situation 1 - Plataforma de teleformación

Transcription

INGLÉS B1
Contenidos Inglés B1
Autor: Método Estudios Consultores, S.L.U.
Edita: Método Estudios Consultores, S.L.U.
“Queda rigurosamente prohibida, sin la autorización escrita del editor, la reproducción parcial o
total de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografía y el
tratamiento informático, y la distribución de ejemplares mediante alquiler o préstamo públicos”.
© 2012 Método Estudios Consultores, S.L.U.
INGLÉS B1
índice
UNIT 1. GENTLEMEN PREFER BLONDES .......................................................................... 4
SITUATION 1. AT THE UNIVERSITY .................................................................................................. 4
GRAMMAR 1. EXPRESSIONS OF PREFERENCE ................................................................................5
VOCABULARY 1. LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE ......................................................................7
FILM 1. “GENTLEMEN PREFER BLONDES” ....................................................................................... 9
UNIT 2. A FEW GOOD MEN .............................................................................................. 10
SITUATION 2. ON THE PHONE ........................................................................................................ 10
GRAMMAR 2. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBIALS OF QUANTITY .................................................... 11
VOCABULARY 2. MONEY ................................................................................................................. 15
FILM 2. “A FEW GOOD MEN” ............................................................................................................. 17
UNIT 3. WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING ............................................................................ 18
SITUATION 3. AT BETTY’S HOUSE ................................................................................................. 18
GRAMMAR 3. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE ..................................................................................... 19
VOCABULARY 3. FESTIVALS AND SPECIAL OCCASIONS ............................................................ 23
FILM 3. “WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING” .......................................................................................... 25
UNIT 4. BECAUSE I SAID SO ........................................................................................... 27
SITUATION 4. AT THE GYM ............................................................................................................. 27
GRAMMAR 4. CONNECTING CLAUSES USING BECAUSE ............................................................. 28
VOCABULARY 4. HEALTH AND FITNESS ...................................................................................... 30
FILM 4. “BECAUSE I SAID SO” .......................................................................................................... 33
UNIT 5. WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS?.......................................................... 35
SITUATION 5. AT THE CONCERT ..................................................................................................... 35
GRAMMAR 5. PRESENT PERFECT ................................................................................................... 36
VOCABULARY 5. MUSIC. EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO THE PAST ............................................. 39
FILM 5. “WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS?” ...................................................................... 41
UNIT 6. EVER AFTER ...................................................................................................... 43
SITUATION 6. AT THE CLUB ............................................................................................................ 43
GRAMMAR 6. JUST, FOR, SINCE, EVER… ....................................................................................... 44
VOCABULARY 6. ENTERTAINMENT ............................................................................................... 47
FILM 6. “EVER AFTER” ...................................................................................................................... 50
UNIT 7. YOU WILL MEET A TALL DARK STRANGER....................................................... 52
SITUATION 7. AT THE RESTAURANT ............................................................................................. 52
GRAMMAR 7. WILL REFERRING TO THE FUTURE. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE FOR
FUTURE USE ...................................................................................................................................... 53
VOCABULARY 7. TRAVEL AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT. EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO THE
FUTURE TIME .................................................................................................................................... 56
FILM 7. “YOU WILL MEET A TALL DARK STRANGER” ................................................................... 60
UNIT 8. I’LL SLEEP WHEN I’M DEAD ............................................................................... 62
SITUATION 8. AT THE WEDDING .................................................................................................... 62
GRAMMAR 8. ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS. INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE ............................. 63
VOCABULARY 8. FASHION .............................................................................................................. 67
FILM 8. “I’LL SLEEP WHEN I’M DEAD” ............................................................................................. 69
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INGLÉS B1
UNIT 9. ROMEO MUST DIE .............................................................................................. 71
SITUATION 9. ON CAMPUS .............................................................................................................. 71
GRAMMAR 9. MODALS EXPRESSING OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY ........................................ 72
VOCABULARY 9. RULES AND REGULATIONS ............................................................................... 75
FILM 9. “ROMEO MUST DIE” ............................................................................................................. 76
UNIT 10. THEY MIGHT BE GIANTS ................................................................................. 78
SITUATION 10. AT THE PARK ......................................................................................................... 78
GRAMMAR 10. MODALS EXPRESSING CERTAINY AND UNCERTAINTY .................................... 79
VOCABULARY 10. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY........................................................................... 81
FILM 10. “THEY MIGHT BE GIANTS” ............................................................................................... 84
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INGLÉS B1
UNIT 1. GENTLEMEN PREFER BLONDES
SITUATION 1. AT THE UNIVERSITY
Watch the video in the virtual classroom
Alice: Hi David! How are you doing?
David: Hey Alice. Not very well, I’m very tired.
Alice: What are you studying?
David: Spanish. It’s really difficult for me!
Alice: Well, I prefer Spanish to Maths. Actually, I like studying Spanish.
David: I hate it! I’d rather study three Maths lessons than one of Spanish.
Alice: Well, I can help you.
David: Really?
Alice: Of course!
David: Great! Where do we start?
Alice: First of all, I need to know what you’re having problems with.
David: Well, the most difficult thing for me is speaking. I am good at reading and I can write
short texts quite easily, but when I try to speak I have serious difficulties putting
words together into sentences. I feel embarrassed and I blush.
Alice: What about listening? Can you understand spoken Spanish?
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INGLÉS B1
David: Well, it depends. When people speak slowly and clearly, I can understand the general
meaning of a conversation. In my opinion, listening is easier than speaking but more
difficult than reading and writing. What do you think?
Alice: In my view, what is happening to you is very common. I believe that most foreign
language students prefer reading and writing to speaking.
David: So, what can I do to improve my Spanish?
Alice: From my point of view, the first thing to do is to revise grammar. At the same time, we
can have a look at basic vocabulary and try and learn some words every day. We can
look them up in a dictionary and write them down in a notebook. It’s a good way to
learn, isn’t it?
David: Yes, it is.
Alice: David, I have to go now. I am having lunch with a friend. We can meet this afternoon to
study Spanish. How do you feel about it?
David: I think it is a brilliant idea!
GRAMMAR 1. EXPRESSIONS OF PREFERENCE
Listen to this explanation in the virtual classroom
Expressing and requesting opinions and impressions.
ASKING SOMEONE FOR AN OPINION
Here you have some common expressions used to ask for or request someone’s opinion
about something:
What do you think of his new book?
How do you feel about working abroad?
What are your feelings about life imprisonment?
What is your view on the recent changes?
What’s your honest opinion of abortion?
Are you for or against capital punishment?
GIVING OPINIONS
Here you have some common and useful expressions used to give your opinion about
something:
(Personally,) I think/ I believe yours is the best idea.
I don’t think you should keep talking like that.
In my opinion, they should buy a new car.
From my point of view/ In my view, you haven’t made a great effort.
If you ask me, you ought to read more books. (Informal)
To my mind, his hair style is awful. (Informal)
As far as I’m concerned, this has been the best party I have attended. (Formal)
If I may express my opinion, I think that we should concentrate on the project. (Formal)
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INGLÉS B1
Expressions of preference
To express preference we use the verb “to prefer”. We can use the present form of the verb
followed by a to-infinitive or a gerund:
prefer + to-infinitive / -ing
I prefer to go alone = I prefer going alone.
We can also express our preference between two different things or actions. In that case, we
join them with the preposition “to”:
prefer + (a) + to + (b)
I prefer chicken to meat. (noun + to + noun)
I prefer drawing to writing. (V-ing + to + V-ing)
To say we would like somebody else to do something, we use the structure:
prefer + object pronoun + to-infinitive
I prefer her to tell them.
I prefer her not to tell them.
Usually, to state our preferences more politely, especially when they can have an influence
or an effect on other people, we add expressions like the following:
I prefer to go alone, if you don’t mind.
I prefer chicken to meat, if possible.
The conditional form can also be used to soften our statement or to make it more polite. Note
that when the conditional is followed by a verb, we have to use the to-infinitive:
I would prefer to go alone / I’d prefer to go alone.
We cannot use the gerund with “would prefer”:
I would prefer going alone / I’d prefer going alone
But we can use the gerund in the cases where the verb is in fact working as a noun:
I’d prefer drawing to writing.
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INGLÉS B1
An expression similar in meaning to “would prefer” is “would rather” (usually shortened to ‘d
rather), but the structure is different. “Would rather” is never used with a noun. It is always
followed by a verb and it must be in the infinitive:
would rather + bare infinitive
I would rather stay here if you don’t mind / I’d rather stay here if you don’t mind.
When we express our preference between two actions we join them with “than”:
would rather + (a) + than + (b)
I’d rather go by bus than walk.
And when we say we would like somebody else to do something, we use another structure:
would rather + subject pronoun + past simple
I’d rather you stayed somewhere else tonight.
I’d rather you didn’t use the computer.
These same expressions can be used to ask about someone else’s preferences:
Which would you prefer, a twin or a double room?
What would you rather have, tea or coffee?
Where would you rather we went on holiday this year?
PREFER
WOULD PREFER
WOULD RATHER
I prefer to go alone
I prefer going alone
I’d prefer to go alone
I’d rather go alone
I prefer chicken to meat
I’d prefer chicken to meat
I prefer drawing to
writing
I’d prefer
writing
I prefer him to stay
I’d prefer him to stay
drawing
to
I’d rather draw than
write
I’d rather he stayed
VOCABULARY 1. LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Listen to the pronunciation of these words in the virtual classroom
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INGLÉS B1
LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
8
APRENDER UN IDIOMA
Blackboard
Encerado, pizarra
Book
Libro
Clearly
Claro
Conversation
Conversación
Could you repeat that, please?
¿Podría/s repetir, por favor?
Dialogue
Diálogo
Dictionary
Diccionario
Electronic whiteboard
Pizarra digital
Foreign
Extranjero/a
Grammar
Gramática
Handbook
Manual
Homework
Deberes
How do you say --- in English?
¿Cómo se dice --- en inglés?
How do you spell it?
¿Cómo se deletrea?
I don't understand
No comprendo
Mother tongue
Lengua materna
Notebook
Cuaderno
Paragraph
Párrafo
Phonetics
Fonética
Pronunciation
Pronunciación
Sentence
Frase, oración
Slowly
Despacio
Teacher
Profesor/a
To improve
Mejorar
To learn
Aprender
To listen
Escuchar
To look up (phrasal verb)
Buscar, consultar
INGLÉS B1
LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
APRENDER UN IDIOMA
To practise
Practicar
To put together (phrasal verb)
Juntar, unir
To read
Leer
To revise
Revisar, repasar
To speak
Hablar
To study
Estudiar
To teach
Enseñar
To write
Escribir
To write down (phrasal verb)
Apuntar, anotar
What does --- mean?
¿Qué significa ---?
Whiteboard
Pizarra blanca
Word
Palabra
Writing exercise
Redacción
FILM 1. “GENTLEMEN PREFER BLONDES”
-
I always say a kiss on the hand might feel very good, but a diamond tiara lasts
forever.
-
Diamond tiara?
Yes, Lady Beekman's. I'd just love to have it.
-
Good gracious.
What's the matter?
-
Oh, nothing, nothing, nothing, but… wouldn't you rather have some furs or a
-
race horse or a motor boat?
No, thank you.
Watch the video in the virtual classroom.
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INGLÉS B1
UNIT 2. A FEW GOOD MEN
SITUATION 2. ON THE PHONE
David: Hello?
Alice: Hi, David. It’s Alice.
David: Hi, Alice. How are you?
