rebel militia groups (RMGs)

Transcription

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT
Unity State
SOUTH SUDAN
Bureau for Community Security
and Small Arms Control
United Nations Development Programme
South Sudan Peace
and Reconciliation Commission
European Union
The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control under the Ministry of Interior is the Government agency of South Sudan mandated to address the threats posed by the proliferation of small
arms and community insecurity to peace and development.
The South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission is mandated to promote peaceful co-existence
amongst the people of South Sudan and advises the Government on matters related to peace.
The United Nations Development Programme in South Sudan, through the Community Security and
Arms Control Project, supports the CSSAC Bureau strengthen its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state and county levels.
The consultation process was led by the Government of South Sudan, with support from the European
Union.
Cover photo: Community members in Abiemnhom sketch their county map on the ground using locally
available materials. © CSAC/UNDP
COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT
Unity State
South Sudan
Published by
South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission
MAY 2012 JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN
CONTENTS
Acronyms ........................................................................................................................... i
Foreword ........................................................................................................................... .ii
Executive Summary ......................................................................................................... iv
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Introduction ................................................................................................. 1
Background of Unity State......................................................................... 3
Methodology
3.1. Training of Trainers ......................................................................... 5
3.2. Community Consultations .............................................................. 5
3.3. Validation Meeting ........................................................................... 7
Summary of conflict and insecurity in Unity State
4.1. Cattle raiding .................................................................................... 8
4.2. Competition over water and grazing lands ................................. 8
4.3. Attacks by rebel militia groups ...................................................... 11
4.4. Border conflicts ................................................................................ 11
4.5. Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya ........................ 12
4.6. Inter- and intra-clan fighting .......................................................... 12
4.7. Unemployment................................................................................. 12
4.8. Food insecurity ................................................................................. 13
Insecurity issues affecting women and girls .......................................... 13
Insecurity issues affecting the youth ........................................................ 15
County-specific findings
7.1. Rubkona County................................................................................ 17
7.2. Guit County ........................................................................................ 20
7.3. Abiemhnom County ......................................................................... 23
7.4. Leer County ........................................................................................ 27
7.5. Koch County ...................................................................................... 32
7.6. Mayendit County .............................................................................. 37
7.7. Panyijar County ................................................................................. 41
7.8. Mayom County .................................................................................. 44
7.9. Pariang County .................................................................................. 49
Next Steps .................................................................................................... 53
Maps
Map of Unity State .............................................................................................................. 4
Incidence of cattle raids/theft ............................................................................................... 9
Conflict over land/water and tribal conflict ......................................................................... 10
i
ACRONYMS
AfDB
African Development Bank
BCSSAC
Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
CAP
Community Action Plan
CPA
Comprehensive Peace Agreement
CRMA
Crisis Risk Mapping and Analysis
CSAC
Community Security and Arms Control
DDR
Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration
FAO
Food Agricultural Organization
GoSS
Government of South Sudan
MOWRI
Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
NGO
Non- Governmental Organization
PRA
Participatory Rural Appraisal
RMGs
Rebel Militia Groups
RRA
Rapid Rural Appraisal
SAF
Sudan Armed Forces
SPLA/M
Sudan People’s Liberation Army/Movement
SSLA
South Sudan Liberation Army
UN
United Nations
UNDP
UNMAO
United Nations Mine Action Office
UNMISS
United Nations Mission in South Sudan
ii
FOREWORD
At the core of peacebuilding and development in South Sudan
is the achievement and sustainability of security among communities who stand to benefit most from peace dividends.
However, small arms and light weapons (SALW) continue to
proliferate amongst civilians, posing a threat to community
safety and largely, to the political stability and economic development of the country.
The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
(BCSSAC) is addressing this threat by mobilising and building
bridges between communities and the Government towards
peaceful disarmament. The Bureau also leads the process of
formulating small arms control policies and regulations as well
as develops rule of law and conflict-sensitive development
measures to address the root causes of community insecurity. The Bureau works in partnership with
the United Nations Development Programme’s (UNDP) Community Security and Arms Control
(CSAC) Project and other regional and international bodies to foster a collective action that will address the larger issues around the illicit proliferation of small arms.
The Bureau has been leading the process towards conducting community consultations, with technical and financial assistance from UNDP. This approach is part of our long-term agenda of creating
an enabling environment within communities, by extending state authority to the grassroots. The
consultations allow the Bureau to effectively gather communities’ knowledge and opinions of community security in 55 counties thus far, thereby facilitating for an evidence-backed process for programming and policy formulation. Going down to the county level provides communities most affected by insecurity the opportunity to voice their concerns. In turn, it provides authorities inroads
to the perception and attitudes of their communities. County authorities and community members
are empowered to identify the root causes of conflict and create a county action plan that will address these issues.
The Bureau subscribes to this dynamic, bottom-up approach which is a proven methodology that
brings the Government to the people and has the ability to triangulate the governance, security and
socio-economic aspects of conflict in South Sudan. We are therefore pleased to disseminate the outcomes of community consultations to other stakeholders, decision-makers and policy-makers.
The Bureau recognizes the valuable partnership it has with UNDP through the CSAC Project, the
South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), other UN agencies and programmes,
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), state and county governments, and most of all the community members who were actively involved in the consultations.
Major General Daniel Deng Lual
Chairperson
Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
Ministry of Internal Affairs
South Sudan
FOREWORD
Following South Sudan’s independence in July 2011, communities most affected by conflict have made security their chief
priority. The Government and communities recognized that
security is a pre-requisite for service delivery, economic activity and growth. In the process of state-building, it is equally
important that the Government interface with communities to
understand their needs and concerns.
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in
South Sudan supports the country’s state-building process by
focusing, among others, on peacebuilding and community
security efforts. We work with the Government and communities to ensure that conflict sensitivity and responsiveness are mainstreamed into state and county
planning.
The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project is the cornerstone of UNDP’s peacebuilding efforts. Since 2009, CSAC has supported the Bureau for Community Security and Small
Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to address the root causes of armed violence and implement conflict-sensitive development projects and
peacebuilding measures at the county level. CSAC supports the extension of state authority by supporting county consultations to understand the needs of the community and give the local government the opportunity to deliver services that meet these needs, thus undermining the demand or civilian use of small arms.
UNDP has supported the Government address the security priorities that communities identified
during the consultations, through conflict-sensitive projects being implemented in six states in South
Sudan. While current CSAC projects on the ground are limited to address the communities’ top-most
security needs, these projects complement other government initiatives whose programmes have
been supporting conflict prevention at the state and county levels.
UNDP fully supports the Government’s key priorities as it moves forward to establishing community security and development. We value our partnerships with our national counterparts and will
continue to support their initiatives towards providing greater stability for communities most affected by conflict.
George Conway
Country Director, a.i.
South Sudan
iv
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005, the Government of South Sudan has focused on peacebuilding, conflict prevention and recovery. The United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports the Government and national partners secure
peace and stability through targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. UNDP’s Community
Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project works with the state agencies, namely the Bureau for
Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to conduct extensive consultations in counties across the states.
The consultations support conflict-sensitive initiatives identified at the county level designed to enhance the visibility and legitimacy of the Government. Through extensive dialogue between the
communities and the state government, both parties can find solutions to existing insecurity. Consultations were conducted to identify key insecurity issues and priorities, as well as assess the challenges of county governments in addressing insecurity. Most importantly, the exercise aimed to
identify a wider peacebuilding and stabilization framework for Unity State.
Unity is the second largest state in the Upper Nile region and is one of the oil-producing states in
South Sudan. The Nuer are the predominant tribe. Agriculture, livestock, fishing, hunting and trading are the main sources of livelihoods. Rebel militia groups as well as the Misseriya (Arab nomads)
have reportedly displaced communities and have contributed to the insecurity in the state. Around
85,000 returnees from Sudan have settled in Unity State since 2010, the highest number of returnees
by far settling back in any state.
Community consultations in Unity were held in November-December 2011 and March 2012 in nine
counties. The process employed Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods to collect data i.e. key
informant interviews, community mapping, preference ranking and community action planning, in
each of the nine counties. The consultations also looked into how insecurity affects women and
youth, particularly through the use of the gender daily calendar. These aided in obtaining an indepth understanding of community members’ perceptions on the different security issues affecting
their respective counties. To facilitate a more open discussion, respondents were at times consulted
in separate groups, namely women, youth, traditional leaders/elders, security organs/law enforcement team and county administrators.
In summary, participants identified the following key causes of conflict across Unity State:
 Cattle raiding
 Competition over water and grazing lands
 Attacks by rebel militia groups (RMGs)
 Border conflicts
 Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya
 Inter- and intra-clan fighting
 Unemployment
 Food insecurity
In addition, insecurity issues affecting women surfaced, issues which can be attributed to the nature
of the labour culturally assigned to and expected from women. The presence of arms and the alleged attacks by rebel militia groups are also sources of conflict that affect women. These have
shown dire consequences in women participants’ domestic and social lives. For instance, women
and girls are traditionally tasked to collect water and find food; in the process they are prone to rebel
Men from Guit County review their group output . © UNDP
militia attacks or abduction when travelling to or from far-flung water points, or to
domestic violence if they did not provide
these household needs. Additionally,
young women are seen as either a cause of
conflict, such as in cattle raids where men
acquire more livestock to afford the steep
dowry, or as an indirect party to conflict
where young men compete for a woman to
be his bride.
Meanwhile, participants saw the youth as
the primary actors involved in conflict incidences, such as young men directly engaging in cattle raids or border disputes.
The lack of educational, livelihood and
leisure opportunities leave the youth with
idle time and no other options, which
could lead them to other activities that result in conflicts.
Detailed findings were documented per
county, including a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a
Community Action Plan. These are presented in detail in Section 7. Findings from
the consultations were used to develop
state government projects, with support
from CSAC, addressing the top-most insecurity priorities of communities. A map of
Unity State in Section 8 illustrates the various locations of these projects.
1
1. INTRODUCTION
The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in January 2005 marked a critical juncture for
Sudan, and especially for South Sudan, the area most affected by Africa’s longest running civil war.
The prolonged conflict has left South Sudan with development conditions among the lowest to be
found anywhere in the world, as measured by almost any indicator. Some of the challenges include
enormous and urgent social and economic recovery as well as the need to mitigate the risks of both
man-made and natural crises further impacting the development prospects of the country.
UNDP, through its Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit (CPRU), carries out programmes that support national partners to secure peace and stability. More specifically, UNDP implements targeted
crisis prevention and recovery projects. Localized conflicts, internally displaced people and the mass
return of refugees illustrate that continued efforts to promote peace and stability in South Sudan are
essential.
The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project supports the Government in strengthening its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state, and county
levels. Government leadership or engagement in all activities is essential in all CSAC projects.
CSAC works through the Government agencies, the CSSAC Bureau for and the South Sudan Peace
and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), formerly the Ministry of Peace and CPA Implementation.
Since 2009 CSAC has been providing capacity building support to both agencies, as well as to state
and county governments to conduct extensive consultations in counties across six states in South
Sudan, including Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity, Upper Nile and Warrap. The consultations support conflict prevention initiatives identified at the county level. Through a developed
strategy of engagement between state-civil actors, a process is initiated where communities have an
opportunity to voice their concerns and set priorities that feed into decision-making and state planning. The ‘force multiplier’ are conflict sensitive projects which are implemented based on the Community Action Plans and priorities set by community members during the consultations.
Consultations done in Unity in 2011-2012 aimed to determine the causes of conflict and develop action plans that would address these issues, as prioritised by members themselves. Specifically, the
consultations aimed to:
 Identify key insecurity concerns affecting community members with a focus on key priorities in addressing and mitigating insecurity;
 Provide information on the trends and levels of community insecurity and conflict in a
regional state;
 Identify components of a wider peacebuilding and stabilization framework for the regional state;
 Identify priority areas based on consultation with local communities, which can then
feed into the eventual state and county planning process; and
 Form Local Steering Committees in each county and in each state to oversee the implementation of identified conflict-sensitive projects.
Information gathered from the consultations will not only help the Government develop and initiate
projects that will address conflict, but it will also support the Government’s (state and county level)
general planning of programmes and policies. Outcomes of these consultations will also be useful
for other UN agencies, international and national organizations, donors and other stakeholders
working towards community security, conflict prevention and development in South Sudan.
Women from Pariang County list their daily
domestic chores. © UNDP
3
2. BACKGROUND ON UNITY STATE1
Unity State is one of the 10 states in South Sudan located in the country’s north-central part. With a
total area of 35,956 sq km, Unity state is the second largest state in the Upper Nile region. It borders
Warrap, Lakes, Jonglei, and Upper Nile states, as well as Southern Kordofan and Abyei in the north.
Unity State is composed of nine counties: Leer, Mayendit, Guit, Panyijar, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona,
Pariang and Abiemnhom. The capital of Unity State is Bentiu. The estimated population of Unity
State is approximately 585,801.
Unity has a dry season and a wet season. The average wet season usually lasts from May to November. The White Nile River, the Bahr el Ghazal (Nam) river and other rivers that traverse the state,
generate significant seasonal flooding. Many of the agro-pastoralists in the state move with the seasons, as the expansion of the waterways alters the landscape and creates considerable areas of
swampy terrain during the rainy season.
Unity state is a predominantly Nuer homeland. However, in Abiemnhom and Pariang counties, the
predominant group is the Dinka tribe. Both Dinka and Nuer communities are ruled by traditional
