Estabilidad de taludes en el sellado de vertederos

Transcription

II Congreso Internacional sobre Mejores Tecnologías Disponibles en vertederos VERSOS´10
Vertederos y Sostenibilidad
Alhóndiga, Bilbao
10, 11 y 12 de Noviembre de 2010
TERCERA COMUNICACIÓN
Dipl.-Ing.
p
g Katja
j Werth – NAUE / BBG – Germany
y
Estabilidad de taludes en el sellado de vertederos
“Geogrids
Geogrids in landfills
landfills“
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Freiberg, 11.06.2008
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
©2008 NAUE GmbH & Co. KG · Gewerbestrasse 2 · 32339 Espelkamp-Fiestel · Germany · Phone +49 5743 41-0 · Fax +49 5743 41-240 · [email protected] · www.naue.com
1
…bas
sed on
n proje
ect exp
perienc
ces
Content
• Introduction: Geogrids in landfills
– Main application: steep landfill caps (sliding)
– Intermediate lining systems: load transfer against
settlements and deformation
– What is the difference?
• Steep landfill caps – why geogrids?
– Design
– Anchorage
– Installation of cover soils
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
2
Introduction in application
Geogrids in landfills
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
3
Intermediate lining systems – why geogrids?
Intermediate lining
Base lining
- Lining components
- Geogrid Secugrid PET
waste
waste
waste
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
4
Landfill Büttelborn, Germany
Intermediate lining systems – why geogrids?
Intermediate lining II
Intermediate lining I
- Lining components (drain, GM)
waste
waste
waste
waste
Landfill Asbach, Germany - 2010
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
5
Intermediate lining systems – how to design?
• Design approaches for geogrids
– BS 8006 (2010, British Standard)
– EBGEO (2010, German recommendations)
– Both approaches: Reinforcement over areas prone
to subsidence (assuming sudden holes and
settlements in subsoil)
Geogrid
holes
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
6
Geogrids in landfills – differences in application
Function of geogrids - intermediate lining
- Gravel layer
- Protection layer
- Lining element
Geogrid beneath
lining
g
Approach:
Vertical
deformation
Waste 4
Waste 3
Waste 2
Waste 1
waste
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
7
Geogrids in landfills – differences in application
Function of geogrids – capping systems
IInclination:
li ti
VH=1
V:H
1:2
2 (26
(26.6°)
6°)
Length: 40 m
Geogrid above
lining
Approach:
Slope
parallel
(sliding)
Cover & vegetation layer
(here: d ≥ 1.60 m)
Secugrid® R6 geogrid (PET)
Secudrain® drainage mat
Carbofol® HDPE GM mf/mf
Landfill Duisburg-Sudamin
© NAUE GmbH & Co. KG
2.5 mm
levelling layer (slag)
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
8
Stability against sliding
Landfill caps
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
9
Introduction in landfill caps – why geogrids?
Levelling layer / waste
Geomembrane MF/MF
Geos. drainage system
Proofed geosynthetics
and careful design
required!
i d!
Cover soil (1.6 m)
Installation loads
Driving = downward loads
Resisting = interface friction
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
10
Failure mechanisms
Reasons of failure
Steep and long slopes
+ wrong type of geomembrane (smooth side)
+ high loads from cover (1 m soil)
+ reinforcing element with poor tensile strength
+ poor anchorage design
= poor friction
= sliding failure
Σ Resisting Forces
Σ Driving
D i i Forces
F
< 1.0
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
11
Stability against sliding – loads and resistances
Stability concept
Σ Resisting Forces
Σ Driving Forces
= FS ≥ 1.2 in LC Construction Phase
≥ 1.3
1 3 in
i LC Final
Fi l Stage
St
(Passive Earth
Pressure)
Critical Shear Plane
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
12
Requirements for steep capping sealing systems
Construction equipment forces
A
B
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
13
Interface Shear Testing / direct shear test
Direct shear test data
Tp = cap + σn tan δp
Tr = car + σn tan δr
Mohr-Coulomb stress space
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
14
Stability against sliding – experienced inclinations
Results for typical landfill caps
2 20
2.20
δ = 27°
Standard incl. / No
veneer reinforcement
2.00
Safe
ety Factor (SF) [-]
1.80
δ = 24
24°
geogrid reinforcement
Construction equipment
1.60
1.40
SF = 1.3
(
(Rare)
)
gegrids
1.20
Equilibrium of forces SF = 1.0
1.00
0.80
0.60
0 40
0.40
0.20
Reihe1
Reihe2
0.00
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
Inclination 1:n [-]
15
Geogrids – required design tensile strength
250
Defizitzu
Deficit
Fugkraft
orce Fd [kN/m]
Neigung 1:n = 1:2
inclination
200
150
bal
o
l
g
100
e rh e
h
c
i
s
Teil
(δ (k)
ept
z
n
o
itsk
°)
= 24
27°
=
(δ k)
)
1m
cover
soil
(
50
0
10
20
30
40
50
Slope length l [m]
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
16
Geogrids – Design Strength
The design strength of the reinforcement is the design value of the tensile
strength RBi,d
Bi d of a reinforcement layer: :
Materrial-specified
tesst reports
Fd ≥ RB,d = RB,k / (A1 • A2 • A3 • A4) γM
RB,k
A1
A3
characteristic tensile strength (short-term nominal strength)
coefficient for creeping
coefficient
ffi i t for
f damages
d
d i
during
transportation,
t
t ti
installation
i t ll ti
and compaction
coefficient for jointings, connections, seams etc.
