towards the professional engineering team
Transcription
towards the professional engineering team
KDN PP 18194/08/2013(033606) Issue 31 September- October 2015 TOWARDS THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING TEAM Highlights ................. 03 Opinion .................... 04 Feature I................... 08 Feature II .................. 13 Feature III ................. 16 KDN PP 18194/08/2013(033606) Issue 31 September- October 2015 Editor’s Note TOWARDS THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING TEAM Highlights ................. 03 Opinion .................... 04 Feature I................... 08 Feature II .................. 13 Feature III ................. 16 Dear MySET members, Welcome to the Sept-Oct 2015 issue of ET Magazine. Editorial Board Advisor Prof. Dato’ Abang Abdullah Abang Ali Chief Editor Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suraya Abdul Rashid Council Members President Prof. Dato' Abang Abdullah Bin Abang Ali Deputy President Prof. Ir. Megat Johari Bin Megat Mohd Noor Vice Presidents Ir. Asst. Prof. Ahmad Bin Tamby Kadir Prof. Dr. Wan Mohammad Bin Wan Abdullah Hj. Zaharuddin Bin Saidon Prof. Dr. Wan Mansor Bin Wan Muhamad Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Abd. Rahim Bin Abu Talib Secretary General Assoc. Prof. Dr. Tinia Idaty Binti Mohd Ghazi Treasurer Mr. Rahman Bin Wagiran Ordinary Council Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suraya Binti Abdul Rashid Ir. Rocky Wong Hon Thang Ir. Abdul Aziz Bin Omar Prof. Dr. Ishkandar Baharin Ir. Azlan Abdul Aziz Ir. Hj. Wan Ahmad Nizar Bin Zakaria Prof. Dato' Dr. Abdul Hakim Juri Dato' Dr. Ir. Hj. Abdul Rashid Maidin Hj. Mohd Ghaus Ab Kadir Mr. Samuel Devadasan Contact Us MySET Secretariat Malaysian Society for Engineering & Technology. Level 2 Block A Faculty of Engineering. Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang Selangor, T: +603 8946 6451; F: +603 8946 6481 E: [email protected] W: www.myset.org.my FB: www.facebook.com/groups/myset/ Publishing & Advertising Consultant DeCalais Sdn Bhd G-1-1 Plaza Damas 60, Jalan Sri Hartamas 1 Sri Hartamas, 50480 Kuala Lumpur T: +603 6201 0725; F: +603 6201 0756 E: [email protected] W: www.decalais.com Disclaimer Views expressed are not necessarily those of MySET. MySET takes no responsibility for the consequences of any action taken based on any information published in ET and neither shall it be held liable for any product or service advertised in the same. No part of this publication may be reproduced without the permission of the publisher. ET September- 0ctober 2015 In this issue we feature four interesting articles contributed by our MySET members. Firstly, we feature an opinion column entitled “Towards the Professional Engineering Team”, written by Prof Ir. Megat Johari Megat Mohd Noor, the Deputy President of MySET. In this column he writes about the coexistence of engineering and engineering technology or the lack thereof in the current market and industries. He makes some comparison between how the two disciplines coexist in other countries without the dilemma of differentiation. It is hoped that a pathway to professional engineering technologists and engineering technicians will fulfill the aspiration towards the professional engineering team. The second article is a continuation or Part II of the article written by Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Abd. Rahim Abu Talib, who is currently the Senior General Manager (Technical) at MIGHT-METEOR Advanced Manufacturing Sdn Bhd. Part I of the article entitled “The Key to Innovation Success” was featured in the previous July-Aug 2015 issue of ET Magazine. The third article entitled “Ergonomics: Addressing the Comfort, Safety and Well-Being of Humans”, is written by Prof. Dr. Rosnah who served as MySET’s council member for the term 2012-2015 and is still chairing MySET’s Ergonomics Interest Group. Discover the true definition of ergonomics; it is neither economics nor agronomy and is much more than ‘the chair design’ Finally, the fourth article is written by Ms Sharifah Allyana from the Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) entitled “Impact of Automated Speed Enforcement on Road Users”. Do you maintain the designated speed limit or slow down when approaching fixed AES speed cameras? Read the findings of the study which summarises the observation of road user’s attitude towards the posted speed limit. I hope you find all of the articles featured interesting and useful. We very much welcome MySET members to contribute articles for ET Magazine. Warm regards Suraya Suraya Assoc. Prof. Dr. Suraya Abdul Rashid Chief Editor Highlights 3 MySET’s Humanitarian Interest Group: Malaysian Relief (MyRe) ySET is trying to ramp up its humanitarian interest group, known as Malaysian Relief (MyRe), by using the Commission for Reconstruction of Gaza initiative as the anchor. These initiatives are being led by Ir. Ahmad Tambi Kadir, the chairperson of MyRe. The team also consists of representatives from Humanitarian Care Malaysia Berhad (MyCARE). Looking at the world now with so many natural and man-made disasters, we strongly