drilling fluids
Transcription
drilling fluids
DRILLING FLUIDS Scomi Oiltools – Realising Potential in Oilfield Drilling Solutions Scomi Oiltools is one of the world’s leading providers of innovative high-performance drilling fluids and state-of-the-art waste management solutions. The organisation features a highly qualified team of over 2,500 engineers and professionals, with combined experience of over 60 years, spread over 54 locations in 26 countries, plus 24-hour, round-the-clock technical support worldwide. Scomi Oiltools is fully equipped to provide integrated packaged services comprising drilling fluids and engineering services, solids control and drilling waste management equipment and services to serve the oil and gas industry. Our drilling solutions are engineered to achieve optimal results while strictly complying with international environmental standards. Our services include: • Drilling Fluids & Engineering Services •Drilling Waste Management Equipment & Services • Operations & Maintenance, Project Management. At Scomi Oiltools, it is our ultimate goal to help our clients recognise and realise their vast potential. Thereby optimising their productivity and catalysing their businesses to new levels of performance. Scomi Oiltools – Realising Potential. DRILLING FLUIDS & ENGINEERING SERVICES Scomi Oiltools is a global provider of Drilling & Completion Fluids and Drilling Waste Management solutions. With the reach of our international infrastructure, and the expertise of our experienced personnel, Scomi Oiltools is able to offer customers the benefits of truly integrated and engineered solutions. Our fluids operations are supported by the Global Research & Technology Centre headquartered in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. This centre, led by international experts in their field, provides the technical support to all Scomi Oiltools operations and manages extensive dedicated laboratory facilities with a keen focus on research and development. The centre employs a process-driven framework to ensure consistent best practice in product development, technical troubleshooting, training, procurement and product quality assurance and control. The dedication to service quality has created an increase in the company’s business, establishing operations across Asia-Pacific, the Middle East, Europe and the USA. Scomi Oiltools is a progressive global service company, moving into new territories, offering performance-driven Drilling & Completion Fluids and Drilling Waste Management solutions. WATER-BASED SYSTEMS HYdro-FoilClassic KCl / PHPA system HYdro-Foil Gen 1Inhibitive, engineered cloud point glycol system HyPR-Drill High Performance Water-Based Mud HYdro-Foil S8 Silicate system HyPR-Foil S8 igh-performance H silicate system HYdro-Therm High-temperature, high-pressure system Opta-Flo Reservoir drill-in fluid Rheo-PLEX MMO system for superior hole cleaning NON-AQUEOUS INVERT EMULSION FLUIDS CONFI-DRILLPremium invert emulsion system CONFI-DENSEHigh-temperature, high-pressure, oil-based fluid CONFI-DeepFlat rheology OBM for use in deep water Opta-Vert Reservoir drill-in fluid EXTRA-Vert Non-toxic, biodegradable ester chemistry ENGINEERING SUPPORT SOFTWARE HyPR-FORM Daily reporting HyPR-CALCHydraulics modeling software DRILLING FLUIDS WATER-BASED SYSTEMS Our water-based drilling fluid systems deliver cost-effective performance with minimal environmental impact. We are a pioneer in developing high-performance systems specially formulated for a myriad of applications even in environmentally sensitive drilling areas. HYDRO-FOIL is the original KCI / PHPA low solids, non-dispersed fluid system that is primarily used to drill moderately reactive shales. FEATURES AND BENEFITS The two primary shale inhibitors in the system are potassium ions for cation exchange with the clays, to reduce hydration and swelling, and partially hydrolysed polyacrylamide to encapsulate drilled cuttings for more effective solids removal efficiency on surface. In recent times environmental restrictions onshore have restricted the discharge of chloride-based fluids, which has resulted in the use of alternative aqueous-based fluids, including: RELATIVE INHIBITION OF REACTIVE SHALES IN KCI SOLUTION 80 TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A HYDRO-FOIL SYSTEM PRODUCT KCI / PHPA K2S04 / PHPA 60 INHIBITION (%) • Moderately inhibitive water-based fluids. • Environmentally acceptable and dischargeable in most areas. • Relatively low lubricity coefficients. • Easy to mix. • Simple and fast to upgrade the inhibition of the system. •Cost-effective. Drillwater (bbl/bbl) 0.850.85 40 20 0 0 2 4 6 KCI (%) 8 KCI (lb/bbl) 30– Caustic Soda to pH 8.5 to pH 9.0 HYDRO-ZAN (lb/bbl) 0.75 - 1.0 0.75 - 1.0 HYDRO-STARCH (lb/bbl) – 2.0 - 3.0 HYDRO-PAC LV (lb/bbl)3.0 – HYDRO-CAP (lb/bbl)2.0 2.0 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) 71 • Potassium sulphate • Potassium carbonate • Potassium acetate • Potassium formate Drilled Solids (lb/bbl)30 Developed in the late 1970s, salt / PHPA systems have been used extensively throughout the world and still have applications in the field today. 