A4
coefficient for environmental influences
γM
partial safety factor in order to consider possible deviations
product from the nominal value and little
of the installed p
geometric changes of the executed construction compared
to the design
A2
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
17
Geogrids – requirements for installation
Rules
Uniaxial geogrids
No overlap in main stress direction
Cover soil placement from top to bottom
Interlocking soil layers between geogrids
Adhere to slope line
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
18
Geogrid – Load Transfer – Anchorage
Resistance by friction between soil & geogrid
Horizontal anchor length
Anchor trench
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
19
Plateau
Slope
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
20
wide berms
plateau
Practical during construction (continuous sealing)
Deckschichten
D
k hi ht
(z.B. Rekultivierungsboden)
RB,d
G1
L1 = RB,d / (γRecu ⋅ d ⋅λ
λ (tanδk/γδ))
Rt1,d,u
d
L2
Legende
Dichtungssystem
Lining system
geogrid
Geogitter
L1
Attention: friction resistance is mobilized above geogrid only!
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
21
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
22
Check: Failure of the soil-filled trench („pull-out“ of geogrid)
(z.B. Rekultivierungsboden)
Dichtungssystem
Lining system
geogrid
Geogitter
L1
d
Rt31,d,u
Rt32,d,u
L31
L32
α
Ea,d
h
4
α
t4
,d
,u
t4,
d
Rt31,d,o Rt32,d,o
L
,u
,d
L2
Legende
,o
,d
R t2
d
G4
G32
R t2
Rt1,d,u
G31
R
G2
,o
G1
R
RB,d
L3
Differentiation Friction resistance abo
Differentiation:
above
e / belo
below geogrid
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
23
Geogrid – cover soil installation
Cover soil placement in case of veneer reinforcement
FG
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
24
Basic rules
• Friction angles are the important parameters for safe
design: Shear box tests are recommended
• Only proofed & experienced geosynthetics should be
used (avoid compromises!)
• The lower the friction between the geosynthetics
geosynthetics, the
higher the required geogrid tensile strength
• The longer the slope the higher the required geogrid
tensile strength
• Th
The higher
hi h the
th tensile
t
il strength,
t
th the
th larger/deeper
l
/d
mustt
be the anchorage trench
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
25
Project experiences with
g g
geogrids
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
26
Duisburg-Sudamin Landfill 2007 – geosynthetic system
Inclination: V:H = 1:2 (26.6°)
Length: 40 m
Cover & vegetation layer
(here: d ≥ 1.60 m)
Secugrid® R6 geogrid (PET)
Secudrain® drainage mat
Carbofol
C
b f l® HDPE GM mf/mf
2.5 mm
Landfill Duisburg-Sudamin
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
(slag)
© NAUE
GmbH
& KGCo.
KG 2 · 32339 Espelkamp-Fiestel · Germany · Phone +49 5743 41-0 ·levelling
©2008 NAUE
GmbH & Co.