courts, a head chief and a sub-chief of a certain clan. The elders in the communities must endorse the
case among conflicting parties.
The most important socio-economic activities in Unity are agricultural production, cattle keeping,
fishing, hunting and local trading. Since independence, the areas of Unity State and other areas bordering the north have been affected by commodity shortages, contributing to inflation. As NorthSouth tensions spiked ahead of independence in 2011, the Government of Sudan imposed a blockade on North-South supply routes.
Unity State is a part of the oil producing area of South Sudan and the oil resources have generated
additional income for the state. However, the oil production has also contributed to conflict and displacement and led to substantial negative impact on the environment. Local populations have complained over water contamination, which have resulted in the death of livestock and serious illness.
Several militia groups have been active in Unity State and rebel activity continues to be a source of
instability in northern Unity. Rebel activities affect the local populations as these led to displacement
and food shortages, as well as re-mining and counter-insurgency operations. Some of the militia
commanders that operate in Unity have participated in forming the South Sudan Liberation Army
(SSLA) – a loose constabulary that have operated more often as independent units than a unified
movement.
In September 2011, several incidents of cattle raids and violence erupted in Mayendit County where
28 people reportedly died and 18 were injured 2. Witnesses reported that, unlike in traditional raids,
the attackers tried to maximize the number of casualties inflicted, including targeting women and
children.
1
Unity: South Sudan Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Commission. Accessed March 2012. http://www.ssddrc.org/states/unity.html
Unity State: Government of the Republic of South Sudan. Article last updated January 2010. http://www.goss-online.org/magnoliaPublic/en/states/
unity.html
South Sudan: Compounding Instability in Unity State. Africa Report No. 179. International Crisis Group. October 17, 2011. http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/
regions/africa/horn-of-africa/south-sudan/179-south-sudan-compounding-instability-in-unity-state.aspx
Report of the Secretary-General on South Sudan. United Nations Security Council. November 2, 2011. http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?
symbol=S/2011/678
5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 8.
2
”Warrap cattle raiders kill 28 people in Unity state.” Sudan Tribune. September 12, 2011. http://www.sudantribune.com/Warrap-cattle-raiders-kill-28,40125
4
5
Parts of the territory of Unity State are also used by the Misseriya or Arab nomads who, for generations, have migrated into South Sudan with their cattle during the dry season when water and fertile
grazing land recedes in the north. However, due to conflicts and increased violence, the Misseriya
has in recent years sometimes been blocked from entering into Unity State.
With South Sudan’s independence, the shared border remains in dispute. Also, internal border conflicts remain a persistent source of insecurity. Clashes between communities over tracts of land have
resulted in injuries and deaths, such as those between Mayom and Rubkona, Rubkona and Guit,
Leer and Mayendit, and Pariang and Guit.
South Sudan’s independence in 2011 prompted the return of huge numbers of South Sudanese who
were residing in Sudan. More than 340,000 have gone back to South Sudan since October 2010, some
85,000 of them to Unity, far more than any other state.
Conflict, erratic rainfall and the high food and fuel prices caused by North-South border closures
have led to a situation of food insecurity in several counties in Unity State. Projections for 2012 indicate that the cereal deficit could reach the double of the estimated 2011 deficit.
3. METHODOLOGY
Consultations in Unity State were conducted on 23 November – 5 December 2011, in seven counties
including Leer, Mayendit, Guit, Panyijar, Koch, Mayom, Rubkona, Pariang and Abiemnhom. Due to
security considerations, consultations in Mayom and Pariang were conducted later on 3-9 March
2012. A total of 454 community members and leaders participated in the consultation meetings from
all nine counties. The outputs of the consultations included a conflict analysis in each county, ranking of security needs and a community security action plan. These are presented in detail in Section
7 – County-Specific Findings.
The county consultations are the initial steps of a wider support process of building the capacity of
national partners and supporting the development and implementation of conflict-sensitive development projects. The support also includes consultation teams undergoing training, engaging communities in active participation and holding a validation meeting with authorities.
3.1.
Training of Trainers
To prepare individuals designated to conduct the county consultations, a comprehensive five
-day Training of Trainers on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methodology was held for
community resource persons. Trainees were provided with a number of PRA tools to assist
them in working with communities to identify, map, and analyse the causes and effects of
conflict as well as prioritise community security issues. These tools included community
mapping, seasonal calendar, trend lines, gender daily calendar and semi-structured interviews.
3.2.
County consultations
Consultations - overview
The consultation workshop lasted for three days in each of the counties consulted and included key tools such as community mapping, conflict analysis matrix, seasonal calendars,
gender daily calendars and semi-structured interviews.
6
Participation
Men, women, youth and elders are often affected differently by conflict and have accordingly different ideas about what make them safe. In order to obtain sustainable peace it is
therefore essential to build on a wide range of experiences and perspectives, and to ensure
that planning is based on the knowledge of all the members of a community. To ensure that
the participants represented all the members of the county, each county commissioner was
requested to mobilize 50 participants comprised of:
 An equal number of women and men (25 women and 25 men);
 Both youth and elders/traditional leaders (female youth and male youth, female
elders and male elders);
 Participants from law enforcement agencies/security forces; and
 Participants from all the different payams in the county.
However, out of a total number of 332 participants from Rubkona, Guit, Abiemnhom, Leer,
Koch and Mayendit counties, only 110 participants (33 percent) were women.
Mapping of Conflict Issues and Areas
This phase involved the sketching of a county map to identify conflict zones and critical issues which affect the stability in the county. The mapping exercise was done on the ground
in an open space, using locally available materials, to give the entire community the opportunity to participate.
Seasonal Calendar
The seasonal calendar was used to map out the seasonality of insecurity and conflict issues,
enable discussions on the factors contributing to conflict patterns and the exploration of possible interventions to prevent or manage insecurity.
Trend Lines
Drawing trend lines from recent years made it possible to explore changes in security dynamics and the number of incidents for each of the conflict issues identified, and to discuss
the causes of any increase or decrease in conflict.
Gender Daily Calendar
The tool outlined the activities women, men and youth are engaged in during a typical day.
The calendar explored the different situations of men and women in the community and
encouraged discussions on gender roles and how men and women can be affected differently by conflict and insecurity.
Semi-Structured Interviews
Semi-structured interviews were conducted with county administrators, youth, men and
women. County administrators with particular knowledge about the security situation in
the counties were chosen as resource persons. Women and youth were chosen for group
interviews to make sure their views and concerns were captured.
Conflict Analysis Matrix
Findings from the consultations using the above tools unearthed the various issues causing
insecurity in the county. After organizing the data collected, the consultation team extracted
the focal problems identified by the community, including causes, effects, parties involved
in the conflict, parties supporting the conflict and possible opportunities to address the
problems. The product of this process was the conflict analysis matrix.
7
Preference Ranking
Participants were divided into groups of men, women and youth to discuss conflict issues
they previously identified, and prioritise which of these were the most important for their
security and safety situation. All the identified conflict issues were ranked, with one being
the highest priority and 10 as the lowest priority.
Community Action Plan (CAP)
The most tangible result of the community consultations is the CAP for each county, intended to delineate the following:
 Proposed projects as agreed collectively by the community;
 Proposed actions and resources;
 Duties and responsibilities of individuals and groups, work schedules; and
 Identification of areas where the community requires external assistance.
Steering Committee
A County Steering Committee was created in each county with representatives from the
local youth, women, men/elders and government. The roles and responsibilities of the Committee are to:
 be the bridge between the community, county administration, state authority,
the Bureau and UNDP;
 participate in the project approval before implementation;
 oversee the implementation of the projects;
 ensure routine monitoring;
 provide leadership;
 ensure community mobilization; and
 ensure quality control.
A State Steering Committee was also formed, chaired by the Director General for the Ministry of Local Government and Law Enforcement, and includes members from key state line
ministries and departments, along with United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS)
Civil Affairs.
3.3.
The Validation Meeting
The validation meeting took place two days after the last county consultations. Present in
the validation meeting were the deputy governor, county commissioners, members of the
Bureau, SSPRC, community members, and staff from UNDP and UNMISS. The meeting intended to share the outcomes of the county-level consultations on a wider scale with all relevant authorities and stakeholders, and to validate the agreements made with the communities to ensure that their identified priorities during consultations were properly recorded
and would be addressed. The validation meeting also served to avoid any duplication of
efforts with other organizations in communities’ proposed projects. Due to travel obstacles,
several county commissioners were not able to attend the meeting.
8
4. SUMMARY OF CONFLICT AND INSECURITY ISSUES
Outcomes from these consultations are complemented by results from community consultations on
socio-economic threats and risks, through UNDP’s Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis (CRMA) Project. CSAC and CRMA collaborated in developing their methodologies and information to provide a
layered and in-depth community perception database. As such, some of the CRMA mapped data on
socio-economic risk and threat complement the issues discussed in this report, as a context for the
conflict drivers identified in the consultations supported by CSAC.
4.1. Cattle raiding
Cattle are the foundation of cattle keepers’ social, economic and cultural life. Owning a high number
of cattle is considered prestigious, a source of
pride and wealth. It is ascribed to culture and traditional practices such as providing dowry. Since
the amount of cattle required for dowry can be
enormous, young men who wish to marry resort
to cattle raiding to secure the necessary number.
Revenge attacks for stolen cows are common
where fights can easily escalate into full conflicts.
Furthermore, the abundance of small arms in the
hands of civilians aggravates these conflicts. As
one of the participants commented, “To procure
arms is as easy as buying food stuff.”
Cattle raiding is a widespread problem and consid- Community members in Mayom County illustrate the intensity
of conflicts over time. © UNDP
ered a key insecurity issue in all of the nine counties
consulted in Unity State. It is particularly rampant
during the dry season when people and animals can move more easily and need to walk longer distances in search for water. Participants during the consultations indicated that unemployment, lack
of alternative livelihood options, food insecurity, competition over wealth, grazing land and water,
and the absence of security organs at the payam level are the key drivers for cattle raiding. This has
resulted in fights, deaths, loss of livestock, revenge attacks, food insecurity and even divorce when
the aggrieved party discovers and reclaims the stolen cattle that were paid for dowry.
Cattle raiding influences people’s way of life in Unity State, including their relations within counties
and with bordering states wherein water sources and grazing lands become points of contention.
4.2. Competition over water and grazing lands
Cattle herders compete over scarce water and grazing land for their livestock. Clashes occur more
frequently during the dry season and decline during the rainy season when movement of both humans and animals are restricted. When competition escalates into fights, human lives and cattle are
lost. The value of livestock and their survival amidst scarce water and pasture is very critical for cattle keepers. “Before a cow dies because of inaccessibility to water and pasture, men should have
died first,” as one participant noted.
Pressure on available pastureland has increased with the influx of citizens returning to South Sudan.
Moreover, populations are pushed to look for other grazing land as they are forcefully evicted from
their traditional land when oil fields are discovered, as experienced by participants from Koch
County.
9
Incidence of cattle theft in Unity State
10
Conflict over land/water and tribal conflict—Unity State
11
Conflicts also arise from competing over water for human consumption due to the inadequate supply of boreholes and the shortage of harvested run-off water during the rainy season. Injuries, ethnic
fights and deaths have resulted from water-related conflicts. Competition over water resources can
also mean contention over fishing areas, as noted by participants from Guit County. This has led to
fights over the shortage of fish and the ensuing lack of income, and at times the destruction of boats
and fishing equipment.
Furthermore, participants, particularly those in Pariang County, claimed that oil companies operating here have polluted the environment through poor waste disposal, toxic gas emissions and oil
spillage due to bombings. This has rendered some land areas barren where they can no longer grow
crops or let cows graze. This has forced residents to move to neighbouring counties and thereby
compete for water and pasture land. Maps on the preceding pages show the location of cattle raids,
incidences of conflict over water/ boundaries as well as tribal conflict in Unity State.
Scarce water resources also impose an extra burden on women and girls who walk long distances in
search of water. They lose productive time doing so and the long distances between the water source
and their homes have exposed them to sexual violence. Carrying heavy water containers over vast
distances has also led to women’s poor health conditions. Women further revealed that husbands
subject their wives to violence if they could not find or collect water.
4.3. Attacks by rebel militia groups (RMGs)
Although seen as small in number, RMGs have been closely associated with a series of landmine
explosions and sporadic attacks resulting in deaths, rape, or injuries. Sporadic and indiscriminate
attacks by the RMGs have also disrupted and temporarily halted the education and learning calendars of children. RMGs have also been reported to abduct or recruit child soldiers.
Their presence has further displaced and distorted the movement of communities, affecting their
socio-economic and livelihood activities. This has led to less commercial activities and posed a huge
challenge in delivering services, goods and commodities.
Participants believed that RMGs prevail in Unity State because they struggle for power and positions, and are discontented from elections and influences from the Sudan government. The presence
of RMGs was identified by participants in Rubkona, Abiemnhom, Koch, Mayom and Leer counties.
4.4. Border conflicts
Internal border conflicts are a problem between counties or between its neighbouring states such as
Warrap (Tonj East County), Lakes (Rumbek North County) and Jonglei. External border conflicts, on
the other hand occur between Unity and the
neighbouring Southern Kordofan in Sudan.
These conflicts are common during the dry season when communities from the conflicting
counties, states and regions are in need of water for household use and livestock. Participants noted that although cross-border conflicts have been witnessed in the past, the creation of new states and counties have resulted in
an upward trend of these conflicts, pushing
populations outside original geographic location.
Abiemnhom County residents identify locations where conflicts
occur. © UNDP
12
The root causes behind border conflicts, as perceived by participants, include the artificial colonial
border demarcation, disputes over land ownership, competition over land resources, e.g. oil fields,
grazing land and water sources, and migration of people. While elders and government officials are
responsible for deliberating and making decisions regarding border issues, the youth are directly
involved in fights over territories. Border conflicts in Unity State have resulted in loss of lives and
property, displacement of communities, injuries, and revenge attacks.
Participants claimed that external border conflicts that occur between Unity and its northern
neighbour Southern Kordofan have caused territorial disputes which typically occur during the dry
season when the Misseriya (Arab nomads) migrate to the south in search of water.
4.5. Attacks and abduction of children by Misseriya
Every year, the Misseriya are known to move southwards to Unity for water and grazing land. At
the end of the dry season as they head back north, they have been reported to steal cattle and kill
people who get in their way. Participants in Rubkona and Abiemnhom counties, who identified this
as one of the biggest threats to security, have stated that the Misseriya are supported by the Government of Sudan. Participants noted though, that conflicts have declined in the last two years as the
South Sudan security forces can now halt the movement of Misseriya at the border.
Participants also reported that the Misseriya have abducted children for child labour and slave
trade. There were reports that boys were mutilated to prevent them from escaping, and that girls
were abducted to be the “wives” of these boys.
4.6. Inter- and intra-clan fighting
Inter- and intra-clan fighting is a common phenomenon in several counties in Unity state. Inter-clan
fighting takes place between different counties or tribes while intra-clan fighting occurs between sub
-clans within the same county.
Inter and intra-clan fighting is often a result of competition over grazing land and over border demarcations. The conflicts may lead to killings, inciting a spate of revenge attacks, thus furthering a
vicious cycle of community insecurity. In Panyijar County, complex inter-clan fights have occurred
out of inequitable distribution of stolen cattle between two clans which have jointly carried out a
raid. Should some of the clan’s youth be killed during the planned raids, the aggrieved payam/clan
would expect compensation from their partner clans. These situations have frequently resulted in
