RubbER VINE

Transcription

RubbER VINE

Big Island Invasive Species Committee
Early Detection Target
If found call 961-3299
Rubber Vine
Cryptostegia madagascariensis
BIISC
BIISC
Forest and Kim Starr
Present
Flowers: 5-petaled,
funnel shaped, white
to lavender
Description: Woody vines which can grow
up to 45' in length
Mandevilla
BIISC
Fruit: 2"-3" long, oval
and filled with many
feathery, white seeds
BIISC
Leaves: Thick, glossy
and dark green in color
VINE
Purple allamanda
Don’t confuse with these look alikes:
Rubber Vine
!U
se
Caution: Toxic Parts!
Origin: Madagascar
HWRA Score: 13
Cryptostegia madagascariensis Big Island Habitat: Cultivated sparingly in Kailua-Kona and Kawaihae,
Family: Apocynaceae
also found growing at 2,100’ elevation. Please report any sightings.
Description: A woody, self-supporting vine that can also be trained as a shrub. Stems, leaves,
and seed pods produce a milky white sap when broken. Glossy leaves are 3"-4" long x 1"-2"
wide. The bell shaped, 5 petaled flowers are pink to light purple in color. Paired seed pods are
rigid and appear at the end of the stalk, releasing hundreds of plumed seeds.
Impacts: Rubber vine is considered highly invasive due to its ability to climb and cover trees,
form dense, impenetrable thickets, and generally out-compete native vegetation. Rubber vine
is also poisonous to cattle and horses, making it an expensive problem for ranchers. The
milky sap can cause burning rashes and blisters. When dry, a powdery dust emerges and
may cause coughing, nose swelling and eyelid blisters.
Dispersal Mechanism: Seed pods contain hundreds of white seeds with hair-like propellers,
which easily disperse in the wind. The seeds are also spread by movements of floodwater and
mud, and from machinery and the hooves of animals.
Cultivation: Rubber vine has been cultivated in warmer regions of the world as an ornamental
and for the production of rubber. In Hawai‘i, it is occasionally grown as an ornamental.
VINE
Don’t confuse with:
• Purple allamanda (Allamanda violacea) This showy vine also produces a milky sap.
Purple allamanda can be distinguished from rubber vine by its whorled leaves (arranged
like spokes on a wheel). It doesn’t have large seed pods.
• Mandevilla (Mandevilla sanderi) This sap producing vine is considered a safe alternative to rubber vine in landscaping. It can be differentiated by its dark pink to red trumpetshaped flowers.
Do Not Cultivate
Night-blooming
Jasmine
Description: Large, clumping shrub up to
12' high with wavy, lightly hairy branches
Honeysuckle Pikake Jasmine
'Ūlei
Leaves: Shiny, alternate,
elliptical, light to medium
green, up to 6" long
Fruit: 1/4" - 1/2" white berries
shrub
Flowers: Tubular
creamy, greenish, in
clusters. Fragrant,
night bloomer
Cestrum nocturnum
Present
Night-Blooming Jasmine
Cestrum nocturnum
Family: Solanaceae
Origin: West Indies, Central America
HWRA Score: 17
Big Island Habitat: Cultivated widely.
Description: A fast growing, woody, sprawling shrub from 6'-20' high, with small, tubular, white
to greenish flowers along the length of the branches, which are highly fragrant at night.
The branches are often long, woody and curved downward.
Impacts: Night-Blooming Jasmine has naturalized in wet areas of the Big Island where it may
form dense, impenetrable thickets. It tolerates shade and has invaded moist and wet forests,
displacing native plants. Its strong scent is considered overpowering to many people and is
reported to cause sneezing, headaches and nausea. The leaves and fruit are reportedly toxic to
livestock and should not be consumed by humans.
Dispersal Mechanism: The copious, small white berries are readily eaten by birds, and may be
dispersed over long distances via their intestinal tracts.
shrub
Cultivation: Night-Blooming Jasmine is widely cultivated across the Big Island for its strongly
scented flowers. This aggressive, invasive plant should no longer be cultivated in Hawai'i.
• Honeysuckle (Lonicera spp.) This sprawling vine produces larger, more open flowers
which are fragrant during the day, rather than at night.
• Pikake Jasmine (Jasminum sambac) This vine produces larger, star shaped flowers.
• 'Ūlei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia) This native shrub has dark green, glossy, compound
leaves and produces open, five petaled flowers which are only slightly fragrant.