Alice: Fine, and you?
David: Fine. I’m reading the book I borrowed from the library.
Alice: Do you like it?
David: Yes, I do. It’s very good.
Alice: Maybe I can read it too before you give it back.
David: Sure!
Alice: Listen, I’m planning to have dinner with some friends tonight. Would you like to come?
David: Well, Alice, I don’t have much money.
Alice: The restaurant isn’t too expensive.
David: You know I lost my credit card last week. I’m almost broke now.
Alice: I have plenty of money in my bank account. I can lend you €50. That will be enough.
David: Are you sure? I don’t want you to go over your budget.
Alice: Don’t worry. It’s only a few euros. We can stop by an ATM on our way to the restaurant.
David: Thank you! What restaurant are we going to?
Alice: “Le Bistrot”.
David: In West Street? Are there any ATMs near there?
Alice: Yes, there are several in Russell Street.
David: Ok. Meet me at 8, then. How many people are coming?
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INGLÉS B1
Alice: Well, just ten or twelve.
David: That’s a lot!
GRAMMAR 2. ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBIALS OF QUANTITY
Some adjectives and adverbs denote quantity or amount and they are usually called
quantifiers. Quantifiers answer to the question “How much?” or “How many?” and they can
be used with countable or uncountable nouns. There are different quantifiers to express
different degrees of quantity.
1. Indefinite quantity
The most common words to express an indefinite quantity meaning “a certain number or
amount but not very large” are some and any:
Some + uncountable or plural countable nouns in affirmative sentences
Any + uncountable or plural countable nouns in negative sentences and
questions
Some and any are generally used with uncountable or plural countable nouns:
Yesterday we went to the market and we bought some food. (uncountable)
He lent me some interesting books about Ancient History. (plural countable)
Have you got any doubts? (plural countable)
No, I am sorry. I can’t give you any money. (uncountable)
Some is mainly used in affirmative or positive sentences:
I need to buy some new clothes.
Tonight I am going out with some friends of mine.
And we can also find it in some questions when we expect the answer to be affirmative, or
when we are making requests, invitations or offers:
Yesterday I bought two bottles of coke. Is there some coke left? (I expect that there is some
coke)
You worked in London for two months. Do you know some good restaurants in London? (I
expect that you know some)
Can you lend me some money? (request)
Would you like some more wine? (offer)
Any is used in negative sentences and in questions:
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INGLÉS B1
There isn’t any butter left.
Have you got any brothers or sisters?
But sometimes we use any in affirmative sentences with a negative meaning or with words
with negative meaning such as NEVER, HARDLY EVER, WITHOUT, REFUSE…:
I hardly ever have any cheese.
Peter has never attended any English classes.
I went out without any money.
She refused to say any words.
Another expression for indefinite quantity is several:
several + plural countable noun
I have made several mistakes.
We had to take several trains to get here.
Enough is also used for indefinite quantity:
enough + noun (countable or uncountable)
adjective/adverb + enough
The meaning changes depending on the type of sentence. It means sufficient in positive
sentences and less than sufficient or less than necessary in negative sentences. Compare
the following examples:
I have €100:
I have enough money for the CD player.
I don't have enough money for the computer
I can’t afford the computer, but I could buy the CD player with the same amount. The
money is sufficient for the CD player, but not for the computer.
There are 15 chairs in the classroom. There were 10 students in the classroom yesterday.
There are 20 today.
There were enough chairs yesterday.
There aren't enough chairs today.
Yesterday there were more chairs than students. But today there are more students,
so the same number of chairs is not sufficient.
Note that when it is used with an adjective or adverb, it is placed after it:
I’m not old enough to get married.
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INGLÉS B1
You failed because you didn’t work hard enough.
2. Large quantity
The most common words to express a large quantity are a lot, much and many:
lots /a lot/plenty of + uncountable or countable nouns in
affirmative sentences
many + countable nouns in negative sentences and questions
much + uncountable nouns in negative sentences and questions
We generally use a lot of (or lots of) and plenty of in positive statements:
We spent a lot of money.
He has lots of friends.
We’ve got plenty of time.
But it is also possible in questions:
Does she drink a lot of tea?
Did they spend a lot of money?
A lot of can be replaced by much or many with the same meaning, but much and many are
more commonly used in negative sentences and questions:
He hasn’t got many friends.
I don’t know many people in the neighbourhood.
Do you know many people in Auckland?
Sorry but I haven’t got much time.
There is not much milk in the fridge.
Did they stay many days?
Much is unusual in positive sentences in spoken English. Instead, we use a lot of:
We spent a lot of money. (not: We spent much money)
However, when it is modified by too or so, it can be used in positive sentences:
They spent too much/so much money.
We can use quite and rather before a lot of for emphasis, but not before many or much.
There are quite a lot of tourists here.
She took rather a lot of photos.
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INGLÉS B1
In negative sentences, we can add very to emphasize the meaning of large quantity:
Not very much + uncountable nouns
Not very many + countable plural nouns
Not very many customers came into the shop.
There is not very much milk in the fridge.
We can also use a lot, plenty and much without a noun. In these cases, we do not need the
preposition of:
He goes out a lot. I don’t go out much.
It cost a lot to repair the car.
I’ve had plenty to eat.
I don’t use the phone very much at work.
3. Small quantity
(a) few + plural nouns
(a) little + uncountable nouns
Few and little are mainly used in positive statements. Few is used with plural countable
nouns while little goes with uncountable nouns. Without the article “a” they express a
negative idea (=not much, not many). A little and a few are more positive (=some):
Few customers have come into the shop (not many customers)
A few customers have come into the shop (some customers)
I need little money (not much money).
I need a little money (some money).
If we place only before a little/a few it emphasises that the number or amount is really
small in the speaker's opinion:
I need only a little money.
Only a few customers came into the shop.
On the contrary, we can use quite before a few when the speaker considers that, being a
small quantity, it is however larger than it was expected:
Quite a few customers came into the shop (more than we expected).
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INGLÉS B1
VOCABULARY 2. MONEY
MONEY
DINERO
A.T.M.
Cajero automático
Affordable
Asequible
Bank account
Cuenta bancaria
Bank transfer
Transferencia
Banknote
Billete
Bargain
Ganga
Bill
Factura/Billete
Budget
Presupuesto
Cash
Metálico
Cashier
Cajero/a
Change
Cambio
Cheap
Barato
Cheque
Cheque
Coin
Moneda
Credit card
Tarjeta de crédito
Currency
Divisa
Debt
Deuda
Discount
Descuento
Exchange rate
Tasa de cambio
Expenses
Gastos
Expensive
Caro
Fare
Tarifa
Fee
Tarifa
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INGLÉS B1
MONEY
Free
Gratis
Funds
Fondos
Interest
Interés
Loan
Préstamo
Loss
Pérdida
Mortgage
Hipoteca
Pawnbroker
Prestamista
Payment
Pago
Pocket money
Dinero suelto (paga que
dan los padres a los hijos)
Price
Precio
Profit
Beneficio
Receipt
Recibo
Refund
Devolución
Savings
Ahorros
Tax
Impuesto
Tip
Propina
To afford
Poder pagar, poder
permitirse
To be broke
Estar arruinado
To be in the black
Tener saldo a favor
To be in the red
Estar en números rojos
To be within budget
No salirse del presupuesto
To borrow
Tomar prestado
To charge
Cobrar
To cost
Costar
To earn
Ganar dinero
To give back (phrasal
verb)
16
DINERO
Devolver
To go over budget
Salirse del presupuesto
To invest
Invertir
To lend
Prestar
To owe
Deber
To pay
Pagar
To pay back (phrasal
verb)
Devolver (dinero)
To purchase
Adquirir
To save
Ahorrar
INGLÉS B1
MONEY
DINERO
To spend
Gastar
To take money out
(phrasal verb)
Sacar dinero
To waste
Malgastar
To withdraw
Retirar
VAT
IVA
FILM 2. “A FEW GOOD MEN”
Talking about quantity…
The word "sir" is used 164 times during this movie. That's an average of once every 50
seconds.
You may think that’s a lot, but some officers would say it’s not enough!
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INGLÉS B1
UNIT 3. WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING
SITUATION 3. AT BETTY’S HOUSE
Alice: Hello guys! You look awful today.
David: Yes, I don’t feel very well. We had a terrible night.
Martin: Oh, it really was.
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INGLÉS B1
Alice: Did you? I phoned you yesterday afternoon, David, but you didn’t answer. What were
you doing?
David: I didn’t answer because I lost my mobile phone.
Alice: Really? What happened?
David: We were at Betty’s because it was her birthday and we were organizing a surprise
party for her.
Alice: But that sounds great.
Martin: The thing is that everything went wrong. It was a terrible party.
Alice: Was it? Why was it so terrible?
Martin: I had to cook dinner. I was going to cook a big Italian meal but everything was wrong.
Alice: Was it a theme party?
Martin: No, not really, but I had bought all the ingredients to cook a delicious lasagna and
some Italian friends were coming to the party.
Alice: What was wrong about that?
Martin: Wait! That was the beginning. While I was cooking, Mary and David were preparing
the decorations and the presents for Betty.
David: Yes, we were working really hard.
Martin: Suddenly, the bell rang. It was Betty’s brother and his Italian friends. We were talking
about their journey back to Italy when we saw smoke coming out of the kitchen.
Alice: Oh dear! Your lasagna!
David: Yes, it was totally burnt, but that’s not all.
Alice: No?
David: When Betty’s brother was helping me to put the fire out, he dumped the birthday cake
on the floor.
Alice: That’s terrible.
Martin: The worst thing is that we couldn’t put the fire out and we had to call the fire
brigade.
Alice: And what about Betty?
David: When she got home, she had a big surprise! No presents, no birthday cake and no
birthday party.
GRAMMAR 3. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
Form
The Past Continuous is formed by the Past simple of the verb TO BE (was/were) + the present
participle of the main verb:
Last night, I was cooking when Susan phoned.
Yesterday we were sleeping while they were playing basketball.
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INGLÉS B1
POSITIVE
I WAS PLAYING
YOU WERE PLAYING
HE WAS PLAYING
SHE WAS PLAYING
IT WAS PLAYING
WE WERE PLAYING
YOU WERE PLAYING
THEY WERE PLAYING
NEGATIVE
SHORT FORM
I WAS NOT WALKING
I WASN'T WALKING
YOU WERE NOT WALKING
YOU WEREN'T WALKING
HE WAS NOT WALKING
HE WASN'T WALKING
SHE WAS NOT WALKING
SHE WASN'T WALKING
IT WAS NOT WALKING
IT WASN'T WALKING
WE WERE NOT WALKING
WE WEREN'T WALKING
YOU WERE NOT WALKING
YOU WEREN'T WALKING
THEY WERE NOT WALKING
THEY WEREN'T WALKING
In questions the structure is the same as in the other tenses:
(QUESTION WORD) + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + MAIN VERB + OTHER INFORMATION + ?
INTERROGATIVE
POSITIVE ANSWER
NEGATIVE ANSWER
WAS I WORKING?
YES, I WAS
NO, I WASN'T
WERE YOU WORKING?
YES, YOU WERE
NO, YOU WEREN'T
WAS HE WORKING?
YES, HE WAS
NO, HE WASN'T
WAS SHE WORKING?
YES, SHE WAS
NO, SHE WASN'T
WAS IT WORKING?
YES, IT WAS
NO, IT WASN'T
WERE WE WORKING?
YES, WE WERE
NO, WE WEREN'T
WERE YOU WORKING?