disagreements and fights.
Inter- and intra-clan clashes have also occurred as a result of competition over girls, adultery, elopement3, pregnancies outside of marriage, failure to pay dowry and forced marriages. Fighting over
girls/women and the associated cattle raiding to secure dowry, was in some communities considered
the biggest cause of insecurity between clans and families. The actors involved in inter- and intraclan fighting are mainly young men; however young women, parents and elders might be indirect
actors. What may have started as a family conflict in many cases could spill over to the entire community, resulting in indiscriminate killing of women, men and children.
4.7. Unemployment
The lack of jobs and incomes, according to participants are caused by the low level of education, lack
of capital or skills, limited or no economic opportunities, lack of awareness of various opportunities
3 Elopement of girls,
as defined by the community, either means a woman eloping with and living with a man before the dowry is paid, or
relations without the father’s consent. This can become a source of insecurity for the woman because her parents often send her
brother/s to demand for dowry from the man’s family. By eloping with a man, the value of the woman in terms of the number of cattle
she would have acquired is reduced. In places like Pariang, women reported that when brothers are sent to avenge the sister, other
women and men are killed or injured.
13
and hindrance of investment from the blockage of the north-south roads. Participants also mentioned that people have an attitude of expecting the Government to provide them with employment.
Unemployment particularly affects both the male and female youth. Low employment rate in a
county can lead to redundancy, low standards of living, increased numbers of street children, divorce, dependency on other family members, cattle raiding as a means of affording dowry, increased crisis in the areas, migration (rural and urban) and depopulation. When young men are idle
they also tend to get involved in conflicts such as cattle raiding, inter-clan fighting and skirmishes
over young women.
4.8. Food insecurity
Food insecurity can either be a cause or an effect of other underlying security issues, as indicated by
participants. Food shortage is usually caused by drought, floods or the limited access to other markets which has been particularly problematic during the rainy season when roads are impassable or
flooded. In some areas, food shortage has worsened when the roads connecting Bentiu to Adok and
to Khartoum in Sudan were closed. Insecurity and risk of attacks have further prevented communities from accessing these markets or other food sources.
Food shortages have led to increased food costs in the market, often beyond the purchasing power
of the majority of households. With the lack of food and proper diet, people have suffered from
anaemia or malnutrition. Women’s security has been compromised as well. Wives have claimed that
they suffer from increased domestic violence if there is no food in the house, and women looking for
food late at night are prone to attacks from militia groups or wild animals.
Additionally, the influx of returnees and reduced food distribution from relief agencies has put an
even greater pressure on the food supply in Unity.
5. INSECURITY ISSUES AFFECTING WOMEN AND GIRLS
5.1. Division of labour according to gender
Although men in some counties worked for hours each day fishing and cultivating, women’s workload in most counties is significantly higher than men’s. In rural areas, women do both the household work and most of the tasks in the farm. They perform an abundance of duties and travel long
distances on foot to fulfil the household’s needs. Several of their duties are physically demanding
and can take several hours each day to accomplish. Women have no breaks in their workday –
except when breastfeeding, which constitutes
one of the few times they sit down during the
day. Both younger and older married women
perform all the household duties including
washing, grinding maize and fetching water and
firewood in addition to a number of pastoralist
tasks.
Women’s group in Pariang County with the consultation team.
© UNDP
Both men and women expressed that this division of labour was in accordance with tradition
and that it was the woman’s role to do this type
of work. If women do not perform the work they
14
are expected to do, their husbands may beat them
up or divorce them. In one workshop, male participants said that women were born to do this kind of
work and mentioned the dowry as a justification.
When participants were asked if they see any problems with the division of work, some replied that
the workload could cause trauma and illness. One
female participant’s reply to the question of
whether this would be a problem was “You can
marry another wife.”
5.2. Insecurity risks faced by women and girls
Women suffer considerably in times of conflict, often left alone to look after the family when the husband leaves to fight and herd cattle or when he dies
in conflict. As such, women are still expected to
provide the next meal for the family, as well as protect the children and help them escape when conflicts worsen. However, women are rarely consulted
on issues of security and conflict resolution.
A typical day for women in Pariang County. © UNDP
Women and girls are often afraid to walk long distances to fetch water or go to the forest to collect firewood or material for building fences. They face
risks from landmines, wild animals and attacks from rebel militia groups (RMGs) which were reported to have committed murder, rape and abduction, and have forcefully stolen water containers
from women. Women who work at night, e.g. to brew beer for sale or to harvest water lily for food,
are at a particular risk of attacks from wild animals and RMGs. In Abiemnhom County, women reported fear of attacks from the Misseriya. To reduce the risk of these militia attacks, women expressed that a solution to the risk of attacks from militia groups was to have water sources be established closer to their homes.
Deployed soldiers living within the villages are perceived as often causing problems and posing
threats to local women, who reported of harassment especially when soldiers are intoxicated.
Women expressed that the payams need police and SPLA presence, but women would rather have
the soldiers be accommodated outside the villages.
Domestic violence is still common and some women have claimed they are most insecure at home
with their husbands. If they do not fulfil the tasks they are expected to do, for instance providing
food or water, they can be severely beaten by their husbands. Participants said that the depreciation
of women stems from the fact that when having paid a high dowry, some men perceive of their
wives as a commodity.
5.3. Sociocultural practices
Some sociocultural practices do not recognize women’s rights, such as the right to inherit property.
Prevailing practices include wife and property inheritance by relatives after the husband’s death.
Early and forced marriages also occur wherein ex-combatants or undisciplined soldiers have reportedly kidnapped girls to make as their wives. However, women interviewed in the consultations said
that forced marriages were not as common as before, as society changes and women are becoming
more educated.
15
However, it is possible for women to go to traditional authorities to get a divorce or seek help for
battery or other forms of domestic violence. According to women participants, it is more common to
go to traditional leaders for help instead of availing of the formal judicial system where the process
is tedious. Meanwhile, the inflicted damage may have already worsened before the case is resolved.
5.4. Lack of health facilities
Without proper and accessible medical facilities, women are often at high risk during childbirth because they are unable to travel on roads believed to be laid with landmines. Neither is it safe for doctors or midwives to take the same road to attend to the woman. Furthermore, the few medical facilities lack trained doctors, medical personnel and medicines.
5.5. Women and food security
Widowed women are expected to provide food for their families but since they do not own any cattle, they depend on costly meat sold in markets. Women are then left with limited food choices, compromising the quantity and quality of food provided to the family. Furthermore, women are discouraged from raising crops either for subsistence or to raise their income, for fear of landmines and
of possible militia attacks. They were, however, willing to do so if security organs would provide
stability in rural areas.
6. INSECURITY ISSUES AFFECTING THE YOUTH
6.1. Definition of youth
Youth, in the context of these community consultations, are generally defined as young men and
women, married or unmarried, below the age of 35. As participants were divided into groups of
men, women and youth, they were allowed to
join the group they found appropriate. Thus,
married women who are in the early years of
marriage and those without children are also
referred to as youth.
6.2. Roles of youth
Consultations showed that there is no distinction
between young women and older women’s roles
and division of labour; they generally take care
of all household chores in addition to tending to
vegetable gardens and cattle. Young men’s roles,
on the other hand, revolve almost exclusively
around the cattle; their main responsibility is cattle keeping including moving with the herd according to the seasons. This role transitions
young men into potentially good providers particularly of dowry, and is considered as the rite
of passage to manhood. If unmarried, though,
young men felt marginalised in their households
especially if they have older, married brothers.
They are also frustrated with the steep dowry
requirements that come with increased social
pressure, discouraging them from marrying.
Youth group in Mayom County creates this seasonal calendar.
© UNDP
16
Young women, as other married women, have more responsibilities and have very little free time.
Young men, on the other hand, have a lot of leisure time outside of their cattle-keeping duties. The
large amount of idle time, however, frustrates young men since they claimed to have hardly any
opportunities for income-generating or recreational activities.
6.3. Young men and women in the midst of conflict
Youth are seen as the main actors during conflict wherein young men are direct participants to the
conflict, with young women getting embroiled as well. Fights erupt, for instance, when young men
compete for girls as they herd cattle during the dry season. Some participants also shared that it is
common for young unmarried men and women to have relations during the season’s cultural
dances, resulting in pregnancies and thereby feuds between clans.
As main custodians of cattle, young men are the most prominent parties in cattle raiding and clashes
over grazing land and water. Driven by a desire to get married to secure enough dowry or motivated by a culture of revenge, young men are often caught in a vicious cycle of attacks and counterattacks.
Idleness can also be a trigger for conflict. Several male participants pointed out that without jobs or
leisure activities, they are vulnerable to being recruited by rebel militia groups to participate in cattle
raids. Young men, even those who have not been parties to previous incidences, are enticed as conflict issues turn into vicious cycles of attacks and retaliation. Young men from Guit County told how
they can be tracked down in Bentiu in case someone wants to avenge other members of their clan.
Meanwhile, young women indicated that they were more concerned with insecurity in their households and immediate communities; i.e. issues that affected their everyday life. Domestic violence
and disputes over lack of employment or livelihood are key insecurity issues, as well as being
treated as property based on the dowry paid to the woman’s family.
While communities generally perceive youth as the main driver of insecurity and conflict, the youth
also see themselves as agents of positive change. However, they lack opportunities and alternative
livelihoods.
6.4. The need for education and employment
During the consultations, youth participants repeatedly identified the lack of education, training and
employment opportunities as a main concern, especially among young men who said they had few
vocational opportunities. Elders and county authorities echoed this sentiment as well. Without a
proper education, the youth do not meet the skills requirement for employment. On the other hand,
very few vocational opportunities and alternative livelihoods, such as those in agriculture, are available, leaving the youth to fall back into cattle keeping as their main source of livelihood. Combined
with idleness and the potential enticement from militia groups, youth are easily drawn into conflict.
Young unmarried men face additional challenges, especially if they are the youngest of the sons in
the household. They want to get married but high dowry demands combined with a lack of cattle in
their households place them under strain. In addition, there is a lack of employment opportunities
and tools for taking up agriculture. Consequently, young men reported a particular predicament as
they face social pressures, including falling under the weight of their own expectations.
A general perception among participants in the county consultations, including elders and county
authorities, was that there is an overriding lack of educational and training facilities, which contribute to the lack of alternative livelihoods for youth. The establishment of vocational training centres
should preferably be demand-driven and optimise youth leadership, including establishing youth
associations.
17
7.
COUNTY-SPECIFIC FINDINGS
This section provides detailed results of the consultations in each of the nine counties. The outputs
of these consultations include a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a community action plan. It should be noted that all of these findings were a direct expression of thoughts
and opinions of community members, drawn out through group discussions. While editing on
grammar and syntax was done according to publication standards, the matrices in this section retained participants’ own wordings to preserve the integrity of the results.
7.1.
Rubkona County
Rubkona County is located in the centre north of Unity State and covers an area of 3,597 sq km with
a population estimated at 100,2364. It borders Guit County to the east, Southern Kordofan state to the
north, Abiemnhom County to the northwest, Mayom County to the west and Koch County to the
south. It has two key towns, Rubkona (formerly known as Yoahnyang) and Bentiu which hosts the
state government. Rubkona County consists of 10 payams, namely Bentiu, Rubkona, Nhialdhiu, Kaljak, Budaang, Panhiany, Dhorbor, Wathjak, Ngop and Norlamwuel. Most parts of Rubkona County
remain inaccessible. The Nuer is the predominant ethnic group in the county.
Agriculture, livestock and fishing are the traditional livelihood activities in Rubkona County. Development of the petroleum sector provides important economic and employment opportunities. The
closure of the Khartoum-Bentiu road that links the north with Unity state after the 2011 referendum
resulted in a shortage of commodities in the county. About 90 percent of the business activities in
Rubkona are run by communities from Sudan and from Darfur as well as by Nubian merchants.
Participants in the Rubkona County Consultations
Women
Men
Total
20
35
55
Rubkona County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Conflict
Cattle raiding
Causes
 Competition over
wealth among clans
 Low levels of education
 Presence of small
arms in the public
grazing land
 Undefined county
borders
 Shared land and
water resources
Parties in the conflict
Parties to the
conflict
Effects
 Male youth of Rubkona
 Communities
 Chiefs
 Government
 Loss of lives
 Loss of properties
 Diseases
 Population decrease
 Hunger
vs Mayom
 Rubkona vs Misseriya
youth
 Rubkona Payam vs
Wathnyona Payam of
Guit,
 Budaang Payam vs Tor
Payam of Parieng,
 Panhiany Payam vs
Bou Payam of Koch
 Kerguin Payam of Guit,
Ngop Payam of
Rubkona vs Chatjak
Payam of Mayom
of Sudan
Solutions
 Deployment of
police across counties
 Enforcement of law
on cattle raiders
 Construction of
police outposts at
the borders/
payams raiding
cattle
 Formation of committees from communities leaders,
youth and women
 Provision of transport and communication equipment
for police
 Compensation of
stolen cattle
Cont...
4
5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008. In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern
Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.
18
Cont… Rubkona County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
Causes
Parties to the
conflict
Effects
Solutions
Competition
over water
 Shortage of water in
 Women internally
 Youth from Rubkona vs
 Youth and men
 Loss of human lives,
 Drilling of boreholes
 Construction of haffirs (large
the local area in
South Kordofan
where the Misseriya
reside
Youth of Misseriya
 Rubkona youth vs Koch
Youth
of Rubkona and
Government of
Sudan push
Misseriya youth
 Rubkona youth vs Guit
 Undefined borders
between communities
 Youth from Rubkona vs
Misseriya youth
water catchments)
 Forced migration
 Loss of productive
time as women must
walk long distances
in search of water
youth
Competition
over grazing
land
cattle and productive
time in search of
other water sources
 Government of
Sudan
 Lack of pasture
 Deaths
 Cattle raiding
 Displacement
 Loss of lives
 Abduction of chil-
 Establishment of border
committee
 Use of legal document for
movement
 Deployment of UN troops
dren
Rebel
Militia
Groups
(RMGs)
power and wealth
 Tribalism
 Discontentment
 RMGs vs SPLA
 SSLA vs SPLA
 SSLA vs organised
 Government of
Sudan
 Loss of lives and
properties
 Insecurity
 Displacement
 Distortion of move-
forces
over election results
ment
 Peace negotiations between
the government and the
RMGs
 Deployment of SPLA
 Dialogue between Sudan
and South Sudan government
 Presence of landmines
 Violent attacks
 Recruitment of child
soldiers
Border
conflicts
 Artificial colonial
border demarcation
the ownership of
land
land resources, e.g.
oil and grazing land
Abduction
of children
by Misseriya
Inter/intraclan fighting
 Male youth and the
communities of
Rubkona vs youth
 Men and the communities of Mayom, Koch,
Guit and Pariang counties, plus Misseriya of
South Kordofan
 Youth and men
from both sides
 Elders
 Head of security in the state
 Governor
 SPLA
 Migration of people
 Child labour
 Slave trade
 Rubkona community vs
Misseriya male youth
Sudan
 Rubkona youth in the
 Elders
grazing land
girls
 Border conflicts
 Revenge
 Eloping of girls and
early pregnancy
 Adultery
 Critic songs
villages vs Guit/
Mayom youth
 Youth in the sub-clans
within the county
 Government of
cattle
 Migration
 Diseases
 Demarcation of borders
 Deployment of police across
the border
 Construction of police posts
 Provision of transport and
communication equipment
to police
 Road connectivity
 Loss of children
 Trauma
 Loss of manpower
 Dialogue with Misseriya
 Deployment of police forces
 Border demarcation
 Restriction of move-
 Enforcement of law
 Jobs creation
 Construction of schools
 Laws on dowry reduction
 Vocational training centres
ment
 Lack of trust and
suspicion
 Broken relationships
properties
 Diseases
 Displacement
 Limited manpower
for youth
 Engagement of faith groups
 Establishment of joint courts
19
Rubkona County: Prioritisation of Conflict Issues
Issue
Men
Women
Youth
Total
Cattle raiding
3
4
2
9
Rank
1—Highest
7– Lowest
3
Competition over water
4
2
6
12
4
Competition over grazing land
6
7
5
18
6
Attack by RMGs
2
3
1
6
2
Border conflict
1
1
3
5
1
Abduction by Misseriya
7
6
7
20
7
Inter- and intra-clan conflict
5
5
4
14
5
Rubkona County: Community Action Plan
Project
Priority 1:
Construct six police posts in:






Ngob Payam (Wangkei)
Tanjiang Payam (Kerthou)
Possible partners
Start
date
Who will follow up
Provision of land by the
community, labour by the
community, provision of
building materials
County authority
1 Jan
2012
County authority,
community leaders,
UNDP
 Meeting with chiefs,
 County authority
30 Nov
2011
Community committee
1 Jan
2012
County authority,
community leaders,
Local steering Committee, UNDP
Budaang Payam (Reng)
Norlam Payam (Jornjang)
Panhiany Payam (Tuet)
Bentiu Payam (Kei)
Priority 2:
Establish irrigation projects for
youth and women in:




Action/Resources
youths and women,
discuss what is
needed for the project
to be implemented
Wathjar
Ngob
Kaljak
Dhorbor
Priority 3:
Drill boreholes







Land
Labour
Water pumps(4)
Water pipe
Tractor
Seeds
Irrigation tools; axes,
holes
Community mobilization,
provision of land by the
community, provision of
local materials, provision
of building materials,
labour
and Community
leaders.
 State govt/ community/ county
authority
 UNDP, AECOM
 UNDP, AfDB
 UNDP, FAO,
Min. of Agric/
state
 UNDP, Bureau/
MOWRI
County authority,
community leaders,
central and state government, UNDP
20
7.2.
Guit County
Guit County was formerly part of Rubkona County but was accorded separate status as a result of
the devolution of power in the CPA agreement. Guit covers a surface area of 3,432sq km 5 and borders the following counties: Pariang in the north, Rubkona in the northwest, Koch in the South and
Old Fangak in Jonglei State to the east. It is situated along the Nile River with three significant ports.
Guit County has vast resources such as oil, cattle, fish and grasslands. Guit County has eight
payams, 24 bomas and 208 villages. The payams are Niemni, Kuach, Nyathoar, Kedad, Kuerguini,
Wathnyona, Chotyiel and Bil. All payams are connected to the county headquarter by murrum
roads.
The population is estimated at 33,0046 of which the majority are youth. Guit is predominantly occupied by the Jikany clan of the Great Nuer tribe with a small of number of Fallath Arab Nomads and
some Darfurians. The majority of the population is comprised of cattle keepers but the population
also engage in subsistence farming and modest commercial fishing. The majority of the population
lives in rural areas with only a few elites residing in the urban centres of Unity State. During the dry
season, water and pasture becomes a challenge which leads people to move over long distances to
other areas.
Participants in the Guit County Consultations
Women
Men
Total
13
46
59
Guit County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Conflict
Issues
Unclear
borders
Causes
 Control over taxation. People
taxed are from Guit but tax collected by Pariang
 Competition over state capital
ownership
 Communities claim land of Ben-
Parties
 Tax collectors
 Politicians
 Settlers in the contested
areas
 Communities in Payam
Effects
 Occasional fighting
 Death
 Instability
 Tension
Possible solution
 3-party mediation: 2 communities and mediation by an external party (not the government )
 Referring to old (colonial) maps
to establish facts
 Engage elders knowledgeable of
tiu
 Political interest of having higher
local history of the exact borders
 Traditional conflict resolution
population to increase political
weight and have more seats in the
State Parliament
mechanism
 Engage communities in recon-
 Higher population means more
ciliation
 Establishment of border court
access to developmental State
funds allocated
(formal judicial system) to solve
controversies
 Misunderstanding/mistrust between communities
 Attitude of seeking Government
Unemployment
employment
 Lack of skills
 Unfair competition from skilled
traders
 Idleness/inertia as consequence of
war, people have no initiative
 Laziness: people look for clerical
jobs and do not consider farming
or labour intensive work
 Women
 Men
 Population at large but
mainly youth
 Youth
 Insecurity caused by
idleness
 People are unable to
support their families
 Business initiatives of
poor traders suffocated by stronger traders
 Formation of consortia or business groups
 Family-based business project
based on resources owned
 Awareness/sensitisation on opportunities, business ideas, techniques, skills
 Create own business opportunities without relying only on public employment
Cont…
5
6
Ibid, p.12.
21
Cont… Guit County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict Issues
Causes
Parties
Effects
 Women are not supported by
Possible solution
 Vocational training in brick
husbands/families in their entrepreneurship
making, catering, hotel management, mechanics
 Lack of transparency and merit
in public post recruitment
Conflict over
marriage/
dowry
 Elopement
 Failure to pay dowry
 Early pregnancy
 Dowry paid but pregnancy
 Families
 Girls
 Youth
 Community
with another man occurs before
marriage
 Arranged marriages
 Girls punished
 Inter-family fighting
 Reduced family
wealth
 Forced marriage
 Trauma in marriage
(unfaithfulness, adultery, domestic violence)
 Respect rights of others
 Respect women’s rights to
choose partner
 Awareness: girls are not just a
source of wealth
 Shift dowry from cows to
money (no need for raiding)
 Community consultation on
dowry
 Death
Competition
over grazing
land, fisheries
 Rubkona men coming to Guit
for pasture during dry season
 Presence of only one fishing site
 Youth
 Men
(Lel Ganyai)
 Fighting
 Cattle raiding
 Lack of food
 Lack of income
 Community leaders to facilitate youth movement
 Channel water from river Nile
to Guit
 Provision of tools for fishing
 Cleaning the river to expand
fishing ground
Presence of
rebel militia
groups
(RMGs)
Inter-clan
fighting
 Power struggle
 North Sudan trying to cause
 RMGs
 SPLA, SAF
insecurity in the State
 Competition over girls/
 Youth
marriage
 Pregnancy before marriage
 Culture / Tradition
 Lack of education
 Lack of economic opportunities
 Lack of food
 Young men
 Peace dialogue in the commu-
 Death
 Diseases
 Injuries/disabilities
 No opportunity for
 Alternative livelihood and
 Death
 Famine
 Diseases
 Disabilities
 Loss of life and property
Long distance
to water points
 Lack of water points
 Women responsibility to fetch
 Dowry
 Women low status in the society
nity
 Police posts and patrols
employment opportunity
 Youth engagement
 Traditional leaders to help
solve controversies
 Education and training
 Cutting down trees and resettle in Nyatuol, Chang Pageny,
Pam, Nyayouk
 Expanding agricultural and
other livelihood activities
 Provision of agricultural tools
including water tanks
 Men
 Women
 Rape
 Overwork
 Boreholes drilling for humans
 Men
 Women
 No appreciation of
 Solve inequality through access
water
Domestic
violence
pending issues
 Deaths
 Disabilities
 Road blockade
movement
Cattle raiding
 Peace talks à try to solve CPA
women from men
 Women not involved
in decision making
 Cultural belief that
women have no
rights
 Clan fights
and animals
 Grinding mills
to education
 Provision of reproductive
health services
 Support to orphans and widows
 Adult education
22
Guit County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict issue
Women
Men
Youth
Total
Unclear borders
3
1
1
5
Rank
1—Highest
9– Lowest
1
Unemployment
2
3
7
12
4
Marriage/dowry
9
8
6
23
8
Competition over grazing land, water and fisheries
7
2
2
11
2
Cattle raiding
6
5
8
19
7
RMG presence
5
4
5
14
5
Inter-clan fighting
4
6
4
14
5
Domestic violence
8
9
9
26
9
Long distance to water points
1
7
3
11
3
Guit County: Community Action Plan
Project
Priority 1:
Opening of existing water canal to provide access to water
Priority 2:
Mechanised agricultural
projects (all
payams)
Priority 3:
Construction and equipping of two police
posts
Action/resources
Possible partners
Start date
Who will follow up
Show the site
Community
5 Jan 2012
Steering Committee
formed by the payams
Clear the site
County government
Provide labour and inspect the
existing canal
UNDP
Provide security
Local administration
Provide construction company
UNDP and Steering Committee
Community mobilization
Community
1 Jan 2012
Community leaders,
Steering committee
Identification of land
County authorities
Formation of farming associations and membership
County authorities and community
Feb-Mar 2012
Payam authorities and
Steering Committee
Training of farmers through their
Associations
County authorities, UNDP
May 2012
Steering Committee
Purchase of a tractor
UNDP
Steering committee
Purchase of farm inputs (seeds,
tools, pesticide)
UNDP
Steering Committee and
county authorities
Awareness, identifying actual
locations in Thow Managor and
Chang Payams
County and payam authorities
Jan 2012
Steering committee and
payam authority
Land clearing
Local
Mar 2012
Payam authority
Tendering process
Steering Committee, UNDP
Steering Committee
Mobilisation of local materials
Community and payam
Community
Actual construction, provision of
equipment/furniture, communication equipment, vehicle
Hand over to government
Contractors/UNDP
Steering Committee/
UNDP
UNDP
Steering Committee
Steering Committee
23
7.3.
Abiemnhom County
Abiemnhom County is situated in the northeast of Unity state bordering South Kordofan and Abyei
in Sudan. Abiemnhom further shares borders with Mayom County to the southeast, Pariang County
to the north, Rubkona County to the east, and Twic County (Warrap State) to the south. Abiemnhom
has a surface area of 2,380 sq km and has an estimated population of 17,012 7, most of whom are
Dinka Alor along with some Nuer. The main economic activity in Abiemnhom is agriculture.
Until 2005 Abiemnhom was part of Mayom County but became an independent county with the
signing of the CPA. Abiemnhom’s population was almost wiped out during the second civil war in
1983, which saw the majority of people fleeing to Sudan. Re-settlement only began in 2003. Parts of
Abiemnhom remain unsettled and especially along the borders this allows for easy movement of
RMGs who use Abiemnhom as a corridor for launching attacks in Mayom County.
Participants in the Abiemnhom County Consultations
Women
Men
Total
24
36
60
Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Conflict issues
Presence of
RMGs
Causes
Parties involved
Parties to the
conflict
 Abiemnhom is the
 RMGs and SPLA
 Government
corridor to Mayom
– Bangbang payam
of Sudan
 Government
 No police presence/
of South Sudan
security
Effects
Solutions
 Disabilities
 Loss of lives
 Deployment of security forces
ment
 Food insecurity
(SPLA and police) along the
border of Bangbang and
Awarpiny payams
 Construction of roads for easier deployment and delivery of
supplies
 Construction of boreholes
along the insecure borders for
easier access to water for security forces
Competition
over grazing
land
 Lack of pasture
north of the border
of Sudan during
dry season
 Male youth and
men from
Abiemnhom –
Misseriya youth
 Government
of Sudan
 Displacement
 Burning of houses
and gardens
 Khartoum government incites Misseriya to capture
land
 Deployment of security forces
(SPLA and police) along the
border with Sudan
 Loss of property
 Loss of lives
 Abduction of children
 Construction of police posts
 Insecurity
 Loss of lives
 Long distances to
 Connection of water pipes
 Construction of more bore-
and provide transport, communication and provisions
 Soft border since
independence
Competition
over water
 Lack of clean water
 Lack of boreholes
fisheries
 Youth (men and
 Communities
women) from
Abiemnhom –
Misseriya youth
Abiemnhom Khartoum
fetch water for
womenà miscarriages
and health problems
river Kiir
Competition
over oil
 Presence of oil
 Ownership of oil
 Government of
Sudan
 Government of
South Sudan
7
Ibid, p. 12.
 Government
of Sudan
 Government
of South Sudan
 Inadequate oil
 Food insecurity
 Insecurity
 Fear
 Lack of development
 Displacement
 Loss of lives
holes
 Clear/demarcation of borders
 International interventions –
demarcate borders
 Involvement of UN security
council
 Resolve outstanding CPA
issues
Cont...
24
Cont… Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict issues
Presence of
landmines
Causes
 RMGs allegedly
sent by Khartoum
government to
plant landmines
Parties involved
 Youth and men of
the militia group
Parties to the
conflict
 Government
of Sudan
Effects
 Restriction of movement
 Food insecurity
 Inflation
 Loss of lives
 Limited access to
medical care for pregnant women and
farmers
Attack by Misseriya
 Control over resources, e.g. gum
Arabic, fisheries
 Youth and men of
Misseriya
 Grazing land
 Water
 Khartoum govern-
 Government
of Sudan (they
give arms to
the Misseriya)
 Struggle for resources, e.g. grass,
sand, fish, etc.
 UNMAO should carry out
demining in the affected areas
 The government of South Sudan should raise the issue in
the international community
 Deployment of troops to insecure payams
 UNMISS should patrol the
areas affected
 Deployment of police and
military in the payams
erties
 Abduction of children
ment instigation to
divide the Dinka
and Nuer tribe
Border conflict
 Loss of cattle
 Loss of lives
 Rape
 Displacement
 Destruction of prop-
Solutions
 Youth and men
from Abiemnhom
vs. Misseriya
 Government
of Sudan
 Assault/harassment of
women particularly
 Quest to annex
ment
 Underdevelopment
some lands
 Grazing land
 Deployment of police and
army to the payams at the
border
 Clear demarcation of Sudan
and South Sudan
 Mediation of this dispute over
border between north and
south done by the international community
Cattle raiding
 Presence of arms in
hands of Misseriya
 Wealth and pres-
 RMGs
 Misseriya
 Youth
 Divorce (if cows stolen are discovered
and taken back)
 Fights
 Loss of lives
 Loss of livestock
 Revenge attacks
 Food insecurity
 Displacement
 Loss of livelihood
 Enmity/sour relation-
tige
 Ex-combatant
(need for survival)
 Lack of rule of law
 No police presence
 Dowry
 Water issues
 Community Incitement
Presence of
small arms
 Demobilised and
not disarmed SPLA
Ex-combatant
(disserted)
 Presence of RMGs
 Presence of Misseriya (Arab nomads)
 Cattle Raiding
 Protection of
wealth
 Increase the number of police
forces at the border
 Awareness and intercommunity dialogues
 Provision of water dams and
canals
 Roads network
 Establishment of Joint courts
 Disarmament (regional)
 Border protection and restrictions
ship among the community
 Misseriya
 Militia groups
 Youth from Warrap state
 Ex-combatants
(SPLA)
 Government
of Sudan
 Unknown
militia groups
 Displacement
 Intercommunity fighting
 Collapse business
 Lack of commodities
 Hunger and malnutrition
 Police presence (well
equipped)
 Clear border demarcation
 Disarmament
 Increase dialogues between the
two countries
 Prison along the border
 Diseases
 Loss of lives
 Close down of schools
 Fear/stress leading to
premature delivery/
miscarriages
 Disabilities
 Increased number of
orphans
 Bad effect on babies/
children
Cont...
25
Cont… Abiemnhom County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict issues
Causes
Unemployment
 Insecurity
 Low level of educa-
Parties involved
Parties to the
conflict
Effects
 Youth (women
Solutions
 Low standard of liv-
and men)
 Income generating activities
 Provision of loans for small
ing
 Increase the number
tion
 Lack of capital
 Lack of entrepre-
scale business
 Vocational training (carpentry,
of street children
 Divorce
 Dependency
 Increase crisis in the
neurial Skills
 Blockage of NorthSouth Roads thus
investment discouraged
African gum, fisheries, brick
laying)
 Agricultural farming projects
 Provision of sewing machines
areas
 Cattle raiding due to
for women’s groups
 Construct recreational centre
redundancy and desire for dowry
for youth activities
 Migration (rural and
urban)
 Depopulation
 Redundancy
Abiemnhom County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict issue
Women
Men
Youth
Total
Rank
1—Highest
10– Lowest
Cattle raiding
4
2
5
11
3
3
3
2
8
2
Competition over grazing land
5
5
6
16
5
Unclear border
6
4
3
13
4
Presence of small arms
7
6
9
22
8
Misseriya attacks
1
1
1
3
1
Presence of RMGs
2
8
7
17
6
Unemployment
9
7
4
20
7
Competition over oil fields
8
10
10
28
10
Presence of landmines
10
9
8
27
9
26
Abiemnhom County: Community Action Plan
Project
Priority 1:
Construction of police
posts in at least four,
preferable seven payams
Action/resources
Possible partners
Who will follow up
Identify location and land
Community, payam
authorities
Jan 2012
Survey the location
County surveyors
Feb 2012
Identify building materials
(local)
Tendering process
Community
Mar 2012
Steering Committee
UNDP, Government
Apr 2012
Procurement of materials
UNDP
Government
Apr 2012
Steering Committee,
UNDP
Steering Committee
Commissioner
Community leaders
Steering Committee
Commissioner
Community leaders
UNDP
Steering Committee
Actual construction
Purchase furniture and
equipment
Hand over
Priority 2:
Construction of seven
boreholes in the
payams
Start date
Provision of land
Provision of local materials
(with pay)
Provision of labour (with
pay)
Provision of security
Apr 2012
UNDP
Jul 2012
UNDP
Government
Community
Aug 2012
Steering Committee,
Commissioner, community leaders
Jan 2012
Steering Committee,
county authorities
Jan. 2012
Steering Committee,
county authorities,
UNDP
Community
Community
County authorities
Provision of accommodation
Priority 3:
Sorghum farming in the
seven
payams
Provision of construction
company
Meet with communities and
authorities
UNDP
Search for fertile land
Community
Machines for tree cutting
UNDP
State Government
Community
FAO
WFP
NGOs
Seeds
Labour
Thresher machine
Generator
Water
Pumping machine
Pesticides
Fertilizers
Storage facility
County commissioner
27
7.4.
Leer County
Leer County is situated in the southeast part of Unity State, approximately 135 km from the state
capital Bentiu. It consists of 16 payams and 48 bomas. It is the most densely populated county in
Unity State, with an estimated population of 53,022 and an area of 1,612 sq km. 8 The county borders
Koch County to the North, Mayendit County to the East, Panyijar County to the southeast and Jonglei State to the East. The border between Leer and other counties is not yet demarcated.
The population in Leer relies on livestock, fishing and subsistence agriculture. The county receives
rains between June to October which often results in floods. The swampy terrain makes the county
endemic to diseases such as malaria and to parasitic infections like Kala Azar and bilharzias, among
others.
Participants in the Leer County Consultations
Women
Men
Total
18
38
56
Leer County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Conflict
Issues
Competition
over
pasture
Causes
 Less rainfall
 Drought
 Claim of ownership
of communal grazing
land
Parties in the
conflict
 Youth of
Leer, Mayendit and
Panyijar
Parties to
the conflict
 Parents
 Elders
 Traditional
leaders
 Revenge
 Inadequate water
Effects