Buddleja madagascariensis
Flowers: Fragrant
flowers forming slender
clusters 10" long,
orange, deep yellow to
pink
Description: Sparse vine-like shrub up to
25' high with sprawling habit
Butterflybush
Sagewood
Leaves: Dark green,
alternate, with strong
venation, white and hairy
on bottom, up to 4" long
Fruit: 1/4" white to purple berries
shrub
BIISC
BIISC
Present
SMOKEBUSH
BIISC
SMOKEBUSH
Buddleja madagascariensis
Family: Buddlejaceae
Origin: Madagascar
HWRA Score: 21
Big Island Habitat: Naturalized in mesic to humid forests.
Description: A fast growing, weedy, vine-like shrub from 6'-25' high, with spikes of small,
tubular, orange to yellow flowers.
Impacts: Smokebush has naturalized in wet and mesic areas of the Big Island, where it
may form dense, impenetrable thickets. It is uncommonly found from sea level to 4,000 feet
elevation. White powder that grows along the stem can cause allergic respiratory reactions
when disturbed.
Dispersal Mechanism: The succulent purple berries are readily eaten and dispersed by birds.
Smokebush also spreads easily by discarded stems and branches.
Cultivation: Smokebush was sparingly cultivated across the Big Island and has spread from
plantings and naturalized in Waimea. This aggressive, invasive plant should no longer be
cultivated in Hawai'i.
shrub
• Butterflybush (Buddleja davidii) This compact, ornamental bush produces dense
purple, pink or white flower spikes.
• Sagewood (Buddleja salviifolia) This ornamental shrub produces hairy, puckered,
sage-like leaves and masses of white to lilac flowers.
Dwarf Schefflera
Trumpet Tree
Flowers: Small
yellow to red flowers,
Leaves: Light green, palm clustered on tentacle
shaped, with 5-18 leaflets like stems held above
up to 1' long, growing on a foliage
stem up to 2' long
Fruit: clusters of bright
red to brown berries,
occasionally used for lei
TREE
Description: Sprawling tree up to 45'
tall branching at the base
Present
UMBRELLA TREE
Schefflera actinophylla
Do Not Cultivate
UMBRELLA TREE
Schefflera actinophylla
Family: Araliaceae
Origin: Australia, New Guinea
HWRA Score: 13
Big Island Habitat: Naturalized in wet lowland humid forests.
Description: A fast growing, tall tree with thin, woody trunks and compound leaves made up
of many leaflets arranged in a circle on long stems.
Impacts: Umbrella tree has naturalized in wet lowland areas of the Big Island where it may
form dense, impenetrable thickets. It can produce deep shade, inhibiting understory plants
and may sprout and begin to grow epiphytically on other trees, eventually strangling them.
Dispersal Mechanism: The copious seeds are spread widely by birds.
Cultivation: Umbrella tree has been widely cultivated and has naturalized in many locations
across the entire island. This tree is considered one of the most invasive horticultural plants
in Hawai'i.
TREE
• Dwarf Schefflera (Schefflera arboricola) This compact, bush to small tree has smaller
leaflets 4-8 inches long, and grows much more slowly than umbrella tree. It produces
fewer seeds, and flowers much less often, but is also invasive.
• Trumpet Tree (Cecropia obtusifolia) This tall tree has dull, rough textured leaves which
are dark green on top but lighter gray-green on bottom.
FAYA TREE
Do Not Cultivate
Leaves: Dark, glossy
green, rounded at the
ends, up to 4" long
Ho'awa
BIISC
BIISC
Wax Myrtle
Fruit: clusters of bright
red or purple to brown
berries, occasionally
used for wine and lei
Flowers: Small green
to rust colored, in
clusters along stems
Description: Small tree to 45' tall,
densely branched
TREE
Present
Morella faya
FAYA TREE
Morella faya
Family: Myricaceae
Origin: Azores, Canaries and Madeira
HWRA Score: 17
Big Island Habitat: Naturalized in wet, upland forests.
Description: A fast growing, branching evergreen tree with dense, leathery foliage to 45 feet
tall. Copious fruit is produced on female trees.
Impacts: Faya forms dense stands in wet, upland forests choking out native vegetation.
The tree also fixes nitrogen from the atmosphere, which favors non-native plant growth.
The two-spotted leaf hopper, a common pest of faya, can be spread to native plants nearby.
Dispersal Mechanism: The fruit is relished by birds and small mammals and is spread widely.
Cultivation: Faya was originally cultivated in Hawai'i as an ornamental plant and source of
fruit for wine making. It was also used in early attempts at reforestation.
TREE
• Ho'awa (Pittosporum hosmeri) This compact, bush to small tree has similar shaped
leaves, but their undersides are hairy and rust colored.
• Wax Myrtle (Morella cerifera) The leaves of this smaller shrubby relative are similar to
faya but wax myrtle's fruit is much smaller, rounded and grayish blue.
