teknik dalam penerjemahan lisan simultan di konferensi tingkat

Transcription

THESIS
TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN SIMULTANEOUS
INTERPRETING AT THE 2013 APEC SUMMIT
CONFERENCE
DEWA KETUT SUDIARTA WIGUNA
POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2014
THESIS
CONFERENCE
NIM 1290161038
MASTER PROGRAM
LINGUISTICS PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2014
CONFERENCE
Thesis to obtain a Master Degree in Master Program, Linguistics Program in
Translation Studies, Postgraduate Program Udayana University
NIM 1290161038
MASTER PROGRAM
LINGUISTICS PROGRAM IN TRANSLATION STUDIES
UDAYANA UNIVERSITY
DENPASAR
2014
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
THIS THESIS HAS BEEN APPROVED
ON DECEMBER 9TH, 2014
Supervisor I,
Supervisor II,
Prof. Drs. I Made Suastra, Ph. D.
NIP 195412241983031001
Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M. Hum.
NIP 196209161987022001
Approved by
Head of Master Program in Lingustics
Postgraduate Program
Udayana University,
Director
Postgraduate Program
Udayana University,
Prof. Dr. I Nyoman Suparwa, M.Hum. Prof. Dr. dr. A.A Raka Sudewi, Sp.S.(K).
NIP 196203101985031005
NIP 195902151985102001
iii
EXAMINERS BOARD SHEET
This Thesis has been examined
on December 9th, 2014
Examiners Committee Based on the Decree of Rector of Udayana University
No: 4407/UN 14.4/HK/2014 on November 26th, 2014
Chairman : Prof. Drs. I Made Suastra, Ph. D.
Members :
1. Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M. Hum.
2. Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, MA.
3. Dr. I Nyoman Sedeng, M.Hum.
4. Drs. I Nyoman Udayana, M.Litt, Ph.D.
iv
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all I would like to express gratitude to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa,
the Almighty God with the blessing and through hard work, strong efforts with
help and support from family, friends, lecturers, and others to complete this thesis
entitled “Techniques Applied in Simultaneous Interpreting at the 2013 APEC
Summit Conference”.
Therefore, I would like to give special gratitude to Prof. Drs. I Made Suastra,
Ph.D, as the first supervisor and Dr. Ida Ayu Made Puspani, M.Hum, as the
second supervisor who have given academic guidance, advice, attention, and
support to complete this thesis.
I also would like to thank to the Rector of Udayana University, Director of
Postgraduate Program, Assistants Director and Staff Members of the Postgraduate
Study Udayana University; the Head of Linguistics Program, Secretary of
Linguistics Program, and Staff of the Linguistics Program for the opportunity and
assistants given to me and all lecturers who were involved in teaching process and
giving guidance in completing this thesis.
A special gratitude is also given to the Board of Examiners for their valuable
support and input, Prof. Dr. Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, MA, Dr. I Nyoman Sedeng,
M.Hum, and Drs. I Nyoman Udayana, M.Litt, Ph.D.
I also would like to thank to Mr. Ahmed Kurnia, the Editor in-Chief of the
2013 APEC Summit Conference at the Directorate General of Public
Communications and Information, Ministry of Communications and Informatics
vi
of the Republic of Indonesia for facilitating and giving me a permit in collecting
the research data.
The special thank is dedicated to my beloved family; My Mom and Dad as
well as my older sisters for their supports, love, and spirit in finishing this study
and to all my friends in Linguistics Master Program in Translation Study whose
names cannot be mentioned one by one for their supports. Finally, I hope this
thesis will always be beneficial especially to the translation studies. Ida Sang
Hyang Widhi Wasa, the Almighty God bless all the people who help in
completing this thesis.
Denpasar, December 9th, 2014
Dewa Ketut Sudiarta Wiguna
vii
ABSTRACT
TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETING AT 2013
APEC SUMMIT CONFERENCE
This research is a research on interpreting which analyze various techniques
applied in simultaneous mode on the press conference at the 2013 Asia Pacific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit Conference. The study of the interpreting
is focused on the interpreting product in two languages from Indonesian into
English and vice-versa. The analysis is intended to identify the techniques applied
in simultaneous interpreting and the shift in interpreting.
The methodology of this study is field research through non-participative
observation by observing the process of simultaneous interpreting involving the
speaker, journalists and interpreter and recorded them by audio digital recorder
followed by a note taking technique. The recording data are transcribed into
written texts. This study is based on number of theories; the theory of
simultaneous interpreting proposed by Jones (1998) and the translation theory
related to the shift proposed by Catford (1965). The use of the theory of
translation is still related to this research due to the type of the data analyzed and
its complexity.
The techniques applied in simultaneous interpreting consists of ten
techniques; reformulation, efficiency, simplification, technique applied if the
interpreter makes mistake, technique applied if the speaker makes mistake, avoids
rendering joke or saying (interpreter does not interpret joke or saying which
untranslatable and translatable with more polite rendition), anticipation,
explanation, omission, and summarizing (addition). Relevant scenarios were also
concerned such as time to start speaking, the salami technique (slicing up the
rendition), and scenarios when telling the numbers, all combine with intonation,
stressing and pauses.
Due to different language system both in Indonesian language and English
and vice versa, interpreter applied shifts; level shift, and category shift such as
structure shift, unit shift, class shift and intra-system shift.
Keywords: interpreting, simultaneous, conference and technique.
viii
ABSTRAK
TEKNIK DALAM PENERJEMAHAN LISAN SIMULTAN DI
KONFERENSI TINGKAT TINGGI APEC 2013
Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian penerjemahan lisan yang menganalisa
sejumlah teknik yang dilakukan pada modus simultan dalam jumpa pers di
Konferensi Tingkat Tinggi Kerja Sama Ekonomi Negara-Negara Asia Pasifik
(APEC) Tahun 2013. Kajian dalam penelitian ini terfokus pada produk
penerjemahan lisan dalam dua bahasa yakni bahasa Indonesia ke bahasa Inggris
dan sebaliknya. Analisis penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi teknik
yang dilakukan pada modus penerjemahan lisan simultan dan pergeseran dalam
penerjemahan lisan.
Metodologi penelitian ini adalah penelitian lapangan melalui
observasi/menyimak tanpa partisipasi pada penerjemahan lisan simultan yang
melibatkan pembicara, wartawan dan penerjemah yang direkam dengan perekam
audio digital serta diikuti dengan teknik mencatat. Data audio yang telah direkam
kemudian ditranskripsi menjadi teks tulis. Kajian ini berdasarkan atas beberapa
teori di antaranya teori penerjemahan lisan simultan oleh Jones (1998) dan teori
pergeseran tataran kalimat oleh Catford (1965). Penggunaan teori penerjemahan
secara umum masih berkaitan dalam kajian ini mengingat tipe data dan
kompleksitas penerjemahan lisan.
Teknik yang diterapkan penerjemah dalam modus simultan tersebut terbagi
menjadi sepuluh teknik yakni reformulasi, efisiensi, penyederhanaan, penerapan
teknik apabila kesalahan penerjemah, penerapan teknik apabila pembicara
melakukan kesalahan, menghindari menerjemahkan untuk keadaan tertentu
(lelucon dan kata kiasan baik yang tidak bisa diterjemahkan maupun bisa
diterjemahkan dengan cara yang lebih sopan), antisipasi, penjelasan, pengurangan
dan penambahan. Beberapa skenario relevan juga menjadi perhatian yakni terkait
waktu memulai penerjemahan lisan, teknik “salami” (membagi-bagi ujaran),
termasuk menerjemahkan angka dan intonasi, seperti penekanan serta jeda
singkat.
Mengingat perbedaan dua sistem bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris,
penerjemah mengaplikasikan pergeseran yakni pergeseran pada tataran level
kalimat ujaran dan pergeseran kategori yakni pergeseran struktur, pergeseran unit
dan pergeseran kelas kata.
Kata kunci: penerjemahan lisan, simultan, konferensi dan teknik
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ............................................................................................................
TITLE PREREQUISITE..................................................................................
APPROVAL SHEET ......................................................................................
EXAMINER BOARD SHEET ........................................................................
LETTER OF FREE FROM PLAGIARISM ....................................................
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................
ABSTRACT.....................................................................................................
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS.................................................................................
LIST OF SYMBOLS .......................................................................................
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................
Page
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
viii
ix
x
xii
xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .....................................................................
1.1 Background of the Study ........................................................................
1.2 Problems of the Study.............................................................................
1.3 Aims of the Study ...................................................................................
1.3.1 General Aim ........................................................................................
1.3.2 Specific Aims ......................................................................................
1.4 Significance of the Study........................................................................
1.5 Scope of the Study .................................................................................
1
5
5
5
5
6
6
7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE RIVIEW, CONCEPTS, THEORITICAL
FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH MODEL ................................
2.1 Literature Review ...................................................................................
2.2 Concept ..................................................................................................
2.2.1 Simultaneous Interpreting ....................................................................
2.2.2 Media Interpreting.................................................................................
2.2.3 Interpreter’s Competence ......................................................................
2.2.4 Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) .......................................
2.3 Theoretical Framework ..........................................................................
2.3.1 Interpreting ...........................................................................................
2.3.2 Techniques of Simultaneous Interpreting ............................................
2.3.3 Interpreting Shift ..................................................................................
2.4 Research Model ......................................................................................
8
8
12
12
13
14
16
17
18
23
32
37
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Approach.................................................................................
3.2 Research Location ..................................................................................
3.3 Data Source ............................................................................................
3.4 Research Instrument ..............................................................................
3.5 Method and Technique of Collecting Data.............................................
3.6 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data.............................................
3.7 Method and Technique of Presenting the Data Analysis .......................
39
39
39
40
40
41
41
x
CHAPTER IV THE ANALYSIS OF TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN
SIMULTANEOUS INTERPRETING AT THE 2013 APEC
SUMMIT
CONFERENCE…………………………………………………… 43
4.1 Analysis of the Techniques Applied in Simultaneous Interpreting .......
44
4.1.1 Reformulation ......................................................................................
44
4.1.2 Efficiency in Reformulation ................................................................
54
4.1.3 Simplification ......................................................................................
57
4.1.4 Omission ..............................................................................................
62
4.1.5 Summarizing ........................................................................................
71
4.1.6 Technique Applied if the Interpreter Makes Mistake ..........................
75
4.1.7 Technique Applied if the Speaker Makes Mistake ..............................
81
4.1.8 Avoiding Rendering Joke or Saying ....................................................
83
4.1.9 Explanation ..........................................................................................
86
4.1.10 Anticipation .........................................................................................
89
4.2 Interpreting Shift ....................................................................................
91
4.2.1 Level Shift............................................................................................
92
4.2.2 Category Shift .....................................................................................
94
4.2.2.1 Structure Shift ...................................................................................
94
4.2.2.2 Class Shift .........................................................................................
96
4.2.2.3 Unit Shift ...........................................................................................
98
4.2.2.4 Intra-System Shift ............................................................................. 100
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ................................
5.1 Conclusions ............................................................................................
5.2 Suggestions .............................................................................................
102
102
104
BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................
105
APPENDIXES .................................................................................................
1. Corpus data .........................................................................................
2. Interpreter’s Biodata.............................................................................
3. Letter of Research Permit ....................................................................
110
110
136
137
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xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
/
: rising tone
\
: falling tone
(4)
: pauses for 4 seconds
Edwards (1993:8-9)
e:::
: long vowel
xxx
: inaudible passage
Wadensjö (1998:102)
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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
S
: Subject
P
: Predicate
A
: Adverb
SL
: Source Language
TL
: Target Language
APEC : Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
xiii
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Language is one of the most important carriers of information during a
person’s socialization and maturation process; a great deal of our practical,
historical, cultural, and social knowledge is acquired by means of language
Malmkjær (2005:42).
On the interaction of a person’s socialization, human
beings use spoken language to others to express their ideas in the form of
utterances. Those utterances can be expressed in a written text which is considered
more complete with symbol or sign to understand each other in a community.
It is also used as a means of communication with another community of a
different nationality which uses different languages apart from being a tool of
communication in a community with the same language. Take, for instance,
people in Indonesia recognize the only Indonesian language as their national
language, while English is used in several countries as their national language
such as in United Kingdom, Australia, and the United States of America. People
in China use Mandarin or in Japan use Japanese language and other countries also
use different languages.
In this globalization era along with the development of modern technology,
there is almost no barrier for humans to have social interactions. However, in such
a kind of interaction, when a communication happens between two or more than
two persons who are involved in a situation and both have different language
2
backgrounds, interpreting is conducted to avoid the barrier if they do not
understand each other’s language. In order to bridge the conversation between
those participants, an interpreter is needed to facilitate those having difficulties to
understand different languages in communication. The existence of an interpreter
becomes important to help people to interact in communication with different
languages.
Pöchhacker (2004:2) states that the basic principle of interpreting is the time
of rendition which is performed ‘here and now’ for the people who want to be
engaged in the communication across barriers of language and culture. It means
that interpreting is carried out immediately after the utterances delivered by the
speaker. Then, the interpreter conveys the message to the hearer in only a few
seconds. It is different from the written translation which is not conveyed directly
but in certain time and the translator still has time to take dictionaries in doing a
translation.
That is why the interpreter (she or he) should be able to transfer messages of
the uttered language into target language based on his/her knowledge and
competencies. Seleskovitch (1989) stresses that to have those competencies; the
interpreter should master several things such as their native and foreign languages,
a good knowledge of discussion, and thorough training in the skills of
interpreting. It is a must for the interpreter to have knowledge of cultures of two
languages besides having a skill in understanding both the source and target
languages.
3
The activity of interpreting is largely designed to make foreign language
accessible to another language’s speaker where many people from different
backgrounds gather in a community such as in an international conference.
Mikkelson (2006:3) explains that interpreting in conference environment involves
multinational participants who need an interpreter to make the communication
easier for them having difficulties in understanding different languages.
One of the international conferences held in Bali is the 2013 Asia Pasific
Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit. The discussion in the conference
brought particular issues to be discussed which attracted various civil societies
and participants including mass media from around the world to cover the event
and report it to the public nationally and internationally.
The participants including the journalists from different mass media need
interpreters especially for foreign media who covered the event and made an
interview with the speaker in press conference if it used Indonesian language. If
the main spoken language in a conference uses English, it will be facilitated by an
interpreter to deliver the message into Indonesian language to the Indonesian
broadcasting media who may have difficulties in understanding English.
Mikkelson (2006:3) states that interpreting for mass media is one of the
settings of interpreting performed at a press conference, publicity appearances,
and interviews as well as on films, video, video conferences, and television or
radio programs.
The importance of an interpreter for mass media also comes from Pöchhacker
(2004:7) who describes that media interpreting appears as the solution that can be
4
easily accessible to the broadcasting media since spoken language for media
interpreting is often from English, which usually involves personalities and
content from the international sphere. It is essentially designed to make a foreignlanguage broadcasting content accessible to media users within the socio-cultural
community.
The interpreter may use some modes in their performances in conducting
interpreting. Simultaneous interpreting is one of the modes of interpreting which
is used in a conference setting. According to Setton (1999:1), simultaneous
interpreting has become the standard medium of multinational communication in
international organizations. In practicing simultaneous interpreting, it is done
almost at the same time as transferring the message of the source language to the
target language. The success of communication in that situation between the
source speaker and the broadcasting media or journalists (hearer) depends on the
interpretation from the interpreter. Therefore, the interpreter in this case must
apply technique in rendering interpreting.
The research on interpreting conducted in simultaneous interpreting
especially performs at press conference for mass media is still rarely done on a
scientific research. Therefore, it makes the researcher interested in conducting a
study on the technique used for interpreting at a conference. In this study, the
research is focused on the product of interpretation in simultaneous interpreting
from the source language (English) to the target language (Indonesian) or vice
versa mediated by an interpreter in press conference or interview session at 2013
5
APEC Summit Conference which involved mass media with English and
Indonesian language as their backgrounds.
1.2 Problems of the Study
As has been aforementioned in the background of the study, the research is
focused on the target language delivered from the source language. Related to
that, the research questions are constructed to give scientific answers; the research
questions are as follows:
1. What techniques are applied by the interpreter in simultaneous interpreting
at the 2013 APEC Summit Conference?
2. What types of shift are taking place in interpreting conducted by the
interpreter in simultaneous mode at the 2013 APEC Summit Conference?
1.3 Aims of the Study
A scientific study is carried out in order to figure out the scientific solution of
the research problem so that a scientific explanation can be proposed for the sake
of establishing worth of the results. It is intended to give contribution to the
development of the research. The aim of the study can be divided into two; they
are general and specific aims.
1.3.1 General Aim
Generally, the aims of this research are to find out the techniques of
interpreting especially conducted in simultaneous mode
and to identify the
differences of two language systems used in interpreting at the 2013 APEC
6
Summit both in English as the source language and Indonesian language as the
target language and vice versa.
1.3.2 Specific Aims
The specific aims are to answer the research questions that previously
mentioned, including:
1. to analyze the technique applied by the interpreter in simultaneous
interpreting at 2013 APEC Summit Conference.
2. to find out types of shift taking place in interpreting conducted by the
interpreter in simultaneous interpreting at 2013 APEC Summit
Conference.
1.4 Significance of the Study
Every research is worth carrying out because it always has a significant
contribution to the field of the study. The findings for the present study are
expected to contribute to both theoretical and practical benefits particularly in
developing the field study that improves competence and knowledge in
interpreting both for the beginner and experienced interpreter. It is hoped that the
best practices they have could be useful in conducting the interpreting practice.
Theoretically, the result of this study is expected to support the theory of
interpreting particularly in the mode of simultaneous. In other words, the finding
of this study is also hoped to add the previous studies, related to the skills and
competences especially how to improve and elevate interpreting knowledge
particularly for interpreting at simultaneous mode. The results are also further
7
expected to be used as a reference for other students and researchers, especially
for those who conduct similar research with different topics and issues.
Practically, the result of this study hopefully provides a significant assistance
in the field of interpreting for the future. The findings can be used as additional
knowledge about interpreting practices especially in the field of conference
interpreting. This study is also expected as a consideration and ideas for those
who want to be an interpreter especially in a conference setting.
1.5 Scope of the Study
This study is limited to analyze the product of interpreting in press
conferences for mass media in simultaneous mode at the 2013 APEC Summit
Conference. This research analyzed the technique of simultaneous interpreting
applied by the interpreter in rendering the rendition from source language to target
language in two languages from Indonesia into English and vice versa. The study
also discussed the types of shift taking place in simultaneous interpreting.
8
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW, CONCEPT, THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK,
AND RESEARCH MODEL
2.1 Literature Review
Some relevant articles, journals, or thesis were reviewed which were related
to the object of the research. Mikkelson (2006) in her thesis entitled “Interpreting
is interpreting-Or is it?”; she analyzes different modes and types of interpreting;
simultaneous, whispered, consecutive, escort, conference, community, court,
media, medical, educational, and over the phone interpreting. She stated that an
interpreter should perform the same service and should meet the same standard of
competence. The disparity in working conditions and status is not the nature of the
interpreting itself, but external factors that affect the market in which the
interpreter renders his/her services. Here, she stresses that what is good for a good
interpreting is determined by quality of the interpreter identified by various author
descriptions of the ideal interpreter such as language skill, listening and recall,
interpersonal skill, behavior, speaking, cultural knowledge, and subject
knowledge. Her article gives contribution to this study as it becomes one of the
theoretical sources to support this research.
However, her paper does not discuss the practice of interpreting, for example,
the technique applied by the interpreter particularly for mass media in
simultaneous interpreting which makes it different from this study.
9
Al-Zahran (2007) in his dissertation entitled “The Consecutive Conference
Interpreter as Intercultural Mediator: a Cognitive-Pragmatic Approach to the
Interpreter’s Role” specifically stresses the procedures applied by the interpreter
in consecutive interpreting at conference as the intercultural mediator. His
dissertation proves that the consecutive interpreter in conference plays an
important role in the extent to which intercultural mediation is needed. Results
also shed that the use of cultural mediation procedures and the role of interpreters’
professional status, experience and language direction on their ability/willingness
to perform intercultural mediation.
He expresses the role of interpreter; it is in conflict with very well-established
concepts and principles associated with translation/interpreting such as
faithfulness, accuracy, neutrality or accessibility. This is important for us to
determine the right interpretation in terms of cultural terms without being stuck on
the wrong position. Even though both studies discussed the same field of
interpreting practice conducted in a conference setting, his research is still
different from the present study. One of the problems of this study is the
technique of interpreting applied in simultanoeus interpreting, while his study was
focused generally on conference interpreting. Al-Zahran’s research still gives
contribution to the analyses of the technique of simultaneous interpreting
performed by the interpreter in conducting interpreting for mass media at the 2013
APEC Summit Conference.
Budiartana (2007) in his thesis entitled “The Process of Interpreting
Performed by the Tour Guides at Sukawati Art Market”, analyzes the process of
10
interpreting done by the tour guides at a traditional art market. He states that
interpreting done by the tour guide belongs to a liaison interpreting who mediates
the communication process between the buyers and sellers; meanwhile the setting
is conducted in a community setting.
His research only gives description on how the escort interpreting conducted
by the tour guide also plays a role as an interpreter. Even though both studies at
the same stage on interpreting, however, this study still has a differentiation in the
product of interpreting performed in a press conference at the international
conference. Budiartana’s research gives contribution to the analysis and
evaluation of the process of interpreting in a traditional art market which is
familiar to our daily life or out of formal context, performed by the tour guide.
This study shows relevance about the mode of interpreting, in terms of the use of
liaison interpreting.
Puspani (2010), in her dissertation entitled “Penerjemahan Lisan di PN
Denpasar”, describes the process and product of interpreting performed by the
interpreter at Denpasar Court. Her research brings a wide knowledge of
interpreting in a court with a variety of problems as its discussion started from the
modes of interpreting, translation strategies, factors that underlie the application
of the strategies, to the impact of the application of those strategies on the quality
of interpreting. Her study also discusses the process of interpreting in the court to
give a justification of how the relevant theory implemented in interpreting on an
oral text communication in terms of law in court proceeding. The role of the
interpreter here is only as a co-participant in the interaction at court proceeding.
11
Her dissertation is similar to the present study; both take places in the
community setting, however, the difference is that her study explored the process
and product of interpreting in a court setting, while this study is about the
technique of simultaneous interpreting for mass media especially at the 2013
APEC Summit Conference. Even though there is a difference in terms of the
setting on interpreting, her study can be a reference to the next research with the
same issues about interpreting and gives great contribution since this study also
discusses the technique of interpreting particularly in the mode of simultaneous.
Lahallo (2011) in her thesis “The Interpreting Process at Bali Gospel
Festival” explores the process of interpreting performed by an interpreter at
Gospel Festival. She states that generally the process of interpreting conducted at
gospel festival belonged to the consecutive mode while the setting was in formal
situation or similar to the community interpreting.
In her study, the interpreter is an Indonesian priest who renders the rendition
from source language to the target language in two languages; Indonesian and
English. It is done during the sermon service using English as the main language
in a one way of communication to the hearer or the prayers in a church.
The
discussions in her study are stressed on the mode of interpreting applied by the
priest who act as the interpreter and the procedures used in transferring the
rendition based on the procedures of translation.
Her study did not present about the skills of interpreter that must be owned in
rendering the rendition. She only stressed consecutive interpreting as the general
mode used by the interpreter performed by the Indonesian priest in a church.
12
Meanwhile this study discussed on simultaneous mode applied in a conference
setting with a description of the shift taking place in interpreting. Even though her
research conducted is also on interpreting, however, the coverage of this study is
in the conference particularly in a press conference for mass media in
simultaneous mode.
2.2 Concept
There are some concepts which need to be explained in relation to this study,
i.e. the concept of simultaneous interpreting, media interpreting, interpreter’s
competence and a glimpse of Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC). Those
concepts used in this research can be seen as follows;
2.2.1 Simultaneous Interpreting
Some experts propose the concept of interpreting. Gile (1998:40) states that
interpreting is the oral translation of oral discourse, as opposed to the oral
translation of written text. In line with that, Pöchhacker (2004:3) argues that
interpreting is a form of translation in which first and final rendition in another
language is produced on the basis of a one-time presentation of an utterance in a
source language. It is performed here and now for the benefit of the people who
want to engage in communication. It is related to the practice of interpreting in
simultaneous mode which is done at the same time in rendering the rendition with
limitation of time and there is no time for note-taking. Pöchhacker (2004) explains
that simultaneous interpreting is done as the source language which is being
13
presented by the first speaker. This means that the interpreter has to render the
rendition immediately without time to have a correction in the TL. Seleskovitch
(1978:125) states that a simultaneous interpreter speaks almost at the same time as
the speaker and renders the message bit by bit in delivering the rendition while
analyzing and assimilating the next idea. Related to that, in conference setting, the
interpreter must be able to work with the mode of simultaneous interpreting as one
of the mode of interpreting. Setton (1999:1) states that simultaneous interpretation
is a service which allows participants at international meetings to speak and
follow proceedings in their own languages is widely viewed as a particularly
impressive form of rapid and instant translation. Simultaneous mode has become
the standard medium of multilingual communication in international organizations
both intergovernmental and private. Mikkelson (2006) also states that
simultaneous interpreting is providing the target language message at roughly the
same time as the source language message is being produced.