believe this is an area that MySET should contribute in. But this effort requires a lot of funds and volunteers. We have submitted amendments to our rules to enable us to collect donations. The purpose of MyRe is to oversee the management of Charitable Funds that are received, and to report to the MySET Council. M The Commission for Reconstruction of Gaza has proposed that we set up office in Malaysia to cater for our region. They have allocated around RM200,000 for two years. On 16th September 2015, MyRe agreed to: 1. Set up the Commission office in Kuala Lumpur to represent the Commission’s interests in Malaysia, Indonesia, Brunei, Pakistan and other countries around the area. 2. Jointly organise the 2nd One Billion Dollar Donation Campaign Conference with the Commission European Office tentatively in London during March 2016. MyCARE will be the principal Malaysian partner. Engineering Technologists and Inspector of Works: Call for Registration ll graduates from Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA) accredited Bachelor of Engineering Technology (BET) programs can now register with the Board of Engineers Malaysia (BEM) as Engineering Technologists. The details and registration forms can be downloaded from BEM website (http://www.bem.org.my/v3/pdf/REA2015/EngTech.pdf). Furthermore, a graduate who holds any Engineering Diploma qualification which is recognised by the Board shall be entitled to be registered as Inspector of Works. The details and registration forms for Inspector of Workscan be downloaded from BEM website (http://www.bem.org.my/v3/pdf/REA2015/IOW1.pdf). A September-October 2015 ET 4 Opinion TOWARDS THE PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERING TEAM Prof. Ir. Megat Johari Megat Mohd Noor Deputy President of MySET ngineering has grown very much, from a “trial-and-error” practice oriented on problem solving, to a more theoretical oriented approach with lesser emphasis on practical and technology based. This can be seen from today’s engineering curricula. The twentieth century saw a stronger emphasis on mathematics, engineering sciences and research, which led to a subtle separation into engineering and engineering technology disciplines. Despite both disciplines having been in existence as separate entities in most part of the century, where E ET September- 0ctober 2015 Opinion 5 education is concerned, the market and industry in general are still unclear of their differentiated roles. This is equally true even in the leading developed countries, the champions in differentiating the disciplines. Market and industry are more concerned on the end outcomes, and are not able to differentiate the capacity of the engaged engineers or engineering technologists. Those industry that are concerned with the supervision and maintenance work will continue to engage engineers, although engineering technologists are more suited. Engineering technologists on the other hand would like to be treated equally as engineers and get involved in research and development, and complex engineering design. Market and industry, and even the masses understand clearly the differentiation with the technician group, despite it is part of the “engineering team”, as technicians are known for solving well defined problems. Efforts have been made by the champions of “differentiation” to make both disciplines, engineering and engineering technology, as explicit in their characteristics; engineering is about solving complex problem and engineering technology is about solving broadly defined problem. In Europe, the two disciplines coexist, with their education pathways; theoretical and practical oriented, without being judgmental as to their differentiation. This is possible as engineering is unregulated in Europe and dependent on the market demand. Engineering education in Europe is however “accredited” under the government or delegated nongovernmental authorities. Both disciplines and pathways continue to flourish, as there is no regulation preventing graduates of engineering technologists to compete with engineering graduates. In countries where engineering is regulated, they are plagued with the dilemma of the differentiation. The question is on whether engineering technologists should be allowed to practice engineering, despite their differentiated capacity. Proponents of the x“unity” of the engineering team or “under the same roof” concept believe that articulation into engineering is possible. The Nay-Sayers are however adamant that fundamental engineering education is essential and non-compromised, and engineering technologists are equated as having an inferior fundamentals. In the early years, Malaysia, which emulated the United Kingdom model, has the pathway for those who were unfortunate to get a full time engineering education, by undertaking an assessment, after a period of work experience in engineering. It was open to abuse where candidates could be coached to answer the questions and yet without having the fundamentals. As most countries’ education systems were more liberalised, greater opportunities were made available for aspiring candidates to