BLACK WATTLE
Do Not Cultivate
Acacia mearnsii
Koa Haole
Leaves: Light green
compound leaves with
many small leaflets
Fruit: Dark, flat pods,
4" long, split open when
dry to reveal many dark
flat seeds, 1/8" diameter
Koa
Flowers: Clustered
white to light yellow
spherical flowers 1/4"
in diameter
TREE
Description: Tall, densely branching tree
25-50' tall, occasionally up to 150'
Present
BLACK WATTLE
Acacia mearnsii
Family: Fabaceae
Origin: Australia
HWRA Score: 15
Big Island Habitat: Dry to mesic pastures and forests up to 4,000'.
Description: A tall, woody, many branched tree with dense leaves, which forms thickets.
Impacts: Black wattle grows quickly and produces many seeds, closing in pasture and open
land. It shades out and displaces native species, especially in drier areas.
Dispersal Mechanism: The many seeds are widely spread by birds and invasive grazing
animals. When dry, the pods open explosively, casting many seeds over a wide area. The tree
freely produces suckers at the base when disturbed by browsing animals or after fire, creating
dense, monotypic stands.
Cultivation: Black wattle was introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in the 1890's as a forestry
tree. The bark was used for tanning leather.
TREE
• Koa (Acacia koa) The mature leaf-like phyllodes of this native tree are sickle shaped.
• Koa Haole (Leucaena leucocephalla) This widespread invasive tree is much shorter,
and produces distinctive flat seed pods.
BIISC
BIISC
NPS
No sites known
PRINCESS TREE
Paulownia tomentosa
Pink Trumpet Vine
Fruit: Dry, brown
capsules with four
compartments
containing thousands
of tiny, winged seeds
BIISC
Flowers: Upright
clusters of fragrant,
Leaves: Very large, oval to showy, pale violet
heart shaped, sometimes trumpet shaped flowers
3 lobed, with hairy
undersides
TREE
Melochia
Description: Medium sized tree, 30-60'
tall, densely branched.
PRINCESS TREE
Paulownia tomentosa
Family: Scrophulariaceae
Origin: China
HWRA Score: 9
Big Island Habitat: Detected in Waimea and removed
Description: A medium sized tree with dense, oval to heart shaped foliage and showy clusters
of pale violet flowers in spring. Also called empress tree, royal empress and foxglove tree.
Impacts: Princess tree grows and reproduces very rapidly, displacing native plants and
creating thick stands.
Dispersal Mechanism: Large trees can produce 20 million seeds a year which are easily
dispersed by wind or water. Seedlings grow very rapidly and can reproduce in 8 years.
Princess tree can also reproduce by root sprouts, which may grow up to 15 feet in a year.
Cultivation: Princess tree has been sparingly cultivated on the Big Island, but continues to
be widely sold and planted on the US Mainland, where it also is an agressive invasive tree.
TREE
• Melochia (Melochia umbellata) The heart shaped leaves of this tree resemble princess
tree, however the flowers and fruit are quite different.
• Pink Trumpet Vine (Podranea ricasoliana) The flowers of this popular cultivated
ornamental vine may be confused for those of princess tree, especially when the plant
climbs onto adjacent trees.
FALSE AWA
Do Not Cultivate
Piper auritum
BIISC
Present
Black Pepper
Stems: Cane like stems
with swollen nodes at
intervals
shrub
Awa
Leaves: Light green,
large, heart shaped to
oblong, with a distinct
central vein.
Licorice scented
Flowers: White spike
shaped flowers, 1-4"
long, held above
foliage
Description: Soft-wooded shrub, 3-19' tall,
forming large clumps of upright canes
FALSE AWA
Origin: South America to Mexico
Family: Piperaceae
Big Island Habitat: Moist lowland habitats
Piper auritum
HWRA Score: 15
Description: A fast growing, soft-wooded shrub from 3-19 feet tall, with upright or sprawling
cane like stems and swollen nodes at intervals. The leaves are large, light green, heart shaped
to oval and fragrant when crushed. The plant produces numerous white spike-shaped flowers
over much of the year. False awa is also called hoja santa and yerba santa.
Impacts: False awa aggressively invades disturbed lowland areas forming thick stands,
replacing native vegetation. It yields a vastly inferior product if mistakenly mixed with true awa.
Dispersal Mechanism: Although false awa rarely produces seed, it spreads readily from stem
and root shoots. Even small pieces of the plant or root can grow rapidly into new stands.