2.2.2 Media Interpreting
Media interpreting is one of the settings of interpreting which is
specialized to conduct for mass media in a certain event such as taking place at a
conference. According to Pöchhacker (2004:7), media interpreting is considered a
type of interpreting whose linkage to the intra-social sphere is essentially designed
to make foreign language broadcasting content accessible to media users within
the socio-cultural community. Since spoken language media interpreting is often
from English, it usually involves personalities and contents from the international
14
sphere and media interpreting appears as rather a hybrid from on the intra social
continuum.
Mikkelson (2006:3) explains that the application of interpreting for mass
media is conducted in several events such as performed at press conferences,
publicity appearances, and interviews, as well as films, videos, videoconferences,
and television and radio programs. Related to this study, interpreting for mass
media in a conference setting is mainly focused on the press conference event at
the 2013 APEC Summit Conference.
Based on the definition above, media interpreting is related to this study that
focuses on analyzing the interpreting product from source language to target
language in press conference activity performed by the interpreter at the 2013
APEC Summit Conference.
2.2.3 Interpreter’s Competence
In conducting an interpreting, the interpreter must listen carefully to the
utterance delivered by the speaker and then transfer the meaning from the source
language to the target language and the audience (hearer). It means that he or she
should have a good listening and speaking skill. The skill or competence owned
by the interpreter is a means to perform techniques of interpreting. Those
competencies also show the professionalism of a practitioner in a work field.
Wadensjö (1998:55) states that the interpreter needs educational programmes to
improve interpreting accuracy. The training includes working knowledge of
terminology in the language combinations in question and of procedures and
15
particularities relating to the areas in which the candidate interpreters aim to work
(health care, social, and legal services and so forth). Interpretation classes may
involve language laboratory work, roletion, written translation in note-taking
techniques applied also in the teaching of conference interpreters. Gentile, et al
(1996:65) mentions several competences that need to be owned by the interpreter.
Those competencies are language competence, cultural competence, interpreting
technique competence, memory skill, and professional competence.
Language is the main component of the core skills of an interpreter that at
least must have a command of two languages. Even though Gentile et al. (1996)
stresses on the liaison interpreting, this competence is relevant for all settings of
interpreting. Seleskovitch (1978:72) states that knowledge of several languages
is generally the only quality that an interpreter is credited with and if the
interpreter is occasionally admired for anything, it is for the interpreter’s
multilungualism. Seleskovitch (1989:85) further adds that it is a prerequisite for
the interpreter to have a competence in at least two and if possible severeal
languages. She stressed that the interpreter should be competent in mastering both
foreign and native languages.
Cultural competence is related to extra-linguistic knowledge of respective
speakers, sosial convention, institutional pracises, taboos, anthropologically and
historically relevant elements of cultures. The interpreter also needs to have
competencies in implementing techniques such as ommisions, voice production
and modulation to make interpretation audible, clear and unambiguous.
16
Gentile et al (1996) also explains that the interpreter should have memory
skill due to the fact that it is difficult to attribute breakdowns in interpreting
performance to the problems of memory. The interpreter must have a professional
competence including ability to make independent judgements in terms of the
linguistic, ethical, socio-cultural and affective issue which arises in an interpreted
situation and in relation with colleagues and other professional groups.
Related to the professional competence, Pöchhacker (2004:166) mentions two
approaches which make up an interpreter’s professional competence such as
personel qualities and abilities and also special skills and expertise. Those
qualities include cognitive abilities such as intelligence, intuition, memory as well
as moral and affective qualities such as tact, discretion, and alertness. Weber
(1984:6) also mentions that an interpreter should have a high degree of
intelegence and language fluency. He mentions that some contents have such an
ability to abstract and paraphrase, react, memorize, poise and present, voice,
understand
and to be fluent in the foreign language and quality of native
language.
2.2.4 Asia-Pasific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
Asia-Pasific Economic Cooperation or APEC is the premier forum for
facilitating economic growth, cooperation, trade and investment in the AsiaPasific region. APEC is the only inter-governmental grouping in the world
operating on the basis of non-binding commitments, open dialogue and equal
respect for the views of all participants. APEC has 21 members-referred to as
17
“member economies” which account for approximately 40 percent of the world’s
population, approxiamtely 54 percent of the world Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) and about 44 percent of world trade. APEC’s 21 Member Economies are
Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada, Chile, People’s Republic of China, Hong
Kong China, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, New
Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Peru, the Republic of the Philippines, the Russian
Federation, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand, the United States of America,
and Viet Nam.
APEC was established in 1989 to further enchance economic growth and
prosperity for the region and to strengthen the Asia-Pasific community. In 2013,
Indonesia hosted for the second time of the APEC Summit Conference held in
Nusa Dua, Bali. (APEC Secretariat, 2014).
2.3 Theoretical Framework
Theoretical framework gives descriptions of the theories used in this study to
support the research. Those theories are the theories of interpreting which study
the mode of interpreting including the characteristic of simultaneous interpreting,
technique of simultaneous interpreting and interpreting shift. The data in this
study were analyzed based on a number of theories and concepts due to the
complexity of interpreting field which involves more than two people in one
interaction especially in simultaneous interpreting performed in the press
conference at the 2013 APEC Summit Conference.
18
2.3.1 Interpreting
According to Pöchhacker (2004:1), interpreting is regarded as translational
activity, as a special form of translation. It is an ancient human practice which
clearly predates the invention of writing and written translation. The person who
explaining what is obscure is called ‘interpreter’ which is derived from Latin
interpres. Wandesjö (1998:152) explains that interpreter mediated interaction
order; to engage in spoken interaction means to coordinate one’s talk with
someone else’s and as a rule to be alive to others’ listening and speaking.
Pöchhacker (2004) furthermore divides four modes of interpreting, they are;
simultaneous, consecutive, whispered, and relay interpreting. He states that
simultaneous interpreting is done as the source language which is being presented
by the first speaker. Consecutive interpreting is done after the source language
utterance uttered by the first speaker. Whispered interpreting is conducted with
the interpreter who works right next to one or no more couple of listeners which
he or she provide a rendition by whispering which is in fact done not by
whispering but speaking in a low voice. Meanwhile relay interpreting is an
indirect interpreting via a third language which links up the performance of two or
more interpreters, with one interpreter’s output serving as the source for another.
From those four modes of interpreting, in this study, the mode of
simultaneous interpreting is more elaborated to get a clear characteristic and
understanding, as this mode of interpreting becomes the main subject of the
research.
19
Jones (1998:6) states that simultaneous mode is done by listening to the
beginning of the speaker’s comments then begins interpreting while the speech
continues, carrying on throughout the speech to finish almost at the same time as
the original. In short, the formulation in simultaneous interpreting is done by
speaking (rendition) and listening (utterance) at the same time which is an
unnatural activity and has to be cultivated. It means that the interpreter does not
know where the speaker is going even as he or she speaks both in the macro level
(the whole speech is headed) and mircro level (how an individual sentence will be
continued). It is different from consecutive, in which the interpreter listens to the
totality of a speaker’s comments or significant passage then renders the speech
with help of notes taken while listening.
Related to the limited time and the density of utterance from the speaker with
no help in conducting simultaneous interpreting, Jones (1998:6) describes the
characteristic that must be fulfilled which may help the interpreter perform
simultaneous interpreting. He states that the interpreter, who is seated in soundproofed booth, relays the interpretation depending on the sound of the speaker,
using the appropriate equipment such as microphone and earphone or headphone.
To deal with the earphone or headphone, the interpreter needs to be able to hear
both the speaker and himself. Therefore, he stresses that the interpreter must wear
the headphone in such a way in order to be able to hear the speaker’s voice clearly
and also to hear his own output and monitor it all the time.
There are two options that can be done when wearing headphones. First, the
interpreter wears both ear-pieces of a pair of headphones half on and half off each
20
ear. This enables one to hear the speaker clearly, the sound coming through
headphones quite satisfactorily. The second option is simply to wear one earphone
fully on one ear and to leave the other ear totally uncovered. The interpreter
controls the volume at which they listen to the original and keep this volume as
low as possible. Both the original and the interpreter’s own voice have to be
listened to, but they should not become like rivals trying to outshout one another.
High volume will be drawn out the original and it gives bad hearing in the long
run. Those equipments will help the interpreter catch the clear voice from the
speaker to render the interpretation via a dedicated channel to headphones worn
by the delegations who wish to listen to the interpreting.
The other criteria that the interpreter must be fullfiled are the panes of glass of
the sound-proofed booth; the interpreter has to sense the atmosphere of the
meeting, picking up any-non verbal information he can, listens the utterance and
renders the message using the appropriate intonation in his interpretation, rather
than slipping into a monotonous drawl.
Due to its complexity of simultaneous interpreting, the interpreter should
relate to the off line strategies before interpreting is conducted or following the
translational cognitive processing such as preparing glossaries or marking up
documents. Setton (1999:192) also extends that the interpreter should think that
before the discourse begins relevant entities, relations and properties from the
world and situation-specific knowledge, based on what is known about the
speaker, participants, and subject matter of the meeting from briefings,
documentation or speculation, begin to be installed.
21
Nolan (2005:5) also states that in the usual practice of conference the
interpreter has to obtain back-ground materials from the conference organizer of
the subject and the study materials to gain a basic understanding of the subject and
the specialized vocabulary. He explains that it is important to gain familiarity with
the subject matter to be discussed at an upcoming assignment and attending a
meeting in advance will be especially helpful to get a grasp of procedural rules
and terms. Knowing the specific themes of a conference in advance and obtaining
a copy of the agenda, background documents, list of speakers, and any prepared
speeches available can also be very helpful. Many speakers prepare their speeches
well in advance of delivery and will gladly give or send a copy to an interpreter
who takes the trouble to ask for it. Those steps will help interpreter in conducting
interpreting as the additional information to conduct interpreting.
The same opinion also comes from Nolan (2005:3) who states that a
simultaneous interpreter usually sits in a soundproof booth and listens to the
speaker through earphone and speaks into microphone, reproduces the speech in
the target language as it is being delivered in the source language.
Gile (1998:40) states that in conducting interpreting, the interpreter sits in an
interpreting booth, listens to the speaker through headset, and interprets it into a
microphone while listening. Delegates in the conference room listen to the target
language version through a headset. He further conveys that interpreters deal with
oral language and have no time to refine their output. Therefore, the interpreter
should master the features of oral language and be a good speaker including using
his voice effectively and developing a microphone personality. For any
22
supplementary knowledge, he or she needs to be acquired prior to interpreting and
have to make decisions much faster to the target language.
Simultaneous interpreters normally work in teams of two per booth, taking
turns in shifts of about 30 minutes each of maximum of about three hours at a
time, which has been found to be the maximum average time during which the
necessary concentration and accuracy can be sustained. For certain language
combination, relay or two step, the interpretation is also sometimes used as the
source language that will be interpreted in one booth from language A into
language B, and then in another booth from language B into language C. Based on
the explanation proposed by several experts, it can be drawn out that the
interpreter should bear in mind to apply significant anticipations before
conducting interpreting in simultaneous mode. Below are some preparations that
should be taken by the interpreter before the interpreting is done:
1. Remember that he/she is communicating;
2. Make the best possible use of the technical facilities
3. Ensure that he can hear both the speaker and himself clearly;
4. Never attempt to interpret something which he has not heard or
understood;
5. Maximize concentration
6. Not be distracted by focusing attention on individual problematic words;
7. Use where possible, short and simple sentences and be grammatical;
8. Make sense in every single sentence and always finish the sentence (Jones,
1998:78).
23
2.3.2 Technique of Simultaneous Interpreting
In conducting simultaneous interpreting, it has limitation of time for the
interpreter to go back or replay the utterance from the speaker. At the same time,
he or she should select in each instance the closet natural equivalent in rendering
the source language to the target language. It means that there is no same
equivalent in the target language. There is a possibility for the interpreter to take
technique to facilitate its reproduction into the most accurate sense. Take for
instance; addition and omission in the process of interpreting. Those examples
cannot be avoided in the process of interpreting.
Jones (1998) proposes more specifically on the technique of interpreting
performed in conference setting especially in the mode of simultaneous since this
study analyzed technique applied in simultaneous interpreting at 2013 APEC
Summit Conference. Those techniques can be explained as follows;
2.3.2.1 Time to start rendering
The interpreter should clearly pay attention to understanding when to start
speaking and interpreting particularly in the modes of simultaneous interpreting
and thereafter what distance to keep from the speaker. Jones (1998) says that the
interpreter should not be too far behind the speaker. This can be done by
establishing a basic rule on the timing of simultaneous work that the intepreter
begins speaking when he has understood a unit of meaning and remains one unit
behind the speaker, proceeding from unit to unit.
Even though the interpreter must say something immediately in the mode of
simultaneous interpreting, he assumes that the interpreter must start speaking as
24
soon as possible. And that “as soon as possible” means that they must have
understood something meaningful in order to have something meaningful to say.
2.3.2.2 Reformulation
Jones (1998:88) states that an interpreter needs to reformulate the wording of
the original to maintain the right distance from the speaker. Long and complicated
sentences are to be broken down into a series of easier, shorter ones; relative and
subordinate clauses can be shifted around within a sentence; active clauses
changed into passive (or vice versa) and so on. The interpreter must, therefore,
seize upon reformulation as the tool that will enable him to deal with all kinds of
difficulties while remaining as true as the possible speaker.
For example, in English-French interpreting on the sentence of “He swam
across the river” in English. The verb “to swim” exists in French, as does the
preposition “across”. But no French speaker would say “He swam across the
river”. They would say “He crossed the river by swimming”. The English
preposition is re-expressed via verb, while the English verb becomes an adverbial
phrase of manner in French. As have just been seen, the words exist but things
have to be rephrased because they will sound just too strange if translated literally
into the target language.
2.3.2.3 Salami Technique
Speakers, however, in simultaneous mode of interpreting may-indeed, usually
do- use long, complicated sentences. The logical conclusion is that the interpreter
must divide up the speaker’s sentences into a number of short, self-contained ones
25
and then link them as appropriate. Jones (1998) uses this technique as “salami” or
a slicing up a sentence rather as one might cut slices of salami.
For example:
We have tried, with the photographer identified man, who at this serious
accident was seen, as he to the injured provided assistance, to get into contact.
By identified man, the interpreter can already start speaking, having enough
material to provide a complete sentence of his own. Then he can divide the
speaker’s sentence up into:
The photographer has identified a man, who was seen at this serious accident.
He was helping the injured. We have tried to contact him. (Jones, 1998:104).
2.3.2.4 Efficiency in reformulation
Jones (1998: 106) states that the simultaneous interpreter is constantly under
pressure, having to produce his own interpretation at the same speed as the
speaker, but with added burden of having to translate and not knowing where he is
going, the need to be able to reformulate so as to express oneself efficiently exists
for all languages, but it should be noted that for some languages it is more acute
than others.
For example, an international trade tribunal is part of the object discussion.
Some delegations keep repeating “the international trade tribunal”. Provided this
is the only tribunal in the debate without any risk of confusion, it is legitimate for
the interpreter to just say “the tribunal”. The other example can also show
efficiency in reformulation. The interpreter can also save a lot of time by referring
to documents, organization, etc in an abbreviation or simplified form such as the
26
Treaty establishing the European Economic Community” which becomes the
“EEC Treaty”.
The interpreter should also seek economy of expression to remove all useless
filler words such as really, actually, well, etc.
2.3.2.5 Simplification
An interpreter in every time of his works is sometimes faced with highly
technical material. For such speeches, it is desirable to simplify a speech. (Jones,
1998:108) mentioned two reasons for making a simplification; it may be that the
speech is so technical. In that case, the interpreter must at least try to save the
essentials by simplification. Second, the speaker may be talking over the heads of
his audience. The faithful rendering would just leave the audience confused. Jones
added that the first duty of interpreter is not so much to be faithful but to
maximize the communication. Therefore, the interpreter should interpret the
unfamiliar jargon into everyday language.
For example: The core is made of a graphite matrix entrapping the refractory
fuel particles...
Assuming the interpreter has some kind of training on nuclear reactors, or at
least a well briefed, he can simply explain to the delegates: The core is made of
graphite. This entraps the fuel particles....Jones (1998:109).
2.3.2.6 Generalization
Jones (1998:112) states that an interpreter does not feel that technical
simplification is necessary for either of the reasons mentioned above, but that to
27
save time perhaps with a very fast speaker, a number of specific items mentioned
can be expressed in one generic term.
For example:
Speaker: “People take it for granted now to have a fridge and a freezer, the
dish- water and the washing machine with a spin-dryer, a cooker
and vacuum cleaner”
The interpreter can generalize (in the sense of using a generic term) as follows:
Interpreter: “People take it for granted now to have all household electrical
appliances” Jones (1998:112).
2.3.2.7 Omission (under duress and fast speaker)
The technique of omission cannot be avoided in transferring the message
from source language to target language. Jones (1998:112) describes that the
deletion of information can be the strategies when sometimes the interpreter faces
under duress because of the technical term of a subject, mode expression of the
speaker, and the speaker speaks too fast. Therefore, he suggested two ways that
can be done; keep the essential elements and miss out only what is illustrative or
in some way accessory such as asides, digressions, etc.
2.3.2.8 Summarizing
Adding information can also be the techniques which are frequently done by
the interpreter. Jones (1998: 115) stresses that the interpreter should not edit what
the speaker said in the source language in order to ensure full understanding on
the part of the audience. He suggests the interpreter should add things.
28
Summarizing here is not being used in the sense of providing a summary that
replaces the full text. It is a summary that is added to the full text.
2.3.2.9 Explanation
The interpreter maybe faced with notions, cultural, or institutional references
that have no direct equivalent in the target language and it should be explained to
the audience. However, the problem is that this takes time. The interpreter can use
this technique of explanation if the notion delivered by the speaker repeatedly in a
speech. Then, the interpreter can explain its meaning the first time it is mentioned
and thereafter refer to it an abbreviated form, thus saving time.
Jones adds that if an interpreter cannot fit in an explanation, they should not
force themselves to provide the explanation to the detriment of the speaker’s other
comments. But, paradoxically, a brief explanation can actually save time in the
long run. For example, when interpreting French high speed train, “The Train a
Grande Vitesse” (TGV), to save time, the interpreter can slip in the first time by
saying “the TGV that is the French high speed train”. Thereafter, just repeating
the French initial, which the delegate would then understand.
2.3.2.10 Anticipation
Jones (1998:116) suggests that an interpreter should take anticipation when
he often begins a sentence without knowing exactly where the sentence is going.
The anticipation can be possible from the context of a meeting. For instance, a
discussion or negotiation delegations’ positions or arguments will become known,
return to points they have already made by other participants.
29
Second, the interpreter should learn to recognize the speech patterns and
rhetorical structures, particularly in the languages they have to interpret from. The
other anticipation is that the interpreter should use specific words or phrases in
individual sentences because it is obvious how the sentence is going to end. In this
case, the interpreter can use reformulation, which would allow the interpreter to
formulate his own sentence.
2.3.2.11 If the interpreter makes a clear mistake
Jones (1998:119) admits that if the mistake is made, there are number of
possible scenarios. First, if the error makes no material difference, it is a waste of
time to make corrections and the interpreter should just pass it over silence. If the
interpreter makes mistake that is more significant, for instance, in interpreting
page reference or something that is logically inconsistent or technically
impossible, it is not necessary to make a correction for the good order of the
meeting. But if they can slip in a correction quickly, it is a good idea with an
apology.
Finally, the interpreter might make a clear material mistake that is important
and the audience does not realize it. As soon as the interpreter sees that this has
happened, he must correct the point as quickly and as clearly as possible. It is
unethical for the interpreter to try to ‘cover up’ for mistake just to avoid
embarrassment of admitting it.
30
2.3.2. 12. If the speaker makes a mistake
Jones (1998:122) says that if the speaker makes mistake over a slip of the
tongue, it would be a waste of time to repeat the speaker’s words and he offers a
putative correction to the audience. Second, the interpreter knows that the speaker
say something quite wrong and know what the right version should be, it is,
therefore, the interpreter should interpret the sentence faithfully and then add as
quickly as possible. “...says the speaker, but I think he means...”. This shows no
disrespect for the speaker and gives the audience all the information they require.
2.3.2.13 Avoiding committing themself
It is must also be admitted that a speaker may announce a certain number of
points such as a joke. He suggests that the interpreter should avoid committing
theirselves in rendering a joke or untranslatable pun or may just seem funny to
someone of a different language and culture of the speaker. Thus a joke should not
be announced. If it is really funny and everyone laughs then the interpreter needs
to say no more. If the joke is translatable, he should obviously do his best to
render it. However, the joke which is not necessarily conveyed can be taken too
seriously and offend somebody; in this case, the interpreter can provide
explanation like “but I’m only joking”. If the joke is not translatable, for example
a pun, and the interpreter sees the speaker is determined to raise a laugh, use the
tactic by informing that the speaker is making untranslatable joke.
The same rule should be used for not announcing metaphors and sayings
when a speaker tells his audience that he is about to use one. If the meaning of
31
saying is clear to the interpreter but the saying does not have an equivalent in the
target language, the interpreter should express the senses to best of their ability.
2.3.2. 14 Intonation, stress, and pauses
Jones (1998:128) states that when people communicate they express what
they want to say not just through the words they use but also by intonation, by
stressing certain words, and by pauses between words. A simultaneous interpreter
should be no exception to this rule.
Jones also stressed for the interpreter who is providing too much stress,
emphasizing words that do not deserve it and generally hamming it up. The
interpreter’s intonation may indicate that he is always in a state of expectation,
waiting for what comes next. In many languages, a rising intonation at the end of
the phrase indicates either a question or surprise or has not finished a sentence and
another clause is flowing.
Sentences should be clearly separated by the appropriate intonation and if
necessary, by a brief pause. Sentence should not be strung out endlessly with
“and...and...and”.
2.3.2. 15 Numbers
Jones (1998:130) states that numbers can be very difficult for simultaneous
interpreters and can be absolutely crucial pieces of information where no error is
permissible. For these reasons, it is important to work out a tactic for coping with
them. If the interpreter cannot catch up with the speaker, he must finish the
sentence preceding the numbers as quickly as possible and then move on to the
32
sentence including the numbers by saying the numbers first. This is another
application of reformulation.
For example, if the speaker says “imports of jeans from China have increased
by 9.3 percent from the Philippines by 6.5 percent...” the interpreter can interpret
“9.3 percent is the increase in jeans import from China, 6.5 percent from the
Philippines....”. Jones (1998:130).
2.3.3 Interpreting Shift
Even though the practice of interpreting and translation is different regarding
to the way how the process of transferring the meaning from the source language
to the target language, however, the analysis on this study is still related to the
concept of translation since interpreting as the oral translation. The translation
concept discussed here is the the concept of shift of two different language
systems of English and Indonesian language and vice-versa.
Shift refers to changes which occur in the process of interpreting. The use of
shift in performing interpreting cannot be avoided by the interpreter due to the
linguistic factor of two different language systems. It can be a reference to the
interpreter to reformulate the wording of the original source language to the target
language. Long and complicated sentences are to be broken down into a series of
easier, shorter ones; relative and subordinate clauses can be shifted around within
a sentence; active clauses are changed into passive or deponent ones (or vice
versa).
33
Catford (1965:73) states that shift departures from formal correspondence in
the process of going from source language to the target language. He divides shift
into two general types, they are; level shift and category shift. The explanation can
be seen as follows:
a. Level shift
Level shift is the source language item at one linguistic level which has a
target language translation equivalent at a different level.
For example: English-French level shift
SL: This text is intended for....
TL: Le présent Manuel s’adresse á.... Catford (1965)
The SL modifier, This- a term in grammatical system of deictics-has as its
target language equivalent the modifier Le present, an article + a lexical adjective.
b. Category shift is a departure from formal correspondence in translation. It
occurs if the source language (SL) has different forms from the target language.
Category shift is also divided into:
1. Structure shift which is to be the most common form of shift and involves
mostly a shift at all ranks in translation
For example: English-Gaelic translation
SL: The man/
S
TL: Tha
/
P
is
/ in the boat
P
A
an duine/ anns a’ bhata
S
A
Catford (1965)
34
2. Class shift occurs when the translation equivalent of SL item is a member
of a different class from the original item.
For example: English-French translation
SL: a white house
TL: une maison blanche
Catford (1965)
“White” and blanche are exponents of the formally corresponding class of
adjective and there is apparently no class-shift. However, at a further degree of
delicacy, it is recognized two sub-classes of adjective; Modifier and Quantifier.
Quantifier Adjectives are numerous in French, very rare in English. Since “white”
is a Modifier adjective and French “blanche” is Quantifier adjective, it is clear that
the shift from modifier to quantifier entails a class shift.
3. Unit-shift means a change of rank – that is, departures from formal
correspondence in which the translation equivalent of a unit at one rank in
the SL, is a unit at a different rank in the TL.
For example: French-English translation
SL: J’ai laissé mes lunettes sur la table
TL: I’ve left my glasses on the table
Catford (1965)
4. Intra-system shift is a departure from formal correspondence in which (a
term operating in) one system in the SL has as its translation equivalent (a term
operating in) a different – non-corresponding-system in the TL. Furthermore, he
states that intra-system shift occurs internally within system; that is for those cases
where SL and TL posses systems which approximately correspond formally as to
their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding
35
term in the system. In translation, however, it quite frequently happens that this
formal correspondence is departed from, i.e. where the translation equivalent of
English singular is French plural and vice-versa Catford (1965).