YES, YOU WERE
NO, YOU WEREN'T
WERE THEY
WORKING?
YES, THEY WERE
NO, THEY WEREN'T
Use
In general, the Past Continuous is used to talk about continuing unfinished actions in the
past. Normally, we use the Past continuous to express that an action was in progress or going
on around a particular moment in the past.
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INGLÉS B1
What were you doing yesterday at 10?
I was having dinner with a friend.
10 PM
Here
have
most
you
the
I was having dinner at 10
important uses of the Past continuous:
•
We use the Past Continuous when we want to emphasize or stress the duration of a past
action during a period of time:
Yesterday we were playing tennis for three hours.
They were watching TV all the afternoon.
•
We use the Past continuous in descriptions and narratives in the past:
It was cold, the wind was blowing and the dogs were barking outside...
•
We use the Past Continuous to talk about two actions that were happening at the same
time in the past:
She was reading while he was sleeping.
•
We use the Past Continuous to talk about two actions in the past, one of them
interrupted by the other. The action that interrupts is in Past simple and the interrupted
action in Past Continuous:
We were cooking when someone knocked at the door.
When Peter phoned me, I was having dinner with Tom.
As I was walking down the street I bumped into Mary.
•
We use the Past Continuous with expressions such as always or continually to talk about
actions that happened repeatedly or unexpectedly in the past.
My father was always buying me presents when I was a little girl.
Peter was continually asking me for money.
Using when and while to describe past actions
Interrupted actions
We can use WHEN and WHILE to introduce an action or situation which was going on when
something else happened.
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INGLÉS B1
Notice that we usually use a progressive tense for the action or situation in progress and a
simple tense for the action that interrupts.
WHEN- and WHILE-clauses can go at the beginning or end of sentences.
I was having a bath when the telephone rang.
While they were having a nap, somebody broke into the house.
Simultaneous actions in progress
Both WHEN and WHILE can be used to talk about actions or situations that take place at the
same time.
Somebody phoned when they were playing football.
While they were having dinner, I went for a walk.
Notice that WHEN- and WHILE-clauses can go at the beginning or end of sentences.
WHILE is used to say that two actions or situations went on at the same time. We normally
use progressive tenses after WHILE.
While he was watching TV, I was working.
He was sleeping while I was cooking supper.
If we are talking about ages and periods of life, we use WHEN:
When I was a child we lived in London (NOT While I was a child …)
His parents died when he was ten (NOT … while he was ten)
Simultaneous short actions
WHEN is used to refer to short and finished past actions:
When I finished the report, I went home.
We use WHEN to say that two short actions or events happened at the same time:
I thought about you when I heard the news.
22
INGLÉS B1
VOCABULARY 3. FESTIVALS AND SPECIAL OCCASIONS
FESTIVALS
FIESTAS
(US) Viernes negro (día siguiente a Acción de
gracias, entre el 23 y el 29 de noviembre. Las
Black Friday
tiendas abren más tiempo y tienen ofertas
especiales para animar el comienzo de las compras
de Navidad.
Día de San Esteban. Se celebra el 26 de diciembre,
Boxing day
día en el que tradicionalmente se daban los
aguinaldos.
Christmas
Navidad
Christmas carol
Villancico
Christmas Day
Día de Navidad
Christmas dinner
Cena de navidad
Christmas Eve
Nochebuena
Christmas Tree
Árbol de navidad
New Year's Day
Día de año nuevo
New Year's Eve
Noche de fin de año
Thanksgiving Day
Día de Acción de gracias. Se celebra el cuarto jueves
de noviembre.
Saint Andrew's Day
Día de San Andrés. Se celebra el 30 de noviembre y
(Scotland's
es el día nacional de Escocia.
National Day)
Saint David's Day
(Wales National
Day)
Día de San David. Se celebra el 1 de marzo y es el día
nacional de Gales.
23
INGLÉS B1
FESTIVALS
FIESTAS
Saint George's Day
Día de San Jorge. Se celebra el 23 de abril y es el día
(England's National
nacional de Inglaterra.
Day)
Saint Patrick's Day
(Ireland’s National
Day)
Saint Valentine's
day
Día de San Patricio. Se celebra el 17 de marzo y es el
día nacional de Irlanda.
Día de San Valentín. Se celebra el 14 de febrero.
April Fool's Day
Día de los Santos Inocentes. Se celebra el 1 de abril.
Bonfire Night
La noche de las hogueras
Easter
Pascua
Halloween
Se celebra la noche del 31 de octubre
Harvest festival
La fiesta de la cosecha
Edinburgh Music
Festival
Notting Hill
Carnival
El festival de Edimburgo
El carnaval de Notting Hill
SPECIAL OCCASIONS
24
OCASIONES ESPECIALES
Anniversary
Aniversario
Birthday
Cumpleaños
Celebration
Celebración
Christening
Bautizo
Engagement
Compromiso
Event
Acontecimiento
Funeral
Entierro
Golden wedding anniversary
Bodas de oro
Graduation day
Graduación
Holiday
Festivo
Holidays
Vacaciones
Party
Fiesta
Retirement
Jubilación
Silver wedding anniversary
Bodas de plata
Vacation
Vacaciones
Wake
Velatorio
Wedding anniversary
Aniversario de boda
Wedding day
Boda
INGLÉS B1
SPECIAL OCCASIONS
OCASIONES ESPECIALES
PARTY
FIESTA
Balloons
Globos
Bouquet
Ramo
Cake
Tarta
Candle
Vela
Candy
Caramelos
Chocolates
Bombones
Decorations
Adornos
Flowers
Flores
Wedding cake
Tarta nupcial
USEFUL EXPRESSIONS
EXPRESIONES ÚTILES
All the best for a happy New
Te deseo lo mejor para el año nuevo /
Year / Easter…
Semana Santa...
Best wishes on your
twentieth anniversary /
Mis mejores deseos en tu veinte
birthday...!
aniversario / cumpleaños…
Congratulations!
¡Felicidades!
Good luck!
¡Buena suerte!
Happy birthday / New Year /
Easter / Hanukkah /
Feliz cumpleaños / Año Nuevo / Semana
Ramadan…
Santa / Hanuka / Ramadán
Have a safe journey!
¡Buen viaje!
Here's to the bride and groom
Un brindis por los novios
More fun in 2012...
Por un 2012 más divertido…
I am sorry for your loss
Le acompaño en el sentimiento
Merry Christmas!
Feliz Navidad
FILM 3. “WHILE YOU WERE SLEEPING”
So, l had planned to marry Peter, but l married Jack instead.
Thank goodness my father was right. Life doesn’t always turn out the way you plan.
But Jack, Jack gave me the perfect gift: a stamp in my passport. He took me to Florence for our
honeymoon. I guess you might say he gave me the world.
Peter once asked me when it was that l fell in love with Jack, and l told him, “It was while you
were sleeping.”
25
INGLÉS B1
26
INGLÉS B1
UNIT 4. BECAUSE I SAID SO
SITUATION 4. AT THE GYM
David: What are you doing today after warming up?
Alice: I have a yoga session.
David: That’s great! Yoga is an excellent activity because it helps increase flexibility, reduce
stress, and improve physical and mental condition.
Alice: Yes, I know. I started practicing yoga some months ago because my mum asked me to
go with her to her sessions.
David: I didn’t know your mother practiced yoga.
Alice: Well, she started not long ago. She was slightly overweight and her blood cholesterol
level and blood pressure were high. Because of that the doctor recommended her to
keep a balanced diet and to do exercise. He told her that yoga would help her a lot.
David: And, did it work?
Alice: Yes, it did. My mum lost two kilos during the first month and her cardio endurance is
better than it used to be.
David: It is incredible how healthy habits can change our lives, isn’t it?
Alice: Oh, yes. My father used to smoke a lot, but he suffered a heart attack five years ago
and he started taking care of himself.
David: So, it’s because of his heart attack that he started a new, healthy life.
Alice: Yes. He stopped smoking, he went on a low-fat diet, and started a regular routine of
exercise.
David: Ah…That’s why he looks so young now!
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INGLÉS B1
Alice: Well, I guess so. What is for sure is that he is much healthier. I can’t remember the last
time he was ill; he hasn’t caught a cold or had a headache for years.
David: I want to be fit too, so I am going to stop talking and concentrate on the exercises.
Alice: It’s ok, let’s put our muscles to work!
GRAMMAR 4. CONNECTING CLAUSES USING BECAUSE
When we want to join or connect two clauses, we use a subordinating conjunction or
connector. One of the clauses is independent – the main clause –, while the clause introduced
by the subordinating conjunction is a dependent or subordinating clause. Dependent clauses
usually contain additional information to the main clause but they do not express a complete
thought.
Because is the most common connector of reason and cause and it introduces dependent
clauses expressing the reason, cause or motivation for the main clause.
Because is used at the beginning of a clause before a subject and a verb:
because + subject+ verb
We were late because we overslept this morning. (The reason why we were late is that we
overslept this morning)
He didn’t attend to class because he missed the bus. (The reason why he didn’t attend to
class is that he missed the bus)
My sister is seriously ill because she has had a terrible accident. (The cause why my sister is
seriously ill is that she has had a terrible accident)
Peter is exhausted because he has been working hard lately. (The cause why Peter is
exhausted is that he has been working hard lately)
I don’t want to go to the concert because I don’t like the band. (The reason why I don’t want
to go to the concert is that I don’t like the band)
Clauses introduced by because can go after or before the main clause. If the clause
introduced by because goes after the main clause we do not use any punctuation.
However, if the because- clause goes before the main clause, we usually introduce a
comma (,) after the subordinate clause introduced by because:
Because he had run out of milk, he went shopping.
He went shopping because he had run out of milk.
28
INGLÉS B1
Because I had no idea, I asked the teacher.
I asked the teacher because I had no idea.
Because can also be used to answer questions introduced by why?
- Why did you leave early? - Because I had a very important meeting.
-
Why are you so sad today? - Because my mother is in hospital.
As and Since can also be used to connect clauses expressing reason or cause with almost the
same meaning as because. As and Since are more formal than because and they are usually
used when the reason is already known by the listener. As and Since clauses often go before
the main clause.
As the weather is terrible, I will stay in. (I will stay in because the weather is terrible)
As it is quite late, we will take a taxi to go home. (We will take a taxi to go home because it is
quite late)
Since you are a good boy, I will buy you a beautiful present. (I will buy you a beautiful present
because you are a good boy)
Since he is quite bossy and bad-tempered, nobody likes him. (Nobody likes him because he is
quite bossy and bad-tempered)
Because of is a two word preposition also used to connect or join clauses expressing reason
or cause. Because of is used before a noun phrase, that is, a noun or a pronoun, in some
cases modified by an adjective:
because of + (adjective) + noun/pronoun
Because of the (nice) weather, the party was outside.
Notice the difference with the use of because:
We were late because of the rain. We were late because the rain.
Noun
We were late because it was raining. We were late because of it was raining.
Subject+verb
I can barely understand him because of you. I can’t barely understand him because you.
Pronoun
I can barely understand him because you are making noise. I can’t barely understand him
because of you are making noise.