Cultivation: False awa has been occasionally cultivated for its fragrant leaves used in MesoAmerican cooking and medicine, and perhaps mistakenly for true awa. This aggressive,
invasive plant should not be cultivated in Hawai'i.
shrub
• Awa (Piper methysticum) The veins of true awa radiate from a central point at the base
of the leaf. The veins of false awa extend from a central vein which runs the length of
the leaf. False awa leaves are lighter green and generally larger than true awa leaves.
• Black Pepper (Piper nigrum) This sparsely cultivated vine has similar leaves but lacks
false awa's cane-like stalks.
POISON VINE
Do Not Cultivate
Derris elliptica
Leaves:
Compound leaves with
leaflets 2-6" long
Seeds: Flat, brownish
pod to 2" long.
VINE
Mexican Creeper
Flowers: Pink to white,
pea blossom shaped
flowers in clusters
P. Leavitt - Wikicommons
Description: A woody climbing vine with
branches many yards long
Don’t confuse with this look alike:
BIISC
FBIISC
Present
POISON VINE
Derris elliptica
Family: Fabaceae
Origin: India, Malaysia, Indonesia
HWRA Score: 7
Big Island Habitat: Moist lowland habitats
Description: A fast growing, woody, climbing vine with reddish brown fuzzy stems, especially
when young. Poison vine has deep green, compound leaves to 6 inches long and clusters of
small pink to white, pea blossom shaped flowers.
Impacts: Poison vine climbs trees and other vegetation, rapidly killing its hosts by smothering.
Dispersal Mechanism: Stems break off easily and sprout.
Cultivation: Poison vine has been widely planted across the Pacific Basin and in Asia as a
source of rotenone, an insecticide and fish poison. This plant was planted in the Hawaiian
Islands experimentally for this purpose and has become invasive.
VINE
• Mexican Creeper (Antigonon leptopus) This large vine has clusters of pink flowers
which look similar from a distance, however they are not pea shaped and the leaves are
single rather than compund.
BARBADOS
GOOSEBERRY
Pereskia aculeata
Rose Cactus
fleshy, alternate along soft
wood stems. New growth
is light yellow to pinkish
Fruit: Succulent
yellow to orange berries
in clusters
Bruce McKinley
Flowers: White,
showy, many petaled
flowers with pink to
orange centers
CACTUS
Description: Climbing, vining cactus with
fleshy leaves and long thorns in clusters.
BIISC
BIISC
Elena Vignova
Present
BARBADOS GOOSEBERRY
Pereskia aculeata
Family: Cactaceae
Origin: West Indies, Paraguay, Florida
HWRA Score: 13
Big Island Habitat: Dry lowland and coastal habitats
Description: A trailing, vining cactus with dark, woody stems covered with clusters of formidable
spines. Leaves are succulent and lack visible venation. Stem segments are extremely hardy
and are able to root long after they are cut from the vine. Vines can reach 30 feet in length.
Showy white and orange flowers are followed by clusters of yellow to orange berries.
Impacts: Barbados gooseberry spreads rapidly to form dense, thorny, impenetrable thickets.
Dispersal Mechanism: The berries are eaten and spread by birds and small mammals.
Stem segments root readily when broken off of the parent plant.
cactus
• Rose Cactus (Pereskia grandiflora) This smaller, shrubby relative from Brazil grows to
15 feet high, has larger leaves, to 8 inches long, green pear shaped fruit, 2 to 4 inches
long and showy, rose-like flowers which are purple, pink or pinkinsh white. It is somtimes cultivated in Hawai'i's gardens and landscapes.
Mamane
Leaves: Long, thin, olive
green, needle-like to 10"
long
Fruit: Purplish brown
to tan lumpy pods to 6"
long, containing small,
dark brown seeds
Flowers: Yellow, five
petaled, with orange
to red spots, in loose
clusters
TREE
Mesquite
Description: Small to medium sized tree,
to 30' tall, spiny with green bark
Alejandro Romero
BIISC
Present
JERUSALEM THORN
Parkinsonia aculeata
JERUSALEM THORN
Parkinsonia aculeata
Family: Fabaceae
Origin: West Indies and South America
HWRA Score: 20
Big Island Habitat: Dry, disturbed areas, dry coastal areas
Description: A small to medium sized tree to 30 feet tall with spiny, distinctly green branches
and trunk.
Impacts: Jerusalem thorn grows and reproduces very rapidly, displacing native plants and
creating thick, very thorny stands.
Dispersal Mechanism: Trees produce many seed pods which can survive for long periods in
the soil. The nutritious seeds are spread widely by birds and small mammals. Suckers also
form at the base of trees and along roots when disturbed by grazing animals.