undertake full-time engineering education. In Malaysia alone there are now over 30 universities offering engineering programmes. The assessment programme pathway has also ceased in Malaysia, as with the country of origin, the United Kingdom. Postgraduate engineering taught programmes at Master level, which are readily available, have now become the basis for qualifying unrecognised engineering degree. Sound fundamentals In Europe, the two disciplines coexist, with their education pathways; theoretical and practical oriented, without being judgmental September-October 2015 ET 6 Opinion is expected in order to be able to solve complex applied problem, at the Master level. These postgraduate programmes could also be used for the said articulation for engineering technologists. The coming of another tier in Malaysia, the Competent Engineer or Professional Engineer with Practice Certificate, should ease further with using postgraduate engineering education at the Master level as the articulation pathway to Professional Engineer status. In the United States where engineering practice is regulated, some of the states allow the articulation without requiring any bridging for the engineering technologists, but requiring fulfilling the extra period of engineering training, such as doubling of the training period. By virtue that engineering technology education leads to practical oriented professional vocation, and its closeness to the engineering discipline (acting as a complement to engineering under the “engineering team”), its articulation into engineering should be easier. ET September- 0ctober 2015 For now in Malaysia, we have to wait for the dust to settle with the amendment to the Engineer Act and the approval to form the Malaysian Board of Technology that caters for engineering technology. Either, both Boards will be responsible for engineering technology or only one of them. A likely scenario is that both may register graduates of engineering technology and a coordinated body is to be formed between the two to conduct accreditation, which is presently undertaken by the Malaysian Qualification Agency. The Board of Engineers Malaysia has already open up to graduates of engineering technology, accredited by the Malaysian Qualifying Agency, to register with them. Similarly the registration of Inspector of Works (technicians) is also open. A pathway to professional engineering technologists and engineering technicians is indeed the next step, and thus fulfilling the aspiration towards the professional engineering team. 8 Feature I The Key to Innovation Success: Part II Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr. Abd. Rahim Abu Talib B.Eng, D.Phil, P.Eng Senior General Manager (Technical), MIGHT-METEOR Advanced Manufacturing Sdn. Bhd. and Department of Aerospace Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia. HOW TO MAKE A SUCCESSFUL INNOVATION? The innovation process involves a sequence of stages that unfold over time. These stages occur at different levels of abstraction or generalisation with numerous iterative elements within each stage and between stages. These iterative and generalisation components are an inherent part of the process and the methods employed in the innovation process. The methods employed in the innovation process are as follows: a) Iterative Deepening: This is a method to search the unknown for the unknown, and involves iterative development and refinement of knowledge. b) Searching and Exploration: Effective exploration methods combine the elements shown in with individual and group activities. This method is basically evidence-based search and discovery. c) Knowledge Synthesis: This method involves pattern recognition and inductive reasoning. Mastering abstraction and iteration allows the innovator to gain the necessary knowledge, and to use it in the right ways, to discover those new things that are unknown and valuable. The steps involved in developing an innovative product are summarised illustrated in Figures 2 and 3. Figure 2: Steps in development of an innovative product ET September- 0ctober 2015 Feature I 9 Figure 3: Innovation process – from idea to innovation September-October 2015 ET 10 Feature I Evaluation Of Competitors’ Products When it comes to starting a new business venture, it becomes important for the entrepreneur to identify the following critical factors: a) Opportunity: This refers to identifying business prospects and involves determining the size, trend and growth of the current market, as well as identifying the customers, their needs and affordability for a potential product. It is crucial to identify the competitors of the product in the existing market. b) People: This refers to the human resources who will be involved in the business venture, such as venture capitalists, marketing consultants, accountants, project administrators, product developers, et cetera. The people need to know why they will be involved in the project, their roles and responsibilities, as well as potential pitfalls associated with the project. What Are Product Competitors? Product competitors are business rivals who compete in the same