UNIT 6 Clauses. Part II. Clauses of Purpose/Clauses of Contrast

UNIT 6 Clauses. Part II. Clauses of Purpose/Clauses of Contrast/Clauses of Manner
Clauses of Purpose
Придаточные предложения цели.
They went to the beach to enjoy the sunset.
They went to the beach so that they could enjoy the sunset.
Придаточные предложения цели используются для выражения цели действия. Т.е. они
объясняют, почему кто-то делает что-то. Они вводятся с помощью:
to – in order to/so as to – so that/in order that – in case, etc.
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to -infinitive (чтобы, с целью -инфинитив)
e.g.
I’m going to get some fresh air.
in order to/so as to (formal) (чтобы, с целью) (официально)
e.g.
He went to Harvard in order to/so as to obtain a degree in economics.
В отрицательных предложениях мы используем in order not to или so as not to. Мы
никогда не используем not to отдельно.
in order not to
be late.
so as not to
(NOT: He took a taxi not to be late.)
He took a taxi


so that + can/will (present of future reference)
so that + could/would (past reference)
e.g.
He works hard so that he can make a lot of money.
She reserved a table so that she wouldn’t have to wait in a queue.
Note: In order that имеет такую же структуру, как as so that. Тем не менее, оно используется не
часто, так как является официальным.
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in case + present tense (present or future reference)
in case + past tense (past reference)
In case никогда не используется с will или would.
e.g.
Take a map in case you get lost.
(NOT: Take a map in case you will get lost.)
She called her parents in case they were worried about her.
for + noun (когда мы хотим выразить цель действия)
e.g.
They went to an Indian restaurant for dinner.
for + -ing form (когда мы хотим выразить цель или функцию чего-то)
e.g.
We use an axe for chopping wood.
Придаточные предложения цели подчиняются правилу согласования времен, так же как и
придаточные предложения времени (страница 23).
e.g.
Ann left some soup in the fridge so that Jim could eat it later.
(NOT: Ann left some soup in the fridge so that Jim can eat it later.)
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UNIT 6 Clauses. Part II. Clauses of Purpose/Clauses of Contrast/Clauses of Manner
Соедините предложения, используя слова в скобках.
1. I’ve joined a gym. I want to get fit. (to)
… I’ve joined a gym to get fit. …………
2. She is learning English. She wants to get a job in England. (so that)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
3. He got a loan from the bank. He wanted to expand his business. (in order to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. He will take some money with him. He may want to buy something. (in case)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
5. She wrote the date down in her diary. She didn’t want to forget it. (so that)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
6. They arrived at the station early. They didn’t want to miss the train. (so as not to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
7. They took some water with them. It was possible they would get thirsty. (in case)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. He put the letter on the table. He wanted his mother to post it. (so that)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
9. The courier came into the office. He wanted to deliver the parcel. (to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
10. Pamela called the lost property office. She wanted to report the loss of her luggage. (in order to)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
ДРУГИМИ СЛОВАМИ
Изучите следующие примеры. Второе предложение имеет такое же значение, как и первое.
1. She wrote a shopping list. She didn’t want to forget anything.
that
She wrote a shopping list so that she wouldn’t forget anything.
2. They took some sandwiches with them. They thought they might get hungry.
case
They took some sandwiches with them in case they got hungry.
3. He checked in the dictionary. He didn’t want to spell the word wrongly.
not
He checked in the dictionary in order not to spell the word wrongly.
He checked in the dictionary so as not to spell the word wrongly.
4. We use a key to lock and unlock doors.
for
A key is used for locking and unlocking doors.
1
2
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Дополните каждое предложение, используя от 2 до 5 слов, включая выделенные слова.
He set his alarm clock. He didn’t want to oversleep.
that
He set his alarm clock …so that he wouldn’t… oversleep.
I’ll take my umbrella. It might rain this afternoon.
case
I’ll take my umbrella …………………………………………… this afternoon.
Sam called Mary. He wanted to invite her to a party.
to
Sam called Mary ……………………………………………… her to a party.
Tom took his cheque book. He didn’t want to run out of money.
case
Tom took his cheque book …………………………………………… out of money.
We use a watering can to water plants and flowers.
for
A watering can …………………………………………………… plants and flowers.
I went to bed early. I didn’t want to be tired the next day.
that
I went to bed early ………………………………………………… be tired the next day.
They took a map with them. They didn’t want to get lost.
not
They took a map with them …………………………………………………… get lost.
Jack is studying business at university. He wants to get a good job.
that
Jack is studying business at university ……………………………………… a good job.
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UNIT 6 Clauses. Part II. Clauses of Purpose/Clauses of Contrast/Clauses of Manner
Clauses of Contrast
They enjoy working in the garden although / even though it is very hard
work.
Придаточные предложения контраста используются для выражения контраста. Они
вводятся с помощью:
but – although/even though/though – in spite of/despite – however – yet – while/whereas nevertheless, etc.
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
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