Solutions
Spread of livestock diseases
 Water sources construction
 Mobile animal health clinics
 Formation of youth organiza-
Degradation of vegetation and
land
 Youth training on peace build-
Loss of herds of cattle
Loss of life
 Violent fights
 Mistrust between counties
sources for pasture
growth
tions in cattle camps
ing and unity
 Creation of income earning/job
opportunities
 Burning of bushes should be
 Justice system still
stopped
 Creating ranches
slow, laws on raiders
not used
 Overstocking of animals
 Revenge to acquire
dowry for sisters who
have been eloped
 Limited funds
 Unclear return polices
 Poor planning of
Poor management of
returnees
return process
 Concentration of
returnees in urban
areas
 High influx of returnees during the referendum
 Inadequate humanitarian support
 Fear of statelessness
 Sudan and
South Sudan Governments
 Humanitarian
partners
 Pressure on existing resources
and services
 Increase of crime
 Incompatible cultural practices
from different diasporas
 Over-population
 Competition over land, water,
education etc
 Increased unemployment
 Language barrier – medium of
 Allocation of adequate basic
services – water, education,
health etc
 Creation of job opportunities
 Vocational training and income
generating activities for the
youth
 Awareness raising on return
policies
instruction is English so children
from Sudan are unable to fit in
 Natural resources mismanagement
 Mismanagement of return resources
8
Cont...
Ibid, p. 12
28
Cont… Leer County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
Issues
Competition
over water
Causes
 Drying up of rivers –
Gaar, Tiam and
Kuelnyang
Parties in the
conflict
Parties to the
conflict
 Women, youth
 Elders and
and children
leaders
Effects
 Long waiting time at water
points
 Fights among youth in de-
 Long dry spell seasons –
fence of their sisters and
mothers;
which takes about 5
months
Solutions
 Increase water sources/
points in all payams
 Surface water harvesting
 Women have less sleeping
 Inadequate water sources
time because many hours
are spent at water points
in all payams whereby
people have to share one
borehole – Pillieny and
Thornyang payams
 Fights among women and
girls from various payams
 Miscarriage among expect-
 Five payams do not have
ing women
 Less food in the house
 Poor personal hygiene at
boreholes – Adok, Dhorgani, Gander, Gir, Juong
 High returnees influx
 Broken boreholes
household level
 Health conditions deteriorate leading to neck, head,
chest pain and miscarriage
by expectant mothers
 Women are beaten by husbands if there is no water in
the house
 Girls drop out of school to
support with water fetching
for the family
Borders
disputes
 Creation of new counties
 Discovery of oil fields in
Leer
 Displacement of people
 Unjust system of compensation between Leer
and Mayendit
 Un-institutionalised conflict management mechanisms ( when a good
officer who manages
conflicts well is transferred the new person
hired uses bad mechanisms)
 Fear that the less populated areas would be
annexed
 Fear that counties would
not be allocated resources
or get services due to
less population
 Perception by some people that traditional justice
applied favours some
people
 Youth in Leer
and Mayendit
 Elders,
women and
politicians
 Fighting over resources
(water and schools)
 Restriction of movements
 Displacement of people
 Mistrust among communities
 Loss of life and property
 Out migration by men
 Rape of women and children
 Inter-county disputes over
compensation paid by the
oil company to destructed
farms, houses and resources
 Inter-county dialogue
 Adequate allocation of
funds and services by
government to all counties regardless of population and size
 Empowerment of local
authorities to mobilize
communities on peace
matters and coexistence
 Provide more equipment for security organs
 Proper management of
the return process
 Empower local authorities in resource mobilization
 Support the reintegration of returnees
 Adequate basic services
(Water, Health, Education);
 Cultural awareness
 Confusion on voter registration
 Scramble to control counties between Mayendit
and Leer (main roads
taxes)
Cont...
29
Conflict
Issues
Causes
Parties in the
conflict
Attacks by
Rebel Militia
Group
(RMG)
 Failure to reintegrate militia
 Youth organ-
to national army
 Failure to succeed in captur-
ized by
Galuak
ing political seats by certain
politicians
Parties to the
conflict
 Political
leader that
failed to
capture his
seat
 Illegal possession of firearms
Effects
 Fighting
 Killings
 Displacement of
people
 Rape of women and
children
by citizens
 Motivation to accumulate
ment
Solutions
 Deployment of forces along
the borders
 Comprehensive disarmament
 Reintegration of militia groups
 Dialogue between Government and RMGs
 Border demarcation between
South Sudan and Sudan
 Forced recruitment
wealth
 Unconfirmed ranks
 Opposition of elections and
of children
 Low production of
referendum
food
 Rape of women
 Stealing of water
containers and
cooking pots
Cattle
raiding







Less job opportunities
Inadequate food supply
Absence of security forces
High cost of dowry
Revenge
Presence of arms
Lack of awareness on the
effects of cattle raiding and
other opportunities for generating wealth
 Less food importation from
the North due to the dysfunctional port Adok and
absence of roads
 Belief that possession of
many heads of cattle is prestigious
 Bribing prison officers by
elders to have their convicted sons released from
prison
 Motivation to have money
 Youth of Leer
and Mayendit,
Koch, Mayom,
Rubkona and
Panyijar
 Parents
who push
their sons to
raid
 Militia who
supply
guns
 Cross-border fighting
 Displacement of
people
 Restricted movements
 Less production of
food
 Out-migration by
men and youth
 Women are left
behind to bear the
burden of family
care
 Loss of patriotism
 Construction of police stations
and deployment of police
 Promote job creation for the
youth
 Construction of road to link
State Headquarters with counties
 Support foreign investors to
create job opportunities
 Improve communication systems to access security organs
in time of need
 Hold dialogue between the
youth in the payams /intercounty dialogue
 Increase cross border dialogue
 Build mobile schools for the
youth in the cattle camps
 Provide the youth with technical skills including masonry,
carpentry, electronics and
metal work
and clothes for Christmas
 Release of cattle raiders by
prison authorities due to
poor capacity of prisons to
provide basic needs
Cont…
30
Conflict
Issues
Food
insecurity
Causes
 High influx of returnees
 Use of traditional farming
Parties in the
conflict
Parties to
the conflict
 Men, youth
 Militant
and women
Groups
 Sudan
system
 Closure of borders be-
Government
tween South Sudan and
Sudan
Effects
Solutions
 Malnutrition among children
 Initiation of income generat-
and women
ing activities for women
 Out-migration of men
 Women left behind to care
for children
twice a year
 Modern farming methods
 Forced and early marriage of
 Over reliance on rain-fed
girls
 Pregnant mothers become
farming
 Drought
 Floods
 Polygamy – overstretch




food resources
priority by Government
Death of pregnant women
Robbery with violence
Loss of life
Some children refuse to go to
school – high dropout
 Displacement
 Alcoholism by men
 Loss of livestock and agri-
 Miscarriages by expecting
cultural land due to open
disposal of waste products
by oil company
cattle camps and get mentored to raiding practices
mothers/women
 School dropout; children join
 High rate of divorce
 Women overwhelmed (Sleep
 Fights between Dier in
Leer and Mayendit
at 01:00 am and wake up at
04:00 am in the rainy season)
Restricted movement
 Poor sexual relationship
Death of household heads
between spouses
Pest infestation
 Men beat wives and children
Lack of diversification of
income sources
(Tractors, improved seeds,
extension of services)
 Creation of employment
opportunities for youth
anaemic
 Absence of food security




 Irrigation pumps to harvest
if there is no food
 Dialogue among the youth
for peaceful coexistence
 Enact and enforce laws
against alcohol and beating
of women
 Awareness raising against
domestic violence
 Rotational system
 Engage South Sudan Wild
Life Services to control
wildlife
 Open East Africans routes
for food
 Construction of dikes to
control flooding
 Construction of inter-state
roads
 Attraction of foreign investors in food production
 Exposure habits of rape
 Attacks by wild animals
Leer County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict / Insecurity Issues
9
Youth
Women
Men / Elders
County
9
authorities
Total
Rank
1—Highest
7– Lowest
Competition over pasture
5
7
5
6
23
6
Poor management of return process
6
3
4
5
18
4
Border disputes
4
6
6
4
20
5
3
2
3
2
10
2
Food insecurity
1
1
1
1
4
1
Cattle raiding
2
5
2
3
12
3
Attacks by Rebel Militia Groups
(RMGs)
7
4
7
7
25
7
Leer county commissioner, police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife Service, South Sudan People’s Liberation Army,
and South Sudan People’s Liberation Movement secretary.
31
Leer County: Community Action Plan
Proposed
projects
Priority 1:
Food security project
Proposed components
 Provide one tractor, improved
Activities
 Mobilize and form
seeds and extension services
for the county towards improved farming
 Mobilize and train farmer
farmer groups with
both men and
women
 Train farmers on
groups’ members (three members in each payam)
 Provide the women’s union in
improved farming
systems
 Strengthen the
Leer county with support to
initiate one retail shop and a
restaurant at Leer county headquarter to improve income to
supplement food needs
women ‘s union
with skills to enable
them run the retail
shop, restaurant
Resources
 Tractors
 Irrigation
 Local government
Seeds
 UNDP
 Other UN or-
Tools
ganizations
pumps




Possible partners
Funds
Technical
experts
 Grinding
machine
 Funds
 Provide women with one grinding mill at Leer Payam centre
 Provide the youth in all the
payams with skills in masonry,
welding and carpentry including adult education
Priority 2:
Water
project
 Mobilise and build the capacity
of water user group to maintain the water sources
 Drill 64 hand pumps (3 in each
payam)
 Construct water reservoir for
livestock and kitchen gardening in each payam
 Repair five boreholes in
Adok, Dhorgani, Gander, Gir,
and Juong
 Repair one water tank at Leer
headquarters near the market

Identifying payam
committees / leadership that will work
with the steering
committee
 Drilling machines
 Water pumps
 Engineer
 Other related
equipment
and materials
 Authorities in the
county
 Traditional leaders
 Return and Reintegration Commission (RRC)
 Water Department
32
7.5.
Koch County
Koch is located in the south of Unity State and borders Guit County to the northeast, Mayom
County to the west, Rubkona County to the north, and Mayendit County to the south. It shares its
border with Tonj East and Tonj North County of Warrap state to the west. The county has seven
payams; Gany, Norbor, Pakur, Boaw, Ngony, Mirmir and Jaak. It is estimated that the total population of Koch is 74,863.10
Koch County is predominantly inhabited by Nuer people, of which there are five distinct clans,
namely Rayien, Boor, Lang, Wuot and Jidiet. However, during the wars other ethnic groups came to
the area. Koch communities rely on livestock, agriculture, fishing and oil for their livelihoods. Koch
County has 11 murrum roads that connect it to various payams. None of these roads has tarmac and
are thus inaccessible during the rainy season.
Participants in the Koch County Consultations
Women
Men
Total
21
29
50
Koch County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Conflict
issues
Causes






Cattle
raiding
To get rich
High cost of dowry ( 60-100 cows)
Revenge
Restock lost livestock
 Youth in Warrap
raid Koch
 Youth in Koch raid
 Parents
 Extended family
Warrap
Myth that cattle belong to the Nuer people
 Youth in Mayom
Myth that cattle belong to Dinka in Warrap
 Youth in Koch raid
 Lack of alternative income for the youth
 Lack of education by the youth to engage
Parties to the
conflict
Effects











raid Koch
Mayom
in viable activities
 Lack of roads from payam to payam
hence raiders caught cannot be handed
over to law enforcers
 Absence of police station, radio communi-
Spread of firearms
Food insecurity in Koch
Loss of property
Abduction of women and
children
Rape of women
Limitation in movement
Hunger
Loss of livelihoods sources
Loss of household assets
Inter clan fights
Overcrowding of people and
livestock
 Environmental degradation
cation and vehicles
due to overstocking
 Presence of vegetation used has hideouts
 Children displaced from
by cattle raiders in the rainy season
school
 Punishment to those who have impregnated their sisters
 Destruction of crops by elephants
 Rape of women when they are working in
Food
insecurity
the farm
 Abduction of boys when working in the
farms
 Killing of boys who provide manpower in
the farms for food production
 Concentration on traditional farming
methods that do not produce much yields
 Low yields due to reliance on rain-fed
farming
 Youth who attack
from neighbouring
counties
 Koch youth who
revenge and also
attack the
neighbouring
counties
 Men who beat
 RMGs who
attack people
while working
in the farms
 School dropout by children
due to hunger
 Women beaten by husbands
whenever there is no food in
the house
 Migration by men to other
regions leaving behind
women with the burden of
family care
wives whenever
there is no food
 High cost of farm inputs
 Inaccessible roads hence other foods cannot be purchased from Juba or the North
10
5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12.
Cont...
33
Cont… Koch County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
issues
Competition
over water
Causes
 Competition over ownership
of river Dol and Bilchang
 Discrimination of small clans
from water points
 High livestock population
 Youth are not occupied/ are
idle
 Warrap youth who
bring cattle to Dol
river
Parties to the
conflict
 Elders
 Fathers







bring cattle to Dol
river
 Mayom youth who
bring cattle to Dol
river
who fight at the
water points
 Displacement of populations
as a result of clashes in the
North
 Creation of the new counties
which push some clans outside their original geographical locations
 Rubkona elders
community claiming rights over
land
 Government of
South Sudan
 Elders
community claiming rights over
land
company
 Discrimination of the smaller
clans
 Youth have no other activities
Forceful
eviction by
oil companies
 Discovery of oil fields
 Failure by the government to
provide strong policies on
compensation
 Warrap youth who
bring cattle to Dol
river
 Elders and
parents
 Youth vs oil company
Death of livestock
Women covering long distances ( 5hours)
to fetch water resulting to miscarriages,
rape, attacks by wild animals/ snakes,
roadside deliveries, injuries, attacks by
RMG who steal Jerri cans
Killings
Loss of life of youth
Loss of children by parents
Loss of sources of livelihood
Outbreak of livestock diseases
Death of livestock
Displacement of people
youth
bring cattle to Dol
river
pany management
 Fighting between Warrap and Koch youth
 Fighting between Koch and Mayom