product class but offer different benefits, features and prices. Hence, determining the performance of competitors’ products is a critical step in achieving customer satisfaction and higher market share. The Need for Competitor Analysis a) Customer or market surveys are required in order to understand customers’ needs. It is therefore impossible for one to improve on his or her products and services without these surveys. b) It is imperative to determine which market analysis to be worked on in order to attain higher market share, and market share is not possible without an increase in customer satisfaction with respect to performance of product, price or delivery. Competitor Analysis a) Competitor analysis is performed by first doing a customer satisfaction survey. Results of the survey provide us with a gap analysis. b) The customer satisfaction survey reveals the customers’ perception on our products and services versus our competitors. ET September- 0ctober 2015 c) Context: This refers to the circumstances that form the setting for the business venture. It is crucial to identify the goals and objectives of the business venture (goals should be specific, achievable and measurable), nature of the business, viability of the venture in a designated market, that includes marketing (segmenting, targeting and positioning), finance (list of all possible expenditures, demand forecast, revenue) and production (location, manufacturing operations, raw materials, labour skills, space facility, overhead). d) Risks and Rewards: This refers to all the risks and potential threats that can prevent the business venture from reaching its goals, as well as the rewards (revenues, profit) that will be gained if the business succeeds. c) It shall be highlighted that offering the best price for goods and services does not guarantee that we will attain higher market share. It is insufficient to merely improve on our products and services; rather, we must understand what the customers are thinking and how our competitors are performing relative to this thinking. d) The customer satisfaction survey results will reveal the appropriate product and service quality characteristics which are critical and important to the customers. e) Upon knowing the customer requirements, we need to perform two assessments. It is wise to segment our market place and conduct these assessments across segments. Process control assessment. Process capability assessment of each competitor for each product quality characteristic and service attribute. f) Process control assessment: We need to purchase or obtain the product and/or measure the services being provided by the competitors. It is crucial to understand how the product will be sampled (e.g. batches, lots, etc.). The sampling scheme is paramount to correct interpretation of the control chart and results. We also need to assess our measurement system to ensure reliable results. g) Process capability assessment: This refers to a product analysis on how well our competitors are meeting the customers’ requirements. Assessment of capability is much more tentative if the process is unstable. Feature I 11 h) Finally, conduct process control and process capability assessments for our own products, followed by a comparative competitor analysis that compares our process with those of our competitors. This analysis should include analytical evaluation of the mean and variability. The competitor analysis process is shown in Figure 4. Conclusion The best measure of innovation is market success. Engineers and technologist have to ensure that in order to have a successful innovation on new products and services, they need to deliver the highest customer value at the minimum possible cost in the shortest possible time. REFERENCE A.R Abu Talib and N. Abdullah, Innovation Methodology, Universiti Putra Malaysia Press, Serdang, 2013. Aerospace Malaysia Innovation Centre, www.amic.my. C.R. Carlson and W.W. Wilmot, Innovation: The Five Disciplines for Creating what Customers Want”, Random House, 2006. Innovation Management, www.innovationmanagement.se/2011/09/16/howto-innovate-the-innovation-process/ K. Thiruchelvam, V.G.R Chandran, N. Boon-Kwee and W. Chan-Yuan, Malaysia’s Quest for Innovation: Progress and Lessons Learned, Strategic Information and Research Development Centre, Petaling Jaya, 2013. Malaysian Global Innovation & Creativity Centre, www.impact.magic.my. Malaysian Innovation Foundation, www.yim.my. National Innovation Agency Malaysia, www.innovation.my. O. Abdul Rahman, The Essentials of Science, Technology and Innovation Policy, Academy of Sciences Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, 2013. SRI International, The Five Disciplines of Innovation: An SRI Innovation Partnership Program, 5 DOI Workshop, 2011. V. Kumar, 101 Design Methods: A Structured Approach for Driving Innovation in Your Organization, New Jersey: Wiley, 2013. Figure 4: Competitor analysis September-October 2015 ET Feature II 13 Ergonomics: Addressing the Comfort, Safety and Well-being of Humans Prof. Dr. Rosnah Mohd Yusuff Chairperson for MySET's Ergonomics Interest Group Introduction t is not surprising when ergonomics is mentioned, the frequent response is ‘is it economics or is it related to agronomy?’ or to those who had probably heard something about it would say, ‘hmm… the chair design’. It seems that ergonomics or human factors engineering still receives this kind of reactions among novices not familiar with the field. Though ergonomics was popularised in the fifties in US and Britain, it is relatively new in Malaysia. Only in 2011, the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Malaysia (HFEM) was formed. A very positive development in the field of ergonomics in Malaysia is the setting up of the Ergonomics Excellent Centre (EEC) by the National Institute on Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Malaysia in 2013 in view of the rising number of occupational illnesses such as musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). I How often when we use a product, objects or facilities, instinctively we feel that the product should be better designed and less complex; when we manoeuvre through systems or websites, we sigh, feel exasperated and give up? Or when we go through instructions, view displays, or reach for objects we feel uncomfortable and wished that the instructions are clearer, displays are easily understood and seen, and that objects are placed within our reach without the need to bend, extend our arms and twisting our body. When we have to make decisions, are we able to comprehend and process all the information before us? How do we remember numbers, places and names? Are the products, systems, jobs and tasks comfortable, healthy and safe, easy to use and does not cause us undue stress, physically, mentally and psychologically? When systems, products, jobs and workplaces are not designed within the capabilities and abilities of the human being, fatigue, stress and strain, injuries and errors prevail. So what is ergonomics? The word ‘ergonomics’ is derived from two Greek words, ‘ergon’ meaning a unit of work, and ‘nomos’ meaning laws which when coined together refers to ‘the laws of work’ or the science of work [1, 3]. In USA and some other countries, it is called ‘human engineering or human factors engineering’. The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines human engineering as, “The application of human biological sciences along with engineering sciences to achieve optimum September-October 2015 ET 14 Feature II mutual adjustment of men and his work, the benefits being measured in terms of human efficiency and well-being.” It focuses on human beings and their interaction with products, equipment facilities and environments used in the work and seeks to change the things people use and the environment in which they use the things to match in a better way the capabilities, limitations and needs of people [1, 2]. Thus, ergonomics or human factors engineering emphasises on the need to understand and gain information on the limitations of human abilities and characteristics which have an effect on the design of equipment, systems, objects, facilities and environment. Optimisation and establishing compatibility between technology and human is achieved through considering of the human’s physical, physiological, biomechanical, and psychological capabilities. With ergonomics design, efficiency and effectiveness with which work is carried out is enhanced and certain desirable human values at work such as increase safety, comfort, user satisfaction, decrease fatigue are achieved. Ergonomics is ‘fitting the job to the worker’ rather than ‘fitting the worker to the job’. We are always interacting with something on a daily basis, be it at work or non-work environment. This interaction, no matter how simple or complex, must meet users’ expectations and needs in a safe, efficient and pleasurable way. Although this principle is basic, interaction between humans and the product/machine does not always occur [4]. According to Karwowski et al. [5] the application of ergonomic principles and knowledge to the design process helps meet these users’ expectations, thus reducing the risk of malfunction or failures and the potential for accidents, and contributes to the product being more readily acceptable. Work Related Musculoskeletal Diseases The main concern of ergonomics is workrelated musculoskeletal diseases. Recent trends have shown that work related musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and compensation costs for this type of disease are increasing in many industries. Manual material handling that involves lifting, bending, and twisting motion of the torso is one of the major causes of back pain. However, the frequencies of doing these activities, the force required, the temperature, vibration and duration of doing this work may aggravate the situation further. Since the 1970s and 1980s, there has been growing evidence in the scientific literature of a link between manual material handling (MMH) especially lifting task and lumbar spine problem. Improper manual material handling can increase the likelihood of musculoskeletal Figure 1: WRMD Cases from 1995-2014 (Source: Socso Annual Report,2014)[6] ET September- 0ctober 2015 injuries that might affect the performance of the workers such as productivity and quality may decrease. Malaysia is also experiencing the same problems as it moves towards becoming an industrialised nation. Reports from SOCSO indicated that the number of cases has risen from three in 2003 to 675 in 2014. It is believed that many cases have not been Feature II reported due to lack of understanding and awareness on ergonomics. The number of cases as reported to SOCSO from 1995-2014 is shown in figure 1. 