white ironstone notes
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white ironstone notes
WHITE IRONSTONE NOTES VOL. 16 No. 1 SUMMER 2009 CONVENTION COVERAGE SUGAR BOWLS & WASTE JARS In this issue you will find an article reviewing the Exhibit and power point talk on Sugar Bowls from the Chautauqua Convention. Above are three Full Rib pieces by Pankhurst from the superb Sugar Bowl Display. The huge waste jar illustrates how many of the potters used the same sugar bowl form when making the grand sized waste jar of the chamber set. The smallest sugar bowl is from the child’s tea set. Very few of the huge waste jars have been found and only three were used in the sugar bowl display. So we thought it would be appropriate to show those we have in WICA’s archives in this issue. (See page 16) (Moreland photo) Page 2 Vol. 16.1 WICA BOARD OF DIRECTORS Harry Moseley, President Bob Hohl,Vice President Karen Zindel, Secretary Craig Mattice, Treasurer Dale Abrams Ted Brockey Bev Dieringer Carol Fleischman Jean Gortzig David Klein Jim Miller Boyd Payne Helen Tudor Honorary Lifetime Member Jean Wetherbee The WHITE IRONSTONE CHINA ASSOCIATION, INC. is a not-for-profit corporation whose purpose is to further our knowledge and enjoyment of white ironstone china. WHITE IRONSTONE NOTES is the official newsletter of the corporation. Photographs submitted by members become the property of WICA, Inc. and no article, photograph or drawing may be reproduced without the express permission of WICA, Inc. WHITE IRONSTONE NOTES is published and edited by Ernie and Bev Dieringer with associate editor, Jim Kerr. Drawings and photos are by Ernie and Bev Dieringer unless otherwise noted. Please send all news notes, articles, photos, suggestions, questions and listings for advertising or for the Spare Parts and Whole Pieces column to: WICA, c/o Dieringer 718 Redding Road Redding, CT 06896. 203-938-3740 e-mail [email protected]. WICA web page: www.whiteironstonechina.com Pg. 4 Pg. 12 Pg. 16 Pg. 18 Pg. 18 INDEX Sugar Bowls Show and Tell Waste Jars Spare Parts Collector’s Showcase FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK There are so many things to cover in this issue. There were two fabulous displays at this Convention. One on ladles, beautifully presented by Jean Atkinson, and one on sugar bowls wonderfully organized by Carol Fleischman and Janice Stork, “According to Jean Wetherbee.” We were all treated to accompanying power point presentations of Ladles by Olga and Tom Moreland and later, of Sugar Bowls by Ellen Hill. Both lectures included original research that was not available anywhere else. Olga Moreland We just want to mention that the coverage of sugar bowls in this newsletter is not in the same order as the display, nor are ADVERTISING RATES Advertisements will be accepted in order of receipt from WICA members and, space allowing, from non-members. Rates (subject to change): $10 per column inch (7 lines). Nonmembers, $20 per column inch. Payment in full by check made out to WICA must accompany each ad. Send to newsletter address. PUBLISHING DEADLINES are Nov. 15 for Winter, Feb. 15 for Spring, May 15 for Summer, Aug. 15 for Fall. Members can list white ironstone Parts & Pieces Wanted and For Sale without charge in the Spare Parts column of each issue. APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP or ADDRESS CHANGES Send $30 for one or two individuals at the same address with check made payable to WICA, Inc. to: WICA c/o Suzanne Nielsen PO Box 6052 Chesterfield, MO 63006-6052 e-mail: [email protected] Membership year is June 1st to May 31st. Ellen Hill necessarily the same sugar bowls as in the display. We were just not prepared to record the material that was so perfectly presented. Because we want to give as much space as possible to these displays, we are covering as many sugar bowls as we can in this issue and will cover the ladles in the Fall issue. This year we have seen one of the largest changes to our Board of Directors. It starts with the retirement of our longtime President, Tom Moreland. Among many things, Tom is responsible for our becoming a non-profit 501c3 corporation. Also retiring is Olga Moreland who served