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Chapt 11
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1. The principles of probability can be used to
a. predict the traits of the offspring of genetic crosses.
b. determine the actual outcomes of genetic crosses.
c. determine which species should be used in genetic crosses.
d. decide which organisms are best to use in genetic crosses.
Tt
T
t
T
TT
Tt
T
TT
Tt
TT
T
=
Tall
t
=
Short
Figure 11–1
2. In the Punnett square shown in Figure 11–1, which of the following is true about the offspring resulting from the
cross?
a. About half are expected to be short.
b. All are expected to be short.
c. About three fourths are expected to be tall.
d. All are expected to be tall.
RrYy
RY
Ry
rY
ry
RY
RRYY
RRYy
RrYY
RrYy
RRYy
Ry
RRYy
RRyy
RrYy
Rryy
RY
RRYY
RrYy
RrYY
RrYy
Ry
RRYy
RRyy
RrYy
Rryy
Figure 11–3
3. Use Figure 11–3 to answer the following question. If a pea plant that is heterozygous for round, yellow peas (RrYy)
is crossed with a pea plant that is homozygous for round peas but heterozygous for yellow peas (RRYy), how many
different phenotypes are their offspring expected to show?
a. 2
b. 4
c. 8
d. 16
4.A breed of chicken shows codominance for feather color. One allele codes for black feathers, another codes for white
feathers. The feathers of heterozygous chickens of this breed will be
a. black.
b. white.
c. gray.
d. speckled.
5. In rabbits, there are four different versions of the gene for coat color. What pattern of inheritance is this?
a. incomplete dominance.
b. polygenic inheritance.
c. codominance.
d. multiple alleles.
6. Which of the following supports the claim that the environment can affect genetic traits?
a. Oak trees get taller as they grow.
b. Hydrangea flower color varies with soil pH.
c. Dandelion plants are self pollinating.
d. Pinion trees bear cones every other year.
Figure 11–4
7. What is shown in Figure 11–4?
a. independent assortment
b. anaphase I of meiosis
c. crossing-over
d. replication
8. A tetrad consists of
a. a homologous pair of chromosomes, each made
of two chromatids.
b. the four copies of a chromosome that are
normally present in cells.
c. two sister chromatids that have each been
replicated during interphase.
d. a parental chromosome that was replicated to
form a pair, then replicated again.
9.The farther apart two genes are located on a chromosome, the
a. less likely they are to be inherited together.
b. more likely they are to be linked.
c. less likely they are to assort independently.
d. less likely they are to be separated by crossing
over.
10.In pea plants, gray seed color (G ) is dominant over white seed color (g) and smooth pod shape (S) is dominant over
constricted pod shape (s). A plant that has the genotype GGss is crossed with a plant that has the genotype GgSs.
What is the probability of having offspring with the genotype Ggss?
a.
b.
c.
d.
0
10%
25%
50%
11.
The Punnett square shown here shows two of the possible offspring from a cross between two individuals for a
simple autosomal trait where (A) is the dominant allele and (a) is the recessive allele.
The offspring in boxes 1 and 2 will have what genotypes?
a. 1 is AA and 2 is aa.
b. Both 1 and 2 are Aa.
c. 1 is Aa and 2 is aa.
d. It is not possible to determine the genotypes.
12. A recessive trait is defined as
a. one that is always expressed.
b. one that is never expressed.
c. one that is expressed whenever it is present.
d. one that is expressed when the dominant allele is
not present.
13. Which best defines a dominant trait?
a. one that cannot be seen
b. a trait that all organisms have
c. a trait that is expressed when an organism has
two of the alleles coding for it
d. a trait that is expressed whenever an allele for it
is present
14.Examine the Punnett squares shown here.
If 348 offspring were produced in the F2 generation of this cross, how many of those offspring would you expect to
have purple flowers?
a. 0
b. 87
c. 174
d. 261
15. Mice have 40 chromosomes. If two mice mate and produce offspring, how many chromosomes would be found in
each sperm cell of the male offspring produced?
a. 10
b. 20
c. 40
d. 80
16. In which organism could you find this process occurring?
a.
b.
c.
d.