71 30 PROPERTIES Density (lb/gal) 10.510.5 Plastic Viscosity (cP) +/- 20 +/- 25 Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) +/- 30 +/- 20 Gels (lb/100 ft2) 7 / 10 / 12 10 / 12 / 16 API Fluid Loss (cc/30 min) < 5 <6 WATER-BASED SYSTEMS For this to be the case, there must be some mechanism of association and disassociation of the polyol in the circulating system. The nature of these structures and their stability in aqueous fluids is strongly controlled by the presence of potassium cations with certain polyols. It can be concluded that shale inhibition and formation protection will be achieved from one or both of these mechanisms by: is an established inhibitive water-based fluid designed to meet difficult drilling targets with minimal environmental impact. HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 represents a significant advance on the basic HYDRO-FOIL system. The key enhancement of the Gen 1 system is the addition of low molecular weight polyols, the generic name for a wide range of chemicals which includes glycerol, polyglycerol, polyethylene, glycols, polypropylene glycol, polyalkylene glycols and alcohol ethoxylates. These chemicals are water soluble and non-toxic, passing existing environmental protocols worldwide. reservoirs. •Low dilution and maintenance cost. •Increased protection against stuck pipe. Compared with, for example, a HYDRO-FOIL (KCI/PHPA) fluid, polyol systems exhibit improved wellbore conditions and produce firmer cuttings that do not readily disperse into the mud leading to reduced dilution rates which offset the higher make up cost of the fluid. Other wellbore problems, including bit balling, stuck pipe and stuck loggings tools are also generally reduced. These attributes frequently combine to give faster drilling rates, fewer or less severe drilling problems and reduced mud volumes that translate into reduced drilling and fluid costs. MECHANISM OF SHALE STABILISATION The cloud point of polyol is the temperature at which it starts to change from being soluble to becoming insoluble in water. invasive fluids by “clouding out”. As the temperature of the fluid increases, the polyol starts to come out of solution and an otherwise clear liquid starts to become opaque and “cloudy”. The temperature at which this occurs is usually very precise and is particular to each polyol type. VISUALISATION OF POLYOL BEHAVIOUR AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE Polyol and water together at ambient temperature; the polyol is 100% water soluble. Solution is heated until the polyol reaches “cloud point” and becomes insoluble. A thermally activated micro emulsion forms. The graph overleaf, illustrates the effect of KCI concentration on polyol cloud point, which is also dependent on the total salinity of the solution, type of electrolyte, molecular weight and type and concentration of polyol. Given the range of cloud points the polyol is selected based upon its cloud point, at a specified salinity and the cloud point can be adjusted by altering the salinity of the liquid phase. Research concludes that the polyol is absorbed by the clay. During the absorption process, water is displaced from the clay surface and ordered structures of polyol are formed. A weak attachment is postulated because of the observation that there is no rapid depletion of the polyol in the drilling fluid system. UNITS Low reactivity 0.2 - 0.5 0.1 - 0.3 0.1 - 0.2 bbl/ft Intermediate 0.4 - 0.7 0.3 - 0.6 0.2 - 0.4 bbl/ft Highly reactive 0.5 - 1.0 0.4 - 0.8 0.3 - 0.6 bbl/ft % HYDRO-FOIL HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 100 90 80 70 50 60 40 50 30 40 20 30 10 0 HOLE SIZE Type171/2”121/2”81/2”inches 60 0 5 10 15 20 25 POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (KCI) WT% CIRRUS APPLICATION The principle application of the HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 system is in the drilling of reactive shales. Cuttings and wellbore stability are significantly improved through the improvement in inhibition which is seen over a wide range of temperatures related to the cloud point of the glycol. Polyol muds are effective in most shale types but are particularly so in young or relatively uncompacted shales with high clay