as secretary early on and has been responsible for drafting the Protocols for all the WICA committees. Olga and Tom have cochaired a few conventions and have been keynote speakers at two. We are grateful to them for the enormous amount of time they have spent on WICA business and for the endless research they have contributed to the newsletter. Cindy Barber was unable to continue as Secretary and Denise Andre who was responsible for our organization’s publicity is taking a sabbatical. We thank all these people for their volunteered service to WICA. We want to welcome and thank these incoming Board Members: Jim Miller, Boyd Payne, Helen Tudor, and Karen Zindel. See the box in the upper left corner of this page for the complete list of Board members. A Silent Auction, coordinated by Dave Klein was held at the convention for the first time this year and was a great success. All the items were donated and the bids were generous, so all the money raised went directly to WICA. To our total surprise, Elsie Freeman Finch presented us with the Jean Wetherbee Honors Award at the Saturday night Banquet. This award means a lot to both of us because Jean is our hero. She spent years looking for and researching white ironstone without the help of a computer or a camera. She used her warm charm and pencil and paper to make drawings of the shapes she found. We have it pretty easy in comparison. At the convention we asked our members to help us with a project. Part of our archives of photos are on CDs and just files from the camera. They have only numbers to identify them which makes them useless to us because we can’t search for a particular Shape. The computer wouldn’t know. Members would go through the disk and identify any shapes that they could and leave the rest for the next volunteer. We were delighted with the response. So many of you were interested in doing it. Unfortunately, the first two disks we gave out were unopenable. We don’t know why but until we can figure it out, the project is on hold. LETTERS Just purchased this 1890’s teapot. It is 9 Vol. 16.1 Page 3 inches tall. Talk about a plain teapot – this is it. The bottom of the (matching) mug has 9 sides with indentions around the side – hard to see in the picture. The handle and thumb rest are exactly the same as the teapot (Rhine shape) I sent you a picture of last week. The mug (and teapot) is by J & G Meakin – Hanley – England. Boyd Payne ********************************* Boyd, we identified your teapot as Rhine shape because of the four-petal flower ate interest and bring in young blood. Regular memberships continue to be $30.00 per year (for one household), but a threeyear membership is now available for $90.00. Of particular interest is the creation of two research membership categories. A one-year research membership (for one household) is $80.00 and a threeyear research membership is $240.00. The $50.00 per year increment over the cost of regular membership is deemed a contribution to WICA to be credited to its Education Fund. In each edition of WIN I hope to highlight issues of importance being dealt with by your board and officers. Finally, I encourage each of you to attend our annual conventions and regional meetings. They are informative, a way to meet kindred spirits, and great fun. We will announce the location of the 2010 convention and the dates of regional meetings as plans are finalized. Have a wonderful summer and happy hunting for that “white stuff”! Regards, Harry M. NEXT ISSUES A survey of the soup and sauce tureen ladles that were exhibited at the 2009 Convention. A small profile on Peas with Pods shapes suggested by Marcia Waldemar. CALENDAR REGIONAL SEPTEMBER 12, 2009 Hosted by Sue & Roland Bergner in Harrisburg, PA 717-545-2614 - [email protected] REGIONAL SEPTEMBER 26, 2009 Hosted by Jim & Mara Kerr in Howes Cave, NY 518-296-8052 [email protected] WICA SHOPPE BOOKS motif on the finial and at the top of the handle. There are several pitchers we identified as Rhine (See page 63 of the Pitcher Book) but your pieces don’t have the scrolled ribbon motif. The mug is intriguing because it has an odd number of sides. This is the only time we have seen this on an