For example: English-French intra-system shift
SL: Advice
TL: Des conseils
The exponents of the example above are differently distributed in the two
languages where the English singular (advice) transferred into plural (des
conseils) in French. .
Changes from active to passive sentence of English and Indonesian language
or vise versa also occur as the two linguistic systems are different. The theory of
shift from active to passive construction proposed by Alwi, et. al. (1998: 345)
states that active and passive constructions in Indonesian language are related to:
1) the types of verb as the predicate, 2) the subject and object, and 3) the form of
the verb that is used. In Indonesian language, an active construction at least
comprises three elements, they are: subject, predicate, and object. The transitive
verb which is used in the active construction has the prefix meN-. Passive
construction is formed in two ways: 1) using verb with prefix di- and 2) using
verb without prefix di-.
For example:
a. Pak Toha mengangkat seorang asisten baru
b. Seorang asisten baru diangkat Pak Toha
Alwi, et.al (1998:346)
36
The active sentence (a) and the passive sentence (b) in Indonesian language
construction are different. If the predicate is not followed by the actor, the form of
oleh (by) is oblique in the passive sentence.
The theory proposed by Foley and van Valin in Shibatani (1988:281) states
that passive and active construction in English can be captured in terms of the
undergoer occuring as syntactic subject and the actor as the object of the
preposition by. They define “actor” in noun phrase as the argument of the
predicate which performs, effects, instigates or controls the situation denoted by
the predicate. The actor is opposed to the “undergoer” who is the participant that
does not perform or control the situation but rather affected by it in some way.
For example:
a. The lawyer received a telegram
(active)
b. Mary was convinced by the argument
(passive)
Foley and van Valin in Shibatani (1988:281-282)
The active and passive sentence relation can be captured in terms of the
undergoer occuring as syntactic subject and the actor as the object of the
preposition by. The structure of shift and active and passive in English and
Indonesian languages above were used to analyze the technique of reformulation
applied in simultaneous interpreting.
The concepts above have an important role as a means of analyzing the
equivalent meaning of an interpreting process from source language to target
language which happens between the speaker and the hearer (journalists) which is
mediated by the interpreter.
37
2.4 Research Model
The model of this study can be described in a diagram as below:
SL utterance
TL utterance
Interpreting Shift
Techniques of simultaneous
interpreting
Catford (1965)
Jones (1998)
Qualitative Method
Analysis
Findings
Figure 1 : Research model design
38
From the diagram above, it can clearly be seen that the analysis is started by
dividing the audio utterances as the data source prior to transcribing the source
language text and the target language text of interpreting product applied in media
interpreting at APEC Summit Conference. Using qualitative method, the data are
analyzed according to the problems existing on the study.
In order to answer the research questions in this study, this research used
some theories. To analyze the techniques applied by the interpreter at the 2013
APEC Summit Conference, the study used the theory of conference interpreting
proposed by Jones (1998) as the main theory supported by the theory of
Pöchhacker (2004). The theory of active and passive in Indonesian language
construction written by Alwi et al (1998) and the theory of passive voice in
English proposed by Foley and van Valin (1988) were also used to support the
analyses. Meanwhile in analyzing the shift applied in simultaneous interpreting,
the theory of shift proposed by Catford (1965) was also applied. Finally, the
findings were determined by an analysis supported by data and followed by
explanations descriptively.
39
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
3.1 Research Approach
This research used qualitative approach with explanation and reference from
some related literature. Sutopo (2002) states that qualitative research has a natural
setting as a data source and the researcher does not controll or affect the the
subject or the situation.
3.2 Research Location
The research was conducted at the 2013 APEC Summit Conference in Nusa
Dua, Badung Regency, Bali Province on 1-8 October 2013, which was involved
speakers, journalists (audience) and interpreters who mediate the communication
between mass media in a press conference with English and Indonesian language
and others as their language background.
3.3 Data Source
The primary data of this research were taken from the original recorded data
in the press conference for mass media in the mode of simultaneous interpreting at
the 2013 APEC Summit Conference. The data were in the form of oral
interpretation from the opening remarks and interaction between speaker and
audience (journalists) mediated by the interpreter which were documented in
audio recording media player (mp3 audio) with the source language of English
40
and its rendition interpreted by the interpreter into Indonesian language or viceversa. Those data were transcribed into written texts.
The secondary data were obtained from the observation and interview with
the interpreter who was in charge of conducting the interpreting to get the
background and identity of the interpreter.
3.4 Research Instrument
The instruments used for this study were two tape recorders, laptop, earphone,
pen and handbook. A tape recorder was used to record and replay the recording
data of the press conference interpreting applied at 2013 the APEC Summit
Conference. Laptop was used to write the transcription of the spoken data to
written text. The other instrument was earphone as the added instrument for the
tape recorder so that the researcher could get clear sounds when the spoken data
were transcribed into written text.
3.5 Method and Technique of Collecting Data
This study is a field research through observation method to collect the data.
As the observer, I applied the method by a non-participative observation. The
non-participative observation was done especially to the three important parts
involved in a press conference; the speaker, the audience or the journalist and the
interpreter who mediated the communication.
The observation method was then assisted by a technique of recording the
speech of the speaker and the rendition of the interpreter in oral interpretation
which was later transcribed into written text. The note taking technique was also
41
applied in this research to make notes of some renditions of interpreting in
simultaneous mode produced by both the speaker and the interpreter to support
the analysis.
3. 6 Method and Technique of Analyzing Data
The descriptive-qualitative method was applied to analyze the data by
explaning it in line with the problem of the study. The method then was assisted
by the technique of immediate constituents segmentation (Bagi Unsur Langsung)
(Sudaryanto, 1993:31). In this technique, the lingual unit was divided into some
parts or element which is relevant to support the analysis. Some steps were
conducted in analysisng the data. First, the oral data were transcribed into written
text. Second, the data were then identified and classified to choose relevant data
related to the techniques of simultaneous interpreting and shift in interpreting. The
last, the data which were classified then analyzed descriptively.
3.7 Method and Technique of Presenting Data Analysis
The analyses were presented by using informal and formal method. The
informal method presented the analyzed data in form of words and explanations
and the formal method presented the analyzed data by using signs and symbols.
The two methods were assisted by using a combination of words, signs and
symbols. The analyses were presented into two parts; they are the analyses of the
techniques of simultaneous interpreting and kind of shift in interpreting applied by
42
the interpreter in simultaneous mode at the 2013 APEC Summit Conference
supported by explanations.
The example below is the conversational text cited from the data in
simultaneous interpreting at the 2013 APEC Summit Conference:
1. Speaker: ...and because these institutions are instruments of the people,
they are broken only if we let them break
Interpreter: ...dan bagaimana...lembaga-lembaga ini adalah alat bagi
rakyat. Mereka hanya rusak, tidak berfungsi kalau kita biarkan
mereka rusak, tidak berfungsi
Based on the data above the interpreter takes the technique of summarizing by
adding the phrase tidak berfungsi in the target text to emphasize the importance of
the institutions for the people. The phrase tidak berfungsi means that the
institutions are not useful anymore if they are neglected. Therefore, by adding
tidak berfungsi, the interpreter tries to stress the institutions which important for
the people. The interpreter should render “they” as the pronoun of plural noun of
“institutions” into institusi not mereka in the target language because institusi is
the pronoun of “they”. Mereka in Indonesian language is never used to refer to
plural noun. The target interpretation for the data above should be ...dan karena
lembaga tersebut adalah alat bagi rakyat, institusi itu hanya rusak kalau kita
biarkan rusak.
43
CHAPTER IV
THE ANALYSES OF TECHNIQUES APPLIED IN SIMULTANEOUS
INTERPRETING AT THE 2013 APEC SUMMIT CONFERENCE
This chapter is concerned with the analyses of the product of interpreting
which is performed by the interpreter applied in simultaneous interpreting for
mass media at the 2013 APEC Summit Conference. The analyses of simultaneous
interpreting are concentrated on press conference session for mass media. Related
to that, the analyses are divided into the analyses of the techniques performed in
simultaneous interpreting and interpreting shift which were conducted by the
interpreter.
There are four data in the form of transcriptions of the press conference
sessions to be analyzed in this study. Those data are data (1) press conference
session on the preparations of the 2013 APEC Organizer, data (2) press
conference session on the preparations of the 2013 APEC National Committee,
data (3) press conference of the US Secretary of State Jhon Kerry and the US
Minister of Trade Michael Froman and data (4) press conference of the 2013
APEC Leaders concluding statement delivered by the Indonesia’s President,
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. The data are formulated in a form of speaker or
journalist (as the source language) and the interpreter (as the target language).
44
4.1 Analysis of the Techniques Applied in Simultaneous Interpreting at the
2013 APEC Summit Conference
In simultaneous interpreting, the interpreter delivered the message of the
source language to the target language almost as the same time as the utterance
coming from the speaker. The interpreter must listen to the utterance from the
speaker, remember it and reproduce the message to the target language quickly.
The following are the analyses of the techniques performed by the interpreter
applied in simultaneous interpreting.
4.1.1 Reformulation
The interpreter often used the technique of reformulation particularly in the
mode of simultaneous interpreting in order to reformulate the wording of the
original and to break down the sentence of the source language which was long
and complicated into a series of easier, shorter, or relative and subordinate
clauses. Active clauses changed into passive ones to make them easily understood
by the audience in the target language. The data related to reformulation technique
are:
Data 1:
In data (1), opening, 6th utterance, page 111
Speaker: 06.44’ ...Yang kedua tentu kita ketahui bahwa jalan tol yang sudah
diberi nama oleh Bapak Presiden pada waktu peresmiannya adalah
Jalan Tol /Mandara yang membelah tepian laut juga telah selesai
dan telah dipakai dan digunakan pada hari ini.
Interpreter: 06.47’ Secondly we all know about the high way the /toll road
has been named during its inauguration from the airport above
the sea has been /completed and it is now used.
45
Based on the data above, the interpreter rendered the rendition immediately
about three seconds behind the speaker’s utterances and at the same time listening
the next utterance to interpret simultaneously. It means that he tried to maintain
the distance in a right time in rendering the message. The speaker spoke in a long
utterance using subordinate clause frequently. Therefore the interpreter
reformulated that long utterance into a series of easier one and the sentence shifted
into a clause.
The SL utterance above basically was a complex sentence which had a simple
form of “...Jalan tol...telah selesai dan telah dipakai dan digunakan pada hari
ini”. The interpreter reformulated the sentence into clause. When the speaker
conveyed the utterance of “...jalan tol yang sudah diberi nama oleh Bapak
Presiden pada waktu peresmiannya adalah Jalan Tol Mandara yang membelah
tepian laut juga telah selesai..”, the interpreter rendered the sentence into a clause
in the target language, “toll road has been named during its inauguration”
which was formed by a subject (toll road), predicate (has been) and verb participle
(named) and adverbial (during its inauguration) with deletion (omission)
information of the actor of “oleh Bapak Presiden” in the target language due to
the complex expression used by the speaker. To save time, the interpreter deleted
that information. Contrary, he added things of “high way” prior to “toll road”
which have the same meaning in the first utterance in TL.
The interpreter also reformulated the form in the dependent clause in the SL
utterance of “...digunakan hari ini” into a complete sentence of “it is now used”
with the pronoun of “it” which refer to “toll road”.
46
Data 2
Speaker:
02.37’ [Oleh karenanya Presiden Amerika Serikat akan diwakili oleh
Menteri Luar Negerinya, yaitu Bapak John Kerry yang direncanakan
akan tiba e besok sore,... ya, akan tiba besok sore di Bali. /Yang lain
seluruhnya tetap seperti apa yang telah disampaikan sebelumnya
sesuai dengan apa yang telah disampaikan kemarin kepada temanteman sekalian/]
Interpreter: 02.43’ [He will be::: represented by Mr John Kerry, the... State
Secretary who will arrive tomorrow afternoon. The others... /will
arrive as was planned]
From the data above, the interpreter rendered the rendition simultaneously at
the same time he listened to the next utterance with the distance for about six
seconds with the speaker. He had to wait until the unit meaning of “Presiden
Amerika Serikat...” come out and reformulated it by rendering the pronoun of it
into “he” in the target language. The speaker spoke the utterance in a long
sentence “Yang lain seluruhnya tetap seperti apa yang telah disampaikan
sebelumnya sesuai dengan apa yang telah disampaikan kemarin kepada temanteman sekalian” and it was rendered in short by the interpreter in his
interpretation as “The others... will arrive as was planned”. Here, the interpreter
rendered the technique of reformulation by reformulating the original utterance
into a shorter one by shifting the sentence form into future tense following the
previous utterance shown by “will..”. There was also a short pause in “The
other...” indicating that the interpreter still analyzes the rest of SL utterance.
Meanwhile, at the same time the sentence was still flowing from the speaker. The
47
reformulation was done without deleting the core message, that is, the leaders
would arrive in time as what the plan had been informed to the journalist.
In this case, the use of the others in the TL is reffering to the leaders apart
from the US Secretary of State, John Kerry who would attend the summit on a
schedule. If the interpreter interpreted the source language faithfully in the target
language by rendering “the others will still all like what it is said before
according to what it is informed to all journalists”, the message would not be
efficient due to the long utterance which would make the target audience confused
to receive the target message.
Data 3
In data (2), 3rd dialogue, 1st utterance, page 121
Speaker: 08.41’ [aa.. tapi apakah kemeriahan APEC ini akan berkurang?, saya
pikir tidak ya secara opini...karena juga fasilitas media centernya ini
memang yang /terbesar disediakan aa.. dengan kapasitas, diberikan
gedung khusus di BNDCC... II. Kalau boleh tadi disilahkan agak
memanjakan temen-temen awak media. Tadi saya agak guyon juga
kalau fasilitas makan tiga kali sehari, aa...bebas dan apa...full goyang
lidah dua kali ee satu kali 24 jam ini, /temen-temen jurnalis perlu
me...menimbang dulu ya berat badan sebelum masuk dan nanti setelah
hasilnya bagaimana]
Interpreter: 08.44’ [But what the APEC will be less exiting as it were, I don’t
think that will be so. We have provided the largest media center
with a separate /building at BNDCC II to (xxx) even spoil, I
joked...because we provide three meals in one day and even more
dishes that we provided. You might need to /weight yourself before
and after]
From data above, it can be seen that the interpreter rendered the rendition at
the same time he listened the next utterance which continuous flowing form the
speaker. The interpreter started to render until he got the unit meaning of “but...”
48
and rendered into “tapi...” in TL while he kept listening to next utterence and
rendered the rest with time lapse for about three second. The utterance in SL was
long and therefore the interpreter needed to reformulate it into a series of easier
ones in the target language without changing the meaning. The long vowel “aa..”
delivered by the speaker gave the opportunity for the interpreter to formulate the
rendition and maintained the distance from the speaker for about three seconds
behind the speaker’s utterance. Here, the word “tapi..” in SL came first into the
representation of the interpreter’s mind and it was directly interpreted into “but..”
in TL. The interpreter also divided the long sentence up into a number of shorter
ones by slicing up the utterance or the salami technique.
The long utterance in SL “aa.. tapi apakah kemeriahan APEC ini akan
berkurang?, saya pikir tidak ya secara opini...karena juga fasilitas media
centernya ini memang yang terbesar disediakan aa.. dengan kapasitas, diberikan
gedung khusus di BNDCC... II..” was formed by a yes-no question and it is
rendered into question word-question in the TL into “But what the APEC will be
less exiting as it were, I don’t think that will be so..”. The interpreter also sliced
the that long utterance into two utterances.. By identification of “...karena juga
fasilitas media centernya..”, the interpreter divided the utterance into “We have
provided the largest media center with a separate building at BNDCC II. The
same went to the utterance in SL “...kalau fasilitas makan tiga kali sehari” which
was sliced by a salami technique into sentence in TL “we provide three meals in
one day”.
49
From the first bold type utterance in TL, the interpreter seemed to miss
pronunciation by rendering unclear voice or inaudible (xxx) because slip of
tongue to catch up and maintained distance to the speaker. The interpreter had at
least five seconds left behind the speaker to deliver the SL utterance of “agak
memanjakan...” into the TL “even spoil...”. The interpreter took over the head of
the audience to avoid the audience from being confused but still saved what was
essential. We can see this from the SL utterance of “fasilitas makan tiga kali
sehari, aa...bebas dan apa...full goyang lidah dua kali ee satu kali 24 jam ini...”.
The interpretation should be “There are three meals in one day, full and melted
in a mouth 24 hours..”. The phrase “melted in a mouth” can be the equivalent
rendition for the phrase of “full goyang lidah” in the source language. However,
the interpreter rendered it into “we provide three meals in one day and even
more dishes that we provided”. The speaker interfered the figure of speech “full
goyang lidah” by mixing English adjective of “full” followed by “goyang lidah”.
In Indonesian language, “goyang lidah” is related to food or dish and it did not
exist in the target language. Therefore the interpreter rephrased “full goyang
lidah” to avoid strangeness in TL by rendering the message into the
corresponding form “even more dishes”. If the interpreter interpreted the
utterance by word for word in the target language in English, it woud be strange
and leave the audience confused. The interpreter also reformulated the utterance
in SL “temen-temen jurnalis” into “you” in TL, because the audience of the press
conference was the journalists so the interpreter reformulated that long sentence
into a shorter one you.
50
Data 4
In data (2), 3rd dialogue, 2nd utterance, page 122
Speaker: 10.33’ [Jadi temen-temen, khususnya untuk /online dan cetak saya pikir
tidak harus hadir di setiap ruangan di mana terjadi peristiwa
kesepakatan summit dan sebagainya. /Anda bisa /monitor dari ruang
monitoring di media center itu]
Interpreter: 10.37’ [For online and printed, you don’t need to attend in every
room because you can /monitor from the media center if you would
like to]
In rendering the SL’s utterance “Jadi temen-temen, khususnya untuk online
dan cetak...”, the interpreter had to wait until “online..” came out from the
speaker as he considered it being the unit of meaning with a specific intonation.
The interpreter then rendered in TL with “for online...” while he kept listening to
next utterance flowing from the speaker and rendered the rest simultaneously with
a time distance for about a five second compared to the beginning of SL and TL.
According to the data in SL above, the utterance uttered by the speaker was
quite long in the mode of simultaneous interpreting. The meaning of the italicized
utterance in the source language was given to “the journalist”. In this case, the
interpreter tried to reformulate the wording of the original utterance without
deleting the main message into the target language. The SL utterance “Jadi tementemen, khususnya untuk online dan cetak...” was rendered into “For online and
printed, you...”. The interpreter reformulated the object of the source language
utterance, that is, “jadi teman-teman khususnya untuk online dan cetak” into
“you” because the interpreter regarded “you” as referring to the journalist himself
because the audience in that press conference included so many journalists
51
including both online and printed media (online dan cetak) with the specific
intonation on the verb “monitor” emphasizing that the journalist could only
watch or monitor the event from the media center without attending to every
conference room.
The interpreter implemented the technique of reformulation to break down the
long utterance to save time in simultaneous interpreting and the need to maintain
the right distance from the speaker.
Data 5
In data (2), 6th dialogue, 2nd utterance, page 124
Journalist: 21.04’ [Indonesia, dua bulan yang lalu terpapar dengan sangat tajam
ketika stimulus fiskal misalnya, baru /The Fed, baru mengumumkan,
belum menjadi sebuah kenyataan, tapi kemudian membuat
Indonesia terpuruk. Tidak hanya Indonesia tetapi juga negaranegara berkembang lainnya.
Interpreter: 21.11’ [We were impacted by the fiscal stimulus after The Fed issued
their policies\, it affected us /already, even when it was just
announced.
Between SL and TL, there was a seven second-distance as the speaker
delivered her utterance fast so the interpreter seemed a little bit far from the
speaker. That was done because he had to reformulate the rendition while at the
the same time listened to the next utterance to be rendered simulatenously. In the
italicized quotation above, we can see that there was a change; from an active
utterance into passive one, showing that the interpreter took a reformulation and
kept the right distance of time as the utterance came fast from the speaker. If we
broke down the construction of the italicized utterance in SL, there were two
52
clauses. First, the active utterance of The Fed baru mengumumkan stimulus
fiscal” was constructed as “The Fed” (subject), “baru mengumumkan” (verb),
“stimulus fiskal” (object). Then, the interpreter rendered it into a passive
construction in the TL in which the object (stimulus fiscal) in the SL shifted to a
subject using the pronoun it, “it was just announced”. The utterance could be
constructed into it (subject), was just announced (verb) (by The Fed). Second,
the clause in SL was “kemudian membuat Indonesia terpuruk” which could be
constructed into “kemudian (subject), membuat (verb), Indonesia (object),
terpuruk (adverb)”. The subject “kemudian” above referred to the object in the SL
of “stimulus fiscal” and it was represented by the pronoun “it” in the target
language as the subject. The interpreter then rendered it into “it affected us
already”.
Data 6
In data (3), 2nd opening, 1st utterance, page 129
Speaker: 10.21’ [APEC economies represent 55 percent of global GDP, and
about 45 percent of global goods and services trade\. The United
States exports more than a trillion dollars of goods and services\ to
APEC countries, and that’s more than 50 percent of total U.S. exports\.
And those exports support millions of hardworking American jobs\]
Interpreter:10.23’[/Ekonomi ekonomi APEC mewakili 55 persen...ehm PDB dunia
dan 45 persen barang dan jasa yang diperdagangkan di dunia\]
[Amerika seri.../ekspor Amerika Serikat senilai 1 trilun dolar ke
negara-negara APEC. Itu lebih dari 50 persen keseluruhan ekspor
Amerika Serikat\ dan ekspor ini menunjang banyak ehm... /pekerja
Amerika Serikat yang bekerja keras\]
The speaker in data 7 delivered his speech fast, making the interpreter also
run in a race to render the rendition. There was two second between the SL and
53
TL utterance which was not too far from the speaker. We can see that the
interpreter took the technique of reformulation both when telling the numbers by
changing the active utterance into passive one in the target language. The bold
type utterance in SL was an active object “...about 45 percent of global goods
and services trade”. If it was rendered literally into Indonesian language, it
became “sekitar 45 persen perdagangan barang dan jasa secara global”.
However, the interpreter rephrased the utterance into a sentence by changing it
into the passive verb which was shown by the existence of prefix –di in the verb
of “diperdagangkan” and became “45 persen barang dan jasa yang
diperdagangkan di dunia”. In rendering the message, he also made a short pause
seen from the existence of “...ehm...” when he formulated the rendition of
“GDP” in the source language which was the abbreviation of “Growth Domestic
Bruto” and it had one equivalent in the target language which was also rendered
into an abbreviation of “PDB” or known as “Pendapatan Domestik Bruto”. Here,
the interpreter also made efficiency in reformulation.
Number was also part of the application of reformulation. Here, the
interpreter had already delivered the number originally by identifying the specific
element and giving the right order of the magnitude in the target language. When
the speaker said “The United States exports more than a trillion dollars of
goods and services to APEC countries” the interpreter then rendered it into
“ekspor Amerika Serikat senilai 1 trilun dolar ke negara-negara APEC”.
The interpreter also applied efficiency in reformulation when rendering the
repeated notion of organization, APEC rather than Asia Pacific Economic
54
Corporation, which would take a lot of time. The interpreter provided this form
because it was clear to the audience and was accepted usage.
4.1.2 Efficiency in Reformulation
The interpreter of simultaneous interpreting faced time pressure in
transferring the message into the target language. That’s why he or she should
render the expression of the speaker as efficiently as possible to save time. Below
is the data of efficiency of reformulation technique:
Data 1
In data (3), 2nd dialogue, 2nd utterance, page 132
Speaker : 19.25’ [/Well, I’m..I’m gonna (going to) let the Ambassador speak a
little bit to that, but I will just tell you that /Indonesia is growing at, I
think, around 6 percent or so /now. They have plans to even /raise
that level of growth more significantly\]
Interpreter: 19. 27’ [/Saya ingin meminta\ Bapak Duta Besar berbicara sedikit
mengenai hal itu tapi saya akan bicara secara singkat bahwa Indonesia
terus bertumbuh, enan persen kalau tidak salah, sekarang mereka punya
rencana untuk justru terus meningkatkan pertumbuhan itu secara
signifikan]
In the data above, the interpreter started rendering the rendition in the target
language about two second behind the speaker. He tried to maintain the distance
in rendering the rendition while at the same, listened to the next utterance to be
transferred in TL simultaneously. The interpreter used the technique of efficiency
in reformulation seen from removing the useless filler words or expression
delivered by the speaker “Well” in the source language. It was done to save time
because the speaker delivered his utterance very fast. The interpreter also wanted
55
to maintain the distance not too far from the speaker. In rendering the rendition
from the source language into the target language, the interpreter also
reformulated the utterance of “..Indonesia is growing at, I think, around 6
percent or so now. They have plans to even raise that level of growth more
significantly” and it is renderred into “Indonesia terus bertumbuh, enan persen
kalau tidak salah, sekarang mereka punya rencana untuk justru terus
meningkatkan pertumbuhan itu secara signifikan” which sounds more natural and
as authentic as possible in Indonesian language. In saying the number, the
interpreter put the number in the first position instantaneously in the target
language into “enan persen kalau tidak salah,”
Data 2
In data (3) , 2nd dialogue, 3rd utterance, page 132
Speaker: 20.31’ [Well, the only thing I would add to that is, Indonesia is one of
the largest economies in the world and as a key member, for example,
of the G-20\, and has played a critical role in the G-20\, in terms of
bringing a perspective of an... emerging economy to the global
economic system and ensuring that issues were addressed in an
appropriate way\ They’ve been, the President Yudhoyono and others
from (xxx) play a critical role in the G-20 over the last several years.