15 References 1. Kumar, S. A. and Suresh, N., Production and Operations Management, 2 ed. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, 2008. Anthropometry, Ergonomics and Design Anthropometrics is an important branch of ergonomics which deals with the measurement of body dimensions, its capacity and limits of human ability. Anthropometric side of ergonomics aim to match the physical form and dimensions of living or working environments or products to those of its user. It has been considered as the very basic core of ergonomics in an attempt to resolve the dilemma of 'fitting people to machines' 3[7]. Novak regards anthropometry as a branch of anthropology which deals with physical characteristics of the man in time and space, particularly with individual variation, ontogenesis and generic development [8]. Knowledge about man from the point of view of physical anthropometry is very useful for the purpose of ergonomics and design. Anthropometric data is important not only for product design but also for various other applications. Studies have indicated that body dimensions differ for various populations [9], depending on countries [10]0], communities [11], ethnic group [12], gender [13, 14] and age [13, 14, 15]. 2. Kumar, S. A. and Suresh, N., Operations Management. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers, 2009. 3. James, R. L., "Human Factors Engineering," in Encyclopedia of Software Engineering. vol. null, ed: Taylor & Francis, (2011), pp. 383-394. 4. Soares, M. M. and Rebelo, F., "Ergonomics in design: solutions and proposals for a better interface with the user," Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, vol. 13, pp. 1-3, 2012/01/01 2012. 5. Karwowski, W., Soares, M. M., & Stanton, N. A., Human Factors and Ergonomics in Consumer Product Design - Methods and Techniques. (2011). Florida: CRC Press - Taylor & Francis Group. 6. 7. Social Security Organisation. (2012) Annual report. Wang, E.M., Wang, M.J., Yeh, W.Y., Shih, Y.C., Development of anthropometric work environment for Taiwanese workers, Int. J. of Industrial Ergonomics. 23 (1999) 3-8. 8. Novak, E., The role of anthropometry in design of work and life environments of the disabled population, Int. J. of industrial ergonomics. 17 (1996) 113-121. The measurement of physical characteristics and abilities of people provides information that is essential for the appropriate design of occupational and non- occupational environments, as well as for the design of consumer products, clothing, tools and equipment [16]. 9. Rosnah, M. Y. and Wong, O. O., Development of an Anthropometric dimensions database for the Malaysian population, ASEAN J.Sci. Technol. Develop. 12 (1995) 67-77. 10. Kotiyal, K. and Tettey, S., Anthropometry for Design for the Elderly, Int J. Conclusion Knowledge on the limitations, capabilities and abilities of the human can predict and justify good designs. To be efficient and less costly, the ergonomic approach must start at the initial design phases with a needs analysis and be applied throughout the design process. However, corrective ergonomics involve modifications to existing products, often in very restrictive limits, to overcome problems relating to safety, health, comfort, and the efficiency of the manproduct system. Ergonomic design principles can help designers create better designs and solve particular design problems. Occupuational Safety and Ergonomics. 7 (1) (2001) 15-34. 11. Ghosh, J.R., Khatoon, Z., Bhattacharjee, A and Bandyopadhyay, A.R., Comparative Study on Anthropometric Variables in Two Communities of West Bengal, India. Anthropologist. 7 (3) (2005) 217-219. 12. Yap W. S., Chan C. C., Chan S. P., Wang Y. T., Ethnic differences in anthropometry among adult Singaporean Chinese, Malays and Indians, and their effects on lung volumes, Respir Med. 95 (4) (2001) 297-304 13. Perissinotto, E., Pisent, C., Sergi, G., & Grigoletto, F., Anthropometric measurements in the elderly, age and gender differences, British Journal of Nutrition. 87 (2) (2002) 177-86. As ergonomics is gaining importance in the Malaysian society and the realisation that the lack of ergonomics is associated with musculoskeletal disorders, designers have to take into consideration the variability in the physical qualities of the potential users, identifying their needs and requirements. A proactive ergonomics approach is required. Greater awareness of its importance among workers will create a better workplace and that they do not have to live in a workplace that is uncomfortable, unsafe and unpleasant. 