Cultivation: Jerusalem thorn was first planted in Hawai'i by the U.S. Army on Sand and
Quarantine Islands in Honolulu Harbor. This spiny tree reseeded rapidly and efforts were
soon made to eradicate it wherever it grew. While it has been used elsewhere as a xeriscape
plant, this tree should never be cultivated in Hawai'i due to weediness.
TREE
• Mesquite (Prosopis pallida) Mesquite (locally called Kiawe) is a larger tree and,
although spiny, lacks the distinct green bark coloring.
• Mamane (Sophora chrysophylla) This small tree, native to Hawai'i's dry forests, has
somewhat similar flowers but is not spiny and lacks Jerusalem thorn's green bark.
PHYSIC NUT
Do Not Cultivate
Kukui
Seeds: Brown, oblong
nut-like seeds, 1" long,
encased in woody brown
capsules
Leaves: Light to
medium green, 3 to 5
lobed, leathery, with
marked vein pattern
Flowers: Small, pale
green flowers held
upright in clusters
shrub
Milo
BIISC
BIISC
C. Henning
Description: Soft-wooded shrub to small
tree, to 20' tall, with round, green fruit
BIISC
Jatropha curcas
Present
PHYSIC NUT
Jatropha curcas
Family: Euphorbiaceae
!
Origin: Mexico and Central America
Use Caution: Toxic Parts!
HWRA Score: 17
Big Island Habitat: Lowland forests
Description: A fast growing, soft-wooded shrub to 20 feet tall which produces clusters of
round, green fruit and brown pods containing large brown, oblong seeds to 1 inch long.
Impacts: Physic nut is highly tolerant of poor soils and aridity and grows rapidly to form dense
stands, diplacing native plants. All parts of the plant, especially the seeds, are toxic.
Dispersal Mechanism: Physic nut is dispersed by long lived seeds.
Cultivation: This plant has been cultivated in many countries for use as biodiesel. The oil rich
seeds and ease of cultivation, even on marginal croplands have led to experimental plantings
in the developing world. However, yields have been far below expected levels, casting doubt
upon its usefulness as a biofuel source. It was planted in the Puna district for use as biofuel.
Due to its highly invasive nature, physic nut should not be cultivated in Hawai'i.
shrub
• Milo (Thespesia populnea) The fruit of this small tree looks similar when green, but
milo's leaves of are heart shaped, rather than lobed.
• Kukui (Aleurites moluccana) The lobed leaves of kukui are similar to physic nut,
however they are lighter, silvery-green and the mature kukui is a much larger tree.
Fang Hong
Wonx2150aten.wikicommons
Not Yet Detected
Description: Tall, weedy tree, 30-80' in
height, forming large stands
TREE
Jhalna Tree
Fruit: Bunches of flat,
twisted, red to orange
fruit, which become
dry, highly aerodynamic
capsules, carrying
seeds far from the
parent plant
Luis Fernandez Garcia
Flowers: Clusters of
Leaves: Many small leaflets small, pale yellow to
forming large compound
greenish flowers held
leaves 1-4' long
upright
Toon Tree
TREE OF HEAVEN
Ailanthus altissima
Fang Hong
TREE OF HEAVEN
Ailanthus altissima
Family: Simaroubaceae
Origin: China
HWRA Score: 21
Big Island Habitat: Not known to be present on the Big Island
Description: A tall, fast growing weedy tree up to 80 feet tall, with smooth, gray bark and long
compound leaves, which have a distinctive lobe on the first pair of leaflets. Upright clusters of
small pale yellow to greenish flowers produce twisted reddish orange fruit and copious seeds.
The entire tree emits an odor somewhat like cat urine.
Impacts: Tree of heaven grows rapidly to form dense stands, displacing native plants. It is
considered a highly invasive plant in North America, Australia, New Zealand and Europe.
It rapidly colonizes disturbed ground in waste places and urban areas. At present, only one
known infestation has been found in the Hawaiian Islands, on Kaua'i, and was eradicated.
Dispersal Mechanism: Tree of heaven reproduces by copious seeds, which are readily
dispersed by wind and by root suckers. This plant produces chemicals which cause seeds
from other plants not to germinate.
TREE
• Toon Tree (Toona ciliata) The toon tree's leaves resemble tree of heaven's, but toon
lacks the distinctive lobe on the first pair of leaflets and tree of heaven's cat urine odor.
• Jhalna Tree (Terminalia myriocarpa) Jhalna tree leaves also look similar to tree of
heaven leaves, and the flower clusters appear somewhat similar, but the jhalna tree
lacks the tree of heaven's distinctive lobe on the first set of leaflets and tree of heaven's
cat urine odor.
