Zero Energy Community

11/24/2015
Review: overview of this course
Ene-59.4301, Energy Systems for Communities
Zero Energy Community
24.11.2015
Genku Kayo
Academy Researcher, Department of Energy Technology, Aalto University, Finland
Genku Kayo
[email protected]
24.11.2015
2
Today’s focus
“Zero” means?
ZEROENERGY
Question
Which soup is “Zero Food”?
Boundary: Finland
 What is zero energy building (ZEB)?
 And how do we, engineer, contribute to realize it?
Contents are Finnish food
products or Imported?
Zero?
A. Lohikeitto
- salmon fillets, potatoes, leeks
B. Hernekeitto
- peas, pork ham, onions
C. Kanttarellikeitto
Genku Kayo
- mashrooms, onion, garlic, Genku
cheese
Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
3
4
1
11/24/2015
Zero energy balance
Zero energy balance
Solar energy
Energy
Demand
not zero energy
Energy
Generation
Energy
Demand
Energy
Generation
Geothermal
Bioenergy
CHP
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
5
6
Zero energy balance
What factors determine Energy Demand?
ZEB is an energy-efficient building where, on a source energy basis, the actual annual
delivered energy is less than or equal to the on-site renewable exported energy.
Energy
Demand
BUILDING
ENVELOPE
Desig
Energy
ner
Generation
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
7
FACILITIES
SPACE USE
Energy
Demand
USER
BEHAVIOR
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
8
2
11/24/2015
Climate in the world
Understand the Finnish climate in detail
winter
Temperature, C
summer
Time
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
9
10
Heat demand is dominant. (in particular space heating)
Is this indoor climate acceptable for you?
Household energy use by end-use, EU countries (2009)
• Warm
• Slightly warm
• Neutral
• Slightly cold
Source: odysse
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
11
• Cold
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
12
3
11/24/2015
IMAGINE! How much degree Celsius is here?
C?
Air Temperature
It is important to understand the environment
by number, by our experience.
Air temperature
Surface
temperature
Thermal
Comfort
Humidity
Velocity
Clothing
Metabolism
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
13
14
It is important to understand the environment
by number, by our experience.
Building owner ask you.
“Does our building can reduce energy demand? ”
Retrocommissioning
a process that seeks to improve how building equipment and systems function
together. Depending on the age of the building, retrocommissioning can often
resolve problems that occurred during design or construction, or address
problems that have developed throughout the building's life. In all,
retrocommissioning improves a building's operations and maintenance (O&M)
procedures to enhance overall building performance.
How?
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
15
16
4
11/24/2015
Two challenges to reduce energy use in HVAC
Survey: Understand indoor climate in winter
The amount of energy use is determined by power of the system (kW),
operating hours (h) and spatial volume to control (m2).
Energy use = kWh*m2
Air Temperature [ C ]
Operating
period
Office (window)
Office (center)
26
Space use
efficiency
Lecture hall
Lobby
Constant temperature in the night
Class in the lecture room
24
22
Series1
20
18
16
14
7.12.13 0:00
Series2
Only 1°C decreaced.
Same control in
weekends and
weekdays
6:00
20:00
7.Dec (Sat.)
7.12.13
12:00
8.12.13 0:00
Series3
Reached around 18°C
at window side
6:00
8.Dec (Sun.)
8.12.13
12:00
20:00
Series4
6:00
9.12.13 0:00
20:00
9.Dec (Mon.)
9.12.13
12:00
Air temperature trends of K4 building (2013)
10.Dec (Tue.)
10.12.13
12:00
10.12.13 0:00
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
17
18
HVAC operation schedule
Space use efficiency
Averaged occupied hour of the lecture room is four hours
(min. 2.8 hours and max. 6.6 hours)
Should we keep the vacant room warm constantly?
Possibility to adjust heating schedule considering space use.
• Working hour is mainly from 8:00 to 16:00, or 9:00 to 17:00 (8 hours).
• Heating systems are operated 24 hours to keep indoor climate stable.
• Heating systems are active even in weekends and holidays.
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
19
20
5
11/24/2015
Studying/ group working at lounge
Possiblity to levelized HVAC control.
Students choose their own favorite space depending on your purpose.