And /similarly, in just two months from now, Indonesia will host and
chair the 9th meeting of the WTO ministerial\.
Interpreter: 20.32’ [/Cara saya menjawabnya adalah bahwa Indonesia adalah
salah satu ekonomi terbesar di dunia sebagai salah satu anggota
/utama dari G20 contohnya yang sudah berrmain suatu peran yang
penting di G20 berkaitan dengan membawa perpektif... dari ekonomi
baru berkembang dan dalam satu sistem ekonomi yang baru
memastikan bahwa, persoalan-persoalan yang dibahas secara /baik.
...(6) (take a breath)....[/Presiden Yudhoyono memainkan peranan
penting di G20 selama beberapa tahun yang la...ee...belakangan dan...
Indonesia akan menjadi penyelenggara dan memimpin pertemuan
menteri WTO]
56
In the target language quotation in bold type above, the interpreter used
efficiency in reformulating the utterance. When the speaker said “Well, the only
thing I would add to that is...” the interpreter then rendered it into a simpler one
“Cara saya menjawabnya adalah...”. The interpretation of the utterance should
be “Satu hal yang ingin saya tambahkan adalah...”. The interpreter tried to
minimize the expression delivered by the speaker by removing the useless filler
word of “well” and just directly interpreted the main clause because the speakers
spoke fast and the rendition delivered by the interpreter was also fast. In rendering
the name of an organization“G20” or known as a group of 20 Government, the
interpreter only rendered the abbreviated one in the target language as “G20” to
save a lot of time. The interpreter also reformulated the utterance “They’ve been,
the President Yudhoyono and others from (xxx) play a critical role in the G20 over the last several years” by removing “they’ve been...” and swiftly
renderred to the main utterance in the target language into “Presiden Yudhoyono
memainkan peranan penting di G20”. In the utterance there was an inaudible
word (xxx), however, it did not affect the interpreter and just rendered to the main
idea. The reformulation gave the opportunity to the interpreter to take a breath
shown by a six-second break. The name “WTO” was rendered into an abbreviated
form in the target language into WTO instead of using the real name of “World
Trade Organization”.
57
Data 3
Speaker: 02.53’ [/Fourth, we reaffirmed our commitments to achieving a /strong,
balanced, sustainable and inclusive global growth. In the process, we
agreed to facilitate the enhanced participation of Small, Medium, and
Micro sized Enterprises, youth, and women entrepreneurs. These
SMMEs are the backbone of our economy]
Interpreter:02.58’ [Yang keempat, kita menegaskan komitmen kita untuk menjaga
suatu pertumbuhan eknomi global yang kuat, berimbang, berkelanjutan
dan insklusif. Dalam proses ini kita mendorong untuk partisipasi UKM
dan... usaha mikro, anak muda, perempuan dan karena itu UKM ini
merupakan tulang punggung pertumbuhan ekonomi kita]
In the sentence two in the source language above, the speaker said “Small,
Medium, and Micro sized Enterprises”, the interpreter rendered it into the
abbreviated form “UKM” which had already been known by Indonesian people
especially the journalists as the audience on the press conference. If the interpreter
rendered the formal name into “Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah” in the target
language, it might take time for the interpreter to catch to the next utterance and
might too far behind the speaker. Meanwhile, there was a five- second distance
between the speaker and the interpreter utterance in the TL.
4.1.3 Simplification
The technique of simplification was used to simplify the utterance which
mainly discussed the technical material to make it more understood by the target
audience to save the essentials without deleting the message. There were
possibilities for the interpreter to take other technique in conjunction with the
simplification found in the sample.
simplification are:
The data related to the technique of
58
Data 1
In data (1), 5th dialogue, 4th utterance, page 112
Speaker:
34.02’ [Wilayah tanggungjawab saya yang kami susun pertama kita
mengacu kepada sektor Kohamnas dua yaitu wilayah Jawa Timur
sebagian Jawa Timur, kemudian Sumatera ulangi, Kalimatan Timur
dan Selatan, kemudian seluruh Sulawesi dan sebagian Ambon. Itu
wilayah. /Kenapa demikian karena itu wilayah radar....dari sini unsur
darat membagi wilayah daratan Bali ini dalam pola yang kita sebut
pola ring, disinilah diatur siapa yang bertanggungjawab pada ring
satu ring dua dan ring tiga. Nah inilah yang telah kita lakukan dan
pada saat ini kita telah melewati tahapan e.. cipta kondisi atau
dalam istilah kepolisian adalah prakondisi sedang kita lakukan...]
Interpreter: 34.07’ [First we refered to...(3) the second (2) the National... Defense
Command, the second National Defense Command which covers
Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, South Kalimantan and all of Sulawesi
and some part of Ambon and other places, this based on the radar
area.....The army have divided the Bali island into rings, we have
appointed people responsible in the first ring, second ring and the third
ring. We have (4) passed the stage of pre-condition...]
From the time to start rendering, there was five second distance between the
speaker and the interpreter until the interpreter got the unit of meaning of
“...pertama..” and began to start rendering the rendition. While rendering the
rendition, at the same time he coordinated and listened to the next utterance
flowing from the speaker to be rendered simultaneously. On that opportunity, the
speaker was telling the audience about the security arrangement during the APEC
Summit conducted by the arm forces. The speaker often used a term related to the
national security. In this case, when the speaker said an abbreviation of
“..Kohamnas”, a technical term in security field in the source language without
giving its explanation, the interpreter then interpreted it as “the Second National
59
Defense Command”. In this case, the unfamiliar term of Kohamnas was
interpreted into more familiar or into everyday English. In transferring the
message, he made two pauses for about three (3) and two (2) seconds for each
pause made in formulating “Kohamnas”. The interpreter also simplified the
utterance “Nah inilah yang telah kita lakukan dan pada saat ini kita telah
melewati tahapan e.. cipta kondisi atau dalam istilah kepolisian adalah
prakondisi sedang kita lakukan...” into more simple and sounded natural with
only the essential message to be interpreted in the target language “we have (4)
passed the stage of pre-condition,...” and followed by its explanation. There was
a four (4) seconds-pause to formulate the police terms of “precondition”.
Data 2
Speaker:
35.30’ [....Kaitan dengan ini kami menggunakan dua sistem yaitu
pertama sistem senjata sosial. Apa maksutnya sistem senjata sosial?
Kita mendekati masalah itu secara persuasive, kita lihat ada raziarazia yang dilakukan oleh pihak kepolisian secara persuasive dan ini
juga kita menggunakan kearifan lokal...
.../Kapan itu digunakan? tentunya apabila sistem senjata sosial tidak
berjalan seperti yang kita harapkan. Tetapi tentunya saya sebagai
panglima komando gabungan mengarapkan ini dapat berjalan
bersama dan saya katakan bahwa pengamanan bukan tanggung
jawab TNI dan Polri saja...]
Interpreter: 35. 34’ [...We use two systems, first a social arms system. /What does
it mean? We mean that we approach the problem persuasively we
know that the police have been conducting unannounced
inspection and to also employ local wisdom in providing security and
hope that, with that, there will be a collective sense of responsibility of
60
all the component in our presence here in Bali for the success of the
APEC summit.
..../When are those arms employed or used? it is after the social arms
have been exhausted but I myself as the commander of the joint
command for security, we, I hope that it is not been a necessary and I
will /stress that this is not only the responsibility of the armed
forces..]
In the long utterance above, the speaker was an expert on security which
mainly discussed about the security assistance during the 2013 APEC Summit.
The utterance above seemed quite to be technical involving specific terms on
security in the source language such as “sistem senjata sosial, razia-razia, local
wisdom, sistem senjata teknologi, TNI, Polri” and so on. The speaker in this case
had already explained the terms itself. However, the interpreter still needed to
simplify the utterance in the target language on its explanation to maximize the
communication, for example, “TNI dan Polri” into a more simple form in the
target language of “armed forces” .
Data 3
Speaker: 09.24’ [aa.. /Dari test drive tadi kami lakukan di media center, speed up
itu aa.. dengan bantuan temen-temen Telkom dengan Telkomsel, itu aa..
up to 100 mega herz ya, ee.. /100 megabite per second, dan ini aa... luar
biasa aa... dan setiap meja itu ada, fasilitas untuk langsung connect
apa... sambungan internasional, voice maksutnya. Sedangkan di
Vladivostok, laporan yang saya /dapatkan /tidak di setiap meja tapi di
pojok meja itu ada paketnya berame-rame, kalau ini setiap pengguna
ada /700 work station yang kita pasang di media center /ditambah
dengan saluran local area network itu ada 200 saluran, belum lagi plugin yang bisa digunakan untuk meng..koneksikan...apa... saluran televisi
dan sebagainya dan juga untuk gambar, anda bisa monitor]
61
Interpreter: 09.31’ [/We are also assisted by our friends at /Telkomsel...(6) up to
100 megabite per second with regards to the internet speed, this is
amazing and every table can connects internationally through v-o-i-p\
while in Vladivostok they did not provide it matter with table, /now
there are 7 works stations at the media center, /seven hundreds works
station with 200 connections there are numerous...(3) plugs...(3) by
which you can connect to television, there are also pictures]
From the data above, the interpreter started rendering into the target language
with distance time about seven seconds behind the speaker. It was done because
there was still a continued flow from the speaker and the interpreter waited until
he got the unit of meaning from the SL. The SL utterance in italic showed
technical matters regarding with the internet speed and connection of technology.
Prior to the first italicized utterance in the SL, there was a pause of about six
seconds applied by the interpreter in an effort to formulate the rendition into TL.
In rendering the rendition, the interpreter simplified all those utterances. In
italic utterance in SL “speed up itu aa.. dengan bantuan temen-temen Telkom
dengan Telkomsel, itu aa.. up to 100 mega herz ya, ee.. /100 megabite per
second..”, the speaker stated a mix English and Indonesian language utterance
which was shown by “speep up itu aa...”and he might be talking over the heads
of the audience by directly mentioning the measure of the speed without
explaining what the exact speed was. However, there were several pauses
indicated by the occurrence of “...aa....” which helped the interpreter to use the
that time to formulate the rendition. The interpreter then simplified the long
utterances into “up to 100 megabites per second with regards to the internet
speed” which referred to the internet speed. The rendition should be “the internet
speed measures up to 100 megabites per second”. The interpreter also rendered
62
the SL utterance of “...dan setiap meja itu ada, fasilitas untuk langsung connect
apa... sambungan internasional, voice maksutnya” into a simpler way “...and
every table can connects internationally through v-o-i-p..”.
The interpreter also simplified the next utterance in SL “Sedangkan di
Vladivostok, laporan yang saya dapatkan tidak di setiap meja tapi di pojok meja
itu ada paketnya berame-rame..” which was translated into “while in
Vladivostok they did not provide it matter with table..”. The word “it” in TL
referred to the international voice connection (voip).
4.1.4 Omission
The technique of omission or deletion of information in the source language
could not be avoided in rendering the rendition from SL to TL. The interpreter
sometimes applied that technique because of the mode of expression of a speaker,
the speaker spoke too fast or a mixture of those factors (Jones:1998). The data
related to omission technique are:
Data1
In data (1), 10th dialogue, 9h and 12th utterance, page 117-118
Journalist: 56.38’ [I’m a journalist from Hong Kong China and I have several
questions for Vice Minister of Foreign Affair. /Chinese President, Xi
Jinping began his first state visit to Indonesia from yesterday and how
do you think of his state visit? Do you think it would /improve the
bilateral relationship and friend and /the partnership between /China
and Indonesia?]
Interpreter: 56.39’ [Saya jurnalis dari Hong Kong China dan memiliki beberapa
pertanyaan untuk Wakil Menteri..Luar Negeri. Xi Jinping sudah
memulai kunjungan luar negerinya kemarin ke Indonesia, bagaimana
menurut anda mengenai kunjunan kenergaraanya itu? Apakah ini
63
sudah memperbaiki hubungan bilateral? Dan memperkuat kemitraan
antara China dengan Indonesia?]
Speaker: 1.01.10’ [Terima kasih Bapak Pimpinan. I think we (xxx) to the
question in a way of collague. aa...Related to the prospect of the
bilateral relation between Indonesia and China. aa...I believe that the
visit of the President of China to.. to Indonesia yesterday and after
today, we further strengthen and broader the relation, bilateral relation
between Indonesia and China...]
Interpreter: 1.01.12’ [Thank you Mr Chair, berkaitan dengan pertanyaan yang
sudah diajukan oleh rekan kami berkaitan dengan pada prospek
hubungan bilateral antara Indonesia dengan /China, saya percaya
bahwa kunjungan Presiden China ke Indonesia kemarin dan sampai
juga dengan /hari ini akan lebih meningkatkan dan memperkuat lagi
memperluas hubungan bilateral antara Indonesia dengan /China]
In the first utterance from the journalist from China, she asked the speaker
about the relationship between Indonesia and China related to the two leaders who
met for the first time. When the journalist said “Chinese President Xi Jinping
began...”, the interpreter rendered it only the name of the president “Xi Jinping
sudah memulai...”. He deleted the information “Chinese president” and directly
interpreted into the name of the Chinese President, Xi Jinping. It was done
because the journalist spoke fast and it was already known that the President Xi
Jinping was from China. Therefore, to save a sufficient time, the interpreter
omitted “Chinese President”. The interpreter also made a mistake in rendering
the utterance in SL “do you think it would /improve the bilateral relationship”
with a specific stress on the word of “improve” and it was interpreted into
“Apakah ini sudah memperbaiki hubungan bilateral? The interpretation should
be “Apakah ini akan meningkatkan hubungan bilateral..”. The rendition could
make other perception that both Indonesia and China had a diplomatic problem
64
previously due to what was rendered had a different meaning. In this case, for a
good reason, he should make a correction. However, the interpreter did not seem
to realize his mistake and just let it go over in a silence because the speaker spoke
fast and had a limited time to go back to make a correction. At the end of the
utterance, the interpreter added the word “memperkuat” to emphasize the
relationship between the two countries.
Meanwhile, when the speaker, who was Vice Foreign Minister of Indonesia,
gave the feedback in English to the journalist and he spoke in a low tone.
Therefore, there was an inaudible voice (xxx) which made the interpreter delete
the information and directly started the interpretation. The interpretation in TL
should be “...saya pikir, kita (xxx) terhadap pertanyaan wartawan. Berkaitan
prospek hubungan bilateral antara Indonesia dan China...”. However, the
interpreter directly interpreted it into “...berkaitan dengan pertanyaan yang sudah
diajukan oleh rekan kami berkaitan dengan pada prospek hubungan bilateral
antara Indonesia dengan China”. The deletion was not giving a serious problem
for the interpreter because it was just an opening remark before answering the
essential message. The interpreter also added “meningkatkan” which implied that
he wanted to emphasize the relationship between China and Indonesia.
Data 2
In data (1), 10th dialogue, 2nd utterance, page 115
Journalist : 54.45’ [Saya Michele dari kantor berita negara Rusia, RIA Novosti
dan ada pertanyaan kepada Bapak Wisnu, karena satu tahun
kemarin di Vladivostok Rusia, Indonesia janji akan ada kelanjutan
dari pada inisiatif Rusia sebagai ketua APEC tahun kemarin dan
65
bagaimana situasi dengan kelanjutan itu sekarang?, apa ada ini
dalam usul yang akan diberikan ABAC kepada leader? Dan ada
juga Bapak Yuri punya nama Rusia jadi saya mesti tanya /Bapak
Yuri juga. Aa.../Kira-kira pertanyaan sama, bagaimana, /ada satu
pendapat bahwa pada bulan terakhir, /tiga bulan terkahir, Rusia
masih Ketua APEC tahun kemarin, ini perhatian dari pada Rusia
kepada APEC turun. /Bagaimana dengan Indonesia?, ini nanti juga
/turun sesudah summit ini? atau tiga bulan yang masih ke depan
APEC sangat ee masih sangat penting untuk Indonesia, terima
kasih banyak//]
Interpreter: 54.49’ [I am Michele from the Russian News Office. In Russia in
Vladivostok, Indonesia promise a continuation of the Russia’s
initiative after Russia’s chairmanship last year. /What about that
in or what are the updates or there any recommendation relevant to
that and because Mr. Yuri has a Russian name so I have to direct the
question to Mr. /Yuri. /The same question, there is a few, there is an
opinion that in the last three months, Russia is still the chair (4) the
last three years of the Russia chairmanship Russia experience a
decresion popularity or what about this year will APEC still be
popular, be relevant.
The journalist above was a Russian native who delivered the question in
Indonesian language and therefore, the interpreter had to swiftly convert it into
English for English media. In rendering the rendition from SL to TL, there was
about four second distance of time for the interpreter to start rendering, after the
word “saya” came in SL and it was directly rendered into “I’m...” in TL. The
interpreter rendered the rendition at the same time he listened to the next utterance
coming out from the speaker coordinately. Based on the interpretation in the target
language, the rendition above has fulfilled the message of SL to TL. Due to the
quite fast speaker and the interpreter wanted to save time, the interpreter took the
technique of deletion (omission). The interpreter deleted some information of SL.
66
The word “negara and RIA Novosti” did not exist in TL. The interpretation
should be “I am Michele from the Russian State News Office, RIA Novosti”.
However, the interpreter only rendered the general name of it into Russian News
Office. The rendition still can fulfill the message because “negara” and the name
of the news agency RIA Novosti had already represented Russia. Due to limited
of time in rendering along with a fast speaker, the interpreter also deleted the
utterance “ada pertanyaan kepada Bapak Wisnu karena satu tahun kemarin...”.
The interpretation should be “there is a question for Mr. Wisnu because a year
ago...”. The utterance implied that the journalist wanted only Mr. Wisnu to
answer his question directly without being intervened by other speakers.
However, to save time and maintain the distance, he just deleted the sentence.
In the utterance “bagaimana situasi dengan kelanjutan itu sekarang, apa ada
ini dalam usul yang akan diberikan ABAC kepada leader”, the interpretation
should be “what about the progress of that continuation, is there any
recommendation which will ABAC give to the leader?. However, the
interpretation of “ABAC kepada leader” in SL did not exist in TL and the
interpreter added “relevant” to emphasize the recommendation of the
continuation on Russia’s initiative. In the last utterance, the journalist’s question
implied the importance of APEC for the next months. It was accepted if the
interpreter transferred the message by saying “will APEC still important for
Indonesia?”. Here, the interpreter added “will APEC still be popular, be
relevant?” to emphasize the relevance of APEC for the future in form of
interrogative utterance.
67
Data 3
In data (2), 6th dialogue, 1st utterance, page 124
Journalist: 20.25’ [Selamat siang, ee.. bapak-bapak perkenalkan nama saya
Desy Fitriani dari Televisi Republik Indonesia. Pertanyaan saya
adalah sebuah,.. semacam ee... mungkin mencari tahu pendapat
dari bapak-bapak terkait dengan ketidakhadiran Presiden Amerika
Serikat Barack Obama itu menegaskan apakah kemudian bahwa krisis
finansial secara /global memang benar-benar akan terjadi?.
Interpeter: 20.28’ [I’m Desy Triani. I have a question to ask for your opinion
with regards to the cancellation of President Barack Obama, is that
mean that the global financial crisis is happening?
Based on the data above, the interpreter deleted some information. We can
see the source text “Pertanyaan saya adalah sebuah,.. semacam ee... mungkin
mencari tahu pendapat dari bapak-bapak terkait dengan ketidakhadiran Presiden
Amerika Serikat Barack Obama...” was interpreted into “I have a question to
ask for your opinion with regards to the cancellation of President Barack
Obama...”. In this case, the speaker used illustrative words as a mode of
expression such as “..semacam...sebuah...mungkin mencari tahu..”. Therefore, it
was not too important for him to interpret the rendition. In the previous utterance,
the interpreter deleted the journalist’s introduction and her media. “Selamat siang,
ee.. bapak-bapak perkenalkan nama saya Desy Fitriani dari Televisi Republik
Indonesia” and it was just directly rendered into her name “Desy Fitriani” to
have sufficient distance from the original as the speaker spoke fast. On the TL,
grammatically, the interpreter might make a slip of togue by making a wrong
rendition on the utterance of “...is that mean..?” which should be rendered into
68
“does it mean?”. However, he just passed it in silence because there was no time
for making a correction due to limited time.
Data 4:
In data (3 ), 1st dialogue, 1st utterance, page 131
Journalist: 14.24’ [Okay. Thank you, Mr. Secretary. /Can you hear me? First of
all... I’m not sure – yes? Okay [testing the mic)
14.26’ I’m /curious as to, first, ho.../how do you make the case back
at home to members of Congress that the shutdown hurts, American
security and potentially the security of its allies, /while at the same
time you are here, presumably, assuring those allies, in Asia, that you
still have their back, like what you said?.
Interpreter: 14.26’
[/Bisa dengar suara saya?,] Saya ingin tahu berkaitan dengan
pertama kali, bagaimana anda menjelaskan kepada... angggota
kongres bahwa shutdown atau penutupan pemerintah Amerika
Serikat ini akhirnya mengurangi atau mencederai keamanan luar
negeri misalnya\ terutama kita, sementara kita berusaha
menyakinkan, /anda berusaha menyakinkan mitra-mitra anda itu
bahwa anda tetap mendukung mitra- mitra tersebut di luar negeri.
Based on the data above, the interpreter omitted several utterances in the first
sentence uttered by the journalist which was considered not too important to be
interpreted because the speaker implied that he tested the mic to check whether it
worked or not. The interpreter then just summed up and rendered it into “Bisa
dengar suara saya” in the target language. The omission also occurred to the next
utterance “I’m curious as to, first, ho...how do you make the case back at
home to members of Congress...” and it was rendered into “Saya ingin tahu
berkaitan dengan pertama kali, bagaimana anda menjelaskan kepada... angggota
kongres...”. In this case, the interpreter omitted the SL clause “...the case back at
home..” which should be rendered in the target language into “masalah di dalam
69
negeri”. Because the speaker spoke fast, he just missed it out by keeping the
essential message in the target language. It was not necessary for the interpreter
to render it because the state which was stated in the source language was the US
government. So, the utterance “the case back home” was related to the internal
problem of the US government.
Data 5
In data (3 ), 3rd dialogue, 1st utterance, page 132
Journalist: 21.33’ [Thank you, Secretary Kerry and Ambassador Froman.
Secretary Kerry, you /addressed this a little bit at the top of your
remarks, but the whole question about the government shutdown has
certainly created a /perception in Asia, that it’s undermining the
President’s ability to fulfill his Asia pivot /promise and we’ve heard
this both in public remarks from certain Asian leaders and also
aam...you know, /private remarks, that they feel it’s undermining the
President’s, what is meant to be his signature issue of his second-term
foreign policy /distracting him\. So I want to ask you, /How can you/
reassure those leaders who’ve expressed their /concerns that it’s /not
undermining the Asia pivot?
Interpreter: 21.35’ [\Terima kasih Bapak... Menteri Kerry dan Duta Besar
Froman, anda sudah mengatakan /tadi... tapi pertanyaan mengenai
penutupan....pemerintahan itu sudah... membuat citra bahwa,...
Amerika Serikat mungkin akan kesulitan untuk memenuhi /janjinya
untuk Asia, ada juga komentar-komentar yang diucapkan secara
pribadi bahwa ini akhirnya mengurangi kemampuan\ Presiden untuk
memberi tanggungjawabnya ini sebagai suatu...aa pengalih perhatian
sekurang-kurangnya, bagaimana anda akan menjelaskan kepada
para pemimpin dunia tersebut bahwa ini tidak akan melemahkan Asia
(xxx) pihlet....
In the quotation above, an international journalist from US Bloomberg asked
a question to the speaker about his opinion of the shutdown in the US government
which created a weakness perception for the US President. In this case, the
speaker spoke so fast which forced the interpreter to omit several utterances in
70
order to maintain his distance and catch up the flowing utterance to interpret.
When the journalist said “Secretary Kerry, you addressed this a little bit at the
top of your remarks...” the interpreter interpreted it into “ Anda sudah
mengatakan tadi....”. We can see that he omitted the name of the addressee
“Secretary Kerry” because the question delivered by the journalist was clear for
the Secretary Kerry, so it was not important to render it into the target language
and just directly mentions “Anda...” which has the same addressee as “you”. The
interpreter also reformulated the mode of the speaker’s expression of “a little bit
at the top of your remarks” into a simple rendition of “tadi” , meaning that the
remarks had been mentioned previously to save time, it is not a must for the
interpreter to render it and only to keep the essential message.
He also reformulated the utterance “...created a perception in Asia, that it’s
undermining the President’s ability to fulfill his Asia pivot /promise and
we’ve heard this both in public remarks from certain Asian leaders and also
aam...you know, private remarks,...” and it was interpreted in the target
language into “sudah... membuat citra bahwa,... Amerika Serikat mungkin akan
kesulitan untuk memenuhi /janjinya untuk Asia, ada juga komentar-komentar
yang diucapkan secara pribadi...”. The interpreter omitted the clause “in public
remarks from certain Asian leaders” because the speaker spoke too fast.