ironstone piece. ********************************* President’s Letter Hello fellow WICA members. It is a pleasure to write my first letter to you. I appreciate your electing me President and promise that I will do my best. Many issues face us in these times and membership recruitment and retention must be at the top of the list. I ask each of you to help spread the word and let people know what a great club we have. White Ironstone Notes is, without a doubt, the finest newsletter produced by any special interest club. This alone is worth the cost of membership. I call to your attention the creation of some new membership categories. An associate membership is now available for relatives of WICA members under the age of 18. For $5.00 it is a great way to gener- WICA SHOPPE IS OFFERING A GREAT BARGAIN! Two notebooks of all the previous WHITE IRONSTONE NOTES. This includes the 10th Anniversary binder with newsletter volumes 1 to 10, and a second binder with tabs to accommodate volumes 11 to 20. $145.00 Order from address at right. WHITE IRONSTONE: A COLLECTOR’S GUIDE Jean Wetherbee, $30.00 WHITE IRONSTONE CHINA, PLATE IDENTIFICATION GUIDE 1840-1890 Ernie & Bev Dieringer, $25.95 WHITE IRONSTONE TEAPOTS Ernie & Bev Dieringer, $25.00 WHITE IRONSTONE PITCHERS WHITE IRONSTONE PITCHERS II Ernie & Bev Dieringer, $30.00 each RELIEF-MOLDED JUGS BOOK Volume II Kathy Hughes, $29.00 Single back issues of WHITE IRONSTONE NOTES are available to members only at $7.50 each. Volume 1 has 3 issues. Volumes 2 through 15 have 4 issues each. Packing & Shipping Charges Up to $25.00 $4.99 $25.01-$50.00 $5.99 $50.01-$75.00 $8.99 $75.01-$100.00 $10.00 Make check payable to WICA, Inc. and send to: Dave & Karen Klein 1513 Perry St. Davenport, IA 52803 563-514-7116 [email protected] Page 4 Vol. 16.1 SUGAR BOWLS and SUGAR POTS Ellen Hill gave a very enlightening power point talk on sugar bowls at the convention. She said that before sugar, honey was the only major sweetener available in Europe; and went on with a paraphrase "a bowl by any other name could hold a sweet." Some of the other names for bowl are POT, BASIN, BOX, BASKET, SUCRIER, BARREL and DISH. She continued with a short history of sugar, which originated in the South Pacific and Asia and later spread to India, Spain and North Africa. Due to the climate needs of sugar cane it was tried out successfully in South and Central America and the Caribbean Islands, and also was grown in the southern United States. Growing sugar cane was the main cause of slavery in North and South America. The social impact of slavery is still a major problem today. In England, the source of our white ironstone, sugar started out as a luxury and vast profits were made both by the sugar importers and the government through taxes; sugar was sometimes called "white gold"! It later became quite cheap and was within the reach of the middle and working class people. Three of the beverages popular during the 1800s were tea, coffee and chocolate - all somewhat bitter, they were all logical candidates for sweetening. Sweetened tea became so normal that many small children died of malnutrition because they were getting all their energy from sugar which has no vitamins or minerals. What is the social impact of sugar today? Sugar is the most used food additive today -- sweetened cereal, candy, soft drinks, breads, snacks, cakes, pies, cookies -- the list is endless! Almost all prepared foods contain added sugar; the result is obesity and early on-set type 2 diabetes. Sugar in the 1800s was processed/compressed into the form of a conical "loaf". (see photo) The cone or loaf was broken into chunks or lumps by iron sugar nips and put in large sugar bowls. The use of the sugar nips may account for the chips often found on the inner edge of the sugar bowls. The bowls were large -- almost as large as the teapot itself -- to accommodate the sugar chunks. Pieces of sugar were lifted from the sugar bowls using sugar tongs -- "would you like one lump or two?" Most sugar was also brown -- only the very wealthy had the extra refinement of sugar processed with whitening agents. This brown sugar, is responsible for the staining of the sugar bowl base