· Gewerbestrasse
Fax +49 5743 41-240layer
· [email protected]
· www.naue.com
27
Duisburg-Sudamin Landfill 2007 – layout / plan view
Installation plan
geogrid
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:3
1:2
13
1:3
HP
1:2
1:3
1:3
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:2
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
28
Installation plan
geogrid
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:3
1:2
13
1:3
HP
1:2
1:3
1:3
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:2
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
29
Installation plan
geogrid
Flanke + 2x Berme
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:2
1:3
1:2
1:3
HP
1:2
1:3
1:3
1:2
1:2
1:2
Flanke / Berme
1:2
Flanke / Berme
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
30
Anchorage in berms and curves
Geogrid
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
Duisburg-Sudamin Landfill
(2007)
31
Geogrid
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
(2007)
32
geogrid
shorter slope length
=> less forces
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
(2007)
33
Anchorage in curves - Edge Trench
Slopes
Slopes
1:2 5 und flacher
1:2,5
Edge
trench
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
34
Installation
Drainage mat
Geogrid
1:2,5 und flacher
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
35
Filling of the edge trench
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
36
Installation of the subsoil / vegetation soil layer
(Edge and Slopes)
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
37
Installation of cover soil
Excavator: not suitable for long slopes
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
38
Installation of the cover soil layer
Snow caterpillar: advantageous for steep & long slopes
☺
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
39
Installation of the cover soil layer
With geogrids: installation from top to bottom
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
40
Berm trench: check friction above / below geogrid
For high
F
hi h
mobilsation of
friction forces:
G
Geogrid
id iin di
directt
contact with soils
Stop: Lining + drainage in trench bottom
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
41
Anchorage in Berms
Connection of lining systems: lower slope / upper slope
((Continuous installation of geogrid
g g for both slopes
p is not allowed))
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
42
Anchorage in Berms
1. Installation of lining system (lower slope)
2. Installation of the geogrid in the anchor trench
Geogrid
Drainage system
Geomembrane
Levelling layer
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
43
Anchorage in Berms
3. Filling of anchor trench
4. Installation of cover soil layer onto the lower slope
Sufficient anchorage with
filled trench (LC2)?
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
44
Anchorage in Berms
5. Installation of lining system in upper slope
6. Overlap
p the upper
pp lining
g with the lower lining
g
7. Installation geogrid on top of upper slope
Sufficient
S
ffi i t anchorage
h
in
i case
of filled trench (load case 2)?
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
45
Anchorage in Berms
7. Establishing of the anchor trench by means of cover
layers
Cover layer / Berm path
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
46
Duisburg-Sudamin Landfill 2010 – finished capping
3 years after installation - recreation area
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
47
2010: Landfill “Pochsandhalde“ / Harz Mountains
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
48
2010: Landfill Pochsandhalde / Harz Mountains
GCL Bentofix
Geogrid
Secugrid 400/40 R6
GDS
Secudrain BAM
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
49
2010: Landfill „Pochsandhalde“ / Harz Mountains
Geogrid
Secugrid 400/40 R6
GDS
Secudrain BAM
GCL Bentofix
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
50
2009: Landfill “Schneckensteinhalde“ / Saxony
Load transfer by horizontal anchorage length
2. GCL Bentofix on
4. Geogrid Secugrid 400/40 R6
1. Slag waste
3. Secudrain BAM drainage
Slope toe
Plateau
Slope crest
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
51
Installation test field: anchorage length
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
52
Cover soil as ballast layer for the anchorage
Geogrid
G
id
Secugrid 400/40 R6
Secudrain
drainage system
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
53
Landfill “Furth im Wald”, Bavaria
Veneer Reinforcement
Installation Areas
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
54
Typical Cross Section
Inclination 1:2
1:2.5
5
Plateau
Inclination 1:1
1:1.4
4
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
55
East Slope Section
Restoration
Existing
Disadvantage with berms:
Direct contact to waste (salt slag) and
construction
t ti off 3 anchor
h trenches
t
h
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
56
Slope Geometry
35°
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
57
Design of Sealing System (Original)
Mineral layers / GM
Cover Soil, t ≥1 m
Grain
G
i Filter,
Filt t = 20 cm
Drainage Layer, t = 30 cm (Gravel 16/32 mm)
Sand Protection Layer, d = 10 cm
HDPE GM (t = 2.5
HDPE-GM
2 5 mm))
Compacted Clay Liner (CCL), t = 50 cm
∑ d = 2.10 m
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
58
Mineral layers / GM
Landfill Furth im Wald
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
59
Design of Sealing System (Alternative)
Mineral Layers / Geosynthetics / GM
Cover Soil Layer, t ≥1 m
Filter Geotextile
Filt
G t til
Drainage Layer, t = 30 cm (Gravel 16/32 mm)
Protection Geotextile
HDPE GM (d = 2
HDPE-GM
2,5
5 mm))
Compacted Clay Liner (CCL), t = 50 cm
∑ d = 2.10
1.80 m
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
60
30 cm Gravel 16/32 mm?