Eventhough the clause had been removed, the interpretation fulfilled the message
because previously he mentioned “Asia”, meaning that the perception of
undermining the US policy was from the leader or Asian nations. The interpreter
also made a specific intonation following the same as the source language in
71
“/janjinya” to emphasize the promise made by the US government to the Asian
nations.
In the last utterance, the interpreter also omitted the information “...who’ve
expressed their concerns..” because the utterance was only illustrative to the
leader who undermined the US ability and he just missed out to keep the essential
message.
4.1.5 Summarizing
Summarizing was taken by the interpreter to ensure that the audience would
understand fully by adding things not in the sense of providing a summary that
replaced the full text. The data related to summarizing technique are:
Data 1
In data (1), 10th dialogue, utterance 4-6, page 116
Speaker:
56.09’ [Bidang yang ingin dilanjutkan dari Rusia itu apa?]
Interpreter:
56.10’ [Can can you tell us a specific area that like to ask about at
this time?]
Speaker:
56.24’ [/ada spesifiknya?]
Interpreter:
56.26’ [Can you provide the specific sector?]
The utterances above were conducted in simultaneous interpreting which
involved interaction between the speaker and a journalist without using a copy of
the text used by the interpreter because it was done spontaneously. The interpreter
rendered the utterance one by one coordinately with the time distance for about
one second on the first rendition in TL. It was mainly discussed the specific field
on the continuation of the Russia’s initiative. The interpreter mainly applied the
72
technique of summarizing or addition in TL. In the first utterance the speaker
asked the Russian journalist “Bidang yang ingin dilanjutkan dari Rusia itu apa?”.
It implied that the speaker emphasized the question on a specific field (bidang).
The speaker placed “bidang” preceding the question word “apa” in the
construction of an interrogative sentence. The right construction in SL should be
“Apa bidang yang ingin dilanjutkan dari Rusia itu?”. The interpreter rendered it
into “can you tell us a specific area that like to ask about at this time?”.
The interpreter again took summarizing by adding the word “specific” to
stress the field of the initiative and the adverb of time “at this time” referred to
the initiative asked by the journalist that year.
When the speaker stressed his feedback to the journalist, the speaker said
“ada spesifiknya?”, the interpreter rendered it into “Can you provide the
specific sector?”. Here, the interpreter added a noun “sector” to indicate the
specific thing on the intended initiative. It means that the interpreter wanted to
give a full understanding by adding “sector” to describe the specific field.
Data 2
In data (1), 10th dialogue, utterance 1, page 115
Speaker :
54.24’ [Nah sekarang tibanya saya memberikan kesempatan kepada
teman-teman jurnalis untuk bertanya. Saya persilahkan /tiga orang
yang pertama. /Satu, dua, ee yang di depan satu, dua. Belakang
yang biru, satu. Tiga, ya. Saya persilahkan]
Interpreter : 54. 26’ [Now it’s time for me to give the opportunity to you member
of the press to /ask question. I would like to invite three people first,
one two. One from front, one from two, three including one from the
back in blue//]
73
In rendering the data above, the speaker had to wait until the word
“Sekarang” in SL came out and rendered in TL into “now” and at the same time
he had to listen next utterance to be rendered simultaneously for about two second
distance of time. In quotation above the speaker said “Nah sekarang tibanya saya
memberikan kesempatan kepada teman-teman jurnalis untuk bertanya. Saya
persilahkan tiga orang yang pertama. Satu, dua, ee yang di depan satu dua.
Belakang yang biru, satu. Tiga ya. Saya persilahkan”. The utterance implied that
the speaker invited three journalists to ask questions to the speakers in front of the
conference table. The interpreter rendered the utterance in the TL into “Now it’s
time for me to give the opportunity to you member of the press to ask question. I
would like to invite three people first, one two. One from front, one from two,
three including one from the back in blue”. The interpreter added the word “you”
to emphasize that the invitation went to the journalist even though “member of
the press” was enough to represent the rendition of “teman-teman jurnalis”. The
interpreter also deleted the information in SL “Saya persilahkan” because the
speaker had already conveyed the same utterance previously so that the interpreter
deleted it to save time and maintain distance from the speaker.
Data 3
In data (3), 1st opening, 14th utterance, page 129
Speaker: 08.59’ [/The relationship between the United States and the Asia Pacific
has really never been, more important than it is now.
President Obama /began a rebalance to this region in the course of his
first four years, and we intend to /continue that, over the course of his
second term\]
74
[It is, very clear that most of the economic issues that we face /today
/require the kind of cooperation that APEC makes possible.
Interpreter: 09.01’ [/Hubungan antara Amerika Serikat dengan Asia Pasifik tidak
pernah... menjadi sepenting ini//] [Presiden Obama memulai\
...ehm...pe...penyeimbangan kembali kekuatan di wilayah ini dan kami
akan terus melakukannya selama sampai dengan masa jabatan yang
keduanya habis.
...Sudah jelas bahwa banyak permasalahan ekonomi yang kami
hadapi\, kita hadapi /hari ini memerlukan kerja sama yang
dimungkinkan oleh APEC.
In the data above, the speaker uttered the utterances that the United States
relationship to Asia Pasific nations was strong and that they wanted to have a
close cooperation.When the speaker conveyed his second utterance, the interpreter
rendered it into “Presiden Obama memulai...ehm..pe...penyeimbangan kembali
kekuatan di wilayah ini dan kami akan terus melakukannya selama sampai
dengan masa jabatannya habis”. In that interpretation, the interpreter added the
information “kekuatan” which did not exist in the source language. The addition
above referred to the previous utterance which the speaker stated that the relation
between the US Government and Asia Pacific was getting more important so that
it would make the relation go strong. In the interpretation, the speaker made a
short pause with a low intonation on “...ehm..pe...penyeimbangan” indicating that
he tried to think about the appropriate rendition in the target language.
The other summarizing performed by the interpreter could also be seen in the
repetition of the next utterance“...kami hadapi, kita hadapi” in the target
language. It means that the interpreter tried to ensure an understanding that the
economic problem did not only happen to the US but also to the APEC countries
therefore cooperation was needed.
75
Data 4
In data (3), opening speech, 4th utterance, page 127
Spaeaker : 01.30’ [As I’ve said many times, the /values of great institutions like
the United States Senate and the House, is how we use them, and what
they represent to the world. And /because these institutions are
instruments of the people, they are broken only if we let them break]
Interpreter: 01.35’ [...seperti::: Senat Amerika Serikat ada satu institusi besar,
dan
manfaat-manfaatnya
ada
pada
bagaimana
kami
menggunakannya, dan apa.../bagaimana mereka mewakili diri mereka
ke /dunia dan bagaimana... lembaga-lembaga ini adalah alat bagi
rakyat. Mereka, hanya rusak tidak berfungsi. /Kalau kita biarkan
mereka rusak, tidak berfungsi//]
The interpreter rendered to the rendition for about four seconds distance time
from the speaker with a fast speaker. On the line 4-5 in the italicized utterance in
the data above, the interpreter took the technique of summarizing or adds
information in the target language. The interpreter added the phrase “tidak
berfungsi” to stress the importance of the people if the government neglected
these institutions. The interpreter should rendered “they” as the pronoun of plural
noun of “institutions” into institusi not mereka in the target language because
institusi is the pronoun of “they”. Mereka in Indonesian language is never used to
refer to plural noun. The target interpretation for the data above should be ...dan
karena lembaga tersebut adalah alat bagi rakyat, institusi itu hanya rusak kalau
kita biarkan rusak.
4.1.6 Technique Applied If the Interpreter Makes Mistakes
A simultaneous interpreter sometimes made a mistake in rendering the
rendition due to many problems such as the density of utterance and a limited time
76
to render in the target language. The following are the data that a simultaneous
interpreter did when he made a clear and objective mistake:
Data 1
Speaker: 59.00’ [Terima kasih bapak. Ada kelanjutan antara APEC di
Vladivostok dan juga APEC di Bali begitu juga APEC dihasilkan di
Bali nanti juga dilanjutkan oleh forthcoming chairman China. Untuk
informasi misalnya untuk food security itu satu isu yang diperhatikan
dikembangkan dari APEC Summit yang satu ke APEC Summit yang
lain]
Interpreter: 59.02’ [Thank you sir. There is a continuation between the meeting in
Vladivostok and the meeting in Bali. Like this meeting in Bali will be
continued in Germany aa... excuse me in China for fues, for food
security, this is an issue that is especially a focus and it is developed
from one APEC summit to another APEC member//
From the bold quotation in the target language above, the interpreter made a
mistake due to a slip of tongue in rendering the rendition that the next APEC
meeting would be held in China; however, he rendered it into another country of
“Germany”. Realizing that he made a mistake, he swiftly made a correction and
said an apology to the audience “excuse me”. There was also a mistake in the
next utterance when rendering the mix Indonesian language and English of
”Untuk food security” into “for fues”; however, he then corrected it into a right
rendition “for food security” without any apology.
Data 2
Speaker : 1.03.52’ [Nah kalau mereka puluhan billion dolar, /berapa yang kita
habiskan totalnya secara Rupiah secara /anggaran, biasanya
anggaraan tidak 100 persen kepake, ini anggaran dalam /satu tahun,
mulai 1 Januari 2013 sampai dengan /selesainya nanti /akhir tahun
77
2013, total anggarannya adalah tepatnya tiga ratus enam puluh
empat miliar tujuh ratus enam puluh lima juta Rupiah saja. Jadi
tiga ratus enam puluh empat miliar tujuh ratus enam puluh lima juta
saja. Yang kalau di-US dolarkan kurang lebih tidak lebih dari 35 juta
US dolar, tidak /billion...]
Interpreter: 1.03.54’ [...If they spent tens of billion of dollars, how much /did we
/spend /here now. In terms of budget atau we have use it 100 percent
from one year from January 1st 2013 until the finish of APEC of 2013
the total budget is exactly three hundred sixty four billion seven
hundred sixty five thousand Rupiah only aw... million. Three
hundred sixty four billion seven hundred and sixty five million rupiah
excuse me. In US dollars it’s no more than thirty five million three
five million US dollars not billion...]
Based on the data above, the speaker was telling about the total amount of
preparation at the 2013 APEC Conference in Bali compared to the same event
conducted in Vladivostok, Russia previous years ago. We can see that there was a
mistake made by the interpreter in rendering the message into the target language.
The interpreter might slip of tongue in rendering a wrong part of the arithmetic
value. When the speaker said “total anggarannya adalah tepatnya tiga ratus
enam puluh empat miliar tujuh ratus enam puluh lima juta Rupiah saja” the
interpreter rendered it into “the total budget is exactly three hundred sixty four
billion seven hundreds and sixty five thousand Rupiah”. The interpreter
should render the part of the arithmetic value in the source language “juta” into
“million”; however, he transferred it into “thousand”. Then, he immediately
made a quick correction and said an apology “excuse me” in the end of the
utterance. The repetition in mentioning the numbers delivered by the speaker gave
a good opportunity for the interpreter to make the correction and maintain the
distance to the speaker. The interpreter then corrected the rendition by saying
78
“aw... million. Three hundred sixty four billion seven hundred and sixty five
million Rupiah, excuse me”.
Data 3
Speaker: 1.05.21’ [...Yang ketiga anggaran ada di Kementerian Pariwisata dan
/Ekonomi Kreatif, dan yang terakhir anggarannya ada di Infokom, ya
kementerian ee Kominfo, Kominfo Infokom /sama saja sebenarnya]
Interpreter: 1.05.24’ [....there is a budget allocation in the ministry of tourism and
creative economy and lastly there is a budget in the information and
communication, excuse me, the communication and information
ministry. The Ministry of Communication and Information I’m sorry I
miss pronounce it]
The same technique was also used in data 3 by saying apology. We can see
clearly that the speaker made a mistake in mentioning the name of the
organization. However, the interpreter seemed to render the wrong name without
waiting for a correction made by the speaker. In this case, the interpreter then said
the correct name and followed by an apology “I’m sorry I miss pronounce it”.
Data 4
In data (2), 4th dialogue, 1st utterance, page 123
Speaker: 14.33’ [...Yang kedua, yang kemarin panitia nasional telah menerima
kritik terkait dengan konten /website yang kurang memadai\ dan hari
ini saya akan sampaikan kepada temen-temen media, mulai /hari ini
dari /seluruh pihak yang bertanggung jawab apakah itu masalah
substansi dan lain sebagainya sudah akan mendownload penambahan
materi-materi di dalam webstise KTT APEC yang ada dan mudahmudahan temen-temen wartawan bisa menerima bahan –bahan yang
lebih banyak lagi mulai hari ini.//
79
Interpreter: 14.38’ [...and yesterday the national committee was critized or
received /criticism regarding the website content that was very
inadequate and I will say that to the media partners /started today, all
people involved and all people responsible....excuse me, all of you can
add, can /download additional materials from the APEC sides and hope
that you can... start downloading more information started from /today]
From the bold quotation in the target language above we can see that the
interpreter made a clear mistake by saying “excuse me” in the target language.
When the speaker utterred “...seluruh pihak yang bertanggung jawab apakah itu
masalah substansi dan lain sebagainya sudah akan mendownload penambahan
materi-materi...” the interpreter added other utterances which should not be
rendered in the target language by adding a wrong utterance ”all people involved
and all people responsible....excuse me, all of you can add, can download
additional materials”. The interpreter might slip of tongue by rendering “all
people responsible” and he realized that the mistake was corrected just after the
wrong utterance and was followed with an apology “excuse me”. So, the right
rendition in the target language became “all people who are involved can
download additional materials”.
Data 5
In data (4), opening, 2nd utterance, page 134
Speaker: 00. 30’ [First, we agreed to /redouble efforts to attain the Bogor Goals in
2020. We shared the views that, all economies must continue to gain
from the APEC cooperation]
Interpreter: 00.32’ [Pertama kita mengakhiri, /yang pertama kita bertekad untuk
menggandakan upaya kita untuk mencapai Bogor Goals 2020. Kita
miliki pandangan yang sama bahwa seluruh ekonomi APEC harus terus
mendapatkan manfaat dari kerja sama APEC]
80
Based on the italicized utterance in the target language, we can see clearly
that the interpreter made a mistake in rendering the source language utterance into
the target language. When the speaker said “First, we agreed to redouble...”, the
interpreter made a mistake by rendering it into a wrong rendition in the target
language“Pertama kita mengakhiri”. The wrong rendition could occur due to the
slip of tongue of the interpreter. However, it was already realized and the
interpreter made a quick correction by saying “/yang pertama kita bertekad...”
which sounded more accepted in the target language with a specific intonation in
the clause marker of “yang” indicated by (/) to emphasize the right rendition.
Data 6:
In Data (1), dialogue 8, 3rd-5th utterance, page 114
Speaker1: 47.27’ Yang kedua untuk pakaian leaders yang nanti akan tampil di
dalam-kalau tidak salah gala dinner nanti, ya Pak Ketua?
Speaker2: Ya betul
Speaker1: Itu adalah memakai pakaian /endek Bali. Jadi semua leaders yang
akan tampil di situ memakai pakaian endek Bali yang sudah barang
tentu dipilih oleh Bapak Presiden dan Ibu Negara.
Interpreter: 47.32’ For...(4) the cloth of the leaders, which will be /born, which
will be /worn at the gala dinner, they will wear a traditional dress. the
Endek Bali outfit which was personally picked out by the President
and the....
From the quotation above, the distance between the SL utterance and the TL
utterance was about five seconds before the interpreter started speaking. In the
beginning of the target language, the interpreter made a short pause for about four
seconds waiting for extra input from the speaker until the word “leaders” came
out from the speaker and began to render the rendition. The interpreter made a
81
summary on its rendition. He summed up the utterance from the speaker 1,
speaker 2 and back to the speaker 1 into one rendition in the target language.
However, the summary was still not completed by the important utterance such as
omitting the utterance of Ibu Negara as it delivered by the speaker 1 which
making the lost of information in the TL. The interpreter might have a limited
time, the density of the utterance from the speaker and keeping the distance to
catch up the next utterance flowing from the speaker. In rendering the first
utterance, the interpreter also omitted the phrase “yang kedua” and directly
delivered the message into “for...the cloth of the leaders...” to avoid race with
the speaker and save time.
The interpreter made a mistake in rendering the rendition in the source
language “untuk pakaian leaders yang nanti akan tampil di dalam-kalau tidak
salah gala dinner nanti”and he rendered it into “for the cloth of the leader
which will be born...”. However, realizing that the rendition was wrong, he
swiftly made a quick correction silently. He then delivered the correct rendition
into “...which will be /worn at the gala dinner” with a specifically stressed
intonation on the verb “worn” to emphasize that the right verb is worn not
“born”.
4.1.7 Technique Applied If the Speaker Makes Mistakes
The interpreter needs to take a technique if the speaker makes a mistake due
to several problems. The data related to the technique applied if the delegate
makes a mistake are:
82
Data 1
In data (1), 1st dialogue, 1st utterance, page 111
Speaker:
10.31’ Izinkan kami untuk memberikan gambaran secara sepintas
mengenai rangkaian kegiatan APEC Indonesia 2013...
Interpreter: 10. 32’ Allow me to provide a glance a description of the APEC
Summit for 2013...
Journalist: 11.00 Kurang keras Pak...
Speaker:
11.01’ /Baik. Terima kasih...Agak...he he
Interpreter: 11.02’ I applologize. You could hear me just now
Based on the data above, the speaker made a mistake due to a technical
problem in a low tone which made the journalist could not hear the speaker’s
voice clearly. Therefore, in utterance 3, the journalist said to the speaker “kurang
keras Pak...” which implied that the speaker should speak louder and therefore the
speaker answered “/baik, terima kasih. Agak...he he..” with a specific high
intonation on the word of “baik” to tested his voice. Realizing that the speaker
made a technical mistake on his low tone, the interpreter then reformulating the
intention of the speaker by saying an appoligize into “I applologize. You could
hear me just now”. In rendering utterance 3-4, the interpreter did not render it
one by one but summed up the rendition into one sentence due to the density of
utterance.
Data 2
Speaker2:
57.24’ [Thank you am...I would like to answer your question on
Bahasa ya? Boleh?]
83
Interpreter: 57.29’ [Saya ingin menjawab pertanyan anda dalam bahasa
/Indonesia
Speaker2: 57.32’ [It’s a .../I think APEC is becoming more...oh sorry bahasa
Inggris. (laugh) (9)
Interpreter: (silent)
From the data above, the interpreter started rendering the rendition
simultaneously for about five seconds distance behind the speaker. Here, the
interpreter did not render the mistake made by the speaker due to a slip of tongue
in the third utterance of “It’s a ...I think APEC is becoming more...oh sorry
bahasa Inggris”. Previously on the first utterance, the speaker wanted to speak in
Indonesian language and the rendition has already rendered in TL by the
interpreter. However the speaker still uttered the utterance in English. Therefore,
the interpreter did not render because it would be waste of time to render the
words that has no specific impact and just over in a silence.
4.1.8 Avoiding Rendering Joke and Saying
The following are the data related to the technique applied by the interpreter
when rendering utterance containing a joke and saying:
Data 1
In Data (1), 8th dialogue, 10th utterance, page 115
Speaker2 : 48.03’ /yang dipakai Pak Bupati itu yang jeleknya (Laugh)
Interpeter: 48.07’ So Mr. Regent here is wearing aaa...the same dress but not
of the same quality.
Speaker1 : ini lebih baik sedikit
Speaker 2: nanti yang dipakai leaders /jauh lebih baik
(all laugh)
Interpreter: The leaders will wear something even /better than this one that you
see, wore by Mr. Regent and Deputy Minister...
84
From the data above, we can see that there were jokes delivered by the second
speaker which resulting laugh in a room. This joke was related to the quality of
traditional cloth wore by the first speaker compared to the cloth that will be worn
by the leaders or the president who attend the APEC meeting. In this case, the
joke conveyed by the second speaker above was translatable. Therefore the
interpreter rendered the joke in a smooth way. The second speaker conveyed
“/yang dipakai pak bupati itu yang jeleknya” in the source language with a
specific stressing on the first utterance. The relative clause marker of “yang” in
the source language referred to the Endek, the traditional costume that will be
given to the leaders. To avoid misunderstanding or offend someone, the
interpreter interpreted the joke in a soft way that is “So mister regent here is
wearing aaa...the same dress but not of the same quality”. It was clearly seen
that the interpreter analyzes it carefully seen from the short pauses by “aaa...”
indicating that he analyzed to formulate the joke into better form in the target
language.
In the utterance 3-4 uttered by the speaker 1 and the speaker 2, the interpreter
just summed up those utterances into one rendition in the target language because
the utterance from each two speakers came almost at the same time. The rendition
was changed from the passive utterance in the source language of “yang dipakai
leaders jauh lebih baik” into an active one in the target language “the leaders
will wear something even better than this one that you see, wore by Mr.
Regent and Deputy Minister. The passive in the SL was shown by the prefix –di
in the verb of ”dipakai”. Meanwhile the undergoer of “leaders” in the source
85
language became a subject in the target language. The interpreter made a same
stressing in rendering the utterance of “better than this one..” to describe the
form of the cloth was better. He also added informations of the speaker in the
rendition with the existence of “Mister Regent and Deputy Minister” which did
not exist in the SL language.
Data 2
In data (2), 3rd dialogue, page 122
Speaker : 13.18’ [....Dayung ke tepian bersama kekasih cukup sekian dan terima
kasih]
Interpreter: (uninterpreted)
From the data above, the interpreter did not render the pun or saying in the
source language of “...dayung ke tepian bersama kekasih cukup sekian dan terima
kasih”. The interpreter just passed it and continued to the next utterance which
flowing from the speaker. In this case, the saying was clear to the interpreter;
however, the interpreter might considered that the saying may have not any
equivalent in the target language, so without wasting time the interpreter did not
render it. Even though saying in simultaneous interpreting should not be
announced (Jones, 1998:125) however, the interpreter still can render the last
utterance in SL “...cukup sekian terima kasih” to make a clear rendition to the
audience by rendering that’s all thank you, as the alternative one.
86
4.1.9 Explanation
The technique of explanation was used when the interpreter might be faced
with notions, cultural or institutional references which should be ideally explained
to the audience. If the interpreter had a limited time to explain and save time, the
interpreter could explain its meaning the first time it was mentioned (Jones, 1998).
The data are as follows.
Data 1: in data (1), 7th dialogue, 1st-2nd utterance, page 113
Speaker1: 42.38’ [Jadi.... /sekarang saya minta ee...Ketua /ABAC ya untuk
menyampaikan terkait dengan kesiapan dari KTT, bukan KTT maaf
saya ulangi lagi dari /APEC CEO Summit ya terkait dengan APEC
CEO Summit yang akan mulai pada tanggal 6. Untuk itu saya
persilahkan//]
Interpreter: 42.41’ [Now I would like to invite the chair of ABAC, the APEC
Business Advicory Council to present the regarding the preparation of
the APEC CEO Summit. So everything related to the CEO Summit
will commence on the sixth]
Speaker2: 43.02’ [Terima kasih Pak Chairul. Kawan-kawan media mohon maaf
saya terlambat baru menyelesaikan rapat di ABAC. Jadi ingin saya
laporkan saja secara singkat bahwa acara ABAC sudah dimulai dari
Oktober tanggal 1
Interpreter: 43. 04’ [Thank you Mr Chairul, friends of the media I appoligize for
being late I’ve just finished my meeting at /ABAC. I would like to
present to you in brief that the ABAC activities started in October
first...]
In the bold quotation delivered by the interpreter above, we can see that he
took the technique of explanation. Speaker 1 above asked the speaker 2 as the
chair of ABAC to convey several things related to the event. However, the
speaker only conveyed the abbreviation of ABAC without giving any explanation
87
to it. Then, the interpreter explained the notion of ABAC as the institutional
organization by saying “ABAC, the APEC Business Advisory Council” which
gave more complete understanding to the target audience. In the next utterance,
speaker 2 repeated the notion of ABAC and to save time, the interpreter just said
the initial ABAC in the target language.
Data 2:
Speaker1: 45.35’ [Terima kasih bapak pimpinan....Nah untuk itulah kongkritnya
saya sampikan kepada rekan- rekan dari media yang berbahagia
bahwa untuk souvenir, untuk suvenir dalam APEC Summit ini
memang Bapak Presiden memilih adalah patung kerajinan Bali. Jadi
suvenir patung kerajinan Bali ini berupa, dapat saya sampikan
disini dan amat sangat terkenal yaitu /Garuda Wisnu Kencana tapi
Garuda Wisnu Kencana disini nampaknya lebih lengkap
dibandingkan yang sementara ditampilkan di GWK...
Interpreter: 45. 33’ [Thank you Mr. Chair....concretely, I can tell you, member of
the press that for souvenirs, for souvenirs in the APEC Summit, Mr.
President has chosen a (3) wood work of (3) traditional Balinese
carving which is Garuda Wisnu Kencana, a famous a well known
icon. It is in a more complete form than the one that is exhibited at the
Garuda Wisnu Kencana....