CANDLE BUSH
Do Not Cultivate
Description: Large spreading shrub to
16' tall which forms dense stands
Seeds: Leathery pods
held upright, containing
up to 60 tan, flat seeds
shrub
Rattlepod
compound, larger toward
the tip. 7-14 pairs of
leaflets, 2.5" long
Flowers: Bright yellow,
dense, upright spikes
Lollipop Plant
Senna alata
Present
CANDLE BUSH
Senna alata
Family: Fabaceae
Origin: Tropical America
HWRA Score: 10
Big Island Habitat: Moist lowlands, open land
Description: A large shrub to 16 feet tall, dense and many branched, with compound leaves
and upright, bright yellow flowers, which somewhat resemble candlesticks.
Impacts: Candle bush forms dense, wide stands in mid to low elevation pastures and other
open areas, choking out native vegetation.
Dispersal Mechanism: Candle bush suckers profusely and will regrow from even small
portions of root left in the ground.
Cultivation: This shrub was brought to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1800's as an ornamental.
shrub
• Lollipop Plant (Pachystachys lutea) The leaves of this common ornamental are single,
not compound, and the flower bracts are flat and scaly, unlike clusters.
• Rattlepod (Crotalaria sp.) This weedy herb, common to disturbed lowland areas, has
tri-foliate leaves and the flowers are pea-like.
CAPE IVY
Do Not Cultivate
English Ivy
Grape Ivy
Seeds: Very small white
seeds with tufts of white
fuzz
Leaves: Medium green,
leathery, broad and
slightly lobed, hairy on
the undersides. 4" long by
2.5" wide
Flowers: Yellow,
tubular flowers in
dense clusters held
above foliage
VINE
Description: Fleshy, climbing or sprawling
vine to 20', woody at base
Delairea odorata
Present
CAPE IVY
Delairea odorata
Family: Asteraceae
Origin: South Africa
HWRA Score: 14
Big Island Habitat: High elevation forests
Description: A fleshy vine to 20 feet long with broad, lobed leaves. In winter, produces many
tubular, yellow flowers in clusters.
Impacts: Cape ivy climbs even tall trees rapidly and is a serious pest of mamane forest and
other high elevation habitats on Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai. Alkaloids present in
the plant are toxic to aquatic life and possibly humans as well.
Dispersal Mechanism: Cape ivy spreads rapidly by runners, which form roots along stems,
and also by copious tiny seeds which are dispersed by wind.
VINE
Cultivation: Cape ivy was cultivated as an ornamental vine and ground cover. This highly
invasive plant should never be cultivated in Hawai'i.
• English Ivy (Hedera helix) Leaves are smaller, darker green and closer together along
the stem. ALSO INVASIVE.
• Grape Ivy (Cissus rhombifolia) Leaves have three distinctly separate lobes and are
slimmer. Grape ivy is less densely foliated than cape ivy.
SMALL CROWNFLOWER
Calotropis procera
Crownflower
Leaves: Gray-green,
leathery, succulent,
oblong leaves, 4-6" long.
All parts are toxic
Seeds: Round, green
fruit to 5" long filled with
thousands of small brown
seeds with silky white
parachutes
shrub
Flowers: White to
lavender clusters of
crown shaped flowers
to 1" long
Description: Erect, woody shrub to 8' tall
Ilan Koen - Wikicommons
Present
Do Not Cultivate
SMALL CROWNFLOWER
Calotropis procera
Family: Apocynaceae
!U
se
Origin: Africa, Arabia, India
HWRA Score: 15
Caution: Toxic Parts!
Big Island Habitat: Dry lowlands and coasts
Description: An upright, woody shrub with oblong, leathery gray-green leaves. The plant
has an overall hairy appearance. Produces attractive clusters of white to lavender crown-like
flowers, and round, green fruit which open to release many small wind borne seeds. Sap
causes skin and eye irritation and all plant parts are extremely toxic if ingested.
Impacts: Small crownflower thrives in sunny, low elevation areas, including coastal locations.
It forms dense stands, choking out native vegetation.
Dispersal Mechanism: Small crownflower readily produces fruit and seed, unlike its larger,
widely cultivated cousin crownflower, which is commonly used for lei. Each pod contains
thousands of small brown seeds with parachute-like appendages, which are blown over long
distances by even small breezes.
Cultivation: Small crownflower was brought to Hawai'i from Egypt in 1925 for cultivation as an
ornamental plant. This cousin of the larger crownflower quickly became a noxious weed and
should never be cultivated in Hawai'i.
shrub
• Crownflower (Calotropis gigantea) This close cousin is a much larger plant, growing up
to 15 feet tall, resembling a small tree. The leaves are larger, up to 8 inches long, and
the flowers are up to 2 inches wide with a more pronounced central column, which are
commonly used in lei making. Crownflower is also invasive and common in gardens and
cultivated landscapes.