In a female cat
In a male blue jay
In a sunflower
In a bacterium
17.In which situation does the environment play a significant role in gene expression?
a. An Arctic fox has a gray coat in summer and a
thick, white coat in winter.
b. Two pea plants with yellow seeds produce some
offspring with green seeds.
c. A cross between red flowers and yellow flowers
produces offspring with orange flowers.
d. None of the other answer choices
18. What is Gregor Mendel's contribution to the history and study of genetics?
a. He discovered that characteristics are
determined by inherited factors (genes).
b. He discovered that alleles can be dominant or
recessive.
c. He discovered that alleles segregate
independently during the formation of gamates.
d. All of the other answer choices
19. What trait, dominant or recessive, will be expressed if an organism has one dominant allele and one recessive
allele?
a. The dominant trait
b. The recessive trait
c. Both the dominant and recessive traits
d. The organism will lack that trait completely.
20. What term defines the event when the alleles for each gene separate from each other so that each gamete carries
only one allele for each gene?
a. Characterization
b. Genetics
c. Principle of dominance
d. Segregation
21. Mendel found that the generation between the P and F2 generation is fundamental to genetic theory. What is the
generation between the P and F2 generations called?
a. P2
b. P3
c. F1
d. F0
22. What term defines why genetic variations are present in organisms even when they have the same parents?
a. Dependent assortment
b. Genetics
c. Independent assortment
d. Punnett square
23. A F1 plant that is homozygous for tallness is crossed with a heterozygous F1 plant. What ratio of tall to short plants
(tall:short) represents the possible offspring?
a. 1:1
b. 1:3
c. 3:1
d. 4:0
24.The physical characteristics of an organism are called its ____________, whereas the genetic characteristics of an
organism are called its ____________.
a. alleles; phenotype
b. genotype; phenotype
c. heredity; genotype
d. phenotype; genotype
25. There are genetic crosses in which neither of two alleles is dominant over the other. In these crosses, the phenotype
is a blend of the two alleles. These crosses are described as
a. codominant.
b. incomplete dominance.
c. multiple alleles.
d. non-Mendelian inheritance.
26. An experiment crosses an F1 generation of red-flowered (RR) plants and white-flowered (WW) plants. What is the
color of the F2 generation if the allele for color is characteristic of incomplete dominance?
a. Blue
b. Pink
c. Red
d. White
27. Environmental conditions can affect gene expression, changing an organism's
a. alleles.
b. fertilization.
c. genotype.
d. phenotype.
28. During a hot spring, the western white butterfly is found to have an unusually light wing pigmentation. What is the
best reason for this altered phenotype?
a. Altered genes
b. Change in alleles
c. Environment
d. Independent assortment
29. What is the main result of meiosis?
a. 2 diploid cells
b. 2 haploid cells
c. 4 diploid cells
d. 4 haploid cells
30. In human cells, 2N = 46. How many chromosomes does an egg cell carry?
a. 2
b. 23
c. 46
d. 92
31. What term defines a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes?
a. Cytokinesis
b. Diploid
c. Haploid
d. Telophase
32. Meiosis produces 4 genetically different haploid cells. Mitosis produces
a. 2 genetically different diploid cells.
b. 2 genetically identical diploid cells.
c. 4 genetically different haploid cells.
d. 4 genetically identical haploid cells.
33. In what phase of both mitosis and meiosis are sister chromatids present?
a. Anaphase
b. Cytokinesis
c. Prophase
d. Telophase
34. What process is best related to Mendel's principle of independent assortment?
a. Gene linkage
b. Light-dependent reactions
c. Mitosis
d. Meiosis
35. Which process produces offspring with a wide genetic variation?
a. Anaphase
b. Meiosis
c. Mitosis
d. Telophase
36. A student crosses two pea plants and records information about F1 phenotypes for seed shape in the table.
If the parent plants had the genotypes Ss and ss, what should the student fill in for the expected number of plants of
each phenotype?
a. Smooth seeds: 45; Wrinkled seeds: 55
b. Smooth seeds: 60; Wrinkled seeds: 72
c. Smooth seeds: 66; Wrinkled seeds: 66
d. Smooth seeds: 99; Wrinkled seeds: 33
37. In 1910, Thomas Hunt Morgan determined that certain genes in fruit flies appeared to be linked together. Morgan
found four groups of linked genes. To which structure do these linkage groups relate?
a. Centrioles
b. Chromosomes
c. Ribosomes
d. Spindle fibers
38. In 1911, Alfred Sturtevant reasoned that he could use frequencies of crossing-over to map the genes on a
chromosome. Which term can be used to describe Sturtevant's statement?
a. Scientific theory
b. Scientific principle
c. Scientific hypothesis
d. None of the above
39.Scientists studying a meadow ecosystem collect western white butterflies from a single population in the spring and
summer. They notice that all individuals that hatch in the spring have darker wings than those that hatch in the
summer.