if the bowl was crazed. The lid or top usually remained white as it didn't come in contact with the sugar. In the 1890s and early 1900s sugar processing evolved and granulated sugar became available. The result? Smaller sugar bowls. In this issue we are showing as many shapes as we have space for. There were many more in the great convention display. Grape Octagon adult and child-size sugars. This shape was reg. June 11, 1851 by Ralph Scragg (a modeler) and sold the right to use the shape to over 18 companies. Fluted Pearl by John Wedgewood, reg. October 8, 1847. Vol. 16.1 Page 5 Six-Panel Vertical by S. Alcock & Co. Note, there are no handles. Alternate Ribs by George Wooliscroft registered October 29, 1855. Mobile Shape by G. Bowers, J. Heath, W. Adams, and Podmore Walker. Reg. by Ralph Scragg (modeler) April 18, 1856. Cockscomb by JF. Also found marked Elsmore & Forster, Podmore Walker & T. Walker, c. 1840. 12-Panel Gothic by Venables Mann & Co., reg. October 5, 1853. Also by Mellor Venables & Co. Inverted Diamond by T. J. & J. Mayer, c. 1840s. Also by T. Wollen. Classic Gothic sugar marked Ridgway, c. 1840s. Boxy Decagon by John Alcock, c 1850s. Rare shape, the only other piece found so far is the teapot. Eagle/Diamond Thumbprint by Gelson Bros., reg. April 14, 1866. Page 6 Vol. 16.1 Elaborate Six-Panel Trumpet by J. W. Pankhurst, c. 1850s. Tuscan Shape by John Edwards, reg. July 18, 1853. Prize Puritan by TJ&J Mayer, reg. September 21, 1851. Sydenham Shape by T. & R. Boote, reg. September 3, 1853 and June 21, 1854. Boote’s 1851 shape by T. & R. Boote, reg. July 21, 1851 and October 10, 1851. Pearl Sydenham by J. & G. Meakin, c. 1850s. Berlin Swirl by Mayer & Elliot, reg. December 18, 1856. Union Shape by T. & R. Boote, reg. Scallop Decagon/Cambridge Shape by DavenAugust 22, 1856. port, reg. September 27, 1852. Vol. 16.1 Page 7 Prairie Shape by J.Clementson, reg. July 19, 1861. Looks like Trent but it’s Pomegranate shape by JF, c. 1855 Instead of a double loop it only has one. Framed Leaf by J. W. Pankhurst, c. 1850s. Prairie Flowers by Livesley Powell & Co., October 29, 1869. Fig/Union Shape by J. Wedgwood and Davenport, reg. November 27, 1856. Chinese Shape by T. & R. Boote, reg. December 8 and 11, 1858. Scotia Shape by F. Jones & Co. Also known as Poppy Shape by J. & C. Wileman, c. 1860s. Prairie Flower Shape by T. & R. Boote, reg. August 30, 1862. Huron Shape by Adams, reg. May 31, 1858. Page 8 Vol. 16.1 Two Paneled Columbia Shape sugars in different sizes and finials. Columbia Shape was registered by G. W. Read (modeler), October 29, 1855. This shape was made by at least eleven potters with slight differences in finials, handles and shape names. Budded Vine by Meakin & Co. Stamped 1869. Athenia Shape by W. Adams & Son, reg. January 3, 1866. Washington Shape by John Meir & Son, reg. November 3, 1863. Morning Glory Shape aka Halleck Shape by Elsmore & Forster in two sizes, c. 1860s. Potomac Shape by W. Baker & Co., reg. October 23, 1862. Victor Shape by F. Jones & Co., reg. September 9, 1868. Vol. 16.1 Page 9 Elsmore & Forster potted two versions of the Ceres Shape body style with and without a pedestal foot. Reg. November 2, 1859. Vintage Shape by E. & C. Challinor, c. 1865. Bluette by Hope & Carter, reg. March 25, 1870. Balanced Vine by Clementson Bros., reg. June 11, 1867. Hyacinth by Wedgwood & Co., c. 1865. Also Holland & Greene registered a Hyacinth shape as Gem Shape on July 28, 1864. Napier Shape by Bridgwood & Son, c. 1860s. Tiny Oak & Acorn by J. W. Pankhurst, c. 1860s. Lily of the Valley by James Edwards, reg. February 27, 1851. Page 10 Vol. 16.1 Portland Shape by Elsmore & Forster, c. 1860s. Olympic Shape by Elsmore & Forster, reg. November 10, 1864. Nile Shape by Geo. L Ashworth & Bros. in 1866. Two versions of a Hill Shape sugar bowl? Or is the shorter one a candy bowl? Reg.October 19, 1860. Canada Shape by Clementson Bros., reg. November 14, 1876. Left: Bow Knot by Meakin. Right: Bow Knot by J. Clementson. Both c. 1860s. Sevres Shape by John Edwards, 18531860. Vol. 16.1 Page 11 Registered Centennial Shape aka Ribbed Grape, by W.