Garlic Vine
opposite, leathery with
drooping habit. New
leaves light green to pink
Seeds: 3-parted, winged
brown, woody seeds,
1-2" long
Description:
Woody, high
climbing vine
with strangling/
smothering
habit
Hiptage benghalensis
Flowers: White to light
pink clusters of fringed
flowers with yellow
spots on the lips
Not Yet Detected
HIPTAGE
VINE
HIPTAGE
Hiptage benghalensis
Family: Malpighiaceae
Origin: Asia; India, Phillippines
HWRA Score: 8
Big Island Habitat: Not yet detected
Description: A woody, high climbing vine, resembling a tall shrub when young. Dense medium
green foliage with light pinkish new leaves and clusters of yellow to pink fringed flowers.
Impacts: Hiptage climbs very tall trees in moist forests and quickly smothers them with dense
foliage.
Dispersal Mechanism: Hiptage seeds are highly aerodynamic and spin far away from the
parent plant to colonize more area. It is sometimes called "helicopter plant" because of the
spinning seeds.
VINE
• Garlic Vine (Mansoa hymenaea) This vine's flowers look similar to those of hiptage but
they are more pinkish than white, and the entire plant smells strongly of garlic.
BLACK EYED SUSAN VINE
Thunbergia alata
Yellow Allamanda
hairy with irregular
margins, often tinged red
to purple, 2 to 3" long
Seeds: Papery calyxes
which pop open when
ripe, ejecting small,
round, dark brown seeds
BIISC
Flowers: Light yellow to deep orange,
funnel shaped flowers
with maroon to purple
throats, 2" wide
Description:
Large
sprawling
or climbing
herbaceous
vine with
smothering
habit
Present
VINE
Do Not Cultivate
BLACK EYED SUSAN VINE
Thunbergia alata
Family: Acanthaceae
Origin: Eastern Africa
HWRA Score: 14
Big Island Habitat: Dry and moist forests
Description: A sprawling or climbing herbaceous vine with dense foliage and light yellow to
orange, five petaled, funnel shaped flowers with maroon to dark purple throats.
Impacts: Black eyed Susan vine was once widely cultivateed as an ornamental. It has escaped
cultivation and now invades native forests, smothering all nearby vegetation. Infestations can
be found near Hilo and Volcano Village.
Dispersal Mechanism: Black eyed Susan vine spreads readily by seeds, which are dispersed
far from the parent plant as the ripe seeds are forcibly ejected from papery calyxs, and also
by root stolons. Even cuttings of the plant will resprout readily.
VINE
• Yellow Allamanda (Allamanda cathartica) This common ornamental vine's flowers
have a similar shape, but lack a dark colored throat.
Molucca Raspberry
Rubus sieboldii
Present
Flowers: White flowers
to 1" across, born in
clusters
Leaves: Large, lobed,
dull green, with crinkled
surface and white undersides, to 4" long
Seeds: Small, round
berries, 1/4" long, with
little flavor
shrub
Akala - Hawaiian Raspberry
Description: Sprawling or climbing, spiny
shrub, 6' to 9' tall
MOLUCCA RASPBERRY
Rubus sieboldii
Family: Rosaceae
Origin: Himalayas, Malaysia, Australia
HWRA Score: 10
Big Island Habitat: Moist forests
Description: A sprawling or climbing spiny shrub, 6 to 9 feet tall, with large, lobed, dull green
leaves which have a crinkled appearance on the tops and white undersides. Flowers are
white and appear in clusters followed by small, dull red fruit, 1/4 inch across.
Impacts: Molucca raspberry grows and spreads very rapidly, smothering native vegetation.
Dispersal Mechanism: Molucca raspberry produces copious fruit, which is widely dispersed
by birds and mammals. The plant also produces suckers from the base and will also sprout
from roots.
Cultivation: Although Molucca raspberry is reported to be a source of useful medicinal
compounds, it should never be cultivated in Hawai'i because of its invasive potential.
shrub
• Akala (Rubus hawaiiensis) This native raspberry is less spiny, has pink flowers and, like
many other introduced raspberries, has smaller, elongated leaves, unlike the distinctive
large, rounded, lobed leaves of Molucca raspberry.
Wax Myrtle
Seeds: Green to grayish
blue, rounded fruit, 1/4"
long, in dense clusters
along stems. Fruit is
heavily coated with wax.
Leaves: Thin, olive green,
oblong, alternate leaves,
to 4" long. Aromatic when
crushed.