What is the most likely explanation for these different traits?
a. Different environmental factors affect gene
expression for wing color.
b. Different alleles are inherited at different times
of the year.
c. Wing color is a polygenic trait in these
butterflies.
d. Wing color is influenced by codominance of
alleles.
40. Identifying the relative locations of genes on a chromosome and creating a diagram of their locations is called
a. karyotyping.
b. gene mapping.
c. independent assortment.
d. chromosome mapping.
41. A specific characteristic of an individual, such as height, is called
a. a gene
b. an allele
c. a gamete
d. a trait
42. In a cross between a pea plant with yellow seeds and a pea plant with green seeds, all the offspring produced green
seeds. This shows the trait for yellow seed color is ___________ and green seed color ____________.
a. recessive, dominant
b. dominant, recessive
c. purebred, recessive
d. hybrid, recessive
43. What is the predicted phenotypic ratio in the offspring resulting from a cross of Tt
Tt?
a. 1:2:1
b. 3:1
c. 1:1
d. None of the other answer choices
44. A researcher hypothesizes that hair on human fingers is a dominant trait. The researcher examines the fingers of
hundreds of people at a university, and asks about each person's family history. Which of the following findings
would support the hypothesis?
a. Couples without hair on their fingers never
had biological children with hair on their
fingers.
b. People with hair on their fingers sometimes had
one biological parent with no hair on their
fingers.
c. People with hair on their fingers sometimes had
two biological parents with hair on their fingers.
d. All of the other answer choices
Completion
Complete each statement.
1. Due to the process of segregation, alleles separate during the production of ____________________ .
2. An organism has 38 chromosomes in a body cell. After mitosis each cell has 38 chromosomes. After meiosis each
gamete has ____________________ chromosomes.
3. The characteristics of an organism are determined by two factors: ____________________.
4. An organism’s gametes have ____________________ the number of chromosomes found in the organism’s body
cells.
5. Crossing-over occurs during the stage of meiosis called ____________________.
Short Answer
RrYy
RY
Ry
rY
ry
RY
RRYY
RRYy
RrYY
RrYy
Ry
RRYy
RRyy
RrYy
Rryy
RrYy
rY
RrYY
RrYy
rrYY
rrYy
ry
RrYy
Rryy
rrYy
rryy
Seed Shape
R = Round
r = Wrinkled
Seed Color
Y = Yellow
y = Green
Figure 11–2
1. What is the phenotype ratio of the offspring of the plants in the Punnett square in Figure 11–2?
2. What is the probability that a cross between parents who are both homozygous recessive for trait will have
offspring that are homozygous recessive for that trait?
3. Define homologous chromosomes.
BbRr
BR
Br
bR
br
BR
BBRR
BBRr
BbRR
BbRr
Br
BBRr
BBrr
BbRr
Bbrr
BbRr
bR
BbRR
BbRr
?
bbRr
br
BbRr
Bbrr
bbRr
bbrr
Hair Color
B = Black
b = White
Hair Texture
R = Rough
r = Smooth
Heterozygous male guinea pigs with black, rough hair (BbRr) are crossed with heterozygous female guinea pigs
with black, rough hair (BbRr). The incomplete Punnett square in Figure 11–6 shows the expected results from the
cross.
Figure 11–6
1. Interpret Tables Identify the genotype of the offspring that would be represented by the question mark in Figure
11–6.
chpt 11
Answer Section
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
2. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
3. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
4. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
5. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
6. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
7. ANS:
STA:
8. ANS:
STA:
9. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
10. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
11. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
12. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
13. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
14. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
A
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Explain how geneticists use the principles of probability to make Punnett squares.
Bio.6F
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC11
BLM: analysis
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Bio.6F
BLM: application
A
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Explain the principle of independent assortment.
STA: Bio.6F
PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_MC18
BLM: synthesis
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Describe examples of exceptions to Mendel's principles. STA: Bio.6F
BLM: comprehension
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
BLM: comprehension
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Explain the relationship between genes and the environment.
Bio.5C
BLM: evaluation
C
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
OBJ: Summarize the events of meiosis.