 Mayom youth who
 Elders vs oil com-
Loss of sources of livelihood sources
youth
bring cattle to Dol
river
Government of
Sudan
 Loss of human life







 Koch youth who
 Koch elders vs
 Fighting between Koch and Rubkona
ing ownership of
land
 Drought
 Overstocking
 Pollution of vegetation by oil
Killings
youth
 Mayom elders
 Koch elders claim-
Competition
over pasture
 Fighting between Warrap and Koch youth
youth
 Koch youth who
 Women and girls
Competition
over land
ownership
Effects
 Government of
Sudan
Killing of youth and people in general
Loss of sources of livelihood
Displacement of populations
Death of livestock
 Uncovered trenches
 Open disposal of waste on land, rivers
and pasture




Death of livestock in the open trenches
Injuries of people from the open trenches
Death of children in the open trenches
Displacement of people whose land have
oil fields
 Inadequate pasture
 Children consuming chemicals disposed
in the open resulting to death
Cont...
34
Cont… Koch County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
issues
Causes
Attacks by
rebel militia
group (RMG)
 Rebellion against Govern-
Parties to the
conflict
 Youth organized by
ment of South Sudan
 Government of
James Galwak Gai
Sudan
 Intentions to acquire political
Effects
 Raping of women children
 Killing of people
 Forceful recruitment of children
power
to the militia group
 Abduction of women and children





Burning of villages
Looting of property
Re-arming of militia
Forceful accusation of victims
and families
 Victimization of men who report
atrocities by RMG to their wives
 Food insecurity
 Robbery with violence
 Looting of household cooking
pans and water Jerri cans by the
militia
 Loss of dignity for women
 Spread of Sexually Transmitted
Infections
 Rejection of girls who have been
raped
 Presence of land mines planted
by the militia
Koch County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Youth
Women
Men / Elders
County
11
authorities
Total
Rank
1—Highest
7 Lowest
Cattle raiding
3
3
1
2
9
3
2
2
2
1
7
1
Food insecurity
1
1
3
3
8
2
4
5
4
6
19
4
Attacks by rebel militia groups
6
4
7
7
21
7
Competition over land ownership
7
6
5
4
22
5
Forceful eviction by oil company
5
7
6
5
23
6
11
Koch commissioner, Police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife service, South Sudan People’s Liberation Army, and
South Sudan People’s Liberation Movement secretary
35
Koch County: Community Action Plan
Project
Priority 1:
Water project
Proposed project components
Construct 9 water pans
in Norbor, Pakur, Gany,
Nyang, Ngony, Koch,
Bouw, Jaak and Tharjath
payams for livestock
Activities
 Organize community
meetings to identify
space / land for the
water pans
 Train community on
water pan construction and maintenance
Construct 9 bore holes
in Norbor, Pakur, Gany,
Nyang, Ngony, Koch,
payams for domestic use
 Organize community
meetings to identify
space / land for the
boreholes
 Select a water use
committee and train
them on borehole
maintenance
Construct a drainage
system along the river
bank to prevent and
control the floods
 Mobilize community
to support the construction work in
kind and cash where
possible
Construct 4 bridges to
ease transportation in
Norbor, Pakur, Gany,
Nyang, Ngony, Koch,
payams
 Mobilize the commu-
Install water irrigation
generators in Norbor,
Pakur, Gany, Nyang,
Ngony, Koch, Bouw,
Jaak and Tharjath
payams
nity to support the
construction work in
cash and kind
Resources
 Water pan
equipment
 Funds
 Land
 Expert on water
Possible partners
 County Authority
 UNDP
 Other humanitarian
Start
Date
10 Jan
2012
Who will
follow up
County
Authority
Community
10 Jan
2012
County
authorities
10 Jan
2012
County
authorities
10 Feb
2012
County
authorities
10 Feb
2012
County
authorities
agencies
pans
 Borehole equipment
 Funds
 Land
 Expert on bore-
 UNDP
agencies
hole construction
 Materials and
equipment for
construction of
drainage system
 Funds
 Expert
 Equipment and
materials
 Expert on
bridge construction
 UNDP
agencies
 UNDP
agencies
 Funds
nity to support the
installation process
 Irrigation
equipment
 Funds
 Expert
 UNDP
agencies
nity to form user
groups in all the
payams where installation shall take place
 Train the user groups
on management of
the irrigation intervention
Cont...
36
Cont… Koch County: Community Action Plan
Priority 2:
Food security
project
Proposed project components
 Provide one tractor,
improved seeds, small
scale irrigation and
field extension services in all the 7
payams
 Initiate and install
one grinding mill for
women for the grains
produced at Koch
headquarters
Activities
 Train farmers on improved farming methods
 Provide materials ,
seeds and tools for
farming
 Train women on how
to manage a grinding
mill machine
Resources
 Tractors
 Irrigation




Who will provide
Start
Date
5 Jan
2012
Who will
follow up
County
Authority
 Concerned Ministry
 UNDP
20 Jul
2012
County
Authority
 Ministry of Health
 UNDP
30 Jan
2012
County
authority
 County authority
 Ministry of agricul-
pumps
ture
Seeds
 UNDP
Tools
Funds
Technical experts
 Grinding machine
 Funds
 Build capacity of the
youth in all the
payams in technical
skills specifically in
carpentry, mechanics,
tailoring and life
skills to enable them
earn income to meet
their food needs
 Establish one Primary
Healthcare facility
with a feeding programme for children
aged 7 years and below at Koch headquarters
 Train youth in technical skills specifically
in carpentry, mechanics, tailoring and life
skills
 Identify training centres
 Identify youth to be
trained in technical
skills from all the
payams
 Technical Trainers venues
 Technical
 Materials and
equipments
 Train youth in technical skills (carpentry,
mechanics, tailoring )
 Provide loans to the
youth for business
start-up
Establish a health facility and feeding centre
for children aged 7 years
and below
 Mobilize community
to identify location of
facility and centre
 Trainer care takers for
the centre
 Recruit staff to work
at the facility and
centre
 Medical staff
 Care takers
 Community
mobilisers
 Funds
 Food
37
7.6.
Mayendit County
Mayendit borders Koch County to the north, Leer County to the east, and Panyijar to the south.
Mayendit also borders Warrap State (Tonj East County) to the northwest and Lakes State (Rumbek
North County) to the southwest. The headquarters is in Dhorgaapni at the central part of the county.
Koch County occupies an estimated area of 3,067 sq km with a demographic representation of 100
percent Nuer. Three major Nuer sub-clans are found here, namely Kuei, Jalok and Beek. Mayendit
has an estimated population of 53,78312.
Mayendit County is composed of 13 payams and 39 bomas. The payams include Rubkuay, Daplual,
Bor, Thaker, Leak, Tutnyang, Madol 1, Pabuong, Maalkuer, Tharjiath, Jaguar, Maal and Mirnyal.
Water-related and water-borne diseases are common due to the swamps, which are attributed to the
floods that occur during the rainy seasons. Movement of people tends to be limited during this period including transportation of goods within the county. The county has extensive grazing lands
and its economy is mainly based on crop production and cattle keeping.
Participants in the Mayendit County Consultations
Women
Men
Total
14
38
52
Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Conflict
issues
Causes
 Revenge
 Presence of small arms
Cattle
raiding
among ordinary community members, there was
no uniform disarmament
 Absence of law enforcers
 Absence of compensation
between the Nuer and the
Dinkas
 No communication networks to call for reinforcement
 Unemployment among
the youth
 Raiding done to accrue
wealth
 Poor deployment of police
officers
Parties in in the
conflict
Parties to the
conflict
 Youth from




Warrap,
Lakes states
and Leer
County
Elders
Women
Chiefs
Witch doctors
Effects
 Loss of life and
property
 Fear and Mistrust
 Food insecurity
 Displacement of
families
 Restricted movement
Suggested solutions
 Erect a police post along the
border
 Hold peace dialogue among
Inter –States. Inter-states
should increase water
points
 Construct roads to connect
payam to payam
 Conduct uniform disarmament to all 10 states
 Review deployment procedures by avoiding deployment of officers in home
states
 Install agricultural and
vocational training centres
 Improve inter-county/state
communication
 High cost of dowry which
is 30-70 herds of cattle
 Lack of education among
the youth
Cont...
12
5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan
Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 12
38
Cont… Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
issues
Competition over
water
Causes
 Inadequate rainfall
 Inadequate water points
 Over-population causing
displacement
 Lack of run-off harvesting
systems
 Competition for water
between animals and
humans
 Over-stocking of animals
 Big numbers of returnees
and displaced people
struggling to access overstretched water sources
 Presence of firearms in
Warrap state
Competition over
pasture
 Inadequate pasture
for pasture
 Outbreak of animal diseases
 Overstocking of animals
 Intertribal fights between
Parties in in the
conflict
Parties to the
conflict
 Youth of
 Politicians
Warrap, Mayendit, Leer
and Koch
who fight to
protect their
mothers and
sisters against
attacks at
water points
who provide arms
 Poor development
policies that
do not place
water as a
priority
hours to fetch water
thus 2 hrs to return
 Poor health of
women due to
heavy water container they carry
 Poor personal hygiene
by their husbands
whenever there is
no water
girls who
fight at water
points
Suggested solutions
 Construct 13 hand pumps
and water yards in 13
payams
 Provide non –food items
like Jerri cans
 Sensitize men against violence on women
 Carry out surface/rain
water harvesting/catchment
facility – haffirs
 Disarm all states to improve stability
 Trauma and stress
 Youth of
on women and children due to violence
associated with
mothers’ beatings
Warrap, Koch
and Leer who
fight over
water for
their animals
Warrap, and
Mayendit
 Women cover long
 Women are beaten
 Women and
 Youth from
Effects
 Elders
 Chiefs
 Youth from
Lake States,
Koch, Leer
and Mayendit
 Fighting among the
Youth
 Loss of life
 Displacement of
families
 Migration to other
relatively peaceful
payams
Dinka and Nuer tribes
 Children do not
attend schools
 Construction of political
outposts and deployment of
law enforcers
 Dialogue between Warrap,
Lakes and Unity
 Disarmament in all states
 Construct road connection
from Remer to Madol to
Pabuong to Bhol and
Malkuer payams
 Children drop out
 Lack of access to
medical services
 Cattle are raided
 Restricted movement
 Food insecurity
 Mistrust among
neighbouring communities
 Food is not produced
Border
disputes
 Warrap claims ownership
of the stretch that covers 7
payams in Mayendit
 Mayendit claims ownership of border stretch that
Warrap wants
 Warrap does not have
adequate pasture due to
dry climate
 Presence of firearms in
Warrap and lakes States
 Presence of gangs in
Lakes who attack Madol
and Bhor
 The border is not demar-
 Warrap youth
who attack 4
payams in
Mayendit
 Mayendit
youth who
defend their
county
 Youth and
women who
are killed in
Lakes State
 Elders of
Warrap
elders of
Mayendit
 Politicians
 Women
who challenge men
to prove
their worth
if they are
not able to
defend the
borders of
the county
 Loss of cattle
 Burning of homes
 Displacement of
people
 Killing of youth
 Loss of sources of
livelihood
 Deploy police and SPLA
soldiers at the border
 Open roads and connect
road from headquarters to
payams for police movement
 Establish border courts
 Build prisons where criminals can be locked up as
they serve their jail term
cated
Cont...
39
Cont… Mayendit County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
issues
Food
insecurity
Causes
 Floods
 Droughts – less rains
 Traditional farming system
 Displacement as a result
of inter-state youth fights
 Dependence on rain-fed
farming
 Blockage of Khartoum –
Bentiu road
Parties in in the
conflict
Parties to the
conflict
 Men who
 Politicians
beat their
wives
 Men who are
involved in
alcoholism
Effects
 Poor health of
who fail to
put food
security as a
priority
 Women who
women and children
– anaemia among
expectant women
and children,
(malaria, diarrhoea,
malnutrition)
 Reproductive sys-
have no food
to feed their
families
tems of women
affected due to lack
of food
 Polygamy with high num-
 Women are beaten
ber of children which
stress available food resources
by husbands when
there is no food
 Women are predis-
 Food production shoul-
posed to Urinary
Tract Infections
because they spend
over 4 hours collecting water lily while
standing inside
water
dered mainly by women
only
 Alcoholisms by men
 Non-functional port
(Paak)
 Overpopulation by dis-
 Provision of arms by organized forces to their
ethnic groups to revenge
 Open port Paak for accessibility of food items and
trade along the River Nile
 Road construction to connect payams to reach food
markets
 High rate of school
returnees
ployed forces during conflicts
struction at the border areas
along Warrap/Unity borders for stability
for education for
girls and women
 Inadequate food for the
 Partisan practices by de-
 Install grinding mill
 Construct police posts con-
 Less opportunities
returnees
forces to their own home
states
system – improve seeds of
sorghum, g/nuts, sesame,
vegetables etc, tractor, extension services
time to rest, they
work long hours
 Population increase by
 Deployment of organized
 Introduce modern farming
 Women have no
placed people from 7
payams bordering Warrap strained food resources
Abuse of
power by
organized
forces
Suggested solutions
drop out by girls
and children in
general whenever
there is no food
 Youth of
Warrap and
Mayendit
who receive
arms and
carry out the
actual attacks
 Govern-
 Increase of revenge
ment
 Organised
attacks
 Death of youth,
forces
 Elders
 County
leaders
men , women and
children





Loss of livestock
Burning of houses
Body injuries
Loss of livelihoods
Displacement of
families
 Food insecurity in
homes
 Wait for presidential decree
40
Mayendit County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict issues
Youth
Women
Men/elders
County
authority
Total
Rank
1—Highest
6– Lowest
Cattle raiding
2
4
2
3
11
2
6
2
3
2
13
3
5
6
4
4
19
5
Food insecurity
1
1
1
1
4
1
Abuse of power by organized
forces
Border disputes
4
5
6
6
21
6
3
3
5
5
16
4
Mayendit: Community Action Plan
Proposed
Project
Priority 1:
Food security
project
Activities







Priority 2:
Construct a
police outpost




Community Mobilization for formation of farmer
groups
Training farmers on how to use the tractor and seed
selection
Train the already existing women group on management of the grinding mill
Possible partners