14. Rosnah, M.Y., Sharifah Norazizan, S.A.R., Nurazrul, S.H., Tengku Aizan, H., Ahmad, H.H., Aini, M.S., Lina, G.S.C., Lo, W.C. & Mohd Rizal, H., Comparison of Elderly Anthropometry Dimensions amongst Various Population, AsiaPacific Journal of Public Health 18 (2006) 20-25. 15. Suriah A. R., Zalifah M. K., Zainorni M. J., Shafawi S, Mimie Suraya S. Zarina N, Wan Zainuddin W. A., Anthropometric Dimensions of the Elderly, Mal J. Nutr4 (1/2) (1998) 55-64. 16. Feathers, D.J., Paquet, V.C. and Drury, C.G., Measurement consistency and three dimensional electromechanical anthropometry. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics. 33 (3) (2004) 181–190. September-October 2015 ET 16 Feature III Impact of Automated Speed Enforcement on Road Users Sharifah Allyana Research Officer Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Reseach (MIROS) [email protected] n 2014, the road fatalities were 6,744 resulting from 476,196 road traffic crashes. And from this figure, 23% of fatal crashes are related to speeding. On average, there are 18 road traffic deaths and 1,305 road traffic crashes daily. The figure is alarming and the government is adamant to reduce it to save more lives. The Road Safety Plan of Malaysia 2006 – 2010 and Road Safety Plan of Malaysia 2014 – 2020 outline the strategic framework to deliver the long-term vision that was set for road safety in Malaysia. In both plans, one of the strategies is to utilise state of the art technologies to reduce human error for more effective enforcement. Therefore, the government of Malaysia has introduced an electronic enforcement programme called Automated Enforcement System (AES) in 2012. Electronic camera enforcement could serve many functions including bus lane, overloading vehicles, multilane free flow, congestion pricing and tailgating, speed and red light running violation. I This paper will discuss the effect of road users’ compliance with the speed limit due to the introduction of AES at six fixed camera locations. Fixed cameras are mounted in boxes at fixed locations and can continuously monitor traffic speeds and digitally connected to an electronic system. Each camera installed together with the AES signboard approaching to the camera location. Awareness and advocacy activities were carried out in order to educate the road users prior to commencement of the AES programme. The study was carried out by using before-and-after study, and spot speed was used to measure the road user speed limit compliance. The spot speed study was carried out independently from the said programme but at the same location as the speed camera. This study was carried out using the out-of-road technology with a device called Smart Sensor. The Smart Sensor uses micro wave to operate. Data was collected a month before ET September- 0ctober 2015 Fixed AES speed camera Feature III 17 the programme started and about five months after it was implemented. And subsequently, data were collected about two years after to programme to see if the effect remains the same. Data collection was carried out during off peak period. Data was also collected separately on weekdays and weekends to see the different pattern. The data were collected in an hour duration during the off peak hour. The compliance with the speed limit at all study locations is shown in Table 1. From all six locations, only Sungkai have more than 85% speed limit compliance among road users before the speed camera installation on weekdays. The data on weekdays also show the compliance with speed limit was the lowest at Kajang (29.7%). After six months of the automated speed programme, all camera locations recorded compliance level more than 85%, except Leboh Sentosa and two years later, all fixed camera locations recorded 89% and above compliance to speed limit. The highest increase in speed limit compliance level was at Kajang with more than 60% jump after a two-year period. This is due to the low level speed limit compliance at the location before the installation. In contrast with the pattern on weekdays, before the AES installation, none of the locations had speed limit compliance more than 85%. On weekends, the compliance with the speed limit range between 40.9% and 81.7% of all six fixed camera locations. The lowest speed limit compliance was observed at Kajang and the highest at Sungkai before installation period. All six locations showed a higher compliance level to speed limit on weekends after the AES implementation, with an average compliance of 90%. Sungkai recorded the highest speed limit compliance with 96.1%, while Slim River recorded the lowest with 77.5% after six months of the programme. Two years after the AES implementation, the road users’ compliance to speed limit are above 90% for all six locations on weekends. Signboard approaching AES speed camera according to locations. The findings of this study also similar to a study carried out in New South Wales in 2005 where the study revealed the percentage of vehicles exceeding the speed limit reduces by about 70% to 90% along the camera sites. A statistical analysis was conducted and it proved that the increase in speed limit compliance is statistically significant at four locations on