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
21
22
Simulation result
Expected impact to primary energy reduction
Influence from the environment
wind chamber
Energy use [ MWh/annual ]
3000
2000
Current
operation
1000
6
0
K1
Base case (2012)
K2
By adjusting setting points
K3
K4
By adjusting heating period
Proposed
operation
0
6
20
Operation hour
14 hours
0
8 9
OFF
24
1617
Operation hour
9 hours
20
OFF
24
Working hours 1
Working hou<rs 2
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
23
24
6
11/24/2015
Large openings layout for day lighting
Valuable light from outside through large openings
One of the architectural design points
a
b
a
b
http://www.urbipedia.org/images/6/6e/Alvar
_Aalto.Universidad_T%C3%A9cnica_de_O
taniemi.Planos1a.jpg
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
25
26
Where are the radiators located?
Sustainable campus development
Energy
Generation
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
27
28
7
11/24/2015
Boundary
Sustainable Campus Development
• How can we improve energy efficiency in the campus?
(building stock renovation, optimal energy operation, behavioral changes)
• How can we realize energy transition in the campus ?
(renewable energy, on-site energy management, etc.)
• How can we utilize measured data for campus sustainability?
• How can we make efforts for user behavior ?
(by cutting edge technologies, by providing knowledges, etc.)
• How can we integrate campus development activities and
education and research activities?
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
29
30
Case study
K-block buildings
K1K1
Year of completion
1966
Year of renovation
Total area
m2
8 616
Energy sources
K4
1965
1968
1967
2003
1987
9 700
7 229
9 165
Teaching, research and office
K3E
Energy class
Heat demand
K3
District heating
Facility functions
Electricity demand
K2
K2
G
F
K4
G
MWh/a
764
383
945
643
kWh/m2a
88.7
39.6
130.8
70.2
MWh/a
817
862
1581
1760
kWh/m2a
94.9
89.0
218.8
192.1
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
31
32
8
11/24/2015
District heating network
Energy profile (measured result in 2012)
K1
K2
K3
K4
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
33
34
Base case
Local energy production (separated case)
Renewable fuel
Gimport
Himport
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Himport
CHP
District heating
network
Echp
Hchp
Eimport
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Heat demand
(Hdem)
single building
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Electricity
demand (Edem)
single building
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Gimport
Grid electricity
Eexport
Eimport
Boundary (cluster of buildings)
District heating
network
Eimport
single building
single building
Boundary (cluster of buildings)
Grid electricity
Himport
Eimport
Eexport
CHP
Echp
Hchp
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Himport
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
35
36
9
11/24/2015
Local energy management (shared case)
Energy Transition by Energy Community
What kinds of questions the plannners have?
Renewable fuel
Gimport
Gimport
Grid electricity
Eexport
Eimport
CHP
Echp
Hchp
Eshare
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Hsurplus
Esurplus
single building
single building
Hshare
District heating
network
CHP
Echp
Hchp
2) Timing and direction of energy
transfer among buildings.
Local electricity
grid
Eshare
3) Optimal capacities and composition
of distributed energy systems
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Hsurplus
4) Optimal operation modes
Hshare
Himport
Local heat
network
Himport
Centralized
Decentralized
Distributed
5) Integration of existing local energy
systems. (e.g. Dist. heating network)
www.carlsterner.com/research/2009_resilience_and_decentralizati
on.shtml
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
37
38
Simulation and Optimisation
Genetic Algorithm (NSGA II)
Record of optimal solution search
Renewable fuel
Gimport
100 populations, 50 generations
CHP capacity of each building
0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450
and 500 [kWe]
Primary Energy Factors
kWh/kWh
1.7
0.7
0.5
single building
Design variables (discrete)
Esurplus
CHP
Echp
Hchp
Hsurplus
Eimport
Esurplus
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Hshare
CHP
Echp
Hchp
Hsurplus
Himport
District heating
network
Eimport
Eexport
Eshare
single building
Min. primary energy consumption within the
boundary [MWh/a]
Electricity from the grid
Heat from district heating
Renewable fuels used in the building
Gimport
Grid electricity
Eexport
Objective
Boundary (cluster of buildings)
Boundary (cluster of buildings)
Esurplus
1) Combination of building
Eimport
Eexport
Local electricity
grid
Eshare
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Hshare
Himport
Local heat
network
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
39
40
10
11/24/2015
Result
Result, on-site generation independently
base
base
Primary Energy
[GWh/a]
CHP capacity [kWe]
K1
K2
K3
K4
---
---
---
---
separated
I
II
4 CHPs in the boundary
3 CHPs in the boundary
2 CHPs in the boundary
1 CHP in the boundary
shared
246.9
op.sep
100
50
100
100
189.8
160.3
op.shr
0
500
0
0
299.9
125.3
K2
K3
K4
---
---
---
---
separated
shared
246.9
100
50
100
100
189.8
160.3
op.shr
0
500
0
0
299.9
125.3
Renewable fuel
Gimport
Gimport
Grid electricity
Eexport
Eimport
Eimport
Eexport
IV
III
separated/base
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Himport
CHP
Echp
Hchp
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Himport
separated/base
I
II
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
41
42
base
Conclusion
1. Optimisation result of separated case (op.sep) shows that primary energy consumption is 77%
of base case (base) by distributing on-site CHPs in every building. Moreover, by sharing energy
within four buildings, the primary energy is 65% of base case. On-site energy generation has
potential and it is more effective by sharing energy. Therefore, the sharing possibility can be
one of the key issues when on-site energy systems are planned.