Based on the quotation above, the content of the utterance sounded difficult
for the interpreter. The journalists who attend the press conference for the 2013
APEC Summit Conference mainly focused on the discussion on economy.
However, in that press conference, it was discussed also about cultural things. In
the line 6, the speaker talked about a cultural item of souvenirs that would be
given to the APEC leaders in the form of Balinese wood carving, a statue named
“Garuda Wisnu Kencana”. Here, the interpreter described “Garuda Wisnu
Kencana” by explaining it as “a famous a well known icon”. He explained that
88
the cultural nation above was the “icon”. By giving an explanation of an icon, it
would give a description that the GWK was a well known icon of cultural object
to the target audience.
In rendering the rendition, the interpreter had to wait for three seconds (3) by
pausing two times in the line 3 in the target language because the interpreter might
analyse the right rendition.
Data 3
Speaker:
11. 05’[...sekaligus saya ingin sampaikan di sini bahwa kita
melaunching juga mengenai atau melaksanakan tv digital yang
/lokal aa.. product jadi lembaga elektonika nasional, TVRI dan
Kemenkominfo bekerja sama...]
Interpreter: 11.10’[...we are also launching a local digital television, a local
product. So the national electronics agencies T-V-R-I, the state
television...]
From the bold quotation in the target language, we can see that the interpreter
took the technique of explanation by explaining the name of a national
broadcasting television. In the source language, the speaker said “...TVRI...”
without explaining what it was to the target audience. The speaker also said the
utterance slowly and gave the opportunity for the interpreter to explain in the TL
“the state television” after TVRI. Even though all the Indonesian journalists have
already known of it, however, there are many foreign journalists who also need an
interpretation. So the audience especially for the international journalist
understood the name of TVRI.
89
Data 4
In data (3), 2nd opening, 6th utterance, page 130
Speaker: 13.15’ [/Finally, of course, as the Secretary said, we spent a great deal
of time this week working on TPP\. The TPP countries are strongly
committed to working to conclude negotiations this year...,
And the /U.S. continues to work for a high level of ambition and high
standards for TPP, with all due speed]
Interpreter: 13.17’ [Terakhir sebagai e...seperti yang sudah dikatakan menteri, ini
adalah waktu yang kritis dimana kami bekerja di... Kemitraaan Trans
Pasifik, kami ingin menuntaskan negosiasi tahun /ini....,
[Amerika Serikat terus... bekerja dengan ambisi yang tinggi dan
standar yang tinggi berkaitan dengan TPP]
In the bold type quotation in data 4 above the speaker conveyed the notion of
an institutional namely TPP or formally known as “Trans Pacific Partnership”
without giving it full name. However, at the first time the interpreter rendered the
rendition by explaining literally the abbreviation of TPP in the target language by
saying “Kemitraaan Trans Pasifik”. When the speaker said the same notion on
the next utterance which was still related to the TPP, the interpreter then just
rendered the initial “TPP” to save the time.
4.1.10 Anticipation
The interpreter should take anticipation to alleviate the difficulty in the mode
of simultaneous interpreting by anticipating specific words or phrases usually
conveyed by the speaker. The data of anticipation are as follows.
Data 1
In data (1), opening, 00.01’, page 110
Speaker:
[Bismilah irohmnahirohim, Assalamualaikum Warohmatulahi
Wabarokatuh. Salam sejahtera bagi kita semua. Om swastiastu//]
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Interpreter: [ (11) \Om Swastyastu, May God Peace be with you]
Speaker:
[Yang saya hormati dan saya cintai teman-teman wartawan baik
yang dari Indonesia maupun dari luar negeri
Interpreter: [Honourable members of the press both domestic and foreign....]
Data 2
In data (2), opening, 00.01’, page 120
Speaker:
[Bismilah irohmnahirohim, Assalamualaikum Warohmatulahi
Wabarokatuh, Salam sejahtera bagi kita semua, Om Swastiastu\]
Interpreter: [\Om Swastiastu and May God Peace be with you
Speaker:
[Bapak-bapak ibu-ibu saudara-saudara sekalian...Teman-teman media
para jurnalis yang saya hormati]
Interpreter: [Honorable members of the press both domestic and foreign...]
In data 1 and 2 above, the speaker said the same thing in the beginning of the
opening remarks in the source language utterance “Bismilah irohmnahirohim,
Assalamualaikum Warohmatulahi Wabarokatuh, Salam sejahtera bagi kita
semua, Om Swastiastu”. This utterance was formally conveyed by the Indonesian
speaker to open the session of an event both national and international held in
Indonesia prior to the discussion of the main topic of discussion. In reformulating
that utterance in SL, the interpreter had to wait to start speaking in the target
language until he got the key unit to meaning of “Om Swastiastu” for about 11
seconds left from the speaker. The interpreter rendered the rendition in the target
language as in data (1) almost the same as data (2), “Om Swastiastu and May
God Peace be with you”, indicating that the interpreter knew practically as soon
as the speaker delivered the first words and the rendition would be started with
“Om Swastiastu...”. It means that he had already prepared an anticipation of that
91
specific phrase in the beginning of the speech. By anticipating those specific
utterances, the interpreter could save time to analyze the next utterance from the
speaker. Even though the interpreter can anticipate the specific phrase comes from
the speaker, however, in rendering that utterance, the interpreter can render it into
May God be with you as the alternative one to save time.
Data 3
Speaker:
30.48’ [Saya rasa cukup, terima kasih, Wabilahtofik hiayah wasalam
walaikum warahmatulatihwabarakatuh]
Interpreter: 30.52’ [That is all, thank you and May God peace be with you]
In the italicized quotation above, the speaker uttered the end of his speech by
saying an Islamic closing speech “Wabilahtofik hiayah wasalam walaikum
warahmatulatihwabarakatuh”. Hearing that kind of specific phrases, the
interpreter practically knew that the utterance was the end of the press conference.
As soon as the speaker pronounced the phrase, he swiftly rendered it into “May
God peace be with you” with the low tone of intonation indicating that the
speech was about to end. In this case, the interpreter reformulated the specific
phrases into “May God peace be with you” which sounded natural because that
specific phrase was syntatically different from the target language. It means that
the interpreter anticipated and prepared a specific utterance in the target language.
4.2
Interpreting Shift
Shift in transferring the message from source language to target language
cannot be avoided in two different language systems. Below is the finding which
92
shows the existence of shift from the source language to the target language.
There are two major types of shift, namely, level shift and category shift in the
data of the study.
4.2.1 Level Shift
Level shift occurs when the source language item has a different linguistic
level from its own in the target language such as in grammatical or lexical. The
occurrence of level shift involves the data below:
Data 1
In data (3), opening speech, page 126
Speaker :
00.39’ [...and we thank them for their exceptional hosting of the
APEC conference]
Interpreter:
00.41 [...dan kami berterima kasih kepadanya karena
penyelenggaraan yang luar biasa dari Konferensi APEC ini]
The data above showed the level shift from lexical into grammatical form
Catford (1965). The bold type in the source language of “thank” is in form of
lexical which means that the speaker was expressing to the people for giving a
good hosting to the conference. The interpreter then rendered it in the target
language into “berterima kasih” which was in grammatical form. It was formed
by the prefix of ber- followed by terima kasih.
Data 2
Speaker : 03.26’ [For the moment, there are some things that do get affected...]
Interpreter: 03.29’ [Saat ini memang ada beberapa hal yang terkena pengaruh...]
93
Based on the data above, we can see that the level shift occured in the process
of transferring the message from the source language in form of grammatical was
shifted into a lexical in the target language. In the source language it was formed
by pronoun (there) and to be or verb (are) which followed by the subject in plural
(some things) and it was rendered by the interpreter into a lexical of “ada” in the
target language. There was a change from the level of grammatical into lexical in
the target language Catford (1965).
Data 3
Speaker:
04.34’ [So /the world is watching to see whether a combination of
/tough sanctions and careful diplomacy can /lead Iran to verifiably
give up the chase for nuclear weapons]
Interpreter: 04.38’ [\Jadi dunia akan melihat apakah kombinasi dari sanksisanksi yang ketat dan diplomasi yang ber, hati-hati bisa
mengarahkan Iran untuk akhirnya me:::e...menyerah dan akhirnya
tidak lagi... mengembangkan senjata nuklir//]
Based on the bold italicized data above, there was a level shift occurring in
the process of transferring the word “watching” in the source language and it was
the bound morpheme
“-ing” . It had a grammatical form of to be (is) and
followed by verb-ing. The interpreter then rendered it into a future form of the
simple present continuous tense of “akan” as a free morpheme in the target
language. The rendition into “akan” meant that there was an exact time in the
future into “akan melihat” which was equivalent in the target language. The
changing from grammatical form in the source language into lexical in the target
language was included to level shift Catford (1965).
94
4.2.2 Category Shift
In transferring the message from source language to target language, there
was a change occurred not just a change of units such as word, phrase, clause or
sentence but also shift of structure, class shift and others. Those shifts were
included into a category shift. They were structureal shift, class shift, unit shift
and intra-system shift. The data related to category shift are:
4.2.2.1 Structure shift
Structure shift involves a change in grammatical structure between source text
and target text Catford (1965). The data which were categorized as structure shift
is as follows
Data 1
In data (3), opening speech, utterance 5, page 126
Speaker :
00.46’ [First, I’d like to say just a few words about the disappointing
situation back home which regrettably, has kept the President of the
United States from attending this year’s APEC]
Interpreter: 00.49’ [Pertama saya ingin me...mberikan beberapa patah kata
mengenai... situasi yang mengecewakan di dalam negeri kami yang
sudah akhirnya mencegah, Presiden Amerika Serikat untuk datang
ke pertemuan APEC tahun ini]
Based on the data of italicized phrase above, it showed the evidence of
structure shift in transferring the phrase “disappointing situation” in the source
language into “situasi yang mengecewakan” in the target language. The phrase
was shifted from the modifier of “disappointing” (adjective) and the noun head
of “situation” in the source language into the noun head of “situasi” (noun) and
the modifier of “yang mengecewakan” with the relative clause marker “yang” in
95
the target language. The syntactical difference occurred as English commonly had
the structure system of modifier and head meanwhile Indonesian language had the
structure system of head and followed by modifier. The occurance above was
suitable to the notion of Catford (1965).
Data 2
Speaker : 02.07’ [And to all of our friends and foes watching around the world,
let me be crystal clear, do not mistake this momentary episode in
American politics as anything less than a moment of politics, or
anything more than a moment of politics]
Interpreter: 02.08’ [Dan untuk kepada semua rekan-rekan kita ataupun lawanlawan kita di seluruh dunia, saya harus memberi penjelasan jangan
salah mengangap bahwa episode singkat ini di Amerika Serikat,
sebagai... sesuatu yang lebih dari pada sekedar politik]
Based on the bold data in the target language, we can see that there was a
structure shift in the clause of the source language to the target language. In the
source language, “let me be crystal clear” was transferred into “saya harus
memberikan penjelasan”. The clause in the source language was formed by a
causative “let”, agent (me), bare infinitive (be), and adjective phrase (crystal
clear). Meanwhile, the target language has different elements of the subject
(saya), predicate (memberi), and noun (penjelasan). We can see that the bold
source language utterance was shifted from the agent “me” to the subject “saya”.
Here, the interpreter had rendered the message into the target language “biarkan
saya memperjelas”. In this case, the agent of “me” in the source language was
shifted into a subject of “saya” and the adjective phrase in the source language
96
modified by a modifier of (crystal) and noun head which was shifted into a noun
(penjelasan). The data above showed that the rendition in TL item is a member of
different structure from the original item Catford (1965).
4.2.2.2 Class Shift
The class shift occured when an item in the SL has a different linguistic class
in its rendition in TL. It means that one type of word in SL becomes another type
in SL. The following are the data related to class shift.
Data 1
Speaker:
00. 25 [Hari ini kembali kami akan mengupdate perkembangan
terakhir, terkait dengan penyelenggaraan KTT APEC]
Interpreter: 00.27 [Today, again, we will give you an update, the final
development of the preparation and the organization of the APEC
summit]
The bold type data show that the speaker delivered the verb in SL
“mengupdate” into a noun phrase “an update”. We can see that the speaker
mixed a foreign term with an Indonesian language prefix MeN followed by a noun
“update” which became “mengupdate” and it belonged to a verb in SL. The
interpreter then rendered it into a noun phrase“an update”. If the interpreter
rendered the SL utterance into the same class of verb it would be in TL“Today
again we will update the final development”. Basically, the verb mengupdate
was still not included formally in the Indonesian language style. However, some
Indonesian native speakers were trying to mix the English words with the
Indonesian language or mix it with the prefix or suffix and absorb it into
97
Indonesian language. The data above showed that the rendition in TL item is a
member of different class from the original item Catford (1965).
Data 2
In data (2), dialogue 4, utterance 6, page 123
Speaker:
16. 26’ [...Mudah-mudahan mulai hari ini keadaannya lebih baik
untuk website dan untuk ee apa ee shuttle bus]
Interpreter: 16.28’ [....We hope that starting today, the website will be better,
and the.... shuttle bus as well]
In the data above, the interpreter shifted the utterance of the source language
to a different class of word in the target language. The structure of the utterance in
the SL is “Mudah-mudahan mulai hari ini keadaannya lebih baik untuk website”
which was formed by mudah-mudahan (adjective), mulai (verb), hari ini (adverb
of time), keadaanya (subject), lebih baik (compliment), untuk website (noun). If
the interpreter rendered it in accordance with the construction of SL, it would be:
“hopefully the condition starts better today for the website and the shuttle
bus...” . However, the interpreter rendered the rendition of TL into two utterances;
they were “we hope that starting today” which was constructed by addition of
the We (Subject), hope (verb). The second utterance was “the website will be
better, and the.... shuttle bus as well” which “website” was shifted into a noun
as a subject. The rendition in TL item above is a member of different class from
the original item Catford (1965).
98
4.2.2.3 Unit Shift
This kind of shift occured when a unit on one level of grammatical in a source
language has a different level in the target language. The following are the data
related to the unit shift;
Data 1
Speaker:
03. 17’ [Hal-hal lain menyangkut kesiapan kepanitaian seluruhnya
telah dibahas dan kami telah mendapatkan laporan terinci dari duta
besar Indonesia atau kepala perwakilan Indonesia yang bertugas, di
seluruh anggota yang mengikuti KTT APEC, ya...]
Interpreter: 03.19’ [The other things regarding the preparation of the committee
have been discussed and I have received a report from the Indonesian
ambassador... from, or posted in all countries and economies
members of APEC...]
In the bold type and italicized source language phrase above, we can see that
the speaker states “kepala perwakilan” in the source language and the interpreter
delivered it into “ambassador” in the target language. There was a unit change
or change of rank in the source language from phrase “kepala perwakilan” into
one word, that is ”ambassador” Catford (1965). In this case, the interpreter can
render only duta besar in TL, however, he added the rendition of kepala
perwakilan.
Data 2
Speaker: 06.28 [It is the way to create opportunity for all people today, even in
our discussions, we had a talk about how we make this economic
opportunity with equity, meaning that women and men all joined
together in their capacity to share opportunity in the workforce]
99
Interpreter: 06.30’ [Membuka kesempatan bagi semua orang, bahkan di dalam
diskusi-diskusi kami hari ini, kami berbicara tentang bagaimana kita
bisa membuat kesempatan-kesempatan... ekonomi ini dengan
berkeadilan, artinya perempuan dan laki-laki semuanya bersama-sama
dengan kapasitas yang sama untuk berbagi sumber daya di lapangan
kerja]
In the bold data in SL above, there were two nouns (word) which were
trendered into different units in the TL. When the speaker utterred “...share
opportunity in the workforce”, the interpreter could directly render it into
“...berbagi sumber daya di lapangan kerja”. We can highlight the noun
opportunity in the source language as a word and it was transferred in the target
language as a phrase (sumber daya). Basically, opportunity above can be
transferred in TL into “kesempatan”. However, the interpreter rendered it into
“sumber daya”. It was a noun phrase which consisted of noun (sumber) and noun
(daya). The same also occurred in the next noun phrase, “the workforce” in the
source language which was transferred into different unit in the target language of
the phrase “lapangan kerja”. Grammatically, a phrase is a group of words without
a verb especially one that forms part of a sentence and short expression.
Data 3
In data (3), dialogue 3, utterance 2nd, page 133
Speaker:
22.45’ [...President Obama is not here, and he /planned to be here.
And he is /not here because he has to stay at home in order to /deal
with this domestic challenge...]
Interpreter: 22.46’ [...Presiden Obama tidak ada disini\ meskipun ia berencana
untuk hadir disini tapi ia tidak disini karena ia harus tetap berada di
/dalam negeri untuk mengurusi... tantangan domestik...]
100
In the bold data above, there was a prepositional phrase in the source
language “at home” which was transferred into “di dalam negeri” in the target
language. We can see that“home” in the SL is a word and the rendition in the
target language “dalam negeri” is a phrase. There was a different unit rendition or
change in rank in the target language. The noun “home” in the source language
was a word while in rendition in the target language is a phrase of “dalam
negeri”.
4.2.2.4 Intra-system shift
Intra-system shift occured in the same language system. In this case, the
source language and the target language possed systems which approximately
corresponded formally. However, the interpreter involved non-corresponding term
in the TL system. The following are the data of intra-system shift:
Data 1
In data (3), 1st opening speech, 10th utterance, page 128
Speaker:
05.40’ [...this remains, one of our /top priorities, and I’m very, very
pleased to be here together with two other members of the President’s
cabinet...aa Ambassador Froman and Secretary of Commerce
Pritzker....]
Interpreter: 05.42’ [...Ini tetap menjadi suatu prioritas utama kami dan saya
senang berada disini bersama\ dengan dua anggota kabinet
kepresidenan, Duta Besar Froman dan Menteri Perdagangan
Pritzker...]
From the bold quotation in the SL data above, we can identify that the plural
system in English was marked by the suffix –s at the end of the noun priority
which became “priorities”. Meanwhile the plural system in Indonesian language
101
was marked by the repetition of the noun in the target language which should be
into “prioritas-prioritas”. However, in rendering the plural noun “priorities” in
the source language, the interpreter rendered it into a singular noun “prioritas”
not”prioritas-prioritas“ which was generally the term for it.
Data 2
Speaker:
07.15’ [We work together on regulatory issues, on how we can
aa...make it easier for exporters to be able to cut /tariffs and be able
to move their goods to another country]
Interpreter: 07. 16’ [Kami bekerja.. sama berkaitan dengan permasalahan
aturan atau regulasi tentang bagaimana kita bisa membuat lebih
mudah bagi para eksportir untuk me:::mangkas tarif dan
memindahkan barang jasanya atau mengirimkannya ke negara /lain]
In the above data, the speaker conveyed the utterance of the regulatory on
trade to the audiences. From the italicized utterances in TL, there was an intrasystem shift occurring in the utterance. The phrase in the source language
“regulatory issues” was in plural form indicated by the occurrence of the suffix –
s in the end of the verb issue. The interpreter in this case could render it into the
target language, becoming “permasalahan-permasalahan”. However, the
interpreter preferred to render it in a singular form “permasalahan” to save time.
The same occurrence also occured to the next plural noun “exporters” which was
transferred into a singular noun exportir in the target language proceeded by
preposition “para” indicating a plural form. From the above fact we can see that
there was an intra-system shift occurring to the utterance, from plural to singular
form.
102
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
Based on the result of the analyses on the previous chapter, some conclusions
can be drawn as follow;
In performing interpreting in the mode of simultaneous, the interpreter at the
2013 APEC Summit Conference applied ten techniques supported by some
scenarios in rendering the message from the source language of English into
Indonesian language and vice versa.
The techniques applied by simultaneous interpreter were reformulation,
efficiency, simplification, anticipation, explanation, omission (deletion), and
summarizing (addition), avoiding rendering joke or saying, techniques applied if
the interpreter made mistake, and techniques applied if the speaker made mistake.
Those techniques were supported by the existence of some scenarios which helped
the interpreter in rendering the rendition in conjunction with those techniques such
as applying as soon as possible of time to start rendering, salami technique
(slicing up the rendition), and scenarios when telling the numbers and combined
with intonation, stressing and pauses.
The technique of reformulation was applied when the utterance delivered by
the speaker was long and complex mode of expressions which simultaneously
came out from the speaker. Therefore the interpreter reformulated the utterance by
103
changing it into a series of easier and shorter ones, active utterance was changed
into passive or vice versa, and subordinate clause shifted to sentence. Efficiency
in reformulation was taken to economize the expression in the target language by
removing useless filler word and transferring a notion in an abbreviated form
which was repeatedly spoken. Simplification was performed when the utterance
contained highly technical material and unfamiliar in the target language.
The technique of explanation was made when the interpreter faced a cultural
notion that had no equivalent in the target language and to save time, rendering
only the initial of the notion could also be done due to repetition; Omission was
applied due to the fast speaker, length of time, the voice was inaudible and the
speech contained illustrative words that were not too important to be rendered.
Meanwhile summarizing was applied by added utterance to emphasize and make
clear the rendition.
The interpreter applied correction, appologize and pass the rendition in
silence as the technique, if he made a mistake in rendering the rendition. The
interpreter performed apologizes and pass in silence if the speaker made mistake
in delivering the utterance with no material difference. In rendering translatable
joke or saying the interpreter rendered it with more polite, however, if the joke or
saying was untranslatable, the interpreter passed it in a silence. The interpreter
made anticipation by anticipating a specific phrase in a certain situation to provide
time saving.
In transferring the message using simultaneous mode of interpreting, the
interpreter implemented all kinds of shifts due to different language systems.
104
Those are level shift, and category shift such as structure shift, unit shift, class
shift and intra-system shift.
The technique of reformulation, omission, and techniques applied if the
interpreter makes mistakes (correction, appologize and pass the rendition in
silence) are the dominant techniques performed by the interpreter. The application
of those techniques and also existence of the grammatical errors cannot be
avoided in the rendering the rendition in simultaneous interpreting which is
conducted from English to Indonesian language and vice versa. It is influenced by
the experience, qualification and knowledge of the interpreter and also the fast
speaker in delivering the utterance.
5.2 Suggestions
The research on techniques applied in simultaneous interpreting in a press
conference could be a reference to fulfill the quality of an interpreter especially in
a conference. Therefore, a certification for interpreters is a must to ensure their
standard quality and skill in mediating communication at least of two different
languages. In performing their task particularly in the mode of simultaneous
interpreting, the interpreter should prepare vocabulary related to the subject of
interpreting. Beside the subject, the interpreter should also learn the background
of the speaker before the interpreting is held and know more about recent issues
that may appear as the anticipation. Take, for instance, the discussion on the press
conference of APEC Summit which was not merely about economy but also about
culture and politics.
105
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110
APPENDIX 1: CORPUS DATA
Data 1: Apec 2013 Press Conference Organizer
Source Language
Target language:
Opening
Speaker:
Head
of
KEN/Deputy Interpreter:
Chairman of APEC 2013 National
Committee
[Assalamu ailaikum warohmatulahi [\Om Swastyastu, May God Peace be
Wabarokatuh, salam sejahtera bagi kita with you]
semua. Om Swastiastu.
Yang saya hormati dan saya cintai [Honourable members of the press
teman-teman wartawan baik yang dari both domestic and foreign
Indonesia Maupun dari luar negeri....
[Mugkin banyak di antara dan semua
yang belum mengenal wajah-wajah yang
ada di depan anda semua saya
memperkenalkan diri yang pertama
nama saya Chairul Tandjung......
Nah satu-satunya TNI yang duduk di
depan ya beliau adalah Letnan Jenderal
Loedwick Paulus beliau menjabat
sebagai /Panglima Komando Operasi
/Gabungan
ya
terkait
dengan
pengamanan KTT /APEC...karena lokasi
penyelenggaraa KTT APEC ini berada
di Kabupaten Badung. Yang terakhir
adalah Pak Yuri beliau adalah Dirjen di
Kementerina Luar Negeri membidangi
Asia Pacifik yang tentu terkait dengan
/substance dalam penyelenggaraan KTT
APEC ini//]
Some of you are perhaps unfamiliar
with these faces, I would like introduce
them starting form myself I am
/Chairul Tandjung...I am the member
of the national economic council....
The only member of the armed forces
is Leutenan General Loedwick Paulus
as the /Chief or the Commander of the
Joint Security Command for the APEC
Summit...because we are located in the
regency of Badung. Lastly mr yuri
director general in the ministry of
foreign affairs for the asia pacific and
Africa region, and we provide
substance into the summit//]
111
[Yang kedua tentu kita ketahui bahwa
jalan tol yang sudah diberi nama oleh
bapak
presiden
pada
waktu
peresmiannya
adalah
Jalan
Tol
/Mandara yang membelah tepian laut
juga telah selesai dan telah /dipakai dan
digunakan pada hari ini.
[Secondly we all know about the high
way the /toll road has been named
during its inauguration from the airport
above the sea has been /completed and
it is now used.
1st Dialogue
Speaker:
Minister
Indonesia’s
Vice
Foreign
[\Izinkan kami untuk memberikan
gambaran secara sepintas mengenai
rangkaian kegiatan APEC Indonesia
2013 yang tentunya akan kita awali
dengan program-program yang telah
dilakukan selama periode keketuaan
Indonesia sejak awal Januari tahun 2013
ini.