50 cm CCL installation and compaction?
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
61
Cover Soil, t ≥ 150 cm
Cover Soil, t ≥ 70 cm
Geogrid (Uniaxial, Fk = 400 kN/m)
Geos. Drainage Layer
HDPE Geomembrane (textured)
GCL
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
62
Geogrids – required design tensile strength
250
Inclination 1:n = 1:1.4 and tcover soil= 0.7m
No adhesion / No passive wedge
Deficit Fo
orce Fd [kN/m]
200
Required long-term
design strength for
geogrid veneer
reinforcement
150
100
Deficit Force Fd (SF < 1.30)
50
0
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No veneer reinforcement required ( SF ≥ 1.30))
-50
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Slope length l [m]
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
63
Requirements
Interface friction between the individual shear planes?
Direct Shear test with in-situ soils
Geosynthetic components with proven long-term
shear strength (BAM)
Does the geosynthetic reinforcement create a new
(critical) shear plane?
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
64
Geogrid Veneer Reinforcement
Capping system is completely „adhered“ to the veneer
reinforcement, which makes high demands on the design
of the geogrid.
geogrid
Max tensile load [in % of Ultimate Tensile Strength]
Max. tensile load d [in % of Ultimate Tensile Strength]
100
40
90
35
80
30
70
25
60
50
20
40
15
30
Secugrid PET
20
Woven (PET)
10
10
Secugrid PET
5
Woven (PET)
0
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12
Elongation [%]
0
1
2
3
4
5
Elongation [%]
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
65
Geosynthetic Veneer Reinforcement
Capping system is completely „adhered“ to the veneer
reinforcement, which makes high demands on the design
of the geogrid.
geogrid
Proof required:
- Creep strain / Creep Rupture (120 years),
- Stress-Strain
Stress Strain behaviour,
behaviour
- Robustness against installation damage
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
66
Alternative to anchor trench
Plateau
Slope
p
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
67
KDB
Installation Geomembrane
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
68
No overlap
p in main stress direction
Cover soil placement from top to bottom
Interlocking soil layers between geogrids
Adhere to slope line
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
69
Einbau des Geogitters
Layout plan - Geogrid
Load transfer in curved areas: Interlocking soil layers
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
70
Installation Geogrid
Secugrid
g
400/40 R6
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
71
Installation Geosynthetic Drainage Layer
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
72
Drainage ditch
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
73
Test Field (Stability against Sliding)
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
74
Requirements
Internal Shear Strength Cover Soil
Geosynthetic Veneer Reinforcement does not
increase the stability of the cover soil. This
requires a separate approach.
Priority: Solving the problem from the soilmechanical point of view.
Installation of Erosion Control Mat near to surface
off cover soil
il layer
l
is
i recommendable
d bl att
inclinations > 1(V) : 2(H).
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
75
Installation Cover Soil
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
76
Installation Erosion Control Mat
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
77
Conclusion
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
78
Conclusions
Steep capping sealing systems without using
geosynthetics
g
y
can nearly
y not be realised.
Capping sealing systems can be carried out very steep
in case great demands are made on the quality.
This especially concerns:
- Planning of execution / Load transfer conception
- Building material (geosynthetics, mineral materials) and
- coordination of execution and monitoring
In this application geogrids do not increase the
internal stability of the vegetation layer (erosion
stability must be proven).
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
79
Conclusions
Geogrids as reinforcing element are statically required
elements. A detailed planning of the installation including a
load transfer conception
p
is essential in the case of
sinuously designed capping sealing systems.
High
Hi
h quality
lit d
demands
d h
have tto b
be made
d on th
the
geogrids as to the long term creep behaviour, stressstrain behaviour and robustness.
robustness
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
80
Muchas gracias por la
atención!
Geokunststoffe
– Eigenschaften
Anwendung
Geogrids
for safeund
landfill
lining TU
systems
81

Estabilidad de taludes en el sellado de vertederos

Transcription

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