County Authority
Start
Date
10 Jan
2012
Who will follow up
County Authority
Steering Committee
UNDP
Other humanitarian agencies
Mobilize communities through payam administrators to support the road construction
Mobilize community to support the rehabilitation of
Port Paak
Mobilize the youth to form a group
Register the youth in formal and non-formal centres
to learn skills in masonry, mechanics, metal works,
carpentry and electronics
Mobilise the community to support the construction
of the police outpost
Purchase equipment for communication and vehicles for transportation
Organise state and interstate peace conference
Talk to the government to carry out uniform disarmament
County Authority
10 Jan
2012
County Authority
41
7.7.
Panyijar County
Panyijar County is situated in the south of Unity State. It shares borders with five counties in Lakes
state. It was promoted to the county in 2005 following the signing of the CPA. It has 15 payams and
the predominant clan in the county are the Nyuong. Panyijar stretches to 5,362 sq km and the population is estimated at 50,723.13
The topography of the area is flat and experiences heavy equatorial rainfall leading to regular annual floods. Some parts of the county experience water shortage which causes livestock owners to
move to cattle camps in search of pasture and water. A number of people practice agriculture; sorghum and maize are the predominant crops.
The road connecting Panyijar headquarters to Ganyliel and Taiyar is incomplete as only seven kilometres of the road have been constructed using mud instead of the ideal gravel called murrum. A
road connects the State with the county but only until Panyijar headquarters and is not operational
during the rainy season.
Panyijar County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Conflict
Issue
Cattle
raiding
Causes
 Ambitious /prestige in the number
of cows owned
 Revenge in return to previous
cattle raids
 To acquire cattle for dowry in
marriage / repay debts
 Traditional values and mindset
about conflicts between the Dinka
– Nuer
 Tribal tendencies between Nuer
and Dinka
 Differences on historical and dis-
Effects
 Loss of human life / livestock losses
 Displacement of people (further
migration)
 Animal diseases transfer (foot and
mouth disease)




Loss of property
Kidnapping of women during raids
Forced marriages
Abduction of young girls/abduction
and killing of boys
 Increased illiteracy (boys never go to
school)
agreement issues (split within the
SPLM)
Possible Solutions
 Mobilize youths to join schools while
encouraging middle-aged men to undertake economic activities such as
agriculture project – sorghum production with or without external support
 Enhance awareness among elders,
women, youth and leadership on the
harmfulness of cattle raiding
 Engage key stakeholders (chiefs, elders
across the counties/lakes state) on dialogue
 The ongoing disarming to continue
 Construction of 4 police stations
(Pachar, Wunpab (Mayon payam,
Marial payam, Pakom, Chuk, Panchinjok)
 Shared facilities without order
and law particularly in the absence of government
 Lobby for establishment of the mobile
network extension
 Establish border market between Dinka
and Nuer to promote positive interaction among the 2 communities
Competition
over pasture
and water
 Rush to access grass near water
points in dry seasons before other
clans and communities
 Swampy areas with grass are near
boundaries
Small arms
 Militia sold guns to the people
 Those departing or resigning from
the military come home with guns
 Arabs/South Sudan fight allowed
 Losses of lives
 Displacement of people (further
migration)




Instability among affected people
Revenge in the previous losses/raids
Loss of animals to hyenas
Moving far areas to take animals
encounter combative communities,
wildlife, difficult situations
 Killing self, family and community
 Reconciliation among communities
involving local leaders, chiefs (payams
and Lakes state)
 Construction of a police station on the
grazing zone
 Enhance communication between Nuer
and Dinkas
 Reconstruction of the prison at the
county headquarters
 Disarmament continues
members when there is disagreement
 Used during cattle raiding
 Loss of lives
communities to be equipped with
guns
Cont...
13
Ibid, p. 12.
42
Cont… Panyijar County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
Issue
Presence of
criminals
Causes





Border
conflicts




Food
insecurity






Long
distance to
water points
Domestic
violence








Food insecure
Disarmament process on going
Presence of arms in the hands of
a few
Effects



Death/ambush on people
Stealing and destroying
property
Possible Solutions

Instability / insecurity


Loss of lives/properties

Construction of prison in the county headquarters
Strengthening justice system in the county
Construction of police stations identified
Weak justice system
Lack of prisons
Unclear boundaries / demarcation violated


Disproportionate distribution
after cattle raids

Animosity among the communities
When some of their own are
killed in the raids


During marriage ceremonies
Poor road network
In access to tools and farm
equipment
Floods
Inadequate knowledge in agriculture
Over-reliance and dependency
on livestock









Hunger
Cattle raiding
Fighting
Stealing
Creation of criminal gangs
Rape





Enforcement of the police in the existing and
new police stations
Telecommunication / mobile communications
Engage the youth in businesses / agriculture
projects (sorghum and other food crops)
Maintenance of roads
Formation of local construction companies to
engage the youth
Improve road network (Panyijar to Rumbek/
Juba to Panyijar)
Establish mechanized farming
Promote fishing activities
Promote irrigation along the river
Educate farmers on improved farming
Sometimes killings
Insecure forests/limited or no
collection of wild fruits
Drought / dry periods
Long distance to water points
Grinding floor for the households (long hours)
Payment of dowry
Cultural practices – beating
Early and forced marriage
Requests for money dependency on women for daily subsistence
Drunkenness among men





Women walk long distance
to fetch water


Construct boreholes (Machora, Theanweng)
Grinding meal for women
Work overload affecting the
health of women
Insecurity
Divorce sometimes

Death /poor health of
women

Community education on the rights of
women
Promote income-generating activities for
women
43
Panyijar County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Conflict issue
Men
Women
Youth
Total
Rank
1—Highest
8– Lowest
Cattle raiding
2
2
2
6
2
Competition over grazing lands and pasture)
7
8
7
22
8
Presence of small Arms
4
3
6
13
4
Presence of criminal gangs
8
7
3
18
6
Border conflicts
6
6
8
20
7
Food insecurity
1
1
1
3
1
Long distance to water point
3
4
5
12
3
Domestic violence
5
5
4
14
5
Panyijar County: Community Action Plan
Project
Priority 1:
Agri-business
project
Action/resources
Strengthen existing youth and
women groups (may form new
ones)
Identify the actual land for the
project:
Possible partners
Start date
Youth and Women Leader
(Elizabeth Nyapada and
Mading Pouch), elders
chiefs
Community / chiefs/ administrators
Who will follow up
Elizabeth Nyapada and
Mading Pouch
Elizabeth Nyapada and
Mading Pouch
 Binjak (River Yangar)
 Chuck HQ near river Paldengei
 Bangkal- pachal, near river
Priority 2:
Construction of 4
police stations
mock
Identify and train bulls for training at household level
Identification of sites
Community and chiefs,
county commissioner
Dec 2011
Clearing land for constructions
Community / chiefs,
county commissioner
Jan 2012
Building Materials
Community/ GOSS/ UNDP
and others
Jan- Mar
2012
Local Steering Committee/county commissioner
Community/chiefs/ UNDP
Jan 2012
County commissioner
and Steering Committee
Clearing the land
Community / chiefs/ administrators
Jan 2012
Chief in the respective
payam
Drilling of boreholes
Community, GOSS/
UNDP/ Chiefs
Jan- Mar
2012
Steering Committee /
county commissioner /
UNDP
Formation of borehole management committees
Community/chiefs
Apr 2012
Steering committee /
UNDP
Training pump mechanics
Community/ chiefs
May 2012
Steering Committee /
UNDP






Priority 3:
Construction of
boreholes
Households ( men)
Cement
Iron sheets
Head chief/ county
commissioner
Iron Bars
Timber
Sand
Labour
Geological survey/ selection of
sites
44
7.8.
Mayom County
Mayom County is one of the nine counties of Unity State, located to the northwest of the State. Its
county headquarters is also called Mayom. It borders Abiemhnom County to the northwest, South
Kordofan in the north, Rubkona County to the northeast, Mayom County to the east, Tonj East
County to the southeast, Tonj North County to the south, Gogrial East County to the South West and
Twic County of Warrap state to the West14. Mayom has an estimated population of 120,715 and an
area of 4,970 sq km.15
Mayom County is home to the Bul – Nuer population who are agro-pastoralists, living on subsistence farming, livestock keeping and fishing from River Chuolpi. Over time, merchants from Bentiu,
Sudan and neighbouring states Darfur and Warrap migrated to Mayom to establish a market economy.
Mayom County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Conflict
issue (s)
Causes
Presence of
RMGs
 Impacts of elections held in 2010
especially the losers
 Forced armed recruitment in Khartoum
Who is involved
openly and the role
they play
 Dinka, Nuer and
Misseriya sponsored by Government of Sudan .
They fight to rebel
against the Government of South Sudan.
Who is involved
secretly and the
role they play
 Government of
Sudan so that
they can destabilize South Sudan
Effects




Attacks by lions
Looting of property
Killing people
Displacement of
families
 Grabbing of properties
 Planting of land
mines
 Presence of small
Cattle
raiding
arms
 Revenge as impact
of previous raiding
 Unemployment
 Lack of infrastructure , police, roads
and health centres
 Dinka ( youth from
 Dinka elders are
Warrap and Lakes)
are involved , they
do the actual fighting; and Youth
from Mayom who
also go and revenge previous
attacks
involved indirectly because
they even use
‘Kujur’ to use
supernatural
powers to protect the youth
who go for cattle
raiding
 Misseriya who wait
and raid cattle at
the onset of the
rains when they
are returning to
South Kordofan
 Death
 Displacement of
families
 Rape of women
 Abduction of
women and children
 Houses are burnt
 Youth and men are
Solutions
 There should be peace talks
b/w the govt. and the Arabs
 The government should
promote peace and stability
in the country
 Government should establish training centres, vocational schools,
 Government should construct police posts and
maintain peace and security
in the region
 Patrolling police should be
deployed
 Disarmament of small arms
 Establishment of schools,
roads and health centres
 Government should set up
police posts
killed
 Government of
Sudan who support the RMG
 RMG who raid and
take away cattle by
force
Cont...
14
15
Mayom County Planning Unit (2011) County Strategic Plan and Budget 2012 to 2015 (unpublished).
45
Cont… Mayom County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
issue (s)
Unemployment
Causes
Who is involved
openly and the role
they play
Who is involved
secretly and the
role they play
 Youth are directly
 Children, wives,
and vocational
skills
involved because
they do not have
employment and
the all the cattle
belong to their
fathers
 Lack of capital to
start a business
 Lack of companies
 Insecurity
 Lack of opportuni-
parents and
relatives are
involved because they demand for support even if one
has no income
Effects





Cattle raiding
Inter-clan fights
Death
Injury and disability
Youth joining militia
groups
Solutions
 Open vocational training
centres for the youth to
learn skills such as mechanics, computer, welding,
masonry etc.
ties from the government
 Lack of skills required in the job
market
Competition over
water for
livestock
 Not enough water
for livestock
 Movement of live-
 RMGs
 Youth
 Elders
 Politicians
stock to another
county
 RMGs stealing cows
 Death of cows
 RMGs beating youth
 Disarmament of civilians
 Deployment of police in
border areas
in cattle camps
 Abduction of chil-
 Keeping many
dren, women and
youth
cattle in one family
 Overcrowding of
cows at water
points
Inter-clan
fighting
 Traditional dance
with spear and kill
 Revenge
 Youth who fight to
protect their families and communities
 Elders who provide advise
 Death
 Injuries
 Education for youth
 Creation of awareness to
women and elders
 Developing Laws on girls
farmland
child education by the government
 Revenge of previ-
 Police patrols in all ten
ous attacks
 Killing of a man
payams
who impregnates a
girl then family
later comes to revenge
Long distance to
fetch water
 Elopement of girls
points
 Water tank that
was installed is not
functional
 Attack from RMGs
 Not enough rain
 Some boreholes are
broken
 Women from
Mayom, and other
neighbouring
payams and counties who fight at
the water points
 Government of
Sudan who use
Misseriya to
attack Mayom
 Loss of life
 Fight among
women at water
points
 Rape women
 Pregnant women
 Misseriya who
loss their babies
prevent women
from fetching water
 Construction of 11 bores
holes in the ten payams
 Repairing some boreholes
which are broken
 Installing of water tank for
animals and livestock in
Mankien payams
 Installation of hand pump
in all 10 payams
storage containers
Competition over
girls /
women
 Taking girls by
force
 Forced marriage
(old men on young
girls)
 Marriage that follows traditional
laws
 Boys and girls are
 Brothers of girls
who attack men
who have forcefully married or
eloped their sisters
 Sometimes parent
members
 Parents and
elders who authorize their
sons to launch
attacks as required traditionally
 Fighting with boy’s
family
 Sending boys and girls to
school
 Beating young girls
 Death (including
boys and girls)
 Disability
 Wounds
 Clan fighting
not in school
Cont...
46
Cont… Mayom County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
issue (s)
Attacks
from Misseriya
Causes
pasture
 Misseriya want to
take control of territory
Who is involved
openly and the role
they play
 Men and youth of
Mayom who do the
attacks
 Misseriya
Who is involved
secretly and the
role they play
 Government of
Sudan who supplies arms; instigates and creates
divisions
 Elders who are
 Misseriya are
Effects





House burning
Child abduction
Loss of livestock
 Cattle raiding
 Disarming of Misseriya
 Peace negotiations and
agreement on terms for migration
People dying
Starvation
the link between
the community
and the government: link b/w
Govt.
armed
Solutions
 Identification documents
 Mediation committee to
solve controversies
 Police patrols
 Infrastructure development:
roads, clinic, school, market
Presence of
landmines
 Conflict between
RMGs & Government
 Destabilization of
area
 RMGs who plant
landmines to prevent the organized
forces from reaching them
 Government of
Sudan who provide support to
RMGs to destabilize South Sudan
 Death (relating to all
groups)
 Disability (all)
 Orphans (children)
 Widows (men and
women)
 No movements of
people and goods




Construct water points
Demining of Mayom area
Repair of roads
Peace negotiations with
RMGs
 Uniting the community
(through community leaders
and authorities)
 Patrols by security forces
 Starvation / lack of
goods
 High commodity
prices
Presence of
Arms
 Presence of RMG:
they supply weapons
 Cattle raiding (to
protect own cattle
and to raid)
 RMGs who are
supplying arms to
the local community
 Government of
Sudan primary
source of weapons
 Youth who are
carrying and using
the arms






youth (internal and
external)
Death
Criminality
Disability
Cattle raiding
Cattle theft
Breaking relations
within community
and with neighbouring community
 Resistance to traditional leaders authority (chiefs authority
not respected)
 Disarmament
 Involvement of cattle camps
heads in meetings with local
govt. and chiefs
 Educating youth on peaceful
coexistence (peace education)
 Creation of job opportunities / employment such as
agricultural schemes, fishing
boats, nets, hooks; access to
credit
 Raping of young
girls by gangs)
Cattle stealing
 Poverty (stealing
for feeding or selling)
 Any community
member
 They steal cattle, sometimes
one or two
 Dowry greediness
 Displacement due
to conflict (lack of
everything)