Allow me to provide a /glance a
description of the apec summit for
2013 which of cource will, we will
start or which has began with various
activities during the indonesia’s chair
=Wartawan: (kurang keras pak)
/Baik terima kasih
(Wartawan tertawa kecil)
[I applologize you could hear me just
now]
5th Dialogue
[Terima kasih Pak Wamen. Nah
sekarang
yang banyak /menarik
perhatian ini adalah masalah keamanan,
me-manage 21 leaders datang ke satu
tempat tentu tidak mudah ya setiap
negara mempunyai request masing-
[Thank you Deputy Minister
Now focus of concern of some
journalists and a lot of people is about
security. Managing security for all the
delegates and all the venues and to
accommodate some securities concern
112
masing
terkait
dengan
masalah
keamanan dan untuk itu saya minta
panglima
untuk
menyampaikan
/kesiapan kepanitiaan panitia nasional
terkait dengan masalah keamanan, saya
persilahkan//]
of /each of the economies is not easy
thing to do so that’s why I will invite
the commander of the joint security
command to present on this//]
Speaker: Letnan Gen. Loedwick Paulus
[/Terima kasih pimpinan rapat dan [Thank you mister chair and members
rekan-rekan insan pers yang saya cintai of the press.
dan saya banggakan
We realize that the holding the
Tentunya kita sadari bersama bahwa organizing of the apec summit, the
penyelenggaraan KTT APEC ke-21 apec summit is a major event at stake
tahun 2013 ini merupakan suatu event of the country reputation and we are all
besar disitu ada kehormatan bangsa responsible for a success that is why
disitu ada tanggungjawab bersama untuk the president has instructed the
menyukseskan ini. /Terkait dengan itu commander in chief of the arm forces
presiden telah memerintahkan kepada and the chief has delegated me as
Panglima TNI dan juga Panglima TNI well...
melanjutkan kepada saya.
[Wilayah tanggungjawab saya yang
kami susun pertama kita mengacu
kepada sektor Kohamnas dua yaitu
wilayah Jawa Timur sebagian Jawa
Timur, kemudian Sumatera ulangi
Kalimatan
Timur dan Selatan,
kemudian seluruh Sulawesi dan
sebagian Ambon. Itu wilayah. /Kenapa
demikian karena itu wilayah radar.
Kemudian angkatan laut sendiri itu
membagi
wilayah
atas
wilayah
surveillance kemudian destruction lebih
kedalam kemudian wilayah vital yaitu
seputaran Bali ini kemudian dari sini
unsur darat membagi wilayah daratan
Bali ini dalam pola yang kita sebut
polarin, disinilah diatur siapa yang
bertanggungjawab pada ring satu ring
[First we refered to the second, the
national defence command the second
national defence command which
covers Kalimantan east Kalimantan,
south Kalimantan and all of Sulawesi
and some part of ambon and other
places this based on the radar area for
the navy it’s been divided into a
surveillance area and distruction more
in a circle and the final area just
around the island of Bali. The army
have divided the Bali island into rings,
we have apointed people responsible
in the first ring second ring and the
third ring we have (4) passed the stage
of free condition, all the members of
the press you experience when you
entering the part of bali the /air or from
113
dua dan ring tiga. Nah inilah yang telah the sea you will sense that there are
kita lakukan dan pada saat ini kita telah some extra majors to provide security
melewati tahapan e.. cipta kondisi atau for apec.
dalam
istilah
kepolisian
adalah
prakondisi sedang kita lakukan sehingga
mungkin
rekan-rekan
wartawan
merasakan saat akan masuk ke wilayah
Bali terutama lewat laut udara akan
merasakan bahwa ada upaya upaya yang
dilakukan
untuk
menyuksekskan
pengaman APEC ini//]
[Kaitan dengan ini kami menggunakan
dua sistem yaitu pertama sistem senjata
sosial. Apa maksutnya sistem senjata
sosial? Kita mendekati masalah itu
secara persuasive, kita lihat ada raziarazia yang dilakukan oleh pihak
kepolisian secara persuasive dan ini juga
kita menggunakan kearifan lokal.........
[We use two systems, first a social
arms system. /What does it mean? We
mean that we approach the problem
persuasively we know that the police
have been conducting unanounce
inspection and to also employ local
wisdom in providing security......
.
7th Dialogue
Head of KEN: [Jadi /sekarang saya
minta Ketua /ABAC ya untuk
menyampaikan terkait dengan kesiapan
dari KTT bukan KTT maaf saya ulangi
lagi dari /APEC CEO Summit ya terkait
dengan APEC CEO Summit yang akan
mulai pada tanggal 6. Untuk itu saya
persilahkan//]
Chair of ABAC: [Terima kasih Pak
Chairul. Kawan-kawan media mohon
maaf saya terlambat baru menyeesaikan
rapat di \ABAC. \Jadi ingin saya
laporkan saja secara singkat bahwa acara
ABAC sudah dimulai dari Oktober
tanggal 1
Now I would like to invite the Chair of
ABAC, the Apec Business Advicory
Council to present the regarding the
preparation of the APEC CEO summit.
So everything related to the CEO
summit will commence on the sixth]
Thank you Mister Chairul, friends of
the media I appoligise for being late
I’ve just finished my meeting at
/ABAC. I would like to present to you
in brief that the ABAC activities
started in October first
114
8th Dialogue
Head of KEN: [Terima kasih Pak [Thank you Mister Wisnu
Wisnu....
Nah sekarang saya minta orang yang
termasuk kerjanya paling capek ini ya .
ini Pak Bupati Badung. Badung itu
bukan /badung dalam bahasa /Jakarta ya
jangan salah. Badung itu dalam bahasa
Bali. Oke pak bupati saya persilahkan//]
Now I would like to invite a person
that must be very exhausted, the /head
of the district the regent of Badung.
Badung in a language, a local language
in Jakarta means not but it means
different differently in /Bali//]
Regent of Badung: [Terima kasih bapak
pimpinan....
Nah untuk itulah kongkritnya saya
sampaikan kepada rekan- rekan dari
media yang berbahagia bahwa untuk
souvenir, untuk suvenir dalam APEC
Summit ini memang bapak presiden
memilih adalah patung kerajinan Bali.
Jadi suvenir patung kerajinan Bali ini
berupa, dapat saya sampikan disini dan
amat sangat terkenal yaitu /Garuda
Wisnu Kencana tapi Garuda Wisnu
Kencana disini nampaknya lebih
lengkap dibandingkan yang sementara
ditampilkan di GWK,......
[Thank you Mr Chair.......
Regent of Badung: Yang kedua untuk
pakaian leaders yang nanti akan tampil
di dalam-kalau tidak salah gala dinner
nanti, ya pak ketua?
For...(4) the cloth of the leaders, which
will be /born which will be /worn at
the gala dinner, They will wear a
traditional dress. the endek Bali outfit
which was personally picked out by
the president and the...
Head of KEN: ya betul
Regent of Badung: itu adalah memakai
pakaian /endek Bali. Jadi semua leaders
yang akan tampil di situ memakai
pakaian endek Bali yang sudah barang
tentu dipilih oleh bapak presiden dan ibu
concreately I can tell you member of
the press that for souvenirs. The
souvenirs in the apec summit, mister
president has chosen a wood work of
(3) traditional Balinese carving which
is Garuda Wisnu Kencana, aa famous a
wellknown icon. It is in a more
complete form than the one that is
exhibited at the garuda wisnu
kencana,.......
115
negara.
Journalist: endek ya pak?
Regent of Badung: e n d e k, endek
namanya (Bupati)
Head of KEN: e n d e k (dieja)
ENDEK (I en di I ke)
Governor of Bali: itu yang dipakai Pak
Bupati
Regent of Badung: saya yang dipakai /I am wearing it right now, I am
saya ini. Ini salah satu contoh tapi yang wearing it right now I will be wearing
jelas tidak yang ini yang dipakai oleh this one
Obama nanti
Head of KEN: /yang dipakai pak bupati
So Mr. Regent here is wearing
itu yang jeleknya
aaa...the same dress but not of the
same quality.
(audiende tertawa)
Regent of Badung: ini lebih baik sedikit
(audiende tertawa)
Head of KEN: nanti yang dipakai
leaders/ jauh lebih baik
(audience tertawa lagi)
The /Leaders will wear something
even /better than this one that you see
wore by mister reagent and deputy
minister
10th Dialogue
Head of KEN: Nah sekarang tibanya
saya memberikan kesempatan kepada
teman-teman jurnalis untuk bertanya.
Saya persilahkan /tiga orang yang
pertama. /Satu, dua, ee yang di depan
satu dua. Belakang yang biru, satu. Tiga
ya. Saya persilahkan]
Journalist: [Saya Michele dari kantor
berita negara Rusia, Rianovsti dan ada
pertanyaan kepada Bapak Wisnu.
[Now it’s time for me to give the
opportunity to you member of the
press to /ask question
I would like to invite three people first
one two One from front, one from two
three including one from the back in
blue//]
116
Karena satu tahun kemarin di
Vladivostok Rusia, Indonesia berjanji
akan ada kelanjutan dari pada inisiatif
Rusia sebagai ketua APEC tahun
kemarin dan bagaimana situasi dengan
kelanjutan itu sekarang, apa ada ini
dalam usul yang akan diberikan ABAC
kepada leader? Dan ada juga Bapak Yuri
punya nama Rusia jadi saya mesti tanya
/Bapak Yuri juga. /Kira-kira pertanyaan
sama, bagaimana /ada satu pendapat
bahwa pada bulan terakhir, /tiga bulan
terkahir Rusia masih Ketua APEC
tahun kemarin, ini perhatian dari pada
Rusia kepada apec turun. /Bagaimana
dengan Indonesia, ini nanti juga /turun
sesudah summit ini atau tiga bulan yang
masih ke depan APEC sangat ee masih
sangat penting untuk Indonesia, terima
kasih banyak//]
[I am Michele from the Russian news
office. In Russia in Vladivostok,
Indonesia promise a continuation of
the Russia’s initiative after Russias
chairmanship last year. /what about
that in or what are the updates or there
any recommendation relevant to that
and because Mr Yuri has a Rusian
name so I have to direct the question to
Mr /Yuri. /the same question there is a
few there is an opinion that in the last
3 months, Russia is still the chair (4)
the last three years of the Russia
chairmanship Russia experience a
decresion popularity or what about
this year will apec still be popular be
relevant?
Head of KEN: [Terima kasih. /Bisa tadi
satu yang spesifik yang kelanjutan dari
Rusia itu bidangnya apa? Agar sangatsangat spesifik, jangan dijawab dulu Pak
Wisnu nanti biar tiga ini ya, /yang
spesifik=
So maybe one I think is the
continuation of russia’s initiative after
the Russia chairmanship I think that’s
one very specific
Journalist: Ehe.....
Head of KEN: Bidang yang ingin Can can you tell us a specific area that
like to ask about at this time?
dilanjutkan dari Rusia itu apa?
Journalist: Yang di /Vladivostok Rusia Indonesia promise that there would be
satu tahun kemarin Indonesia janji nanti a continuation of russia’s initiative
ada kelanjutan dari pada /inisiatif yang
diberikan Rusia sebagia ketua APEC
tahun kemarin
117
Head of KEN: /ada spesifiknya?
Can you provide the specific sector?
Journalist: Ada cukup banyak. /Pertama
/infrastruktur juga /teknologi, macammacam. /Pasti Bapak Wisnu tahu jauh
lebih bagus dari pada saya//]
There are many, first there are
infrastructure, technology I’m sure
Mister Wisnu would know more than
I//]
Head of KEN: [Oke terima kasih. Ya
silakan]
Journalist: [I’m a journalist from Hong
Kong China and I have several questions
for Vice Minister Foreign Affair.
/Chinese President Xi Jinping began his
first state visit to Indonesia from
yesterday and how do you think of his
state visit, do you think it would
/improve the bilateral relationship and
friend and /the partnership between
/China and Indonesia?]
[Saya jurnalis dari Hong Kong China
dan memiliki beberapa pertanyaan
untuk wakil menteri luar negeri. Xi
jinping sudah memulai kunjungan luar
negerinya kemarin ke Indonesia,
bagaimana menurut anda mengenai
kunjunan kenergaraanya itu? Apakah
ini sudah memperbaiki hubungan
bilateral? Dan memperkuat kemitraan
antara China dengan Indonesia?]
Head of ABAC: [/Thank you am...I
would like to answer your question on [Saya ingin menjawab pertanyan anda
dalam bahasa /Indonesia
bahasa ya? Boleh]
[It’s a .../I think APEC is becoming
more...oh sorry bahasa Inggris.......
(Silent)
[Terima kasih bapak. Ada kelanjutan
antara APEC di Vladivostok dan juga
APEC di Bali begitu juga APEC
dihasilkan di Bali nanti juga dilanjutkan
oleh forthcoming chairman China. Intuk
informasi misalnya untuk food security
itu satu isu yang diperhatikan
dikembangkan dari APEC Summit yang
[Thank you sir. There is a continuation
between the meeting in Vladivostok
and the meeting in Bali. Like this
meeting in Bali will be continued in
Germany aa excuse me in China for
fues for food security, this is an issue
that is especially a focus and it is
118
satu ke APEC Summit yang lain.
Indonesia’s Vice Foreign Minister:
[Terima kasih bapak pimpinan. I think
we (xxx) to the question in a way of
collague. Related to the prospect of the
bilateral relation between Indonesia and
China. I believe that the visit of the
President of China to Indonesia
yesterday and after today, we further
strengthen and broader the relation,
bilateral relation between Indonesia and
China.
During the visit I (3) think yesterday
there’s been the signing a number of a
memorandum of understanding or
agreement I think it agreement between
the two countries reflected in various
cooperation not only economic but
social and cultural also...
Head of KEN: Nah kalau mereka
puluhan billion dolar, /berapa yang kita
habiskan totalnya secara Rupiah secara
/anggaran, biasanya anggraan tidak 100
persen kepake, ini anggaran dalam /satu
tahun, mulai 1 Januari 2013 sampai
dengan /selesainya nanti /akhir tahun
2013, total anggarannya adalah tepatnya
/364 /milar 765 juta rupiah saja. Jadi 364
miliar 765 juta saja. Yang kalau di-US
dolarkan kurang lebih tidak lebih dari 35
juta US dolar, tidak /billion
developed from one apec summit to
another apec member//
Berkaitan dengan pertanyaan yang
sudah diajukan oleh rekan kami
berkaitan dengan pada prospek
hubungan bilateral antara Indonesia
dengan /china, saya percaya bahwa
kunjungan
Presiden
China
ke
Indonesia kemarin dan sampai juga
dengan
/hari
ini
akan
lebih
meningkatkan dan memperkuat lagi
memperluas hubungan bilateral antara
Indonesia dengan /China.
.......selama kunjungannya saya kira
kemarin
ada
penandatanganan
beberapa
memorandum
saling
pengertian atau kesepakatan atau
perjanjian antara kedua negara yang
akhirnya memunculkan beberapa kerja
sama bukan hanya dalam hal ekonomi
tetapi juga sosial budaya...
If they spent tens of billion of dollars,
how much /did we /spend /here now.
In terms of budget atau we have use it
100 percent from one year from
January 1st 2013 until the finish of
APEC of 2013 the total budget is
exactly 364 billion 765 thousand
rupiah only aw million. 364 billion
seven hundreds and sixty five million
rupiah excuse me. In US dollars it’s no
more than thirty five million three five
million US dollars not billion....
119
.....Yang ketiga anggaran ada di
Kementerian Pariwisata dan /Ekonomi
Kreatif, dan yang terakhir anggarannya
ada di Infokom, ya kementerian ee
kominfo, kominfo infokom /sama saja
sebenarnya]
and there is a budget allocation in the
ministry of tourism and creative
ecomony and lastly there is a budget in
the information and communication,
excuse me, the communication and
information ministry
(Audience tertawa)
The ministry of communication and
information I’m sorry I miss
pronounce it.....
List of Speaker:
1. Head of National Economic
Committee
(KEN)/Deputy
Chairman of APEC 2013
Committee, Chairul Tandjung
2. Indonesia’s Vice Minister of
Foreign Affairs, Wardhana
3. Chair of APEC
Advisory
Council
Wisnu Wardana
Business
(ABAC)
4. Commander of Joint Security
Command of APEC 2013, Leut.
Gen Loedwick Paulus
5. Governor of Bali, Made Mangku
Pastika
6. The Regent of Badung, Bali,
Regency, Anak Agung Gde
Agung
Interpreter:
Adam Pantaouw
120
121
120
Data 2: APEC 2013 National Committee Final Preparation Press Conference
Source language:
Target language:
Opening
Speaker: Head of KEN
[Bismilah irohmahirohim, Assalamualaikum
Warohmatulahi
Wabarokatuh,
Salam
sejahtera bagi kita semua, Om Swastiastu\
Bapak-bapak
ibu-ibu
saudara-saudara
sekalian...Teman-teman media para jurnalis
yang saya hormati.
Hari ini::: kembali kami akan mengupdate
perkembangan terakhir\, terkait dengan
penyelenggaraan KTT APEC.
[Yang /pertama dapat kami sampaikan
bahwa hampir /seluruh... economic leaders
dari /seluruh negara anggota APEC telah
menyampaikan konfirmasi kehadirannya
termasuk /jam kedatangan dan aktivitasaktivitas kegiatan yang akan diikuti oleh para
leaders, dan termasuk tanggal mereka
meninggalkan Bali, mayoritas menuju Brunei
Darusalam terkait dengan East Asia Summit
dan yang lain yang tidak terkait dengan East
Asia Summit, melanjutkan penerbangannya
ke masing-masing negaranya masingmasing\.
[Dari semua economic leaders\, hanya satu
economic leaders yang karena permasalahan
di
dalam
negerinya
membatalkan
kunjungannya untuk mengikuti KTT /APEC.
Seperti kita ketahui, Presiden Barack Obama
dari Amerika Serikat telah menyampaikan
resmi kepada pihak Indonesia untuk /tidak
dapat mengikuti KTT APEC di Bali ini
terkait dengan keadaan di dalam negeri
Amerika Serikat sendiri\.
[Oleh karenanya Presiden Amerika Serikat
[\Om Swastiastu and May God Peace be with
you\
[Ladies and gentlemen,
friends of the media fellow journalists//
[Today, again, we will give you an update,
the /final development of the preparation and
the organization of the APEC summit.
[/I can tell you that first almost /all of the
economic leaders from /all economies
members of APEC have confirmed their
attendance with their /arrival, time and the
activities that they will participate /in, down
to their departure date. Most of them will
leave for Brunei for the East Asia Summit,
for those who will not be attending the East
Asia Summit, they will go back to their
home countries.
[From all economiec leaders only /one that
due to domestic issues have cancelled his
visit and cancelled his attendance at the Apec
Summit. As we all know President Barack
Obama\ from the United States have
officially regretted.... the fact that he will not
be attending to this Apec Summit due to
internal or domestic /problem.
He will be::: represented by Mr John Kerry,
121
akan diwakili oleh menteri luar negerinya,
yaitu Bapak John Kerry yang direncanakan
akan tiba::: besok sore,... ya, akan tiba besok
sore di Bali\.
/Yang lain seluruhnya tetap seperti apa yang
telah disampaikan sebelumnya sesuai dengan
apa yang telah disampaikan kemarin kepada
teman-teman sekalian/.
the... state secretary who will arrive tomorow
afternoon.
/Hal-hal
lain
menyangkut
kesiapan
kepanitaian seluruhnya telah dibahas dan
kami telah mendapatkan laporan /terinci dari
duta besar indonesia atau /kepala perwakilan
Indonesia yang bertugas, di seluruh anggota
yang mengikuti KTT /APEC, ya,...
[The other things regarding the preparation
of the committee have been discussed and I
have received a report from the Indonesian
ambassador... from, or posted in all countries
and economies members of APEC,...
The others... /will arrive as was planned.
...(7’)
3rd Dialogue
Minister of Information and Communication, [Thank you journalists, good day and
Tifatul Sembiring:
good...(xxx)
[/Baik ee.. terima kasih.
Assamualaikaum warahmatulahi wabarakatuh
Rekan-rekan aa.. wartawan sekalian awak
media, selamat /siang dan salam sejahtera,
aa... saya ingin konfirmasikan lagi bahwa
jurnalis yang hadir, yang mendaftar sudah
lebih dari 3 ribu wartawan, 70 persennya dari
luar negeri,.....
aa.. tapi apakah kemeriahan APEC ini akan
berkurang?, saya pikir tidak ya secara opini.
Karena juga fasilitas media centernya ini
memang yang /terbesar disediakan aa..
dengan kapasitas, diberikan gedung khusus di
BNDCC... II. Kalau boleh tadi disilahkan
agak memanjakan temen-temen awak /media.
Tadi saya agak guyon juga kalau fasilitas
makan tiga kali sehari, aa...bebas dan
apa...full goyang lidah dua kali ee satu kali 24
jam ini, /temen-temen jurnalis perlu
I would like to /confirm that the journalists
who have registered are more than three
thousands in numbers, 70 percent of them are
foreign journalists,
But what the APEC will be less exating as it
were, I don’t think that will be so. We have
provided the largest media center with a
separate /building at BNDCC II to keeter
even spoil I joke...because we provide three
meals in one day and even more dishes that
we provide you might need to /weight your
self before and after.
....(5)
122
me...menimbang dulu ya berat badan sebelum
masuk dan nanti setelah hasilnya bagaimana.
[aa.. /Dari test drive tadi kami lakukan di
media center, speed up itu aa.. dengan
bantuan temen-temen Telkom dengan
Telkomsel, itu aa.. up to 100 mega herz ya,
ee.. /100 megabite per second, dan ini aa...
luar biasa aa... dan setiap meja itu ada,
fasilitas untuk langsung connect apa...
sambungan internasional, voice maksutnya.
Sedangkan di Vladivostok, laporan yang saya
/dapatkan /tidak di setiap meja tapi di pojok
meja itu ada paketnya berame-rame, kalau ini
setiap pengguna ada /700 work station yang
kita pasang di media center /ditambah dengan
saluran local area network itu ada 200
saluran, belum lagi plug-in yang bisa
digunakan untuk meng..koneksikan...apa
saluran televisi dan sebagiamannya dan juga
untuk gambar, anda bisa monitor.
[/We are also assisted by our friends at
/Telkomsel...... up to one hundreds megabite
per second with regards to the internet speed,
this is amaizing and every table can connects
internationally through v-o-i-p\ while in
Vladivostok they did not provided matter
with table, /now there are 7 works stations at
the media center, /seven hundreds works
station with 200 connections there are
numerous plugs ....by which you can connect
to television, there are also pictures, for
online and printed.
Jadi temen-temen, khususnya untuk online
dan cetak saya pikir tidak harus hadir di
setiap ruangan dimana terjadi peristiwa
kesepakatan summit dan sebagainya, /anda
bisa /monitor dari ruang monitoring di media
center itu.
Dan /tadi juga sekilas saya sempat
meresmikan, walaupun Telkomsel juga sudah
duluan aa..melaunching aa.. 4G teknologi
baru, tadi juga XL juga melaunching 4G dan
juga sekaligus saya ingin sampaikan di sini
bahwa kita melaunching juga mengenai atau
melaksanakan tv digital yang /lokal aa..
product jadi lembaga elektonika nasional,
TVRI,.....
You don’t need to attend in every room
because you can /monitor from the media
center if you would like to.
[I also.....(9) found that XL also launch 4G
network, Telkomsel also launch their 4G
network and we are also launching a local
digital television, a local product. So the
national electronics agencies T-V-R-I, the
state television.
Dayung ke tepian bersama kekasih cukup (tidak diterjemahkan)
sekian dan terima kasih//(partisipan lain
tertawa)
123
Assalamualaikan
maturahibawarukatuh//
waruh
4th Dialogue:
Yang kedua, yang kemarin panitia nasional
telah menerima kritik terkait dengan konten
/website yang kurang memadai\ dan hari ini
saya akan sampaikan kepada temen-temen
media, mulai /hari ini dari /seluruh pihak
yang bertanggung jawab apakah itu masalah
substansi dan lain sebagainya sudah akan
mendownload penambahan materi-materi di
dalam webstise KTT APEC yang ada dan
mudah-mudahan temen-temen wartawan bisa
menerima bahan –bahan yang lebih banyak
lagi mulai hari ini.//
..../Bahkan yang ingin menggunakan shuttle
bus lewat dari jam 12 /bisa disediakan dengan
catatan special request, artinya ada
permintaan spesial yang disampaikan kepada
helpdesk di eee.. media center ini, ya.
Mudah-mudahan mulai hari ini keadaannya
lebih baik untuk website dan untuk ee
apa:::..ee /shuttle bus dan kita berharap
teman-temen
media
untuk
tidak
menggunakan lagi mobil pribadi, karena pada
tanggal 6,7, dan 8 stiker yang sudah ada harus
mendapat stiker /tambahan untuk bisa masuk
ke kawasan BTDC Nua Dua.
...and yesterday the national committee was
critized or received /criticism regarding the
website content that was very inadequate and
I will say that to the media partners /started
today, all people involved and all people
responsible....(excuse me), all of you can
add, can /download additional materials from
the APEC sides and hope that you can... start
downloading more informations started from
/today.
