected] UNODC April 25th, 2015 II. Organized Crime in Asia Topic Background identified as lifesaving ones. xxii A study by INTERPOL concluded that counterfeit drugs kill one million people a year and give medical conditions to thousands more. It was also thought that up to 30% of drugs retailed internationally could potentially be fake.xxiii Some of the reasons that countries struggle to capture and prosecute is the lack of witness reliability, the loyalty of the accused to their gang or partners in crime, and discrepancies in extradition, or the transfer of a criminal to another country. The issue of witness reliability stems from them being unable to clearly see the full scene accurately due to the brain misreading information because of trauma or hysteria mutating the actual events. xxiv Even in still photos, people can misinterpret the scenario due to the brain’s response to stereotypes or familiarities rather than the actual image. xxv The captured members of an organized crime are hard to squeeze information from, whether it is due to loyalty for their cause, or if it is fear of the consequences and repercussions that they may face when they return, which makes it more difficult to investigate and gain intel on the group and its actions. The third setback to the halting of organized crime is the discrepancies in extradition and countries unwillingness to work together. When criminals commit a crime in another country, it is easy for them to flee back to their native country to escape the charges placed by the affected country. An example of this would be the Mexican drug cartels selling in the United States, and going back to Mexico to According to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the definition of organized crime is “any group having some manner of a formalized structure and whose primary objective is to obtain money through illegal activities” and contains at least three persons. xix Organized crime is not a new practice, nor is it solely confined into the Asian bloc. Organized crime has been harming Asia and every other country for hundreds of years and almost caused China to collapse entirely during the first and second Opium Wars (1839-1842) (18561860).xx Common forms of organized crime include, but are not limited to, drug trafficking, human trafficking, bribing, counterfeiting (money and goods), poaching, and money laundering as well as prostitution, murder, and robbery in some cases depending on country policy. Organized crime rates have not slowed, and with more and more technological advances, it is becoming easier to form connections online and for criminals to collaborate. Although organized crime growth shows no clear signs of slowing down, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has been tirelessly working to produce viable solutions in their ASEAN Plan of Action to Combat Transnational Crime since 1997.xxi While the drug trade consists of one third of all organized crime, counterfeit medicines are arguably one of the most dangerous of the listed as they are falsely 6 1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I [email protected] UNODC April 25th, 2015 escape the US judicial system. By making a treaty, a country can give jurisdiction to the other country, but there is no obligation by any of the member states to extradite their citizens to another country. xxvi Countries with poor relations are unlikely to work together to stop these organized crime groups or extradite an offender therefore leaving more criminals to enact more crimes only prolonging the spread of organized crime. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime addressed organized crime on an international basis. He stated that countries need to work together to put an end to these crime groups and focus on the three protocols of the UNTOC. From this committee session A/RES/65/116 summarizes the support countries have for strengthening the Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice in order to combat these organized crime groups with a more collaborative effort.xxix Involving specifically Asia, the United Nations has done much to act upon the illegal trades that organized crime groups participate in. Recently, India hosted the Heads of National Drug Law Enforcement Agencies. xxx This active body seeks to strengthen efforts of countries to stop the illegal trade of drugs, and in regards to Asia stopping the creation and distribution of heroine. Also tagging along with combatting the heroin trade, India hosted the 2nd Paris Pact, which focuses its attention on the drug’s influence in Afghanistan. In addition to these advancements, many Asian countries, such as India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Nepal, have