Death
Loss of live stock
Arrest / detention
Conflict b/w communities or within community
 Creation of job opportunities
 Farming projects
 Education of youth and children (all)
 Free health services (cattle
are stolen to pay health fees)
 Climatic conditions
(drought leads to
lack of food)
Border disputes
pasture, water and
fishing grounds
 Cattle theft
 Diseases and epidemics of cattle
 The youth from
outside Mayom
who cross over with
cattle, and men who
come to fish in
Mayom water
points
 Elders who allow
such movements
and also support
attacks
 Cattle raids
 Death
 Loss of property /
starvation
communities
 Diseases spreading
(humans and animals)
 Construction of roads linking bordering town for faster
monitoring and follow up
 Police patrols and posts b/w
Mayom and Warrap state
(Majok, Malou, Dol, Kuengdid, Manyang Ayuk, Titil,
Koch) and Rubkona (Wak)
and Mayom(Turkey)
 Peaceful negotiation between
neighbouring villages
47
Mayom County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Women
Youth 1
Youth 2
Elders/Men
Total
Rank
1—Highest
13 Lowest
Cattle raiding
4
3
9
4
20
4
Presence of arms
6
5
3
2
16
3
Unemployment
13
7
5
6
31
9
Inter-clan fighting
1
9
10
9
29
7
Long distance to fetch water
2
1
1
10
14
1
Competition over women
and girls
Attacks from Misseriya
11
13
13
13
50
13
5
12
6
11
34
10
Presence of landmines
9
6
2
7
24
5
Presence of RMGs
3
2
8
1
14
2
Cattle stealing
7
10
11
12
40
12
Border disputes
12
8
4
5
29
7
Competition over land
10
-
7
8
25
6
Competition over water for
livestock
8
11
12
3
34
10
48
Mayom County: Community Action Plan
Project
Action/resources
Possible partners
Start date
Who will follow up
Priority 1:
Construction of 11
boreholes:
Wangbur at Pibor
boma; Kuarbinaa at
Joknyang boma;
Mankien at Dengbong boma; Riak at
Thorboth; Biech at
Tongtul; Ngop at
Rupguey; Wangkey
at Loathjuat; Pub at
Nurjuoy; Ruathayibol: Kuer yiek; and
Bul 2.
Show the site
Community
March 2012
Local Steering Committee
Clear the sites
Community Members and
County Authorities
UNDP
Local Administration
UDP and Steering Committee
March 2012
March
UNDP, Selected Company
May 2012
Hand over the project to Community thru the County Authority
Monitoring and Maintenance of
the Boreholes
UNDP, County Community
August 2012
Community, Steering Committee and payam Administration
After completion starting
August
Priority 2:
Introduce mechanized cash crop farming in all payams
and provide tractors,
seeds and agricultural tools; as well as
training of youth and
women in agricultural skills
Community
March 2012
Identification of land and allocation
Formation of farming associations and Membership and Management Committee
County Authorities
Inspection of Sites
Provide security
Biding and Selection of the Company to construct boreholes
Actual Constructions
Selection of beneficiaries through
the formed Association
April 2012
Community leaders
Steering Committee
County authorities and Community
April 2012
Payam Authority and
Steering Committee
Payam Administration
April- May
Association Management
Committee
Management Committee
Priority 3:
Construction and
equipping of 3 Police
Posts (Mankien, Riak
and Wangkic
payams)
Steering Committee,
UNDP
Steering Committee
Training of farmers through their
Associations
County Authority /UNDP
May 2012
Steering committee/
Purchase of a tractor and its accessories
Purchase of farm inputs (seeds,
tools, pesticide)
Hand over the project to Community thru the County Authority
UNDP
May 2012
UNDP
May 2012
UNDP and Local Steering
Committee
Local Steering committee
June 2012
County
Monitoring the Project
Local Community through
the Management Committee
Awareness and Identifying actual locations in Mankien, Riak
and Wangkic Payams
County and payam Authorities
March 2012
Steering committee and
payam Authority
Land clearing
Community
March 2012
Payam Authority
Tendering Process
UNDP
April 2012
Steering Committee
Mobilisation of local materials
Community and Payam
Leadership
April 2012
Community
Actual Construction
Contractors/ UNDP
May 2012
Steering Committee/
Purchase of office furniture, communication equipment
UNDP
August 2012
UNDP
Steering Committee
Hand over to Government
UNDP
County Authorities
Steering Committee
49
7.9.
Pariang County
Pariang County borders three states including South Kordofan in Sudan in the north, Upper Nile in
the northeast, Jonglei in the east; it borders Guit County in the south, Rubkona County in the southwest and Abiemhnom in the west. The county has nine payams and 60 bomas, while its headquarters is located in Rianghnom town. Pariang is one of the least densely populated counties in Unity,
with an estimated population of 82,443 and an area of 9,016 sq km 16.
The people of Pariang County depend on agriculture (maize and sorghum), fishing and largely, livestock rearing including cattle, goat and sheep. Local authorities estimate that around 99,000 cattle,
and over 200,000 goats and sheep are being raised in the county.
Pariang County: Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions
Conflict
issue
Attacks by
Misseriya
Cause
 Political settlement
 Interest in oil
 Lack of water and
Parties in
 Youth of
Pariang,
 Misseriya
pasture
 To get cattle and
hunt wild animals
 To get gums and
Parties to
 Government of
Sudan who
use the
Misseriya
to fight
Pariang
Roles
Effects
Solutions
 Dinka youth in
 Loss of lives
 Loss of proper-
 International commit-
Pariang who
fight to defend
the Pariang
 Misseriya who
come and attack Pariang
honey
 To cut cash trees
 To acquire wealth
 For marriage
 Involvement of
Cattle raiding
Khartoum government
 Misseriya
 Guit
 Pariang
Youth
 Govern-
 Government of
ment of
Sudan
Sudan that use
Misseriya to
attack Pariang
 Guit people
 The leadership
of Guit who
have come and
established
farms on land
belonging to
Paring
grazing land and
water
ties
 Abduction of
children
 Burning of
houses and dura
and shogun









ment and mediation of
border dialogue
 Construction of police
post
and police
Displacement
Insecurity
Loss of lives
Loss of properties
Displacement
Insecurity
Food insecurity
Unemployment
Lack of health
facilities
to the borders of
Kolek, Paknem, Aliry
and Palob
 International intervention
 Unity State government to stop Nuer
tribe from occupying
the areas of Parieng
e.g. Nyeel payam
 Unity State and GoSS
to organize peace
dialogue between
Neur of Guit and
Dinka of Parieng
 Oil field
 Political resettlement
 Extension of North-
External
border dispute
ern Sudan territory
 Government
of Sudan
 Government
of South Sudan
 Arab
world, e.g.
Iran
 The Arab
world that
backs the oil
companies and
the SAF
 Loss of lives
 Displacement
 Food insecurity
 Demarcation of international border between Sudan and
South Sudan by UN
and international communities
Cont...
16
.
5th Sudan Population and Housing Census 2008.” In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan 2010. Southern Sudan
Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p. 8.
50
Cont… Pariang County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
issue
Lack of
education
Cause
 Civil war
 Lack of teachers (are
employed otherwise)
 Culture promotes
cattle herding but
not access to education
Parties in
 Parents
 Former Government of
National
Unity
 Lack of money to
pay teachers’ salary
 Lack of Englishspeaking teachers
Pollution of
the environment
 Poor waste disposal
by oil companies
 Toxic gases pollute
the air
 Oil companies and
Pariang people
 Oil exploitation
 Bombing of oil wells
Parties to
 Former
Government of
National
Unity who
did not
make efforts to
establish
good
schools
 Government of
Sudan who
support the
oil companies
Roles
 Parents preventing girls to
go to school
 State govern-
Effects
Solutions
 Unemployment
 Lack of oppor-
 Building more schools
tunities
 Cattle raids
ment does not
pay sufficient
salaries to
teachers
 Oil companies
who pollute
the environment
speaking teachers
 Train teachers
 Adult education
 Government has to
supply school supplies
 Water polluted
 Displacement of
residents without compensation
 Pariang people
who suffer
from pollution
in all bomas
 Employ English-
 Diseases (skin,
infertility of
women, miscarriage)
 Relocation of residents
away from oil exploration area
 Provide health facilities
 Have strict environmental laws and its
enforcement
 Construction of safe
boreholes
 Compensate people
for displaced
Unemployment
 Lack of education /
skills
 Discrimination/ tribalism
 Cultural attachment
to the high value of
cattle
 Lack of employment
opportunities
 Oil companies who do
not recruit
Pariang youth
 Parents of the
unemployed
youth
 The youth of
 The State
government that
has not
created
opportunities for the
youth
 Displacement
 Loosing tools and
 Female youth
fertile land
 Lack of water
 Overcrowding during displacement
 Birds eating crops
 Crops affected by oil
fields waste
 Aerial bombardment
cause poor land
productivity
 Frequent/regular
attacks by SAF and
Misseriya
 Fear of leaving kids
unattended while
farming
 Unity State
Government
 Misseriya
 families
ment does not
provide opportunities
 Nuer majority
 Lack of food
 Collect firewood and
medication,
money
sell at the market (for
ladies)
 Involvement in
raids to revenge
attacks on Pariang
discriminate
against Pariang youth
who raid
cattle belonging to
Pariang
people
 The previous
government of
National Unity
that focused on
oil and not on
people’s need
for farming
 Misseriya competing for
cattle, water,
pasture
 Birds destroying crops
force all boys and girls
to go to school (force
parents)
school attendance
 Vocational training
vent their girls
from learning
and working
 Misseriya
 Government has to
 Policies to encourage
 Parents pre-
Pariang
who are not
allowed to
work
Food
insecurity
 State govern-
(e.g. tailoring mechanics, carpentry, driving,
electronic)
 Weakness of
body and malnutrition




Anaemia
Starvation
Street children
Vulnerability to
diseases
 Theft, dishonor
 Adult education
 Peace negotiations
with Misseriya
 Introduction of mechanized farming for
increased production
(tractors etc.)
 Irrigation schemes
 Insecticides and pest
control
of family
 Quarrels within
the family
 Women/men
not able to produce children
 Death
 Injuries
Cont...
51
Cont… Pariang County: Conflict Analysis
Conflict
issue
Competition over
water
Cause
 Distance from main
sources of water
(Nile)
 Old haffirs silted
 Haffirs contaminated
by remnants of war
or by proximity to oil
fields
 Displacement from
Parties in
Parties to
Roles
 Oil companies
 Attacks by
 Women and
 Oil companies:
SAF
 The previous
Government
of National
Unity
 Youth, chil-
children of
Pariang who
are attacked
by Misseriya
when going
to fetch water
dren and
women of
Pariang
water sources
 Lack of boreholes
Effects
Contamination
from oil fields
 SAF: Bombing,
abandoning
ammunitions
 Unity State
Gov.: No planning/ provision
of water points
(Government
too young to
blame)
 Youth, chil-
 Attacks by animals (hyena,
snakes)
 Rape of women
and girls
 Abduction of
children and
women
 Unexpected
delivery
 Miscarriage
 Injury – death /
during travel
 Poor hygiene –
dren and
women of
Pariang
infections
Solutions
 Provision of water
points (water yards,
hand pumps) in peripheral payams (8)
HQs
 Solar pump plant at
payams HQ
 HP at bomas
 Haffir dug for domestic use and animal use
 Rehabilitation of existing haffirs (within
fencing or safe for
children)
 Repair of broken boreholes
 No settlement
of returnees
 Fights at water
points
 Marriage failure
(groom is asked
to provide
water in small
tanks to bride’s
family; failure
to which the
two are not
allowed to get
married)
Lack of
health facilities
 Reluctance of previ-
 Previous
ous government to
invest in health in
the area
 Lack of doctors
(medical qualified
personnel) in the
existing health centres
 People of
Government
of National
Unity
Pariang who
have no hospital
 NGOs
 People of
 Previous Government of
Unity that did
not establish
health facilities
in Pariang
 NGOs who are
Pariang
not supporting
to have a hospital in Pariang
 Death
 Complications
during delivery
 Children health
(lack of postnatal care)
 Long distance to
 Employ qualified
medical personnel
 Construction of health
facility
 Drug supplies
 Health promotion/
awareness
other health
centres
Pariang County: Prioritisation of Insecurity Issues
Women
Elders/Men
Youth
Total
Rank
1—Highest
9– Lowest
Attacks by Misseriya
4
8
6
18
6
Cattle raiding
6
7
8
21
8
Food insecurity
5
2
3
10
3
External border disputes
1
1
9
11
4
Environmental pollution
9
9
5
23
9
Lack of education
7
2
3
4
4
1
14
7
5
1
Lack of health facilities
3
5
2
10
2
Unemployment
8
6
7
21
7
52
Pariang County: Community Action Plan
Project
Priority 1:
Construction of 27
boreholes, three (3) in
each payam
Priority 2:
Provision of Medical
Personnel and medical
drugs (Aliiny, Nyiel,
Biu, Panyang, Wankur,
Jamjang, Panrieng)
Priority 3:
Provision of tractors (2
tractors per payam)
Action/resources
Possible partners
Start date
March 2012
Who will follow up
Identification of site
Community
Clear the sites
Community Members and
county authorities
Inspection of sites
UNDP
Provide security
Bidding and selection of the
company to construct boreholes
Actual Construction
Hand over the project to
community thru the County
Authority
Monitoring and maintenance of the boreholes
Local Administration
UNDP and Steering Committee
April 2012
UNDP, Selected Company
UNDP, County Community
May 2012
August 2012
Steering Committee, UNDP
Steering Committee
Community, Steering Committee and Payam Administration
After completion starting
August
Recruitment of more doctors
State Ministry of Health
2012
Community leaders
Training of Health Cadres
UNDP and NGOs
April 2012
Provision of drugs to health
centre
UNDP
April 2012
Payam Authority and Steering
Committee
Community thru the
County Authority
UNDP
June 2012
County Authority
Ministry of Health
Community
March 2012
County Authorities
Community leaders
Identification of land and
allocation
Formation of farming associations and Membership
and Management Committee
County Authorities
March 2012
March 12
(steering
County authorities and Community
Apr 2012
Payam Authority and Steering
Committee
Selection of beneficiaries
through the formed Association
Payam Administration
Apr—May
2012
Steering Committee and Association Management Committee
Training of farmers through
their Associations
County Authority /UNDP
May 2012
Steering committee
Purchase of a tractor and its
accessories
UNDP
May 2012
UNDP and Local Steering Committee
Purchase of farm inputs
(seeds, tools, pesticide)
UNDP
May 2012
Local Steering committee
June 2012
County
Management Committee
Community thru the
County Authority
Local Community through
the Management Committee
County Authorities
53
8. NEXT STEPS
In Unity State, CSAC is supporting the Government’s conflict-sensitive projects to address the topmost priorities identified during the consultations.
Police posts
Boreholes
Agriculture project (provision of tractors)
Southern Kordofan
Abyei
State capital
Southern Kordofan
Pariang
Nyeel, Wunkur, Jamjang, Gumrak,
Panyang, Yida, Aliny, Biu, Panrieng
Abiemhnom
Bang-Bang
Upper Nile
Abiemnhom
Bentiu
Rubkona
Guit
Budaang
Exact locations to be determined
pending site assessments
Mayom
Ngop
Jonglei
Koch
Leer
Warrap
Mayendit
Panyijar
Lakes
South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control
Hai Kuwai, Bilpam, Juba, South Sudan
http://www.goss-online.org
South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission
http://www.goss-online.org
UNDP Compound, Ministries Road, PO Box 410, Juba, South Sudan
Phone/+211 811 820 146 E-mail: [email protected]
http://ss.undp.org
European Union
European Union Compound
Juba, South Sudan

rebel militia groups (RMGs)

Transcription

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