Bio Oil
Transcription
Bio Oil
Department of Chemistry ol a ÅA ÅBO AKADEMI U NI V E R SI T Y ik k PROCESS CHEMISTRY CENTRE P M Towards Sustainable Energy: – the Nordic Way of Renewables ? ht J Doc. Dr. Jyri-Pekka Mikkola C op yr ig Academy Research Fellow, Academy of Finland Prof. Technical Chemistry, Sustainable Development Umeå University Prof. Sust.Dev. Industrial Chemistry & Reaction Engineering Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University ol a ht J P M ik k MOTIVATION C op yr ig WE ARE AT A CROSS-ROAD ! Atmospheric CO2 concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory. ol a C op yr ig ht J P M ik k World energy demand ol a ik k Targets – EU’s vision ht J P M Biofuel proportion from the total sales in EU (traffic fuels; gasoline and diesel ): C op yr ig Target : 2.00 % during 5.75 % 20 % 2005 2010 2020 ol a OVERVIEW C op yr ig ht J P M ik k Difference in feedstock btw. Fossile & Bio ol a yr ig ht J P M ik k We are in transition ... C op ’The end of the age of oil’ ol a op yr ig ht J P M ik k Oil Economy – What next ? C Van Krevelen diagram displaying biomass and fossil fuel differences ol a Why Biorefineries ? C op yr ig ht J P M ik k Oil price constantly increasing Insecure supply (political instability) Ever increasing consumption of energy and liquid fuels Drive to move from all-synthetic products and materials to more sustainable, natural bio-based solutions www.oil-price.net/ Driving force and focus country-dependent ol a Most Abundant Bio Feedstocks M P ig ht J Trees Forest residues Grasses Agricultural crops Animal waste Municipal waste Algae Food & Feed ... yr ik k – depending on geographical location and local politics op Fast Wood Forestry ? C www.cifor.cgiar.org/publications/ pdf_files/Books/ForestPerspective.pdf C op yr ig ht J P M ik k ol a Fennoscandia – the richest in forest resources in Europe and in the whole world... E.g. Chile ? Ca. 3-4 ig ht J P M ik k ol a FOREST BIORAFF yr Optimum use of biomass raw material in an integrated process: C op Chemicals to process industry Chemicals to pharmaceutical industry Liquid and solid fuels Pulp and paper Heat and power (electricity) P ht J ig yr op C ol a ik k M ol a Challenges in (Forest) Biorefinery C op yr ig ht J P M ik k Are we able to put more knowledge into bio-derived products ? How to invent unique value-added bio and forest products ? Innovation capacity/capability ? High added-value specialty products from forests and other bioresources ? P M Extraction, purification (structure preserving) Combustion Gasification Pyrolysis Fermentation (enzymes) ht J ik k ol a Conversion – Upgrading Biofeedstock: Technology Challenge ! C op yr ig CATALYSIS – still in its infancy when dealing with biorefinery feedstocks in contrary to the well-established petroleum-based refinery technology (almost 100 years of development, fine-tuning and research for perfection) ol a Food and feed e.g. sugars, oils, fats, betaine ... ik k Products in need – s t n e n o p e.g. Bio-ethanol, Bio-diesel, DME, DMC, oxygenates ... m o c ) d o o w ( Bulk Chemicals o i : b s t e n s e u r d acetic acid, fe phenolics, adhesives,du n a furfural, fatty acids, DifDMC, s t c s o e r i carbon products, paints, pigments, detergents, solvents, r p t t n n u o c c biodegradable chemicals ? i differe polymers ... sPlatform d r o N n i e i t Fine-Chemicals i v i t c a d e t c e.g. xylitol, sorbitol, sitosterol, mannans, lignans, e Se l ig ht J P M Liquid fuels stilbenes, flavonoids, betulinol, suberin ... C op yr Heat and electricity ol a Finechemicals from Birch yr op aliphatic domain Lupeol (2%) ig Betulinic acid (2%) C Aromatic domain Betulin (25%) ht J P M ik k Outer bark: Betulin (light scattering), aliphatic suberin (natural polyester), antioxidant (aromatic suberin) Total potential hydroxyfattyacids (Finland & Sweden) : 100 000 t/a Æ aliphatic domain even a potential source of crude ’Birch-Diesel’ ik k STFI-Packforsk in Sweden ol a LignoBoost C op yr ig ht J P M Side-fuel for coal-powered Powerplants (e.g. Fortum Stockholm) ik k ol a Asphalt emulsions for reduced carbon dioxide emissions C op yr ig ht J P M Akzo Nobel ol a ik k TallDiesel C op yr ig ht J P M SunPine in Piteå harbour, Sweden ol a ik k Black liquor gasification C op yr ig ht J P M Piteå, Sweden: Methanol and/or Dimethylether ol a ik k Fischer-Tropsch fuels C op yr ig ht J P M StoraEnso (Finland) ik k ol a Integration for district heat & electricity, also some transportation fuels C op yr ig ht J P M Södra (Sweden, Norway) ol a ik k SYNFUEL C op yr ig ht J P M UPM KYMMENE (Finland) ol a From any Oils/fats Feed tank M Bio Oil ik k NesteOil NexBtl, (Finland) Pretreatment Acid Caustic Water Sludge ht J P Impurities removal Bio Oil - Rape seed oil Palm Oil Soya Oil Animal fat NExBTL-Process Conversion of fatty acids to