Subject+verb
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INGLÉS B1
VOCABULARY 4. HEALTH AND FITNESS
HEALTH AND FITNESS
30
SALUD Y FORMA FÍSICA
HEALTH AND DOCTORS
SALUD Y MÉDICOS
Ambulance
Ambulancia
Antibiotics
Antibiótico
Appointment
Cita
Checkup
Chequeo
Doctor
Médico, doctor/a
Hospital
Hospital
Medical insurance
Seguro médico
Medicine
Medicina
Nurse
Enfermero/a
Operating theatre
Sala de operaciones
Pill
Píldora
Pregnancy
Embarazo
Prescription
Receta
Pulse
Pulso
Surgeon
Cirujano/a
Surgery
Cirugía
Tablet
Pastilla
Temperature
Temperatura
To catch a cold
Coger un resfriado
Vaccine
Vacuna
Waiting room
Sala de espera
Ward
Sala (hospital)
INGLÉS B1
HEALTH AND FITNESS
X-ray
Rayos X
DISEASES AND HEALTH
PROBLEMS
ENFERMEDADES Y
PROBLEMAS DE SALUD
Aids
Sida
Allergy
Alergia
Arthritis
Artritis
Asthma
Asma
Backache
Dolor de espalda
Blister
Ampolla
Broken bone
Hueso roto
Bruise
Moratón
Cancer
Cáncer
Chicken pox
Varicela
Cholesterol
Colesterol
Cold
Catarro
Cough
Tos
Cramp
Calambre
Cut
Corte
Earache
Dolor de oídos
Eating disorder
Desorden alimenticio
Fever
Fiebre
Fit (noun)
Ataque (nombre)
Flu
Gripe
Food poisoning
Intoxicación alimenticia
Fracture
Fractura
Hay fever
Fiebre del heno
Headache
Dolor de cabeza
Heart attack
Infarto
High blood pressure
Tensión alta
Infection
Infección
Inflammation
Inflamación
Migraine
Migraña
Overweight
Sobrepeso
Pneumonia
Neumonía
Rash
Sarpullido
Sore throat
Garganta irritada
Sprain
Esguince
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INGLÉS B1
HEALTH AND FITNESS
32
Stroke
Derrame
Swelling
Hinchazón
Virus
Virus
SPORT AND FITNESS
DEPORTE Y FORMA FÍSICA
Aerobics
Aeróbic
Balanced diet
Dieta equilibrada
Cardio endurance
Resistencia cardio
Dumbbell
Mancuerna
Exercise
Hacer ejercicio
Fit (adjective)
En forma (adjetivo)
Flexibility
Flexibilidad
Gym
Gimnasio
Healthy
Sano
Low-fat diet
Dieta baja en grasa
Nutrition
Nutrición
Pilates
Pilates
Regular routine
Rutina regular
Skin care
Cuidado de la piel
Strength
Fuerza
Stretching
Estiramiento
To lift weights
Levantar pesas
To lose weight
Perder peso
To quit smoking
Dejar de fumar
To stretch
Estirar
Vegetarian diet
Dieta vegetariana
Warm-up
Calentamiento
Well-being
Bienestar
Workout
Sesión de ejercicios
Yoga
Yoga
INGLÉS B1
FILM 4. “BECAUSE I SAID SO”
Daphne is a single mother with three grown daughters and she is almost obsessed with the
idea that her youngest daughter Milly finds a perfect man. She has the perfect candidate for
her and a plan for her daughter to meet him. Daphne always tells her daughter she has to do
things just because she says so.
Daphne: Oh, my God. Look. Oh, God. Mill, look at this.
Milly:
Mom, it's polka dots. It's so Minnie Mouse. I don't even know if I like it. Do I?
Maggie: I'm hearing you hate it.
Daphne: Me, too.
Daphne: Oh, please, just try it on.
Milly:
Why?
Daphne: Because I said so. Honey, look, it might surprise you. Anyway, you look beautiful
in dresses. In fact, you know what I think? I think that you should wear it to that
catered affair on Sunday.
Milly:
To work? Mom, I spill things all the time.
Daphne: Oh, come on, just try it on.
Milly:
All right.
Daphne: Okay. That's incredible.
Milly:
It's not really me at all.
Daphne: What are you talking about? It is totally you.
Mae:
Well, it's sort of more you in a way.
Maggie: You know what it is? It's kind of Aunt Jemima meets Betty Crocker.
Daphne: You know, that's… ridiculous. Come on, sweetie, you know what I'm going to do? I
made up my mind. I'm going to get it for you.
33
INGLÉS B1
Milly:
No, no, no. You're not getting me this dress. I don't even like it and it's absurd for
work. No!
34
INGLÉS B1
UNIT 5. WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS?
SITUATION 5. AT THE CONCERT
David: Hey, Alice. Are you coming to the concert on Friday?
Alice: A concert?
David: Yes, haven’t you heard about it? The M Band are playing at the University. I’ve seen
them live twice already. They came to my hometown two years ago, and last year I
saw them in London too.
Alice: Really? You’re a big fan! What kind of music do they do?
David: They have played different styles: rock, pop, hip-hop, but they’ve recently found their
own sound. Their songs are great and Pete, the drummer, has won several awards.
He’s awesome.
Alice: It sounds great, but I’m afraid I can’t go. I’ve enrolled in a seminar on Russian literature
and the first class is on Friday evening.
David: But I’ve just bought the tickets.
Alice: I’m sorry. Maybe you can go with Alex.
David: No, his father has had an accident and he has gone home to be with him.
Alice: Is he alright?
David: Yes, but he’s broken his leg and he can’t walk for the moment.
Alice: Why don’t you ask Peter?
David: Ok. I will try.
35
INGLÉS B1
(...) On Saturday afternoon…
Alice: How was the concert?
David: It’s been the best concert of my life! They gave it their all. They played some new
songs and we had a great time. But Peter didn’t like it.
Alice: Why?
David: He prefers jazz and classical music.
Alice: He plays the piano, doesn’t he?
David: Yes. He has taken piano lessons for 5 years.
Alice: I can play the guitar. If you sing, we can start a band.
David: I like that idea!
GRAMMAR 5. PRESENT PERFECT
Form
The present perfect is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb TO HAVE and the
past participle of the main verb.
The affirmative is formed as follows:
HAVE / HAS + past participle
I have worked
She has worked
The past participle in regular verbs is formed by adding –ed to the infinitive, so it has exactly
the same form as the simple past. (loveloved; walk walked)
As for irregular verbs, the past participles vary. Each verb is different.
Negative
The negative is formed by adding NOT to the auxiliary (have).
HAVE / HAS + not + past participle
I have not worked
She has not worked
Interrogative
36
INGLÉS B1
The interrogative is formed by inverting the auxiliary and subject.
HAVE/HAS + subject + past participle+?
Have you worked?
Has she worked?
Contractions
HAVE/ HAS and HAVE NOT/HAS NOT can be contracted thus:
I have worked
I’ve worked
You have not worked
You haven’t worked
He has worked
He’s worked
Where have you been?
Where’ve you been?
What has he done?
What’s he done?
The contracted forms are often almost inaudible in colloquial speech.
Present perfect conjugation: verb to walk
Person
and
number
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Negative
Interrogative
1st p. sg.
I have walked
I have not walked
2 p. sg.
You have walked
He has walked
She has walked
She has not walked
Has she walked?
Has she not walked?
It has walked
It has not walked
Has it walked?
Has it not walked?
We have walked
We have not walked
Have we walked?
Have we not walked?
nd
3 p. sg.
rd
1st p. pl.
Have I walked?
Have I not walked?
You have not walked
Have you walked?
Have you not walked?
He has not walked
Has he walked?
Has he not walked?
2 p. pl.
You have walked
You have not walked
Have you walked?
Have you not walked?
3rd p. pl.
They have walked
They have not walked
Have they walked?
Have they not walked?
nd
Present perfect conjugation: verb to walk (contracted or short forms)
Person
and
number
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Interrogative
Negative
1st p. sg.
I’ve walked
I haven’t walked
Have I walked?
Haven’t I walked?
2 p. sg.
You’ve walked
You haven’t walked
Have you walked?
Haven’t you walked?
He’s walked
He hasn’t walked
Has he walked?
Hasn’t he walked?
She’s walked
She hasn’t walked
Has she walked?
Hasn’t she walked?
nd
3rd p. sg.
It’s walked
It hasn’t walked
Has it walked?
Hasn’t it walked?
1st p. pl.
We’ve walked
We haven’t walked
Have we walked?
Haven’t we walked?
2 p. pl.
You’ve walked
You haven’t walked
Have you walked?
Haven’t you walked?
They’ve walked
They haven’t
walked
Have they
walked?
Haven’t they walked?
nd
3rd p. pl.
37
INGLÉS B1
Use
This tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past. It is used to describe
actions or states that started in the past but maintain a strong connection with the present.
The present perfect is used to talk about:
1. Actions which started in the past and continue up to now.
2. Past actions that have a result in the present.
3. Recently completed actions.
4. Experiences we have had or we haven’t had.
1. Actions which started in the past and continue up to now.
I have lived in this house for fifteen years. (I started living in this house fifteen years ago
and I still live in the same house.)
I haven’t eaten meat since 1987. (The last time I ate meat was in 1987. The action of not
eating meat started in 1987 and continues in the present.)
2. Past actions that have a result in the present.
I have lost my umbrella and now it’s raining. I’ll get wet. (The action of losing the umbrella
took place in the past. However, that action has a result in the present: I don’t have my
umbrella because I lost it, so I will get wet now that it is raining.)
Mary has gone to Australia. (The fact that Mary has gone to Australia has as a result that she
is not here now.)
3. Recently completed actions.
I have just finished my homework.
He has just washed the car.
The lift has just broken down.
Pay attention to the fact that recently completed actions often have results in the present.
For instance, the action expressed in “He has just washed the car” has a direct result in the
present, which is that the car is clean. Similarly, if “The lift has just broken down”, we will
probably have to use the stairs.
It is important to note that we frequently use JUST to deal with recently completed actions.
4. Experiences we have had or we haven’t had.
I have visited New York.
I have never been to the zoo.
38
INGLÉS B1
I have broken my left leg twice.
The examples above describe experiences someone has had (the first and the third) or hasn’t
had (the second example). The time when these experiences were lived is not specified. For
instance, we don’t know when the visit to New York took place; it could have been “two years
ago”, “last September” or “in 2008”. Note that if we specify the time when these events took
place by using past time expressions such as “three years ago”, “in the fifties”, etc. then we
will not use the present perfect tense, but a past tense.
VOCABULARY 5. MUSIC. EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO THE PAST
MUSIC
MÚSICA
Anthem
Himno nacional
Chorus
Estribillo
Hymn
Himno
Lyrics
Letras
Song
Canción
Tune
Melodía
STYLES
ESTILOS
Classical
Clásica
Folk
Folclórica
Hip hop
Hip-hop
Pop
Popular
Rap
Rap
Reggae
Reggae
Rock
Rock
MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
INSTRUMENTOS
MUSICALES
Accordion
Acordeón
39
INGLÉS B1
MUSIC
40
MÚSICA
Bagpipe
Gaita
Bass
Bajo
Bassoon
Fagot
Cello
Violonchelo
Clarinet
Clarinete
Drums
Batería
Drumsticks
Baquetas
Electric guitar
Guitarra eléctrica
Fiddle
Violín
Flute
Flauta
French horn
Trompa
Guitar
Guitarra
Harmonica
Armónica
Harp
Arpa
Keyboard
Teclado
Oboe
Oboe
Organ
Órgano
Piano
Piano
Saxophone
Saxofón
String
Cuerda
Synthesizer
Sintetizador
To play
Tocar
Trumpet
Trompeta
Violin
Violín
MUSICIANS
MÚSICOS
Band
Grupo
Bass player
Bajista
Composer
Compositor/a
Drummer
Batería
Guitarist
Guitarrista
Orchestra
Orquesta
Orchestra conductor
Director/a de orquesta
Pianist
Pianista
Solo artist
Solista
Song writer
Letrista
Vocalist
Vocalista
INGLÉS B1
EXPRESSIONS RELATED
TO THE PAST
EXPRESIONES
RELACIONADAS CON EL
PASADO
Yesterday
Ayer
The day before yesterday
Anteayer
Yesterday morning
Ayer por la mañana
Yesterday afternoon
Ayer por la tarde
Yesterday evening
Ayer por la tarde noche
Last night
Ayer por la noche
Last week
La semana pasada
Last month
El mes pasado
Last year
El año pasado
Two days ago
Hace dos días
Three weeks ago
Hace tres semanas
Five months ago
Hace cinco meses
Ten years ago
Hace diez años
FILM 5. “WHAT HAVE I DONE TO DESERVE THIS?”