Bio.6G
BLM: application
A
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Bio.6G
BLM: analysis
A
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
Describe how alleles from different genes can be inherited together.
Bio.6G
BLM: evaluation
C
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
Bio.6F
TOP: PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_166446
comprehension
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Bio.6F
knowledge
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Describe Mendel's studies and conclusions.
STA: Bio.6A
PE_EN_TX_BIO_2014_TB_166887
BLM: application
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
STA: Bio.6A
BLM: knowledge
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Bio.6F|Bio.2G
analysis
15. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
16. ANS:
STA:
BLM:
17. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
18. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
19. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
20. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
21. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
22. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
23. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
24. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
25. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
26. ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
27. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
28. ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
29. ANS:
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes.
Bio.6G
application
A
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Bio.6G
analysis
A
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Bio.5C
evaluation
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
STA: Bio.3F|Bio.6F
BLM: knowledge
A
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
STA: Bio.6A
BLM: comprehension
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Describe what happens during segregation.
STA: Bio.6F
BLM: knowledge
C
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Describe what happens during segregation.
STA: Bio.6F
BLM: knowledge
C
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Explain the principle of independent assortment.
STA: Bio.6F
BLM: knowledge
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
Bio.6F
application
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Bio.6F
knowledge
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
BLM: knowledge
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
BLM: application
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Bio.6E|Bio.6F
knowledge
C
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Bio.6E|Bio.6F
application
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
BLM:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
ANS:
OBJ:
TOP:
ANS:
OBJ:
STA:
Bio.6G
knowledge
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
OBJ: Contrast meiosis and mitosis.
Bio.6G
comprehension
C
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Bio.6G
knowledge
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
OBJ: Contrast meiosis and mitosis.
Bio.6G
comprehension
C
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Bio.6G
comprehension
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Bio.6G
comprehension
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Bio.6G
comprehension
C
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Bio.6F|Bio.2F
analysis
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Bio.6G|Bio.3F
application
C
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Bio.6G|Bio.2D|Bio.3F
application
A
PTS: 1
DIF: L3
Bio.5C|Bio.2H
synthesis
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
Bio.6G
TOP: PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_266719 BLM: knowledge
D
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
STA: Bio.6A
PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_267539 BLM: knowledge
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L1
STA: Bio.6A
PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_267607 BLM: comprehension
B
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
Bio.6F
TOP: PH_EN_SC_CB_2008_4_268171 BLM: analysis
44. ANS: D
PTS: 0
DIF: L3
OBJ: Describe Mendel's studies and conclusions.
STA: Bio.5C|Bio.2B
BLM: application
COMPLETION
1. ANS: gametes, sex cells
PTS: 1
STA: Bio.6F
2. ANS: 19
PTS:
OBJ:
STA:
3. ANS:
1
DIF: L3
Bio.6F
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_CO63
BLM: analysis
genes and environmental conditions
PTS: 1
STA: Bio.5C
4. ANS: half
PTS:
OBJ:
STA:
5. ANS:
DIF: L2
OBJ: Describe what happens during segregation.
BLM: comprehension
DIF: L1
OBJ: Explain the relationship between genes and the environment.
BLM: knowledge
1
DIF: L2
Bio.6G
BLM: comprehension
prophase I
PTS: 1
STA: Bio.6G
DIF: L2
BLM: analysis
SHORT ANSWER
1. ANS:
The phenotype ratio is 9 round, yellow seeds : 3 round, green seeds : 3 wrinkled, yellow seeds : 1 wrinkled, green
seed.
PTS: 1
STA: Bio.6F
2. ANS:
100%
DIF: L2
OBJ: Explain the principle of independent assortment.
TOP: PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_SA79
BLM: application
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
OBJ: Explain how Mendel's principles apply to all organisms.
STA: Bio.3F|Bio.6F
BLM: analysis
3. ANS:
Homologous chromosomes are the two sets of chromosomes found in a body cell—one set inherited from the male
parent and the other inherited from the female parent.
PTS: 1
DIF: L2
OBJ: Contrast the number of chromosomes in body cells and in gametes.
STA: Bio.6G
BLM: comprehension
OTHER
1. ANS:
The genotype of the offspring is bbRR.
PTS: 1
STA: Bio.6F
TOP:
DIF: L1
OBJ: Explain the principle of independent assortment.
PE_ML_BIO_2014_C11_OT91
BLM: application

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