weekdays and five locations on weekends. Speed profile alone is not sufficient to indicate the effectiveness of the programme, thus accident and injury data from the police has to be obtained to support the evaluation study. Hence, the future study supported with crash data will give more accurate evidence on the effectiveness of automated speed camera programme. The study summarises the observation of road users’ attitude towards the posted speed limit. The compliance level used show that before the AES implementation, road users did not obey the posted speed limit. This practice holds true during weekdays and weekends. However, the degree of non-compliance varied Weekdays Weekends Speed Limit (kmh) Camera Type Before (%) After 6 months (%) Sungkai 90 Fixed 86.3 98.0 96.7 81.7 96.1 95.8 Slim River 110 Fixed 74.2 86.1 91.3 56.1 77.5 90.3 Taiping Location After 2 months (%) Before (%) After 6 months (%) After 2 months (%) 110 Fixed 82.4 94.2 95.6 79.2 94.1 93.0 Kajang 90 Fixed 29.7 93.4 96.3 72.1 92.7 96.9 SKVE 80 Fixed 48.1 94.7 94.7 40.9 90.3 95.0 Leboh Sentosa 70 Fixed 57.1 80.5 89.9 74.5 90.2 90.3 Table 1. Compliance with speed limit before and after implementation September-October 2015 ET 18 Calendar 2015 MySET Yearly Planner (Jan 2015-Dec 2015) Jan 2015 Mar 2015 Fri 9.1.2015 34th Council Meeting Fri 13.3.2015 35th Council Meeting Sat 24.1.2015 1BD Donation Campaign to Rebuild Gaza Sat 28.3.2015 Sun 29.3.2015 2-Day Workshop on Accreditation Assessment Apr 2015 Thur 9.4.2015 Career Guidance Event Management Programme Sat 11.4.2015 NETC2015 & 8TH AGM Wed 15.4.2015 Thur 16.4.2015 CAPAC Tunnels and Bridges Conference Wed 22.4.2015 Thur 23.4.2015 Fri 24.4.2015 Environment Asia 2015 Sat 25.4.2015 CIDB Training Course May 2015 Jun 2015 Mon 25.5.2015 Tue 26.5.2015 Wed 27.5.2015 First UAE Project Management Conference & Exhibition 2015 Tue 2.6.2015 Health, Safety & Environment Week 2015 Thur 30.4.2015 36th Council Meeting Tue 9.6.2015 Wed 10.6.2015 Thur 11.6.2015 Technology and Innovation Conference 2015 (TECHON) Sat 18.4.2015 Sun 19.4.2015 2-Day Intensive Lead Trainer Course on Outcome Based Education Jul 2015 Fri 10.7.2015 37th Council Meeting Aug 2015 Wed 5.8.2015 Thur 6.7.2015 4th Annual EPC Conference Sat 8.8.2015 Sun 9.8.2015 2-Day Workshop on Complex Problem Solving Sat 15.8.2015 Sun 16.8.2015 2-Day Workshop on Accreditation Assessment Wed 19.8.2015 Thur 20.8.2015 International Conference on Ergonomics ET September- 0ctober 2015 Sep 2015 Tue 1.9.2015 Wed 2.9.2015 Thur 3.9.2015 POWER-GEN ASIA 2015 Fri 11.9.2015 38th Council Meeting Oct 2015 Mon 12.10.2015 Tue 1.10.2015 Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering & Technology 2015 (MUCET2015) Sat 6.6.2015 Sun 7.6.2015 2-Day Workshop on Complex Problem Solving Nov 2015 Dec 2015 Tue 3.11.2015 Wed 4.11.2015 Thur 5.11.2015 9th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (ASPEC2015) Wed 2.12.2015 Colloquium on Professional Engineer Accreditation Fri 13.11.2015 39th Council Meeting Sun 29.11.2015 Mon 30.11.2015 4th FEIIC International Conference on Engineering Education and Research Calendar 2015 19 ORGANISER : 1 Billion Dollar Donation Campaign to Rebuild Gaza 2-Day Workshop on Accreditation Assessment National Engineering & Technology Convention (NETC2015) & 8th AGM 2-Day Intensive Lead Trainer Course on Outcome Based Education CIDB Trainig Course (24 Jan 2015 at Shaftsbury Asteria, Cyberjaya) (28 - 29 Mar 2015 at Marriott Hotel, Putrajaya) (11 Apr 2015 at Bangi-Putrajaya Bangi, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor) (18-19 Apr 2015 at Marriot Hotel, Putrajaya) (25 Apr 2015 at Faculty of Engineering, UPM) 2-Day Workshop on Complex Problem Solving 2-Day Workshop on Complex Problem Solving 2-Day Workshop Colloquium on Professional Engineer Accreditation (6 - 7 June 2015 at Marriott Hotel, Putrajaya) (8 - 9 Aug 2015 at Marriott Hotel, Putrajaya) (15 - 16 Aug 2015 at Marriott Hotel, Putrajaya)) (2 Dec 2015 at Makkah, KSA) FEIIC International Conference on Engineering Education and Research (FICEER2015) (19 - 21 Dec 2015 at Madinah, KSA) Career Guidance Event Management Programme APAC Tunners and Bridges Conference Environment Asia 2015 First UAE Project Management Conference (9 Apr 2015 at UniKL BMI) (15-16 Apr 2015 at Kuala Lumpur) Technology and Innovation Conference 2015 (TECHON) 4th Annual EPC Conference (9-11 Jun 2015 at Hilton Hotel, Kuching, Sarawak) (5-6 Aug 2015 at Manila, Philippines) on Accreditation Assessment CO-ORGANISER : & Exhibition 2015 (22-24 Apr 2015 at Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre, Kuala Lumpur) (25-27 May 2015 at Dubai, UAE) International Conference on Ergonomics POWER-GEN Asia 20152015 (19-20 Aug 2015 at Melia Hotel, Kuala Lumpur) (1-3 Sep 2015 at Bangkok, Thailand) Health, Safety & Environment Week 2015Course (2 Jun 2015 at Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Tronoh, Perak) 9th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (ASPEC2015) (3-5 Nov 2015 at UTM Campus Kuala Lumpur) 9th Asia Pacific Structural Engineering and Construction Conference (ASPEC2015) (3-5 Nov 2015 at UTM Campus Kuala Lumpur)) September-October 2015 ET