What have I done to deserve this? is one of the best known films of the Spanish film director
Pedro Almodovar. The film, set in the 1980’s Madrid, describes the life struggle of a
housewife who lives in a small apartment with her husband and two children.
Almodovar has become one of the most internationally acclaimed Spanish filmmakers in
recent times.
He started to make films in the 1970’s. Since then, Almodovar has been awarded prizes at
many film festivals all over the world.
In his films, he has maintained a distinctive style: surreal sets in ultra-bright colours, very
independent characters, unusual storylines full of sexuality and humour.
The "Almodovar phenomenon" has spread all over the world, making his films very popular
in many countries.
41
INGLÉS B1
42
INGLÉS B1
UNIT 6. EVER AFTER
SITUATION 6. AT THE CLUB
Alice: What are you going to do at the weekend?
David: I don’t know yet. Peter has asked me to go fishing with him.
Alice: Again? You went fishing last weekend, didn’t you?
David: Yes. That’s why I’m thinking about doing something different.
Alice: That’s good.
David: Some friends of mine are planning to go canoeing on Sunday. I have never gone
canoeing, but it seems a fun thing to do.
Alice: It is. I went canoeing once.
David: Really? I had no idea. Did you like it?
Alice: Not much. I had a very good time, but it was too cold.
David: But it’s going to be sunny and warm this weekend. Why don’t you join us?
Alice: I can’t. I’m going to the theatre on Sunday.
David: Can’t you change your plans?
Alice: No, I have already bought the tickets. I’ve wanted to see this play since I was fifteen.
David: So we aren’t going to do anything together this weekend.
Alice: Well, I’ve just met a friend of mine and she has invited me to the reopening of her club
on Friday evening.
David: A new club! That sounds interesting too.
Alice: Yes, she has worked in it for months. She has reconstructed the old building in Down
Street.
David: The one between the bowling alley and the cinema?
43
INGLÉS B1
Alice: Yes, have you ever been there?
David: I haven’t been there since last year. We went there to celebrate after a football
match. It was a good night! I heard they shut it down soon after that.
Alice: Yes, because the building was too old. I still haven’t seen it, but my friend says it’s
completely renewed now.
David: I’m free on Friday evening. I can pick you up at about 11. Is that all right?
Alice: Great!
GRAMMAR 6. JUST, FOR, SINCE, EVER…
The present perfect is used with JUST for a recently completed action:
I have just had dinner.
We have just seen Mary. She was at the supermarket.
She has just arrived.
Note that JUST must be placed between the auxiliary and the main verb:
I
We
have
have
just
just
had
seen
She
has
just
arrived.
dinner.
Mary.
The combination of present perfect and JUST is chiefly used in the affirmative, although the
interrogative form is possible:
Has he just gone out?
Have they just told you the truth?
Present perfect used with FOR and SINCE to describe the duration of an action or
state
As we have seen, in English we use the Present Perfect to describe an action which started in
the past and extends into the present. The duration of that action is described by using either
FOR or SINCE followed by a temporal reference:
We have lived in this house for twenty years.
My parents have been married for thirty years.
Mary has taught at this school since 2003.
FOR refers to a period of time extending to the present:
I have studied English for six years.
SINCE is used with a point in time and means “from that point to the time of speaking”:
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INGLÉS B1
I have lived in this house since 1999.
FOR
SINCE
With points in time:
With periods of time:
- a month
-
two years
-
two days
a week
my whole life
-
1999
3 o’clock
-
last week
-
February
the day I met you
Present perfect used with EVER and NEVER to talk about experiences
EVER and NEVER frequently accompany the present perfect when this tense is used to talk
about experiences we have had or experiences we haven’t had, respectively. The adverbs
EVER and NEVER express the idea of an unidentified time before now.
EVER and NEVER are always placed before the past participle:
Susan has never been to Rome.
Have you ever seen a UFO?
Position of EVER and NEVER
Susan has
Have you
never
ever
been
to Rome
seen
a UFO?
Past Participle
EVER is used in questions:
Have you ever practiced a risk-taking sport?
Has she ever talked to a famous artist?
in negative questions:
Haven't they ever invited you to have dinner with them?
Haven't you ever eaten Chinese food? It is delicious.
and in negative statements using the pattern NOTHING …EVER, NOBODY…EVER:
Nobody has ever explained that to her.
Nothing has ever been done to solve the problem.
EVER is also used in sentences of the type:
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INGLÉS B1
This is the best meal I have ever had.
This is the worst song I have ever listened to.
This is the cleverest person I have ever met.
We can use this construction without EVER with THE FIRST, THE SECOND, etc. and THE ONLY:
This is the first time that scientists have found evidence that supports the theory.
This is the only decent song he has written.
The present perfect can also be used in sentences with NEVER. It should be taken into
account that when the adverb NEVER is used within a sentence, this sentence is
automatically negative. The verb should therefore be positive so as not to incur into a double
negative.
I have never read that book. (NOT:* I haven’t never read that book)
I have never eaten mushrooms.
Present perfect used with ALREADY, STILL, and YET
ALREADY refers to an action that has happened at an unspecified time before now, often
earlier than expected. We often use the particle ALREADY in affirmative sentences, although
it can also be used in questions:
We have already finished.
The child has already had dinner. We will have dinner in half an hour.
Have you already seen her?
ALREADY can be placed before the main verb or at the end of the sentence:
I have already finished my homework. (Before the main verb)
I have finished my homework already. (At the end of the sentence)
I
have
Position of ALREADY
already
finished
I
have
finished
my homework.
my homework already.
We use STILL with the present perfect in negative sentences to indicate that something is
not finished, that an action or a situation is continuing, often for a longer time than expected.
STILL usually goes in the middle of the sentence, before the verb:
I still haven’t found what I’m looking for.
The baby still crawls.
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INGLÉS B1
We use YET mostly in questions and negative sentences. We use YET in interrogative
sentences to ask whether something has happened up to the present time. YET is normally
placed at the end of the sentence.
In interrogative sentences YET means “already”:
Have they finished yet?
In negative sentences YET means “still”:
We haven’t finished yet.
We can use NOT YET to say that something we expect to happen is still pending.
Have you visited the British Museum? Not yet.
VOCABULARY 6. ENTERTAINMENT
ENTERTAINMENT
ENTRETENIMIENTO
HOBBIES AND PASTIMES
AFICIONES Y PASATIEMPOS
Amusement park
Parque de atracciones
Billiards
Billar
Board games
Juegos de mesa
Brainteasers
Adivinanzas, acertijos
Canoeing
Piragüismo
Card games
Juegos de cartas
Checkers
Juego de damas
Chess
Ajedrez
Cricket
Críquet
Crosswords
Crucigramas
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INGLÉS B1
ENTERTAINMENT
48
ENTRETENIMIENTO
Dancing
Baile
Darts
Dardos
DIY (do-it-yourself)
Bricolaje
Dog racing
Carreras de perros
Fishing
Pesca
Funfair
Feria
Gambling
Juegos de apuestas
Gardening
Jardinería
Go camping
Ir de acampada
Go clubbing
Salir de fiesta
Go to a concert
Ir a un concierto
Go to a parade
Ir a un desfile
Go to the cinema
Ir al cine
Go to the circus
Ir al circo
Go to the theatre
Ir al teatro
Hiking
Senderismo
Hunting
Caza
Jigsaw puzzle
Rompecabezas
Jogging
Correr
Knitting
Hacer punto
Matinee
Sesión de tarde
Music festival
Festival de música
Painting
Pintura
Parachuting
Paracaidismo
Performance
Actuación
Photography
Fotografía
Pool
Billar americano
Pot-holing
Espeleología
Pottery
Cerámica, alfarería
Reading
Lectura
Rock climbing
Escalada
Rugby
Rugby
Sewing
Costura
Skating
Patinaje
Skiing
Esquí
Snooker
Billar ruso
Squash
Squash
INGLÉS B1
ENTERTAINMENT
ENTRETENIMIENTO
Surfing
Surf
Video games
Videojuegos
Yoga
Yoga
SPORTS
DEPORTES
Aerobics
Aeróbic
Athletics
Atletismo
Badminton
Bádminton
Baseball
Béisbol
Basketball
Baloncesto
Bicycling
Ciclismo
Bowling
Bolos
Bowling alley
Bolera
Boxing
Boxeo
Car racing
Automovilismo
Diving
Buceo
Football
Fútbol
Golf
Golf
Gymnastics
Gimnasia
Hang gliding
Ala delta
Hockey
Hockey
Horse racing
Carrera de caballos
Horse riding
Equitación
Ice hockey
Hockey sobre hielo
Ice skating
Patinaje sobre hielo
Karate
Karate
Martial arts
Artes marciales
Motorboat racing
Carrera de lanchas
Mountaineering
Montañismo
Polo
Polo
Rowing
Remo
Rollerskating
Patinaje sobre ruedas
Sailing
Navegación a vela
Skydiving
Paracaidismo acrobático
Swimming
Natación
Table tennis
Tenis de mesa
Target shooting
Tiro al blanco
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INGLÉS B1
ENTERTAINMENT
ENTRETENIMIENTO
Tennis
Tenis
Volleyball
Voleibol
Water skiing
Esquí acuático
Weight lifting
Pesas
Wrestling
Lucha libre
FILM 6. “EVER AFTER”
…
You are not my problem anymore.
DANIELLE (Looking sad):
Is that what I am, your problem?
I have done everything you’ve asked me to do and still you deny me the only thing I ever
wanted!
RODMILLA: And what was that?
DANIELLE:
What do you think?
You are the only mother that I have ever known.
Was there ever a time, even in its smallest measurement, that you loved me at all?
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UNIT 7. YOU WILL MEET A TALL DARK STRANGER
SITUATION 7. AT THE RESTAURANT
Alice: Mary and John are visiting London and they have invited us to join them. What do you
think?
David: It sounds great! I think we’ll have a really good time there. I’ll phone John to tell him we
are going with them.
Alice: Ok, I’ll send an e-mail to Mary. She’ll be delighted.
(...) David and John talk on the phone.
David: I’ve talked to John and we are having dinner with him and Mary at Vitto’s.
Alice: That’s in the city centre. I’ll call a taxi.
David: That won’t be necessary. We’ll pick John and Mary up in my brother’s van.
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(...) At the restaurant...
John: We have to decide how to get to London.
David: We can go by car, but I think we’ll spend too much time on the road.
Mary: What about going by train?
Alice: Oh, Mary, I love travelling by train but it isn’t the best solution for a short trip.
John: We can go by plane. We’ll be in London in an hour. There’s a plane leaving from here at 5
p.m. and arriving at Heathrow airport at 6:10 p.m. It is a low-cost flight.