recently ratified documents such as United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC). The UNCAC lays a basis for these countries and the UNODC on how to combat various organized crime groups such as the Yakuza.xxxi United Nations Involvement In regards to organized crime, the United Nations has been highly involved. Recently the UN held the General Assembly’s 55th session in 2000, which created the UNTOC. The UNTOC or United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime set up a framework regarding how countries should deal with organized crime groups.xxvii This convention addresses three main parts of organized crime that needs to be combated: human trafficking, smuggling persons into another country, and the illegal arms trade. Member states of this convention are obliged legally help one another and deal with extradition laws together. As of now the UNTOC is the leading form of an international collaboration to combat organized crime. In addition to the UNTOC is A/RES/2011/32, which urges countries to update and frequently check their financial records to look for trends in money laundering.xxviii The resolution also seeks to hold countries to a high standard of treating fugitives by not protecting them, but using legal matters and international aid to provide proper justice. Also, in the 65th session of the General Assembly the Executive Director of the Case Study: Yakuza Japan holds one of the largest organized crime groups in the world, Yakuza. Possibly originating from Kabuki7 1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I [email protected] UNODC April 25th, 2015 mono in the seventeenth century, Yakuza are easily recognized by their almost completely tattoo-covered body, yet are a plethora of clans rather than one single class. With over one hundred thousand members, this group is a force to be reckoned with. xxxii Yakuza is very much unlike other organized crime groups throughout not only Asia, but the world. The Yakuza group is very public with their social order and lives. The structure is like one of a typical gang: Kumicho, the ruler, has many men under him who listen to his demands. Yakuza rarely contains women in any ruling position, but are generally utilized as prostitutes among the groups. xxxiii Moreover, this criminal gang is infamous for gambling and prostitution, with occasional drug and firearm smuggling. Yamaguchi Gumi is a term also used to classify the Yakuza. They are the largest known gang in the world and are thriving mainly off drug trafficking. A member must be initiated and dedicated to the mafia in order to stay with them. xxxiv Exceptionally, Yakuza is monitored and regulated by Japanese police by laws of controlling organized crime and is not outlawed. In addition, after the Second World War, they served as a second regulation force to the public which proves their validity currently. The number of Yakuza members documented each year is on the decline, yet the number of members getting arrested each year is on the rise.xxxv This unity makes a profit by illegally organizing crime-involved operations. Yakuza operates businesses such as realestate companies, construction, and entertainment industries. Stock markets and Japan's very own professional wrestling team are also influenced by Yakuza. A financial gain is made through the process of personal gain while being specifically drawn out to maintain the Japanese politeness tradition. For example, one member may find private information or create invalid information about a board of a company and send members to meetings with the head of the company in order to threaten the release of confidential data. The company leaders more than likely go along with whatever the member proposes in order to avoid a scandal or further indirect threats from Yakuza. The Japanese government has yet to do anything to stop the growth and contain them. 8 1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I [email protected] UNODC April 25th, 2015 Questions to Consider Mexican Drug War: 1. 2. 3. 4. How do the main cartels operate? What weaknesses can be taken advantage of? Who are the main belligerents? Who supports them? Who do you support? Which cartels from neighboring countries aggravate the situation more, if any? What has your country done to stop local cartels? How can this be effective in Latin America? 5. How are the drug cartels affecting the neighboring countries? How are these countries reacting? Organized Crime in Asia: 1. Where in Asia is crime most prominent? 2. Other than drug trade, what other forms of organized crime exist? How can these forms be combatted? 3. What forms of organized crime do your solutions cover? Can some of them be used for multiple types? 