Flowers: Small,
inconspicuous,
pinkish catkins.
Tree
Faya Tree
Description: Large, densely foliated,
spreading shrub, 15'-20' tall
BIISC
BIISC
Present
BIISC
Morella cerifera
WAX MYRTLE
Morella cerifera
Family: Myricaceae
Origin: Southeastern United States
HWRA Score: 19
Big Island Habitat: Mesic to wet forests
Description: A large, densely foliated, upright shrub to small tree, 15-20 feet tall (sometimes
up to 35 feet tall) with thin, alternate, olive green leaves to 4 inches long. Leaves are aromatic
when crushed. Flowers are small, inconspicuous, pinkish catkins, followed by rounded, green
to grayish blue fruits, densely clustered along stems. Fruit is coated with wax.
Impacts: Wax myrtle grows very rapidly and spreads quickly to become a weedy pest. It is a
tough plant, adaped to many climatic conditions, which can quickly displace native vegetation.
Dispersal Mechanism: Wax myrtle produces many seeds, which are dispersed by birds. The
plant also produces suckers at the base and can resprout from roots.
Cultivation: Wax myrtle has been cultivated as a landscape ornamental and for use in
candle making. This plant has the potential to be highly invasive in Hawai'i and should not be
cultivated.
shrub
• Faya Tree (Morella faya) This close cousin, also invasive, is a larger plant, growing up
to 45 feet tall. The leaves and flowers look similar but faya tree produces much larger,
berry-like fruit.
Flowers: Clusters of
white five petaled flowers to 1/4" long
Leaves: Gray-green,
leathery, oblong leaves,
1/2"-1" long, with matted
white hairs on undersides
Fruit: Dull red, rounded
fruit, 1/4" long, containing
1 - 3 seeds
shrub
Firethorn
Description: Multi-stemmed shrub with
arching branches to 10' tall
Present
COTONEASTER
Cotoneaster pannosus
Origin: China
COTONEASTER
Cotoneaster pannosus
Family: Rosaceae
HWRA Score: 7
Big Island Habitat: High-elevation pasture or forest
Description: A multi-stemmed, woody shrub with arching branches up to 10 feet tall. The
1/2 to 1 inch long leaves are oblong, gray-green and leathery, with matted white hairs on the
undersides. Produces clusters of 1/4 inch long, five petaled, white flowers, followed by round,
dull red fruit, which contain 1-4 seeds.
Impacts: Cotoneaster forms dense stands in dry open areas, choking out native vegetation.
Dispersal Mechanism: Cotoneaster's seeds are widely dispersed by birds.
Cultivation: Cotoneaster has been cultivated as an ornamental landscape plant above 3,000
feet, however, it has escaped cultivation in Hawai'i and has become a weedy pest. Cotoneaster
should never be cultivated in Hawai'i.
shrub
• Firethorn (Pyracantha spp.) Firethorn's flowers, fruit and leaves are similar to cotoneaster, but firethorn is covered with formidable spines, which are not found on cotoneaster.
PAMPAS GRASS
Seeds: 1/2" long spikelets, silver to pink with
long bristles
GRASS
Leaves: Silvery green,
sharp edged blades, 4'-6'
long
Flowers: White plume
like flowers, 6-8" long,
held above leaves on
3' stems
Description: Large, clump forming grass
to 10' tall
Cane Grass
Cortaderia spp.
Present
PAMPAS GRASS
Cortaderia spp.
Family: Poaceae
Origin: South America, New Guinea, New Zealand
WRA Score: 26
Big Island Habitat: Dry, coastal to wet forest, up to 4,000 feet
Description: A large, clump forming grass to 10 feet tall, with narrow, sharp edged, silvery
green blades, 4-6 feet long. Flowers are white feathery plumes, 6-8 inches long, held above
the leaves on 3 foot stalks. Seeds are 1/2 inch long, silver to pink spikelets with long bristles.
Impacts: Pampas grass has been declared a noxious weed in Hawai'i, California, South Africa
and other locations. It forms large clumps, displacing native vegetation and increases the risk
of fire in native forests.
Dispersal Mechanism: Pampas grass produces abundant seeds which are blown over long
distances, up to 15 miles.
Cultivation: While it has been cultivated as an ornamental landscape plant elsewhere, pampas
grass is a noxious weed and should never be cultivated in Hawai'i.
GRASS
• Cane Grass (Cenchrus purpureus) This tall grass grows in patches and has long
bladelike leaves, like pampas grass, but the flower spikes are much more compact and
resemble foxtails, instead of feathery plumes.

RubbER VINE

Transcription

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