David, Alice and Mary: You’ve convinced us. We’ll go by plane.
John: We’ll have to be at the Departures area at least at 4 p.m. to check in because the flight
will start boarding half an hour before the scheduled take-off time.
Mary: And... how are we getting to the airport? Will we go by bus or subway?
David, Alice and John: By subway!
GRAMMAR 7. WILL REFERRING TO THE FUTURE. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE FOR
FUTURE USE
WILL REFERRING TO THE FUTURE
The most common way of expressing what we know or think about the future is the
construction of will with the infinitive:
He will be here in half an hour.
Will you need any help?
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Form
In the affirmative, we use will and the bare infinitive of the verb:
I will be on holiday in August.
You will be late if you don't hurry.
Will can be shortened to ‘ll and placed in the same position after the subject:
He’ll be here in half an hour.
You’ll be late if you don’t hurry.
In the negative, we add the negative particle not after will:
The cost will not be more than £50.
I will not have time for a meal.
In these cases, the shortened form is made joining will and not =won’t:
I won’t have time for a meal.
In the interrogative, to make questions, we use will as the auxiliary, before the subject:
Will you be at home this evening?
Will they come next week?
We can also use will in short answers:
Will you be at home this evening? Yes, I will.
Will they come next week? No, they won’t.
All subjects take the same form:
AFFIRMATIVE
NEGATIVE
SHORT
FORM
INTERROGATIVE
SHORT FORM
I
I’LL
I
I
I
YOU
YOU’LL
YOU
YOU
YOU
HE
SHE
IT
HE’LL
SHE’LL
IT’LL
HE
SHE
IT
HE
SHE
IT
HE
SHE
IT
WE’LL
WE
WE
WILL
WILL NOT
WE
WON’T
WILL
WE
YOU
YOU’LL
YOU
YOU
YOU
THEY
THEY’LL
THEY
THEY
THEY
Use
With will we can inform about decisions that we make at present, at the time of speaking:
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INGLÉS B1
It’s too late to leave now. We’ll leave tomorrow morning.
We can also express our hopes for the future, and make promises and offers, using will:
I hope it won’t rain tomorrow.
We’ll come here again next year, I promise.
I’ll lend you some money.
Although these constructions with will are the closest approximations to a neutral future,
they also cover a range of modal meanings. One of these is prediction.
Will can express prediction without present evidence:
You will feel better after this medicine. (You are still feeling unwell, but I’m predicting you
will feel better later.)
In conditional sentences, we can find will with a habitual predictive meaning:
If you leave ice in the sun, it will melt. (Whenever this condition takes place, the result will be
the same.)
We can also use will in timeless statements of predictability:
Oil will float on water. (It is a characteristic of oil to float on water, so whenever we mix both
of them, we’ll obtain this result.)
And it is commonly used in descriptions of personal habits or characteristic behaviour:
He’ll talk for hours, if you let him. (He likes talking and we know he will do it whenever he has
the occasion.)
As we have seen, will can be used for:
Informing
Predicting
-
decisions at the time of speaking
-
prediction without present evidence
-
hopes
promises
-
habitual prediction
timeless statements
-
offers
-
personal habits
PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE FOR FUTURE USE
The Present Continuous* can be used to talk about a future arrangement in the near future.
It is the most usual way of expressing one’s immediate plans:
I am meeting Mary tonight. We are having dinner together.
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Are you doing anything tomorrow afternoon? - Yes, I am visiting my grandmother.
Note that the time of the action must always be mentioned. Otherwise there might be
confusion between present and future meanings. There are two exceptions to this, which
are the verbs COME and GO. Look at the following examples and pay attention to the fact that
the time of the action is not mentioned:
What are you doing this weekend? - I am going to the beach. My friends are coming with
me.
I am going to the cinema.
They are coming to the mountains with us.
* Remember that the Present Continuous is formed by the present of the auxiliary “to be” and
the present participle (-ing) of the main verb.
Positive
I am
you are
he/she/it is
we are
you are
they are
Negative
I am
you are
he/she/it is
we are
you are
they are
+ doing
Interrogative
+ not + doing
am I
are you
is he/she/it
are we
are you
are they
+ doing?
VOCABULARY 7. TRAVEL AND MEANS OF TRANSPORT. EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO
THE FUTURE TIME
TRAVEL
Bed & Breakfast (B&B)
Boarding card/pass
56
VIAJES
Hotel (sólo ofrece alojamiento y
desayuno)
Tarjeta de embarque
INGLÉS B1
TRAVEL
VIAJES
Camp
Campamento
Castle
Castillo
Cathedral
Catedral
Check-in desk
Mostrador de facturación
Country/countryside
Campo
Cruise
Crucero
Destination
Destino
Duty-free shop
Tienda libre de impuestos
Flight
Vuelo
Full board
Pensión completa
Guidebook
Guía
Half board
Media pensión
Hand luggage
Equipaje de mano
Hiking
Senderismo
Holidays
Vacaciones
Hotel
Hotel
Journey
Viaje, excursión
Luggage
Equipaje
Map
Mapa
Market
Mercado
Museum
Museo
Palace
Palacio
Passenger
Pasajero/a
Passport
Pasaporte
Route
Ruta
Sightseeing
Hacer turismo (visitar museos,
monumentos…)
Souvenir
Souvenir, recuerdo
Statue
Estatua
Stroll
Paseo
Suitcase
Maleta
Temple
Templo
To book
Reservar
To land
Aterrizar
To take-off
Despegar
To travel
Viajar
Tourist
Turista
Travel agency
Agencia de viajes
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TRAVEL
VIAJES
Travel agent
Agente de viajes
Trip
Viaje
MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE
58
Aeroplane / Plane
Avión
Air hostess
Azafata
Airline
Aerolínea
Airport
Aeropuerto
Aisle
Pasillo
Arrivals
Llegadas
Bicycle
Bicicleta
Boat
Barco
Bus
Autobús
Bus-conductor
Cobrador
Cockpit
Cabina
Compartment
Compartimento
Cruiser
Crucero
Deck
Cubierta
Departures
Salidas
Dock
Muelle
Driver
Conductor/a
Ferry
Transbordador
Garage
Garaje, taller
Gate
Puerta de embarque
Helicopter
Helicóptero
INGLÉS B1
MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE
Light-house
Faro
Liner
Transatlántico
Lorry
Camión
Motorbike
Motocicleta
Passenger train
Tren de pasajeros
Petrol station
Gasolinera
Pilot
Piloto
Port
Puerto
Rail
Ferrocarril
Road
Carretera
Ship
Barco, buque
Sleeping car
Coche cama
Sports car
Coche deportivo
Steward / Stewardess
Auxiliar de vuelo
Subway
Metro
Taxi
Taxi
Terminal
Terminal
Ticket collector
Revisor/a
Ticket office
Ventanilla, taquilla
To sail
Navegar
Train
Tren
Tram
Tranvía
Tube
Metro
Underground
Metro
Van
Furgoneta
Yacht
Yate
EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO
EXPRESIONES RELACIONADAS
THE FUTURE TIME
CON EL TIEMPO FUTURO
After (you arrive)
Después de que (llegues)
As soon as (you can)
Tan pronto como (puedas)
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EXPRESSIONS RELATED TO
THE FUTURE TIME
Before (you leave)
By next week / 20th March…
EXPRESIONES RELACIONADAS
CON EL TIEMPO FUTURO
Antes (de que te vayas)
Antes de la semana que viene / del día
20 de marzo…
In 2 years time / In 3 weeks
Dentro de 2 años / dentro de 3
time…
semanas…
In the (near) future
En un futuro (cercano)
Next Monday/Tuesday... /
January/February…
El próximo lunes, martes… / enero,
febrero…
Next week / month / year
La próxima semana / mes / año
Some time in the future
En algún momento del futuro
Soon
Pronto
The day after tomorrow
Pasado mañana
Tomorrow
Mañana
Tomorrow morning / afternoon
Mañana por la mañana / por la tarde /
/ night
por la noche
Until (you find it)
Hasta que (lo encuentres)
When (we get there)
Cuando (lleguemos allí)
FILM 7. “YOU WILL MEET A TALL DARK STRANGER”
During a press conference in Cannes, a journalist asks Woody Allen, and the actor and
actresses accompanying him, if they believe in fortune-telling. This is an extract of the
answer:
Josh Brolin: Is the title...? I have a question for you, Woody: Is the title referred to that
(fortune-telling) or to the Grim Reaper?
Woody Allen: Both. The title is... ambiguous. In the United States, when someone says “you
will meet a tall dark stranger” the woman feels thrilled and then you think you're going to
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INGLÉS B1
meet Antonio Banderas or Josh or Warren Beatty, or somebody that's a tall dark stranger. But
there is another meaning to it, because, you know, there is a tall dark stranger that we all
eventually meet, as Josh says in the movie, though we don't really want to meet. So the title
is ambiguous. So, Naomi, do you believe in fortune-tellers?
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UNIT 8. I’LL SLEEP WHEN I’M DEAD
SITUATION 8. AT THE WEDDING
Alice: Are you going to Maggie’s wedding with your new boyfriend?
Mary: Yes, I am. I have just bought a night dress. It is wonderful but if it rains I will have to
wear a raincoat.
Alice: I don’t think it will rain but you may need a coat and a hat to protect you from the cold.
Mary: If it is cold, I will wear my mother’s fur coat.
Alice: Have you also bought new shoes?
Mary: No, I haven’t bought any shoes yet. I think I will go shopping this weekend to buy a pair
of high-heeled shoes. Do you want to come?
Alice: Oh I am sorry I can’t. I have an exam on Monday and I will stay in over the weekend to
study.
Mary: In that case I will tell Andie.
Alice: What is he wearing to the wedding?
Mary: He is wearing a black tuxedo, a white shirt and a bowtie.
Alice: Oh, my god! I still have nothing to wear. I have bought a checked black miniskirt and a
white blouse. But I’m afraid it will be too cold to wear a miniskirt.
Mary: Don’t worry. If you need a jacket or a coat, I can lend you one. I have plenty of dresses
and accessories for a wedding.
Alice: But you and I are not the same size.
Mary: What size are you?
Alice: I usually wear a medium size.
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Mary: So do I. If you want, come to my house tonight and you can try on some of my dresses.
It will be funny.
Alice: That’s great! It’s better than going shopping.
GRAMMAR 8. ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS. INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONALS
Conditional sentences are used to express that an action can take place if a certain condition
is fulfilled. Conditional sentences are usually introduced by “if”. There are two clauses within
a conditional sentence: the main clause and the “if” clause.
1. ZERO CONDITIONAL
Structure of a zero conditional sentence
A zero conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if” clause and a main clause, both in
the present simple tense:
if + subject + present simple + subject + present simple
if-clause
main clause
When the “if” clause comes first, a comma is used to separate the two clauses:
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
But when the main clause comes first, there is no need for a comma:
Water boils if you heat it to 100 degrees.
Using the zero conditional
The zero conditional is used to talk about things which are always true — such as scientific
facts and general truths:
If you cross an international date line, the time changes.
If it rains, the grass gets wet.
Wood doesn’t burn if there is no air.
Besides, we can use the zero conditional to talk about things which always happen under
certain conditions:
If I stay up late, I am tired the day after.
You get a 50% discount if you book your flight before April.
