D Erika Hayfield
Transcription
D Erika Hayfield
Gender and Migration Culture in the Peripheral North: Challenges and Opportunities Erika Anne Hayfield, Ph.D. University of the Faroe Islands The Faroe Islands’ culture of migration Key demographic issues Changing demography of the Faroe Islands Percent of cohort still in Faroe Islands • Youth outmigration • Female deficit • Mobility as integral part of Faroese culture (3000 LDW) 90 80 70 Percent of cohort – Females more likely to pursue tertiery education than males 54%/46% – Tertiery ratio education abroad females/males 60%/40% 100 60 50 Boys 40 Girls 30 20 10 0 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Age primo January 2014 27 28 Gender gap 1901-2014 Female deficit for total population 3 000 Female deficit for population below 70 yrs 2 500 2 000 1 500 1 000 500 0 -500 -1 000 1901 1906 1911 1916 1921 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1966 1970 1977 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 Faroe Islands culture of migration Culture of migration Youth outmigration as “natural” lifecourse • Positive about growing up in the Faroe Islands (freedom) • Natural part of growing-up, developing and “becoming” • Majority of those aged 14-15 said they will leave the Faroe Islands. All girls and half of the boys • A necessity for improving and developing, but frequent intentions of returning • Youth outmigration as: – – – – Pursuit of opportunities Annonymity (free from social constraints) Leaving safety net behind Risk-taking Culture of migration Perpetuation of youth outmigration • Social capital and migration – Almost all showed reference to others who currently/have lived abroad – The safe option – Faroese community abroad • Place polygamy (Beck, 2000) • Migrants as integral part of Faroese society Culture of migration To return or not to return • Students: Just over 50% of students return (Studni, 2015) • Key barriers – Housing – Unemployment benefit – Welfare services (e.g. child care) – Structures of opportunities – Traditional culture • Female, 23 yrs, studying in Denmark: You don’t move to the Faroes until it is IT that you want to do...Because firstly, it is so closed to get in and when you have finally got in then it is...it is not something that you just can let go of (Føroya landsstýri, 2013) Gender culture and the welfare system Gender culture • Traditional gender culture • Family capital (Gaini, 2010) • Paternity leave: Females more against extending earmarked paternity leave than males (Javnstøðunevndin, 2013) Gender structures • Labour market – Relatively few females in management positions, especially in private sector – Few female leading politians compared to other Nordic countries – 51% of females work part-time (across all age groups) – Family cultural model: Female part-time carer model of the (male) breadwinner family (Phau-Effinger, 2004) • Welfare services later than surrounding countries – Nature of male work has held women in carer position – Welfare services less advanced than other Nordic countries – Familialism in Faroese welfare model (Sundström, 2006) Migration and mobility in policy Imaking • Work with mobility – Welfare opportunities for females behind – Enable mobile lifestyles • Incorporate the gendered nature of migration into policy • Create educational opportunities and dynamic study environment • Provide opportunities for migrants to return (labour market policy and facilate return) Thank you References • • • • • • • • • • • • Ali, S. (2007) “‘Go west young man’: The culture of migration among muslims in Hyderabad, India”, Journal of ethnic and migration studies, 33 (1): 37 – 58 Beck, Ulrich (2000) ‘What is globalization. Cambridge: Polity Press Dahlstrøm, M. (1996) “Young women in a male periphery – experiences from the Scandinavian North”, Journal of rural studies. 12 (3): 259 – 271 Føroya landsstýri (2013) Heildarætlan: Fólkaflyting og fólkavøkstur. Tórshavn: Føroya landsstýri Gaini, F. (2010) “Hvad har du lært i skolen i dag? Familiekapital og skole på Færøerne, Barn, 3: 729 Hoogensen, G.; Lotherington, A. T.; Hamilton, L. C- Savage. S-; Koukarenko, N. & Kalinina, M. (2004) “Women’s migratoin from and in the Arctic” (chp. 11) In: Einarsson, N.; Larsen, J. N.; Nilsson, A. & Young, O. R. (eds.) Arctic human development report. Akureyri: Stefansson Arctic Institute Paulgaard, G. (2012) “Geography of opportunity. Approaching adulthood at the margins of the northern European periphery”. In: Bæck, U. 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