& E. Corn, November 3, 1874. Seashore by W. & E.Corn, reg. 1885. Medallion Sprig by Powell & Bishop, c. 1880. Basketweave unmarked small sugar bowl, c. 1880s. Square Wheat aka Four Square Wheat by W. & E. Corn, c. 1880s. The Lorne Shape by Thomas Furnival & Sons, April 20, 1878. Ribbed Fern by A. J. Wilkinson, c. 1880s. Also by J. & G. Meakin aka Square Ridged with Fern. Sunflower by Alfred Meakin, c. 1880s. Clover by Cockson & Seddon. Originally reg. June 21, 1881 by Birks Bros. & Son who were bought out by Cockson & Seddon. Page 12 Vol. 16.1 SHOW AND TELL Boyd Payne found a relish with the name “Seine” embossed on the back along with the mark of John Edwards. Although we would bet there was a lot of this Shape sent to the U.S., the only other piece we have seen is a pitcher on page 63 of the Pitcher Book. A rare Winterberry child’s tea set was proudly shown by Carol Fleischman. Jean Wetherbee says that Winterberry shape is very had to find, so a child’s set is really rare. It was potted by Edward Clarke after 1865. The Armbrusters brought a few wonderful pieces. The rare hand dish has oak leaves and acorns at the wrist. All others have what appear to be grape leaves. Adele is holding a high relief jug with roses, thistles and shamrocks. Symbols of the British Empire. Richard showed a stack of three Elsmore and Forster Ceres compotes in graduated sizes! Vol. 16.1 Page 13 SHOW AND TELL Shelly Micali brought two beautifully proportioned plain pails or waste buckets. The one on the left has an insert at the top which funnels liquid to the bottom without splashing. It is missing its wire or rattan handle. The one on the right has its original wire handle. A new to us, plate shape with a simple wide raised band. Janet Knorr found eight of them, all marked E. Challinor. The mark has an eagle holding a banner with E Pluribus Unim, and Pearl Ironstone China below. Janet says she enjoys using these great soup plates. Bob and Bonne Hohl brought an unusual cake stand with carved leaves on the rim and on the foot of a paneled hexagonal stand. They also brought a covered cheese dish with a wonderful open blossom finial. We are trying to identify it botanically. Page 14 Vol. 16.1 SHOW AND TELL Harry Moseley showed us a Wheat jug by E. Walley, impressed Ceres on the bottom. Registered April 26, 1851. Dave Klein gave us an opportunity to get the only photo we have of a Nodding Bud sugar bowl. It was potted by James Edwards and registered December 2, 1851. The importer, E.A. & S.R. Filley of St. Louis Mo., wanted their mark to be more prominent so J. Edwards is very shallowly embossed. Carol Hovey found a stack of unmarked six-sided oyster plates. Ernie Dieringer found a rare white ironstone soup tureen by T. J. & J. Mayer named Rose Bud by the Flow Blue collectors. This shape was made both by the Mayers and J. & G.Alcock and it is rarely found in white. The Morelands discovered a vegetable tureen in their collection. The only two pieces of this shape known so far. Vol. 16.1 Page 15 SHOW AND TELL Janice Stork had this sugar bowl for years and was surprised to discover when she looked at its mark that it was James Edwards and not Anthony Shaw. It looked like Shaw’s Pear but on closer inspection, she realized it could only be Split Pod shape. She also found the matching teapot. Mary Ann Ulmann brought this unusualshaped pot which has the spout tightly attached against the side. Some collectors thought it may have been a chocolate pot. Jean Wetherbee called it an ale pitcher in her book. The one shown was potted by J. & G Meakin. Tom Moreland showed a Dover shape sauce tureen marked Adams not JF. It has the same thin mellon stem as on the JF version. The Morelands also brought a pair of Nautilus spoon warmers they had recently found. A rare flask in the shape of a dog was Rick Nielsen’s discovery. There was no mark on it. We remembered one just like it in the Dan Overmayer collection. It is amazing and very reassuring that two of these have survived. Page 16 Vol. 16.1 WASTE JARS Classic Gothic, potter unknown. Alcock’s Barouque Fancy by J. & G. Alcock. (Klein coll.) Blackberry with Rose, potter unknown. Lion’s Head handles, potter and date unknown. (Lancaster coll.) Ceres Shape by Elsmore & Forster, reg. November 2, 1859. (Zindel