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In most zero conditional sentences you can use when or if with the same meaning:
When you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
Unless is also used in zero conditionals with the meaning of if not:
Water doesn’t boil unless you heat it to 100 degrees. (Water doesn’t boil if you don’t heat it
to 100 degrees)
2. FIRST CONDITIONAL
Structure of a first conditional sentence
A first conditional sentence consists of two clauses, an “if” clause with the verb in the present
simple tense and a main clause with a verb in the future tense, an imperative or a modal verb
(can or may):
if + subject + present simple + subject + will + verb
If you buy a car, it will cost a lot of money.
if + subject + present simple + imperative
If you go by car, drive carefully.
if + subject + present simple + subject + can/may + verb
If you study hard, you can pass your exam.
As we have already seen, the if-clause can be placed before or after the main clause:
If you study hard, you can pass your exam = You can pass your exam if you study hard.
Using the first conditional
The first conditional is used to talk about likely events in the future, which may take place if
something happens:
-
Have you seen Carol?
-
No. If I see her, I’ll tell you. (I haven’t seen her, but there is a possibility that I may see
her. If that happens, I will tell you.)
If you drink, don’t drive.
If he phones, can you take a message?
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INGLÉS B1
Instead of if, we can use when for things which are sure to happen. We cannot use it for
things that will possibly happen:
(I’m going shopping this afternoon) When I go shopping, I’ll buy some food.
(I don’t know if it’s going to rain today) If it’s raining, I won’t go out. (not “when it is raining, I
won’t go out”)
We can use unless with the meaning of if not:
I'll be there on time, unless the train is late. (if the train isn’t late)
Unless they invite me, I won’t go to the party. (if they don’t invite me)
INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
The most common way to express purpose, to say why we do things, is using the toinfinitive. Remember that the to-infinitive is the basic form of the verb with the particle to:
We went to the library to get some books. (the purpose of going to the library was to get
some books)
A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a party. (the purpose of phoning was to invite me to
a party)
Most people work to earn money. (the purpose of working is to earn money)
We use the to-infinitive to say why something exists or why somebody has/wants/needs
something:
The President has a team of bodyguards to protect him. (the purpose of the team of
bodyguards is to protect the President)
I need a bottle opener to open this bottle. (the purpose of the bottle opener is to open this
bottle)
There are some expressions which can be used together with the infinitive to express
purpose in a more formal way than the to-infinitive on its own. These expressions are:
in order to + infinitive
We went to the library in order to get some books.
I need a bottle opener in order to open this bottle.
so as to + infinitive
Most people work so as to earn money.
The President has a team of bodyguards so as to protect him.
We can use the negative with these expressions:
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INGLÉS B1
Melanie was hurrying in order not to miss her bus.
The staff are working at weekends so as not to delay the project any further.
Note that the negative particle “not” is placed just before the to-infinitive:
… in order not to miss her bus.
… so as not to delay the project.
In these cases, there is no possibility of using the to-infinitive on its own:
She was hurrying not to miss her bus.
We use the to-infinitive to say what can be done or must be done with something:
It’s difficult to find a place to park in the city centre. (=a place where you can park)
Would you like something to eat? (=something you can eat)
Have you got much work to do? (=work that you must do)
I get lonely if there’s nobody to talk to. (=nobody I can talk to)
We also use the to-infinitive to say what the general purpose of a thing is:
This knife is only to cut bread.
This heater is to keep plants warm in winter.
In these cases we can also use the expression for + -ing:
This knife is only for cutting bread.
This heater is for keeping plants warm in winter.
But we do not use for + -ing to talk about a specific action:
I used that knife to cut bread. (not “for cutting”)
I turned on the heater to keep the plants warm. (not “for keeping”)
To ask about purpose we use “what… for?”:
What is this switch for? This switch is for turning on the light / to turn on the light.
What did you do that for? I did it to find out the truth.
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VOCABULARY 8. FASHION
FASHION
MODA
GENERAL VOCABULARY
VOCABULARIO GENERAL
Accessories
Accesorios
Checked
A cuadros
Clothes
Ropa
Cotton
Algodón
Designer
Diseñador/a
Dress code
Código de vestimenta
Fabric
Tejido
Fashionable
De moda
Flowery
Floreado
Garment
Prenda
Hair style
Peinado
Hairstylist
Peluquero/a
Jewel
Joya
Leather
Cuero
Linen
Lino
Make-up
Maquillaje
Make-up artist
Maquillador/a
Model
Modelo
Out of fashion
Anticuado
Patterned
Estampado
Plain
Liso
Rubber
Goma
Runway
Pasarela
Silk
Seda
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INGLÉS B1
FASHION
MODA
Spotted
De lunares
Striped
A rayas
Style
Estilo
Stylish
Con estilo
Suede
Ante
Sunglasses
Gafas de sol
To dress down (phrasal
verb)
Vestir informal
To dress up (phrasal verb) Vestir formal
68
To put on (phrasal verb)
Ponerse
To take off (phrasal verb)
Quitar (la ropa)
To try on (phrasal verb)
Probarse
To wear
Usar, llevar puesto
Trend
Tendencia
Trendy
Moderno
Unfashionable
Pasado de moda
Uniform
Uniforme
Wool
Lana
Woollen
De lana
APPAREL & ACCESORIES
ROPA Y COMPLEMENTOS
Belt
Cinturón
Blouse
Blusa
Boots
Botas
Bowtie
Pajarita
Bra
Sujetador
Cap
Gorra
Coat
Abrigo
Dress
Vestido
Flip-flops
Chanclas
Gloves
Guantes
Hat
Sombrero
High heels
Zapatos de tacón
Jacket
Chaqueta
Jeans
Vaqueros
Jumper
Jersey
Knickers
Braguitas
Mittens
Manoplas
INGLÉS B1
FASHION
MODA
Panties
Braguitas
Pants
Pantalones (US) / Calzoncillos (UK)
Raincoat
Gabardina
Sandals
Sandalias
Scarf
Bufanda
Shirt
Camisa
Shorts
Pantalón corto
Skirt
Falda
Sneakers
Zapatillas de deporte
Sock
Calcetín
Suit
Traje
Swimsuit
Bañador
Tie
Corbata
Tights
Medias
Tracksuit
Chándal
T-shirt
Camiseta
Tuxedo
Esmoquin
Vest
Chaleco (US) / Camiseta interior
(UK)
STYLES
ESTILOS
Alternative
Alternativo
Casual
Informal
Emo
Emo
Gothic
Gótico
Hippie
Hippy
Punk
Punk
Surfer
Surfero
FILM 8. “I’LL SLEEP WHEN I’M DEAD”
Will Graham is a gangster who has left the life of crime and is living in the countryside. He
comes out of hiding to investigate the death of his brother when he learns that he committed
suicide.
The title of this film is based on a song by Warren Zevon:
Well, I take this medicine as prescribed
I'll sleep when I'm dead
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INGLÉS B1
It don't matter if I get a little tired
I've got a .38 special up on the shelf
If I start acting stupid
I'll shoot myself
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INGLÉS B1
UNIT 9. ROMEO MUST DIE
SITUATION 9. ON CAMPUS
David: Alice! Come over here!
Alice: Hi, David. What’s the matter?
David: Have a look at the new student rules.
Alice: I didn’t know there were any rules.
David: Well, you should, since we all must follow them.
Alice: “Basic rules governing student life.
By enrolling in CMK University, the student accepts the responsibility to comply with
the university’s authority, to respect the rights of others and to protect private and
public property.
-
All students should have their university ID cards available. Lost, stolen or
misplaced cards must be reported immediately to the Cards Office.
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INGLÉS B1
-
Lost or found items should be reported to the University Lost and Found
Office. Any item that is presumed stolen should be reported promptly to the
University Police. The rightful owner must make a claim within a 60-day
-
period.
All motor vehicles must display a valid university parking permit before they
may be parked on university property. A fine will be imposed to the owner if
the permit is not visible on the vehicle.
-
Animals are not permitted in residence halls, university food service areas,
university-owned apartments or other university buildings except where
authorized.”
David: We all know these things already.
You do, but maybe not all students do.
Alice: I don’t like to be told what to do. You should do this, you must do that…
David: But rules are necessary. People have to obey laws and regulations.
Alice: I agree, but I think some rules are unnecessary. I mean, there are common sense rules
that don’t have to be written down.
David: Common sense is sometimes not so common. Different people think differently.
Alice: I think we’re getting too philosophical. Shall we discuss it over a cup of tea?
David: Ha ha. Ok. I’m buying.
GRAMMAR 9. MODALS EXPRESSING OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
What are modal verbs?
Modal verbs, also called modal auxiliaries or simply modals, are a type of auxiliary verb or
helping verb. They precede the main verb of a sentence and add abstract (modal) meanings
such as possibility, suggestion, obligation, or deduction.
Modal verbs show the following characteristics:
1) They do not mean anything without a main verb:
Susan must at work  Susan must be at work
2) They are followed by the bare infinitive (without TO):
The sky is dark. It may rain.
3) The negative is formed by adding the particle NOT to the modal verb:
He should not / shouldn’t smoke.
4) They form the interrogative by inversion with the subject:
Affirmative: I should go to the doctor
Interrogative: Should I go to the doctor?
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INGLÉS B1
5) They do not add –s or –es to the 3rd person singular:
I should, he should (not *he shoulds)
You may, she may ( not *she mays)
6) They cannot be conjugated and they cannot occur in nonfinite functions, as infinitives or
participles.
I musted wear a uniform when I was at that school. We would say “I had to wear a uniform
when I was at that school” instead.
to may, maying, mayed
7) As a general rule you cannot use two modal verbs together.
He should can go.
Obligation and necessity
We can use SHOULD, OUGHT TO, MUST, HAVE TO, NEED to express obligation and necessity.
Should and ought to
SHOULD and OUGHT TO are used to express mild obligation, recommendation or advice. If we
say that somebody “should do” something or “ought to do” something, we mean that it would
be a good thing to do or the right thing to do:
You should save some money / You ought to save some money. (It would be a good thing
that you saved money)
You should buy a new coat. This one is worn out. / You ought to buy a new coat. This one is
worn out. (It would be good for you to buy a new coat since the one you have is worn out)
You should apologise / You ought to apologise. (Apologising is the right thing to do)
We can use SHOULD or OUGHT TO in the negative (SHOULD NOT, SHOULDN’T, OUGHT NOT
TO, and OUGHTN’T TO) to indicate that there is a mild obligation of not doing something or to
recommend not doing something. OUGHT NOT TO and OUGHTN’T TO are rare in American
English and, particularly, OUGHTN’T TO may be not understood:
Those kids should not be playing now. They should be at school / Those kids ought not to
be playing now. They ought to be at school.
You shouldn’t smoke in front of the kids / You oughtn’t to smoke in front of the kids.
SHOULD AND OUGHT TO (and their negatives) are used for the present and future. To refer to
past actions, particularly when they have not been carried out, we use SHOULD HAVE + Past
participle or OUGHT TO HAVE + Past participle:
You should have gone to bed earlier yesterday. You look really tired / You ought to have
gone to bed earlier yesterday. You look really tired.
You shouldn’t have told Susan /You oughtn’t to have told Susan.
You should have met her at the station / You ought to have met her at the station.
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INGLÉS B1
Must
It is used to express strong obligation (possibly based on the speaker’s opinion):
I must study today. (The speaker (I) thinks it is necessary for him/her to study today)
I must visit my grandmother tomorrow. (The speaker (I) thinks that it is necessary that
he/she visits his/her grandmother tomorrow)
The kids must have their hair cut. (The speaker thinks that it is necessary that the kids have
their hair cut)
MUST NOT or MUSTN’T mean that something is not allowed, or it's a bad idea:
You mustn’t smoke here. (prohibition)
They mustn’t park there. (prohibition)
MUST is used in the present or in the future. The past tense is supplied by HAD TO:
I must study today (Present)
I must clean the house tomorrow (Future)
I had to phone John yesterday, but I forgot (Past)
Have to
It is not a modal verb, but it is usually studied together with them. It is an irregular verb whose
forms are have/had/had.