4. Which forms of organized crime plague your country? What has your country done? Can these tactics be applied to Asia? 5. Why is international collaboration important? How can it be improved? 9 1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I [email protected] UNODC April 25th, 2015 i http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/drugs/business/inside/colombian.html ii http://www.cfr.org/mexico/mexicos-drug-war/p13689 iii http://articles.latimes.com/keyword/miguel-angel-felix-gallardo iv http://borderviolenceanalysis.typepad.com/mexicos_drug_war/page/2/ v https://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20110209-mexicos-gun-supply-and-90-percent-myth vi http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=14091&ArticleId=362206 vii http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/02/world/americas/mexico-drug-war-fast-facts/ viii http://stopthedrugwar.org/taxonomy/term/58 ix http://idpc.net/alerts/2014/09/reflections-and-guidelines-to-formulate-and-follow-up-o n-comprehensive-policies-to-address-the-world-drug-problem-in-the-americas x http://www.unodc.org/documents/ungass2016/V0984963-English.pdf xi http://idpc.net/policy-advocacy/the-un-general-assembly-special-session-on-drugs-ungass-2016 xii Dean, Lewis. "Why Are the Sinaloa Cartel the World's Most Powerful Gangsters?" International Business Times RSS. N.p., 16 Sept. 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. xiii Hootsen, Jan-Albert. "How the Sinaloa Cartel Won Mexico's Drug War." GlobalPost. N.p., 28 Feb. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. xiv Cook, Colleen W. Mexico's Drug Cartels. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 2007. 16 Oct. 2007. Web. 11 Mar. 2015. xv Mallory, Stephen L. Understanding Organized Crime. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett, 2007. Print. xvi Wilkinson, Tracy. "Sinaloa Cartel, Zetas Push Mexico's Drug Violence to New Depths." Los Angeles Times. Los Angeles Times, 27 May 2012. Web. 11 Mar. 2015. xvii Thompson, Paul. "Mexico Drug Wars Plumb New Depths after Gang Kidnaps Man, Cuts Him in Seven Pieces... Then Stitches His Face on to a Football." Mail Online. Associated Newspapers, 11 Jan. 2010. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. xviii Hootsen, Jan-Albert. "Is Mexico's Drug War Finally Over?" Vocativ. N.p., 10 July 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. xix "Glossary of Terms: Organized Crime." FBI. FBI, 26 Aug. 2010. Web. 11 Mar. 2015. xx "Opium Wars | Chinese History." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 20 Jan. 2015. Web. 11 Feb. 2015. xxi "ASEAN Plan Of Action To Combat Transnational Crime." ASEAN Plan Of Action To Combat Transnational Crime. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar. 2015. xxii "Organised Crime worth $90bn Year in East Asia." - Al Jazeera English. N.p., 16 Apr. 2013. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. xxiii Southwick, Natalie. "Counterfeit Drugs Kill 1 Mn People Annually: Interpol." Counterfeit Drugs Kill 1 Mn People Annually: Interpol. N.p., 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 11 Mar. 2015. xxiv Brave, Gerard A. "Organized Crime and Rackets Bureau." Organized Crime and Rackets Bureau. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. xxv Blake, John. "The New Threat: 'Racism without Racists' - CNN.com." CNN. Cable News Network, 27 Nov. 2014. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. xxvi Featherston, Lisa D. "Predator Hunters: International Extradition Problems." Predator Hunters: International Extradition Problems. N.p., 2 July 2007. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. xxvii http://www.unodc.org/unodc/treaties/CTOC/ 10 1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I [email protected] UNODC April 25th, 2015 http://www.un.org/en/ecosoc/docs/2011/res%202011.32.pdf http://www.un.org/press/en/2010/gashc3975.doc.htm xxviii xxix xxx http://www.unodc.org/documents/southasia/Newsletter/UNODC_South_Asia_Newsletter__Issue_XIX.pdf xxxi http://www.unodc.org/southasia/en/frontpage/2011/june/significance-of-the-untocto-address-human-trafficking-interview-with-mr-g-k-pillai.html xxxii http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2011/11/06/life/ex-tokyo-cop-speaks-out-on-a-life-fi ghting-gangs-and-what-you-can-do/#.VQDBDM4QHJE xxxiii http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/27/books.japan xxxiv http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/09/where-have-japan-s-yakuza-gone.html xxxv http://www.crimelibrary.com/gangsters_outlaws/gang/yakuza/1.htmlfortune.com/201 4/09/14/biggest-organized-crime-groups-in-the-world/ 11 1905 Main Street Huntington Beach, CA 92648 I hbhsmun.webs.com I [email protected]