Primary Energy
[GWh/a]
CHP capacity [kWe]
base
+ 21%
K1
K2
K3
K4
---
---
---
---
separated
shared
246.9
op.sep
100
50
100
100
189.8
160.3
op.shr
0
500
0
0
299.9
125.3
Renewable fuel
IV
Esurplus
CHP
Echp
Hchp
Hsurplus
District heating
network
Eimport
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Esurplus
Hshare
CHP
Echp
Hchp
Hsurplus
Himport
Eimport
Eexport
Eshare
single building
op.shr
Gimport
Grid electricity
Eexport
single building
op.sep
Boundary (cluster of buildings)
- 49%
Gimport
III
District heating
network
Echp
Hchp
Genku Kayo
Result, on-site generation and integration
4 CHPs in the boundary
3 CHPs in the boundary
2 CHPs in the boundary
1 CHP in the boundary
IV
CHP
single building
III
- 23%
single building
op.sep
op.shr
shared/base
K1
op.sep
Boundary (cluster of buildings)
op.sep
base
base
Primary Energy
[GWh/a]
CHP capacity [kWe]
- 35%
shared/base
4 CHPs in the boundary
3 CHPs in the boundary
2 CHPs in the boundary
1 CHP in the boundary
shared/base
I
II
Local electricity
grid
Eshare
Electricity
demand (Edem)
Heat demand
(Hdem)
Hshare
Himport
Local heat
network
2. Capacity distribution is one of the influential factors for primary energy consumption by onsite energy generation and integration. In case of single building boundary, on-site generation
have potential to reduce primary energy consumption. It is because primary energy factor of
CHP operation is less than the grid electricity and district heating network.
3. Furthermore, the efficiency of district heating network is one of the related factors for total
energy efficiency. The influence and benefit of on-site energy systems for district heating
network will be the coming research questions.
separated/base
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
43
44
11
11/24/2015
Review: Today’s focus
Our challenge
ZEROENERGY
Energy
Demand
Energy
Generation
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
45
46
Energy Dialogue with invisibles
Concluding remarks
Idea to build student’s energy ownership
2
Centralised database collect
data and analyse to find
optimal operation
Env.
information
Feedback to control
FLEXIBLE HVAC CONTROL ADJUSTMENT
Send measured data
to minimize energy use
considering operation period, space use efficiency
Feedbacks from
occupants
3
°C
Provide Env. Information
from Display at Lobby
• Current air temp
• Current RH
• Setpoint of HVACs , etc.
4
Environmental information
Voices for indoor climate
Students recognize the
indoor climate condition
and find their acceptable
strategy
Measurement devices
on the wall at some
selected places and
collect data.
1
• Energy use in building is determined by energy systems what you plan,
building design including space use and facilities, and user behavior.
• You, as an energy expert in project team, propose solutions not only
maximizing energy generation but also minimising energy demand.
• In order to breakthrough the barriers between architect and engineer,
you need to acquire the architectural language, understand architect’s
mind, and propose spatial solutions to reduce energy demand.
• You are energy expert, and also energy user. If you remind it, your
project, research, work will be useful in the society.
Genku Kayo
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
24.11.2015
47
48
12
11/24/2015
Short Assignment (3 points)
Change our energy behavior in Otaniemi
Campus is good test field! Towards Sustainable Campus Development, various
approaches are needed. Transportation, Waste management, New
Technologies, and so on. In our case, ”ENERGY!”
What we can do for ”Energy in Otaniemi” from your research theme, or
research field? Please develop your ideas and make short proposal.
•
•
•
•
•
Four parts: 1) Aim, 2) Approach, 3) Method, and 4) Expected impact
Format: A4 paper, 1 sheet or more. (.docx, or .pdf)
Deadline: Tue. 2 Dec
Submission: MyCourses
Ask me by email: [email protected]
Genku Kayo
24.11.2015
49
13