...if you would like to use the shuttle bus
/after the midnight, we can provide that for
you by requests so there is a special /need
that you and you /request us to use it, you
can contact the media center and we hope
that starting today, the website will be
/better, and the.... shuttle bus as well and we
hope our media friends will no longer use
their private vehicles because on the sixth
seventh and eighth, the current sticker will
not be adequate, you need an additional
sticker to enter into the Nusa Dua /complex//
5th Dialogue
Ini adalah insiatif Indonesia dan demikian
diharapkan mereka juga ikut /mengikuti
sekaligus juga proses /kerja sama yang
dilakukan para ekonomi APEC selama ini.
Terima kasih//
This is Indonesia’s initiative and that is why
we hope that they can also attend, participate
in the /process and also part of the
cooperation.
124
6th Dialogue
Wartawan: [Selamat siang, ee.. bapak-bapak
perkenalkan nama saya Desy Fitriani dari
Televisi Republik Indonesia. Pertanyaan saya
adalah sebuah,.. semacam ee... mungkin
mencari tahu pendapat dari bapak-bapak
terkait dengan ketidakhadiran Presiden
Amerika Serikat Barack Obama itu
menegaskan apakah kemudian bahwa krisis
finansial secara /global memang benar-benar
akan terjadi? ....
Indonesia, dua bulan yang lalu terpapar
dengan sangat tajam ketika stimulus fiskal
misalnya, baru /the fed, baru mengumumkan,
belum menjadi sebuah kenyataan, tapi
kemudian membuat Indonesia terpuruk.
Tidak hanya Indonesia tetapi juga negaranegara berkembang lainnya.
[I’m Desy Triani. I have a question to ask for
your opinion with regards to the cancellation
of President Barack Obama is that mean that
\the global financial crisis is happening?
We were impacted by the fiscal stimulus
after the fed issued their policies\, it is
affected us /already, even when it was just
announced.
7th Dialogue
Head of KEN: [/Oke so, /I chair the meeting
this moring is 10 o’clock so that’s the way
when I’m chaired the meeting is 10 o’clock is
actually we got the note is 9.15. We already
understand is actually Obama is not coming
to /Bali during the meeting]
[So during the meeting, we discussed who
will be represent yaa.. is actually the
President Barack Obama.
And we got confirmation, Minister of Foreign
Affais of America, Mr John Kerry is
represent in Indonesia.
[Saya memimpin rapat tadi pagi pukul 10,...
jadi ketika saya memimpin rapat pada pukul
10 karena kami mendapatkan kabar pukul
9.15 kami sudah memahami pada saat itu
bahwa Presiden Obama tidak akan hadir ke
Bali ketika rapat tersebut.
Jadi ketika rapat tersebut kita membahas
siapa yang akan mewakilinya, Presiden
Barak Obama dan kami mendapatkan
/konfirmasi bahwa Menteri Luar Negeri
Amerika Serikat Bapak John Kerry akan
mewakilinya di Indonesia,...
You know, /of course America, we
understand about little bit demanding about
the security approach.
/But we ready so /far is actually we work
together with all the Secret Service of
America, and they are very happy with our
Tentu saja kami memahami bahwa Amerika
Serikat /lebih memiliki banyak tuntutan
berkaitan dengan keamanan, kami, tapi kami
telah bekerja sama dengan pengamanan
kepresidenan Amerika /Serikat dan mereka
125
preparations for the security point of view.
Saya rasa cukup, teirma kasih,
Wabilahtofik hiayah wasalam walaikum
warahmatulatihwabarakatuh//
List of Speakers:
1. Head
of
National
Economic
Committee (KEN)/Deputy Chairman
of 2013 APEC Committee, Chairul
Tandjung
2. Minister
of
Information
and
Communication of Indonesia, Tifatul
Sembiring
3. Journalists
4. Interpreter: Adam Pantouw
.
cukup senang dengan persiapan yang sudah
kami lakukan dari sudut pandang keamanan.
That is all, thank you and may god peace be
with you\//
126
126
Data 3: US Secretary of State Press Conference
Source language
Target language:
Opening I
Speaker: US Secretary of State
[/Selamat sore semuanya terimakasih
[/Good afternoon everybody::: Thank
sudah
bersabar\
\Saya...senang
you for being patient. We appreciate
melanjutkan perjalanan saya ke Asia atas
it very much ‘I’m delighted to:::
nama Presiden Obama\,.....
continue my trip through Asia and on
behalf of President /Obama,....
[I wanna (want to) thank /Indonesia
for its /extraordinary welcome and
wonderful hospitality over the day
and a half that we’ve been here
meeting /already and we thank them
for their exceptional hosting of the
APEC conference//]
[/First, I’d like to say just a few
words about the::: disappointing
situation
back
home/
which
regrettably, has kept the President of
the United States from /attending this
year’s APEC//]
[I am... /not in partisan or elected
politics anymore, but I did spend 28plus years in the United States
Senate, and I /believe that /those
standing in the way in the /other body
of the Congress, standing in the way
of reopening our government, need to
think long and /hard, about the
message that we send to the world
[Saya berterima kasih\ kepada kepada
Presiden SBY atas sambutan dan
keramahtamahannya
yang
sudah
ditunjukkan\ selama satu setengah hari
kami ada di sini sudah bertemu\ dan kami
berterima kasih kepadanya\... karena
penyelenggaraan yang luar biasa/ dari
konferensi APEC ini//]
[/Pertama saya ingin me...mberikan
beberapa patah kata mengenai... situasi
yang mengecewakan di::: dalam negeri
kami yang sudah akhirnya mencegah,
Presiden Amerika Serikat untuk datang
ke pertemuan APEC /tahun ini//]
[Saya...\ bukan... di dalam politik yang
partisan lagi\ tapi saya menghabiskan 20
tahun lebih di Senat Amerika Serikat dan
saya percaya\ bahwa mereka yang
menghalangi\
jalan
di
/Kongres,
menghalangi jalan... kami membuka
kembali pemerintah kami harus berfikir
keras tentang apa yang ditangkap oleh
negara-negara lain di dunia /ketika kami
127
when we can’t get our own act, tidak bisa mengurus diri kami sendiri...]
together\]
[...seperti::: Senat Amerika Serikat ada
satu institusi besar, dan manfaat[As I’ve said many times, the /values manfaatnya ada pada bagaimana kami
of great institutions like the United menggunakannya, dan apa.../bagaimana
States Senate and the House, is how mereka mewakili diri mereka ke /dunia
we use them, and what they represent dan bagaimana... lembaga-lembaga ini
to the world and /because these adalah alat bagi rakyat\ Mereka, hanya
institutions are instruments of the rusak tidak berfungsi\ /Kalau kita biarkan
people, they are broken only if we let mereka rusak, tidak berfungsi//]
them break\]
[So I can tell you from experience,
that it is /not only within Congress’
power to prevent the shutdown\, it is
also within Congress’ power to end it.
To end it /now. To end it /today]
[/And to all of our friends and foes
watching around the world, let me be
crystal clear, /do not mistake this
momentary episode in American
politics as anything less than a
moment of /politics, or anything more
than a moment of politics\]...
[For the moment, there are some
things that do get /affected, and that is
regrettable. For instance, our security
assistance for /Israel, our closest ally
in the /Middle East, is being /delayed]
[...The new fiscal year started this last
week, but because of the /shutdown,
some entities don’t have the funding
that they need,....
[Jadi bukan hanya... /berada dalam
kekuasan atau kewenangan kongres untuk
/mencegah... shut down di Amerika
Serikat,
mereka
/juga
bisa
mengakhirinya\ sekarang\ /hari ini//]
[Dan untuk kepada semua rekan-rekan
kita ataupun lawan-lawan kita di seluruh
dunia, saya harus memberi penjelasan\
/jangan salah mengangap bahwa episode
singkat /ini di Amerika Serikat, sebagai...
sesuatu yang lebih dari pada sekedar
politik//]
[Saat /ini memang ada beberapa hal yang
terkena pengaruh\ dan itu adalah sesuatu
yang
kami
sesalkan
contohnya\
/keamanan, bantuan keamanan kami
untuk /Israel misalnya\ salah satu ehm...
rekan kami, mitra kami di Timur Tengah
sedang terganggu...
[Tahun fiskal sudah /mulai minggu ini
tapi karena shut down\ ada beberapa
badan yang tidak memiliki /dana atau
pendanaan termasuk yang membantu misi
perdamaian di /Sinai ketika ada suatu
128
keresahan, di suatu wilayah yang kritis//]
[So /the world is watching to see
whether a combination of /tough
sanctions and careful diplomacy can
/lead Iran to verifiably give up the
chase for nuclear weapons]
(cough) (5)
[\Jadi dunia akan melihat apakah
kombinasi dari sanksi-sanksi yang ketat
dan diplomasi yang ber, hati-hati bisa
mengarahkan Iran untuk akhirnya
me:::e...menyerah dan akhirnya tidak
lagi... mengembangkan senjata nuklir//]
[I will be tra.../traveling at his [Saya berjalan atas izinnya ke Malaysia
request to Malaysia and to /the dan ke Filipina untuk mewakili Amerika
Philippines in order to represent the Serikat//]
United States\]
[Tetapi saya /ingin\ /memperjelas
[But I /do want to make clear, /none
bahwa... segala sesutau yang telah terjadi
of what is happening in Washington
Washington\ tidak menghilangkan satu
diminishes (cough) /one iota our
titikpun komitmen kami ke mitra-mitra
commitment to our partners in Asia,
kami di Asia dan upaya kami juga untuk
/including our efforts to promote
meningkatkan perdagangan\ dan investasi
trade and investment throughout the
di kawasan ini, ini tetap menjadi suatu
region and this remains, one of our
prioritas utama kami dan saya senang
/top priorities, and I’m very, very
berada disini bersama\ dengan dua
pleased to be here together with two
anggota kabinet kepresidenan, Duta Besar
other members of the President’s
Froman dan Menteri Perdagangan
cabinet...aa Ambassador Froman and
Pritzker yang semuanya\ telah terus
Secretary of Commerce Pritzker, all
berhubungan dengan wilayah ini\]
of us engaged, as we will stay
engaged, in this region\]
[/Why does that matter to us? (cough)
/APEC matters because it provides a
/very critical platform for government
and private sector partners to be able
to come together and /break down the
barriers to commerce]
[It is the way to create opportunity for
all people /today, even in our
discussions, we had a talk about how
we make this economic opportunity
with /equity, meaning that /women
[/Kenapa ini penting bagi kami?...APEC
penting\ karena menyediakan suatu
anjung\ yang kritis bagi pemerintah dan
mitra-mitra sektor swasta untuk bertemu
dan meruntuhkan hambatan-hambatan
halangan-halangan atas perdagangan//]
[Membuka kesempatan bagi semua
orang, bahkan di dalam diskusi-diskusi
kami hari ini, kami berbicara tentang
bagaimana
kita
bisa
membuat
kesempatan-kesempatan... ekonomi ini
dengan berkeadilan, /artinya perempuan
129
and men /all joined together in their dan laki-laki semuanya bersama-sama
capacity to share opportunity in the dengan kapasitas yang sama untuk
workforce]
berbagi sumber daya di lapangan kerja//]
[We work together on regulatory
issues\, on how we can aa...make it
easier for /exporters to be able to cut
/tariffs and be able to move their
goods to another country,....
[Kami bekerja\ /sama\ berkaitan dengan
permasalahan aturan atau regulasi tentang
bagaimana /kita bisa membuat lebih
mudah bagi para eksportir untuk
me:::mangkas tarif dan memindahkan
barang jasanya atau mengirimkannya ke
negara /lain.....
[/The relationship between the United [/Hubungan antara Amerika Serikat
States and the Asia Pacific has really dengan Asia Pasifik tidak pernah...
never been, more important than it is menjadi sepenting ini//]
now\]
[Presiden
Obama
memulai\
[President Obama /began a rebalance
...ehm...pe...penyeimbangan
kembali
to this region in the course of his first
kekuatan di wilayah ini dan kami akan
four years, and we intend to /continue
terus melakukannya selama:::\ sampai
that, over the course of his second
dengan masa jabatan yang keduanya
term\]
habis//]
jelas
bahwa
banyak
[It is, very clear that most of the [...Sudah
economic issues that we face /today permasalahan ekonomi yang kami
/require the kind of cooperation that hadapi\, kita hadapi /hari ini memerlukan
APEC makes possible. And the kerja sama yang dimungkinkan oleh
dan
pandangan
menurut
United States views APEC as its APEC
/premier forum for economic and pandangan Amerika Serikat, APEC
sebagai\ forum /utama untuk persamaandevelopment issues in this region]
persamaan ekonomi dan pembangunan di
wilayah ini\]
Opening II
Speaker 2: Ambassador of Trade, Mr.
Froman
[/Ekonomi ekonomi APEC mewakili 55
persen...ehm PDB dunia dan 45 persen
barang dan jasa yang diperdagangkan di
dunia\]
[Amerika seri.../ekspor Amerika Serikat
[The United States exports more than senilai 1 trilun dolar ke negara-negara
[APEC economies represent 55
percent of global GDP, and about 45
percent of global goods and services
trade\]
130
a trillion dollars of goods and
services\ to APEC countries, and
that’s more than 50 percent of total
U.S. exports\. And those exports
support millions of hardworking
American jobs\]
APEC. Itu lebih dari 50 persen
keseluruhan ekspor Amerika Serikat\ dan
ekspor ini menunjang banyak ehm...
/pekerja Amerika Serikat yang bekerja
keras\]
[APEC tetap menjadi pemimpin dalam
[At the same time, APEC economies sistem
perdagangan
multilateral.
continue to play an important Kesepakatan teknologi informasi WTO
leadership role, in the multilateral di/mulai\ pada APEC contohnya\]
trading
system.
The
WTO’s
Information Technology Agreement
for example, got its start, at APEC\]
[And /now longstanding APEC
priorities have the potential to be
en/shrined in a global trading rules at
the WTO\. These include a win-win
agreement on trade facilitation that
will help developed and developing
countries alike, as well as an
expanded information technology
agreement\.
[Dan sekarang prioritas-prioritas APEC
yang
ber...ehm..berkempanjangan
akhirnya bisa diadopsi /di \WTO. Seperti
kesepakatan win-12.20’ win ter(xxx)
fasilitasi perdagangan yang akhirnya
membantu
negara
maju
negara
berkembang dan juga... perluasan dari
perjanjian teknologi informasi
[/If we succeed in producing a
multilateral package on trade
facilitation,
agriculture,
and
development, it can provide impetus
to the multilateral trading system\]
[Kalau kami berhasil membangun suatu
paket multilateral mengenai fasilitasi
perdagangan
pertanian,
dan
pembangunan ini bisa jadi memberi
dorongan bagi sistem perdagangan
multilateral]
[Terakhir sebagai e...seperti yang sudah
dikatakan menteri, ini adalah waktu yang
kritis dimana kami bekerja di...
kemitraaan Trans Pasifik, kami ingin
menuntaskan
negosiasi
tahun
/ini....Amerika Serikat terus... bekerja
dengan ambisi yang tinggi dan standar
yang tinggi berkaitan dengan TPP]
[Kami sudah mem...membuat banyak
kemajuan minggu ini dan kami terus
mem...berikan em... berbicara dengan
[/Finally, of course, as the Secretary
said, we spent a great (xxx) of time
this week working on TPP\. The TPP
countries are strongly committed to
working to conclude negotiations this
year.......And the /U.S. continues to
work for a high level of ambition and
high standards for TPP, with all due
speed]
[We’ve /made significant progress
this week, and we look forward to
131
briefing the TPP leaders on Tuesday,
about that progress and getting their
political-level guidance to facilitate
the conclusion of the negotiations]
para pemimpin TPP, memberikan
panduan kebijakan dan mendengar dari
mereka untuk cepat merampungkan
negosiasi]
1st Dialogue
Journalist: [Okay. Thank you, Mr. [/Bisa dengar suara saya?,]
Secretary. /Can you hear me, first of
all... I’m not sure – yes? Okay.
I’m /curious as to, first, ho.../how do
you make the case back at home to
members of Congress that the
shutdown hurts, American security
and potentially the security of its
allies, /while at the same time you are
here, presumably, assuring those
allies, at in Asia, that you still have
their back, like what you said?,...
John
Kerry:.....Here
in
my
conversation with the Foreign
Minister from the Republic of Korea,
we had the same kind of long-term
horizon\, and I think in the
discussions that we’ve had in APEC,
about the code of conduct and the
South China Sea,.....
[Saya ingin tahu berkaitan dengan
pertama
kali,
bagaimana
anda
menjelaskan kepada... angggota kongres
bahwa shutdown
atau penutupan
pemerintah Amerika Serikat ini akhirnya
mengurangi atau mencederai keamanan
luar negeri misalnya\ terutama kita,
sementara kita berusaha menyakinkan,
/anda berusaha menyakinkan mitra-mitra
anda itu bahwa anda tetap mendukung
mitra- mitra tersebut di luar negeri.
....di
kawasan
ini
dan
dengan
pembicaraan saya... dengan ehm..menteri
dari::: Korea, ada satu juga pandangan
yang /jauh ke depan mengenai hal serupa
dan melalui diskusi –diskusi kami yang
kami yang kami lakukan di APEC
tentang, code of conduct, kode perilaku,
di Laut Cina Selatan,...
2nd Dialogue
Journalist: Michael Tjandra (RCTI):
[Thank you for this opportunity, Mr.
Secretary. Where does Indonesia
stand as an APEC member with
[Terimakasih atas ksempatannya, Pak
menteri, dimana posisi Indonesia sebagai
anggota APEC dengan Amerika dalam
memberikan peran untuk membangkitkan
132
America in playing a role, to help to kembali ekonomi /global?]
revive the global economy?]
[/Saya ingin meminta\ bapak duta besar
John Kerry: [/Well, I’m..I’m gonna berbicara sedikit mengenai hal itu tapi
(going to) let the Ambassador speak a saya akan bicara secara singkat bahwa
little bit to that, but I will just tell you Indonesia terus bertumbuh, enan persen
that /Indonesia is growing at, I think, kalau tidak salah, sekarang mereka punya
around 6 percent or so /now. They rencana untuk justru terus meningkatkan
have plans to even /raise that level of pertumbuhan itu secara signifikan]
growth more significantly\]
Ambassador Froman: [Well, the only
thing I would add to that is, Indonesia
is one of the largest economies in the
world and as a key member, for
example, of the G-20\, and has played
a critical role in the G-20\, in terms of
bringing a perspective of an...
emerging economy to the global
economic system and ensuring that
issues were addressed in an
appropriate way\ They’ve been, the
President Yudhoyono and others from
(xxx) play a critical role in the G-20
over the last several years. And
/similarly, in just two months from
now, Indonesia will host and chair the
9th meeting of the WTO ministerial\.
[/Cara saya menjawabnya adalah bahwa
Indonesia adalah salah satu ekonomi
terbesar di dunia sebagai salah satu
anggota /utama dari G20 contohnya yang
sudah berrmain suatu peran yang penting
di G20, berkaitan dengan membawa
perpektif...
dari
ekonomi
baru
berkembang dan dalam satu sistem
ekonomi yang baru memastikan bahwa,
persoalan-persoalan yang dibahas secara
/baik]
...(6)
(tarik
nafas)....[/Presiden
Yudhoyono memainkan peranan penting
di G20 selama beberapa tahun yang
la...ee...belakangan dan... Indonesia akan
menjadi penyelenggara dan memimpin
pertemuan menteri WTO]
3rd Dialogue
Journalist:
Indira
Laaksmanan,
Bloomberg TV:
[Thank you,
Secretary Kerry and Ambassador
Froman. Secretary Kerry, you
/addressed this a little bit at the top of
your remarks, but the whole question
about the government shutdown has
certainly created a /perception in
Asia, that it’s undermining the
[Terima kasih bapak... Menteri Kerry dan
Duta Besar Froman, anda sudah
mengatakan /tadi... tapi pertanyaan
mengenai penutupan....pemerintahan itu
sudah... membuat citra bahwa,... Amerika
Serikat mungkin akan kesulitan untuk
memenuhi /janjinya untuk Asia, ada juga
komentar-komentar yang diucapkan
secara pribadi bahwa ini akhirnya
133
President’s ability to fulfill his Asia
pivot /promise and we’ve heard this
both in public remarks from certain
Asian leaders and also aam...you
know, private remarks, that they feel
it’s undermining the President’s, what
is meant to be his signature issue of
his second-term foreign policy
distracting him\. So I want to ask you,
/How can you reassure those leaders
who’ve expressed their concerns that
it’s /not undermining the Asia pivot?
mengurangi kemampuan\ presiden untuk
memberi tanggungjawabnya ini sebagai
suatu...aa pengalih perhatian sekurangkurangnya, bagaimana anda akan
menjelaskan kepada
para pemimpin
dunia tersebut bahwa ini tidak akan
melemahkan Asia (xxx) pihlet..
John Kerry:
[Well, /Indira, I...I think aa..I did
touch on this a little bit, but let me fill
it out a little bit more. I’m...(4)
/President Obama is not here, and he
/planned to be here. And he is /not
here because he has to stay at home in
order to /deal with this domestic
challenge,....
[\Ya saya kira saya sudah bahas tadi...
tapi saya bisa membahasnya lebih jauh\
Presiden Obama tidak ada disini\
meskipun ia berencana untuk hadir disini
tapi ia tidak disini karena ia harus tetap
berada di /dalam negeri untuk
mengurusi... tantangan domestik ini\...
[Terima kasih semuanya//]
Pemandu Konferensi Pers: [Thanks,
everyone]
Speakers’ List
1. US Secretary of State John Kerry
Menlu Kerry: [Thank you all very
much. Good to be with you. Thank
2. United
States
Trade
you//]
Representative Ambassador Mike
Froman
3. Journalists
Interpreter: Adam Pantaouw
134
134
Data 4: APEC Leaders Concluding Statement
Source language:
Target language:
Speaker: President of Indonesia: Susilo
Bambang Yudhoyono
(Tepuk tangan)
[xxx]
Thank you...
[Bismilah
irohmahirohin, [xxx]
assalamualaikum
warohmatulahi
wabarokatuh.
Om swastiastu,
[xxx]
Peace and prosperity to us all
[First, we agreed to /redouble efforts to
attain the Bogor Goals in 2020. We
shared the views that, all economies
must continue to gain from the APEC
cooperation.
Pertama kita mengakhiri, /yang pertama
kita bertekad untuk menggandakan
upaya kita untuk mencapai Bogor goals
2020. Kita miliki pandangan yang sama
bahwa seluruh ekonomi APEC harus
terus mendapatkan manfaat dari kerja
In line with this commitment, we sama APEC. Dalam hal komitmen ini
agreed
to
take
further
steps
in kita sepakat untuk mengambil langkah
empowering, enganging, and opening ....memberdayakan, mengenggange dan
opportunities for all stakeholders, to membuka
peluang
participate in the APEC process and pemangku
gain benefits from it]
untuk
kepentingan
seluruh
untuk
berpartisipasi dalam proses APEC dan
mendapatkan manfaat dari forum ini\.
/Third, we agreed to accelerate APEC’s
physical, institutional, and people-to-
[Yang
ketiga
mempercepat...
kita
sepakat
konektivitas
untuk
APEC
secara fisik, institusi dan people to
135
people connectivity. In this regard, we people dan dalam hal ini kita memiliki
envision a strategic landscape for suatu pandangan untuk konektiviti di
connectivity in our region through the kawasan kita melalui pengembangan
development
and
investment
in dan investasi di infrastruktur.
infrastructure....
[/Fourth,
we
Yang
reaffirmed
our
commitments to achieving a /strong,
balanced, sustainable and inclusive
global growth. In the process, we
agreed
to
facilitate
the
enhanced
participation of Small, Medium, and
Micro sized Enterprises, youth, and
women entrepreneurs. These SMMEs
are the backbone of our economy.
Speaker:
President of the Republic of Indonesia,
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Interpreter: Andre Omer Siregar
keempat,
kita
menegaskan
komitmen kita untuk menjaga suatu
pertumbuhan eknomi global yang kuat,
berimbang, berkelanjutan dan insklusif.
Dalam proses ini kita mendorong untuk
partisipasi UKM dan... usaha mikro
anak muda, perempuan dan karena itu
UKM ini merupakan tulang punggung
pertumbuhan ekonomi kita.
136
137
Appendix 2 : Interpreter Data
1. Name
: Adam Pantaouw
Place and date of birth
: Bandung, July 23, 1982
Education
: Bachelor of Laws, University of Trisakti,
Jakarta
Occupation
: Full time professional freelance interpreter,
special interpreter for Ministry of Foreign
Affairs and Ministry of Telecommunication
and Information of the Republic of
Indonesia at the 2013 APEC Summit
Conference.
Experience
: 5 years (2009-present)
Address
: Jakarta
2. Name
: Andre Omer Siregar, MBA
Place and date of birth
: Jakarta, Juli 1974
Education
: Master on Trade Diplomacy, Monash
University, Australia (2000)
Occupation
: Civil servant at Ministry of Foreign Affairs
RI, special interpreter for the President of
the Republic of Indonesia
Experience
: 11 years (2003-present)
Address
: Jakarta
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Redaksi Official APEC 2013
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KEMENTERI,AN PENDIDIKAI.I NASIONAL
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Transcription

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