parafins and isoparafins C op yr ig Hydrogen Porvoo, 170 kt/a Fuel gas Sour water Mineral oil diesel Stabilation Biodiesel tank Diesel tank Diesel + Biodiesel Blends NExBTL component sales Biodiesel ol a ik k Integrated Biorefinery C op yr ig ht J P M Örnsköldsvik Biorefinery cluster (Sweden) ik k ol a Conclusions: Major efforts in Nordic countries C op yr ig ht J P M Industrial / large-scale pilot: C op yr ig ht J P M ik k ol a New Research - Many solutions, some more difficult than other ... C op yr ig ht J P M Complex concistency ik k ol a Wood tar – a classical important product from 16th to 19th century ol a ik k Many BioFuels on the market C op yr ig ht J P M Diesel FAME - Fatty Acid Methyl Ester RME - Rapeseed Methyl Ester NExBTL - Next generation biomass to liquid GTL-products (various technologies) Gasoline : Bioethanol ETBE, TAEE Biogas ol a ik k Diesel C op yr ig ht J P M Future Forest Diesel ? ik k ol a EVEN INTEGRATED BIOREFINERIES PRODUCE A LOT OF CARBON DIOXIDE - WHAT TO DO WITH IT ? M CO2UTIL – Utilization of CO2 for chemicals (incl. fuels) Carbon dioxide to organic carbonates P ht J op 9 ig 9 9 9 9 9 Abundant C1 feedstock Non toxic, non-inflammable Affordable Easy to handle, store, transport Oxygen carrier Solvent (scCO2: solvent and reagent) + enhances rate and selectivity (Green house gas) yr 9 C E.g. Direct synthesis of dimethylcarbonate – catalytic route CO2 + 2CH3OH DMC + H2O M.Sc. Valerie Eta ol a Pyrolysis for Bio-oil Challenge: Bio-oil upgrading (catalysis) M ik k corrosiveness, viscosity, coking, stability, cold properties, high water conctent etc. C op yr ig ht J P Catalysis Dr.thesis of M.Sc. Atte Aho ol a Hydrogen from Biosources ? M ig ht J P TEKES (Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation), Ecocat Oy, Ehovoc Oy, Selmic Oy, Danisco Sweeteners Oy ik k Aqueous Phase Reforming (APR) op yr Dr. Anton Tokarev C Reaction pathways involved in glucose and sorbitol reforming R.R. Davda et al., Appl. Catal. B: Envir. 56 (2005) 171 ol a Bio-Butanol & -Pentanol and Fuel Additives Doc. Esa Toukoniitty C op yr ig ht J P ik k Academy of Finland Sustainable Energy Program: SUSFUFLEX (collaboration with UOULU and KTH) NEW, INNOVATIVE SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORTATION FUELS FOR MOBILE APPLICATIONS: FROM BIOCOMPONENTS TO FLEXIBLE LIQUID FUELS Can be blended into standard gasoline or gasoline containing ethanol Compatible with existing vehicle technology M BP & DuPont: ’biobutanol - will be introduced by the end of 2007’ Synthetic Gasoline From BuOH Via Catalysis ! ol a M ik k OPTIMAL TREATMENT PROCESSES OF Upgrading biogas for LIGNOCELLULOSES FOR vehicle fuel - BIOGASUP BIOETHANOL – OPTBIO ht J P Certain ionic liquids are capable for reversible capture of CO2 Jyri-Pekka Mikkola Lab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ. ig Prof. Kai Peiponen Department of Physics, University of Joensuu yr Assoc. Prof. Maria Elena Lienqueo Contreras Prof. Jukka Rintala University of Chile Department of Biology and Environmental Science,, University of Jyväskylä C op Centre for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology Jyri-Pekka Mikkola Lab. of Ind. Chem. and Reaction Eng., Åbo Akademi Univ. Dr. Romel Jiménez Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico (UDT), Universidad de Concepción ik k ol a Sample Biorefinery – The Future is Today ! ig ht J P M The biggest biorefinery in Europe ? C op yr DILEMMA FOOD BASED ! (grain) rd C op yr ig ht J P M nd ik k ol a However, in the world Gas & Coal dominate the development in syngas to fuels (dominant technology for 2 /3 generation biofuels) ! FOSSILE SOURCES – NOT SUSTAINABLE ! M ik k ol a So, is Biomass a Sustainable Energy Source ? On a Net-Energy Basis ? – YES On a Green House Gas Basis ? – YES P ...provided that non-food crops are utilized ...and certain problems solved: ig ht J COST NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS LAND USE C op yr IN PERSPECTIVE: Using ethanol (current technology) in place of oil reduces total carbon dioxide emissions by only 13 % ! To fill the tank of a large SUV with ethanol fuel could feed one person for a year ! www.scidev.net/en/opinions/research-is-needed-to-make-biofuels-sustainable.html op yr ig ht J P M Production million m3/year ik k ol a Potential for Biomass Conversion, biofuels C Data by F.O.Licht, 2006, www.earthpolicy.org ik k ol a WORST yr ig ht J P M FOOD BIO op NON-FOOD BIO C BEST FOSSILE ol a Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry ht J P M ik k Perspectives in Global Terms yr ig Will there be enough land ? Will there be enough biomass ? C op for food bio-fuels bio-products ol a ik k M P ht J ig yr op C Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three preoccupations. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_development