3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
but (но, а, но в то же время)
e.g.
She had a cold, but she went to work.
although/even though/though + clause (хотя, не смотря на то, что + придаточное
предложение)
Even though является более усилительным, чем although. Thought обычно используется в
повседневной разговорной речи и может быть поставлен в конец предложения.
e.g.
Although/Even though/Though she had a cold, she went to work.
She went to work although/even though/though she had a cold.
She had a cold. She went to work, though.
in spite of/despite + noun/-ing form (не смотря на (то,что) + существительное/-ing форма)
e.g.
In spite of/Despite the bad weather, they sat in the garden. (NOT: Despite of the bad …)
They sat in the garden in spite of/despite the weather being bad.
in spite of/despite the fact that + clause (несмотря на то, что + придаточное предложение)
e.g.
In spite of/Despite the fact (that) the weather was bad, they sat in the garden.
however/nevertheless (несмотря на то, при этом, однако). После however/nevertheless всегда
ставится запятая.
e.g.
He was well-qualified for the job. However/Nevertheless, he didn’t get it.
while/whereas (в то время как, не смотря на то, что)
e.g.
Your flat is big, while/whereas mine is small.
yet (не смотря на, при этом, тем не менее) (официальное)
e.g.
Tom ran well, yet he lost.
Перепишите предложения, используя слова в скобках.
Your car is new and fast. My car is old and slow.
…Your car is new and fast, while my car is old and slow. …
He went to bed early. He was tired the next day. (yet)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The Smiths go on holiday to Spain. The Millers go to Switzerland. (whereas)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
He had passed his exams. He couldn’t find a good job. (although)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
They ate all the food. It was tasteless. (in spite of)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
The performance was bad. Everyone applauded at the end. (nevertheless)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
We had a map. We got lost. (though)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
He didn’t go back to work. He felt better. (despite)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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UNIT 6 Clauses. Part II. Clauses of Purpose/Clauses of Contrast/Clauses of Manner
4
Выберите правильный ответ.
1. …C… being shy, Jim gave a speech at the concert.
A However
B Yet
C Despite
2. ………… he hated shopping, he went to the supermarket.
A However
B Even though
C While
3. Jane works very hard, ………… Kate is lazy.
A whereas
B even though
C despite
4. This car is fast………… it is also very noisy.
A despite
B but
C though
5. She likes Peter. She doesn’t like his brother………… .
A whereas
B but
C though
6. ………… the rain, the football match went ahead.
A In spite of
B However
C while
7. ………… of being tired, Jeff went to the party.
A In spite
B Despite
C Although
Дополните предложения.
1. In spite of the heavy traffic, I got to work on time.
Although …the traffic was heavy, I got to work on time. …
2. Despite winning the race, Sam still wasn’t happy.
Even though ……………………………………………………………………………………………
3. Although it rains a lot in England, I love living there.
Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. Even though Tom is a qualified doctor, he doesn’t have a job.
In spite …………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. Despite the fact that I was hungry, I didn’t eat anything.
Even though ……………………………………………………………………………………………
6. Even though he was ill, Jim went to work.
Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. In spite of losing her job, she didn’t get depressed.
Although ……………………………………………………………………………………………….
8. Although he doesn’t like his boss, he works very hard.
In spite …………………………………………………………………………………………………
9. Even though it is very cold, she is only wearing a T-shirt.
Despite …………………………………………………………………………………………………
10. In spite of her busy schedule, she makes time for her children.
Even though ……………………………………………………………………………………………
5
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UNIT 6 Clauses. Part II. Clauses of Purpose/Clauses of Contrast/Clauses of Manner
Clauses of Manner
They look as if/as though they are celebrating.
Придаточные предложения образа действия вводятся с помощью as if/as though и
используются для выражения в какой манере производится действие.
 Мы используем as if/as though (как будто, как если бы) после таких глаголов как act,
appear, be, behave, feel, look, seem, smell, sound, taste для того, чтобы сказать как кто-то
или что-то выглядит, ведет себя и т.д.
e.g.
He sounds as if/as though he’s got a cold. (It’s possible that he has a cold.)
She looks as if/as though she is a model.
 Мы используем as if/as though + past tense когда мы говорим о нереальных ситуациях с
точки зрения настоящего времени. Were может использоваться вместо was для всех лиц.
e.g.
He speaks about the royal family as if/as though he was a good friend of theirs.
(He is not a friend of the royal family.)
She behaves as if she were the boss. (were is more formal than was)
Note: Мы можем использовать like вместо as if/as though в разговорной речи.
e.g.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
It looks like it is going to rain. (неформальная разговорная речь)
6
Сопоставьте части из колонки А с подходящими частями из колонки В и соедините
их, используя as if/as though.
A
B
1 Rick is tired. He feels
a he had won the lottery.
2 Claire is out of breath. She sounds
b she has run a marathon.
3 Jim is very angry. He feels
c he hasn’t slept properly for weeks.
Sarah spoke very quickly. She
4
d she was in a hurry.
sounded
Martin looked very happy. He was
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e he is going to explode.
smiling
6 Tom sneezed. He sounded
f he had a cold.
1-c Rick is tired. He feels as if/as though he hasn’t slept properly for weeks.
2-……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3-……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4-……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5-……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
6-……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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