coll.) Moss Rose by J. & G. Meakin, c. 1865. Classic Gothic by J.F., 17” high. Lily of the Valley by James Edwards, reg. February 27, 1861. Sevres Shape by John Edwards. Vol. 16.1 Page 17 A sampling of some of the glorious waste jars we have come across in the past 15 years. Most are between 15 and 17 inches high with their lids. Filled with waste water, these vessels would be very heavy to lug around. Fig/Union Shape by Davenport and also J. Wedgwood, November 14, 1856. Trent Shape by John Alcock, reg. June 7, 1855. (Klein coll.) Cable & Bar. There is a registry for Cable & Bar by J Maddock & Sons, February 23, 1875. Columbia shape probably by J. Clementson. (Torgerson coll.) Fluted Pearl by John Wedge Wood, reg. October 8, 1847. (Stork coll.) Fern, unknown potter, c. 1880s. Prize Bloom by T. J. & J. Mayer, reg. October 22, 1853. Maddock’s Pear by John Maddock. Victory aka Dolphin by John Edwards, c. 1884. Page 18 Vol. 16.1 PARTS WANTED BOW KNOT sauce tureen lid, ADRIATIC SHAPE soup lid and liner, QUARTERED ROSE sugar bowl lid, SAINT LOUIS SHAPE brush box lid, CHAINED RIBBED sauce tureen lid. Rick Nielsen, 314-997-7963 or e-mail [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------MORNING GLORY by E&F teapot lid, LILY OF THE VALLEY by Shaw creamer & sugar, ST. LOUIS SHAPE creamer, TRENT SHAPE by John Alcock creamer, PANELED GRAPE by JF sugar bowl, ORIENTAL SHAPE by Gross & Co. creamer, PRIZE PURITAN by TJ&J Mayer undertrays. we have 10” x 13 3/4” & 11” x 15”. We need 12” x 16” with inside base size 6 7/8” x 5 3/8” Dave & Karen Klein, 563-514-7116 or e-mail [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------Need lids for: SYDENHAM oval veg base, WINDING VINE aka VENITIA veg base, CAMEO GOTHIC soup tureen base, CERES veg base, GRAPE OCTAGON soup tureen base, SYDENHAM chamber pot, and any FIG/UNION parts. Jill O’Hara, 610-973-7196 or e-mail [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------WRAPPED SYDENHAM octagonal sauce tureen lid. Bertica Vasseur, 603-899-2886 or e-mail [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------Would like a creamer in: PORTLAND, MORNING GLORY, VICTOR or ATHENIA. Would like a teapot in: ADRIATIC, ARCHED WHEAT, PORTLAND or ATLANTIC. Would like sauce tureens in: SCOTIA, MOBILE and PRIZE BLOOM. VINTAGE sauce and soup tureen lids, NEW YORK soup tureen lid. Bill Lancaster, 608-325-5724 or e-mail [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------- PARTS FOR SALE BERLIN SWIRL teapot lid, soap box lid, & teapot lid. PRAIRIE sauce tureen tray. Bob Hohl, 610-775-2240 or e-mail [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------SOUP TUREEN LINERS: 1. Booths- 1891-1912 Plain 15” $40. 2. Burgess & Goddard plain 14” $40. 3. Henry Alcock “Prunis Blossom” 17” $60. 4. Clementsons’ “Prairie” 14” $50. 5. Elsmore & Forster (Imperial Parisian granite mark) 13 1/2” $40. 6. Powell & Bishop plain 15” $40. 7. Mercer Pottery (1868) Ribboned edge shape resembles “Trent” or “Stafford” 14 1/2” $50. Janet Knorr, 717-642-8886 or 717-321-3353 [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------SYDENHAM soup tureen liner, GRAPE OCTAGON soup tureen liner, PANELED GRAPE sauce liner PRAIRIE FLOWERS sauce liner CERES sauce tureen liner CERES soup tureen complete with lid & Liner SYDENHAM soup tureen complete with lid & liner. CERES coffee pot with lid. CERES teapot with lid. Two ATLANTIC SHAPE platters. SYDENHAM compote Jill O’Hara, 610-973-7196 or e-mail [email protected] ------------------------------------------------------- COLLECTORS’ SHOWCASE While searching through files on the computer, I came across pictures of a Plum Decagon sauce tureen that were taken at the home of Polly Gosselin and Bertica Vasseur in New Hampshire. This shape was made by J. & G. Meakin and we think it is particularly elegant. The photo at right shows the plum motif on the handles of the under tray.
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WHITE IRONSTONE NOTES is the official newsletter of the corporation. Photographs submitted by members become the property of WICA, Inc. and no article, photograph or drawing may be reproduced wit...
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