HAVE TO expresses strong obligation but, unlike MUST, the obligation in this case comes
from outside, for instance, from the law, a rule at school, or someone in authority:
You have to get a driving license to drive a car. (the law says that you need it)
I have to be at the office at 8:00. (my company has this rule)
The doctor says I have to stop smoking. (the doctor is someone in authority)
DON’T HAVE TO expresses lack of obligation. It means you don't need to do something, but it's
fine if you want to do it:
I don’t have to read this book. It’s optional.
She didn’t have to go, but she went anyway. (Past)
Need
NEED can be both an auxiliary verb and an ordinary verb. As an auxiliary it is a semi-modal
since it has both modal and “ordinary verb” forms. As a modal, its forms are NEED or NEED
NOT for all persons in present and future.
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INGLÉS B1
NEED conveys existence of the necessity of doing something. NEED as an auxiliary is seldom
used in the affirmative except when a negative or interrogative sentence is preceded by an
expression which changes the negative or interrogative verb into an affirmative:
I needn’t wear a coat  I don’t think I need wear a coat.
Need I tell him?  Do you think I need tell him?
NEED in the negative, NEED NOT or NEEDN’T, indicates lack of necessity or absence of
obligation:
You needn’t buy more food. There is enough at home. (Lack of necessity)
You needn’t call me Mr. Jones. (There is no obligation of calling him Mr. Jones)
VOCABULARY 9. RULES AND REGULATIONS
RULES AND REGULATIONS
REGLAS Y NORMAS
Ban
Prohibición
Bill
Proyecto de ley
Code
Código
Court
Tribunal
Decree
Decreto
Fine
Multa
Illegal
Ilegal, ilícito
Law
Ley
Legal
Legal, lícito
Legislation
Legislación
Legislator
Legislador
Policy
Política
Regulation
Reglamento, regla (realizada
por entidades públicas,
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INGLÉS B1
RULES AND REGULATIONS
REGLAS Y NORMAS
sociedades…)
Rule
Norma, regla (establecida por
cualquier entidad o individuo,
tanto oficial como no oficial)
To allow
Permitir
To ban
Prohibir
To break the law
Quebrantar la ley
To comply with
Cumplir (con)
To control
Controlar
To fail to comply with
Desobedecer, incumplir
To guide
Guiar
To legislate
Legislar
To obey
Obedecer
To take effect
Entrar en vigor
FILM 9. “ROMEO MUST DIE”
In this loose adaptation of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Han Sing (Jet Li) is a former police
officer from Hong Kong who comes to the United States to look for justice against the men
who killed his brother. But he falls in love with Trish, who is the leader of the gang’s daughter.
Have a look at some reviews and comments on this film:
“In a world of vicious rivalries and violent betrayals, only one thing is clear… Romeo must
die.” (introduction to the film)
“If the academy ever decides to give out Oscars for sheer physical exertion, the other
contenders will have to line up behind Mr. Li.” (Elvis Mitchell, New York Times)
“You don't have to believe in the movie, you just sit back and enjoy the non-stop action.”
(MJV & the movies, www.amazon.com)
“Li's fight scenes are amazing and there honestly shouldn't be anybody going to see this
film for any other reason.” (Jon Popick, www.rottentomatoes.com)
“If you love comedy, martial arts, and romance you should check this movie out.” (comment
on the DVD in www.amazon.com)
76
INGLÉS B1
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UNIT 10. THEY MIGHT BE GIANTS
SITUATION 10. AT THE PARK
David: Hey, Alice, what are you reading?
Alice: I’m reading an article on nuclear energy and nuclear weapons.
David: (It) seems interesting.
Alice: It is. Would you like me to read a piece of it aloud?
David: Yes, please.
Alice: The article is entitled “Nuclear Scientists”. The second paragraph reads: “The U.S. have
stopped making nuclear weapons. However, the scientists who made the bombs still
have a lot of their research information and don’t want to get rid of it. The men and
women who invented nuclear weapons formulated hypothesis, contrasted facts, and
carefully registered their observations and the results of their experiments. Now,
scientists working in nuclear weapons labs are trying to save that huge amount of
data. They think that knowledge could be useful in the future.”
David: It’s very interesting! So, according to the article, in the future we may have access to
documents that have been kept secret for years. What do you think?
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INGLÉS B1
Alice: Well, this is a difficult issue. Scientists may save the information but the U.S
Government might decide not to make it public.
David: Yes, it is very likely that they won’t tell the whole truth about nuclear weapons. We
may never know the damage they have caused.
Alice: David, this conversation is very interesting but I have to go. I’m going to the cinema
with Mary. She told me to meet her at the front door at 5 p.m. and it’s 5.10 p.m. now.
She must already be there waiting for me. You can come with us, if you want to.
David: Oh no, thanks. I could go any other day but today my mum is visiting me after work.
She finishes at 5.30 p.m. so she may be here by 6 p.m.
Alice: Ok. Have a good time with your mum.
David: I will. Hope you enjoy the film!
GRAMMAR 10. MODALS EXPRESSING CERTAINY AND UNCERTAINTY
We can use CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, and MUST to talk about how certain we are about
something happening.
CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, and MUST are modal verbs. Modal verbs act as a support to other
verbs. They help us express our opinion and attitude more accurately.
Not all these modals convey the same degree of certainty about the probability of something
happening. Look at the diagram below, which represents this fact:
ISN’T CAN’T BE COULD BE MIGHT BE
MAY BE
MUST BE
IS
Can / Can’t
CAN is used to express general possibility. Subject + CAN mean ‘it is possible’, that is to say,
circumstances permit:
You can get there in half a day. (It is possible to get there in half a day).
In this region, you can see mountains covered with snow for the whole year. (It is possible to
see snow on the mountains for the whole year).
CAN is also used to express occasional possibility:
Chickenpox during pregnancy can be quite dangerous. (Sometimes it is possible for the
illness to be quite dangerous).
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INGLÉS B1
CAN’T or CANNOT, the negative forms of CAN, are used to express that we are sure (or almost
sure) that something is impossible:
That boy cannot/can’t be her son, she is very young.
That can’t be true.
May, might, and could to express certainty
MAY, MIGHT, and COULD are used to indicate uncertainty about or likelihood of a future
activity or event. They can be used in the same contexts, although each of them shows a
different degree of certainty. We could say, at least as regards British English, that COULD
indicates less certainty than MIGHT, and MIGHT less than MAY:
John may be tired. He has been at the office from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.
Mary may not wear a new dress today. I think she didn’t have time to buy one.
Susan might be at home, but I’m not sure at all.
I might go to Fred’s party. I’ve not decided it yet.
Many animal species could disappear in the next decades.
I think you could do it better.
Must
We use MUST when our degree of certainty about something is very high. We judge the
proposition expressed by the clause to be necessarily true or at least to have a high likelihood
of being true. We have drawn the conclusion that something is true from things already
observed or experienced.
Imagine that we have three boxes, which are closed. We are told that there is a ball in one of
the boxes. We can pick one of the boxes and say:
The ball could/might/may be here.
If we haven’t found the ball after having opened two of the three boxes, we will pick up the
third box and say:
The ball must be here.
No other choice remains.
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INGLÉS B1
VOCABULARY 10. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
CIENCIA Y TECNOLOGÍA
SCIENCE
CIENCIA
Analyse
Analizar
Astrophysics
Astrofísica
Atom
Átomo
Biology
Biología
Breakthrough
Avance científico
Cell Phone
Teléfono móvil (Inglés americano)
Celsius
Celsius (escala de temperatura)
Chemistry
Química
Data
Datos
Degree
Grado
Electricity
Electricidad
Energy
Energía
Engineer
Ingeniero/a
Engineering
Ingeniería
Experiment
Experimento
Fact
Hecho
Fahrenheit
Fahrenheit (escala de temperatura)
Genetic engineering
Ingeniería genética
Genetics
Genética
Geography
Geografía
Hypothesis
Hipótesis
Information technology
Tecnología de la información
Invention
Invento
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INGLÉS B1
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
82
Knowledge
Conocimiento
Laboratory / Lab
Laboratorio
Magnet
Imán
Magnetism
Magnetismo
Mass
Masa
Matter
Materia
Microscope
Microscopio
Mobile phone
Teléfono móvil (Inglés británico)
Molecular biology
Biología molecular
Molecule
Molécula
Nuclear engineering
Ingeniería nuclear
Observation
Observación
Phenomenon
Fenómeno
Physics
Física
Pole
Polo
Prototype
Prototipo
Research
Investigación
Researcher
Investigador/a
Scientific method
Método científico
Scientist
Científico/a (persona)
Technician
Técnico/a (persona)
Technological advances
Avances tecnológicos
Theory
Teoría
To discover
Descubrir
To experiment
Experimentar
To invent
Inventar
To research
Investigar
To work
Funcionar
COMPUTERS
ORDENADORES
Backup
Copia de seguridad
Cordless
Inalámbrico
Cursor
Cursor
Cut and paste
Cortar y pegar
Database
Base de datos
INGLÉS B1
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Digital information
Información digital
Electronic mail / E-mail
Correo electrónico
File
Archivo
Folder
Carpeta
Hacker
Pirata informático
Hard disk
Disco duro
Hardware
Soporte físico del ordenador
Icon
Icono
Keyboard
Teclado
Laptop
Ordenador portátil
Monitor
Monitor
Mouse
Ratón
Multimedia
Multimedia
Network
Red
Operating system
Sistema operativo
Personal computer (PC)
Ordenador personal
Piracy
Piratería
Printer
Impresora
Program
Programa
Scanner
Escáner
Screen saver
Salvapantallas
Server
Servidor
Software
Programa informático
Speakers
Altavoces
Spreadsheet
Hoja de cálculo
The Internet
Internet
To browse
Explorar
To click
Hacer clic
To delete
Borrar
To download
Descargar
To print
Imprimir
To save (data)
Guardar (datos)
To sign in
Registrarse
To upload
Cargar
Tool bar
Barra de herramientas
Video conference
Video conferencia
83
INGLÉS B1
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Virus
Virus
Web page
Página web
Website
Sitio web
Wireless technology
Tecnología inalámbrica
Word processor
Procesador de texto
World wide web
Red mundial
FILM 10. “THEY MIGHT BE GIANTS”
The relationship between Playfair and Watson, the main characters in this film, is very much
like that between Don Quixote and Sancho Panza. Actually, the title is an indirect reference
to Don Quixote's famous adventure with the windmills, believing them to be "monstrous
giants". Despite the protest of Sancho Panza and being defeated at the hands of the "giants",
Quixote maintains his belief that the mills are not buildings but giants.
Watson: God! You're just like Don Quixote, you think everything's always
something else.
Playfair: [Laughs] Well he had a point. Of course, he carried it a bit too
far. He thought that every windmill was a giant. That's insane. But,
thinking that they might be... Well, all the best minds used to think the
world was flat. But, what if it isn't? It might be round. And bread mould
might be medicine. If we never looked at things and thought of what
they might be, why, we'd all still be out there in the tall grass with the
apes.
(adapted from wikipedia)
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INGLÉS B1
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situation 1 - Plataforma de teleformación

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