contents. • CLAYSTONE INHIBITION STUDIES WITH REACTIVE CLAYSTONES Blocking the formation pores from further ingress of 70 •Highly inhibitive water-based fluid. • Ease of mixing and maintenance. •Excellent wellbore stability and •Non-damaging to sensitive • Low environmental impact. • Low lubricity coefficients. clay minerals present in shales. CLOUD POINTS FOR VARIOUS POLYOLS IN KCI SOLUTIONS FEATURES AND BENEFITS cuttings integrity. • The polyol displacing water from adsorption sites on TEMPERATURE (ºC) HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 TYPICAL DILUTION RATES vs. HOLE SIZE STRATUS 20 10 CUMULUS NIMBUS 0 RECOVERY HYDRATION HARDNESS TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 SYSTEM PRODUCT FUNCTION HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 BHCT= 40 ºC HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 BHCT= 90 ºC Drillwater (bbl/bbl) Base fluid 0.85 0.75 KCI (lb/bbl) Water activity and cation exchange 30 30 Caustic Soda / Potash Alkalinity control to pH 8.5 - 9.5 to pH 8.5 - 9.5 HYDRO-ZAN (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 0.75 - 1.25 0.75 - 1.25 HYDRO-PAC LV (lb/bbl) Fluid-loss control 1.0 - 2.0 1.0 - 2.0 HYDRO-CAP (lb/bbl) Cutting encapsulator 2.0 2.0 CIRRUS CPG (v/v%) Shale stabilisation 3.0 – STRATUS CPG (v/v%) Shale stabilisation – 3.0 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) Weighting agent 68 206 Drilled Solids (lb/bbl) Drilled solids 30 30 Density (lb/gal) 10.5 13 Plastic Viscosity (cP) 15 - 25 25 - 35 ft2) 15 - 25 20 - 30 Gels (lb/100 ft2) +/- 6/10 +/- 8/14 API Fluid Loss (cc/30 min) <5 <5 PROPERTIES Yield Point (lb/100 WATER-BASED SYSTEMS The HyPR-DRILL system which can be utilised in a range of fluids varying from freshwater to saturated sodium chloride consists of the following key products in combination with a range of standard drilling fluid additives: CORE HyPR-DRILL SYSTEM COMPONENTS HyPR-DRILL is a new generation High Performance Water-Based Mud (HPWBM), which provides wellbore stability, enhanced inhibition and rapid penetration rates. FEATURES AND BENEFITS •Excellent shale inhibition over other inhibitive WBM. •Enhanced wellbore stability. • Reduced drilling cost. •Reduced waste handling costs. •Excellent penetration rates. •Prevention of bit balling and shale accretion on drill string. •Easily formulated for applications ranging from land to deepwater drilling. PRODUCTDESCRIPTION FUNCTION HyPR-HIB Quaternery Ammonium Salt – shale and clay hydration and dispersant suppressant. HyPR-HIB restricts the ability of reactive formations, clays and shales, to absorb water from the drilling fluid. HyPR-CAP Encapsulation polymer HyPR-CAP is a low molecular weight anionic polymer which can – minimises shale dispersion.be used in high concentrations to provide a polymer coating on the clay and cuttings preventing water absorption and subsequent dispersion. Cuttings remain intact and are readily removed by solids control equipment with minimal dispersion into the circulating system. HyPR-DRL ROP Enhancer and bit / drill collar HyPR-DRL is a proprietary product designed to minimise balling accretion minimisation.of the bit and drill string and deliver enhanced penetration rates. The blend of lubricants and other products coat the drill-string and bit to reduce and prevent the accretion of water wet, hydrated cuttings. HyPR-STAR API fluid loss controlling agent HyPR-STAR is a proprietary starch product; designed specifically for the HyPR-DRILL system to control fluid loss without affecting any other properties. HyPR-DRILL systems are readily formulated in the field at the wellsite or in a liquid mud plant for delivery to offshore locations. This highly inhibitive fluid exhibits low dilution rates which ensures that maintenance of the system is cost-effective and minimises the logistics requirements for additional chemicals. TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF HyPR-DRILL SYSTEMS Drawing on a wide ranging review of HPWBM development and performance coupled with extensive testing and development of alternative products in the R&D labs of Scomi Oiltools’ Global Research & Technology Centre, GRTC, HyPR-DRILL has been developed to match and exceed the performance of other water-based systems currently being used and deliver performance as close as possible to that on an invert emulsion system. The use of HyPR-DRILL is particularly indicated where the use of non-aqueous fluids will require very high costs for waste management and disposal due to environmental restrictions or facility limitations which prevent the installation of waste handling equipment. PRODUCTFUNCTION HyPR-DRILL FRESHWATER HyPR-DRILL 6% KCl HyPR-DRILL 20% NaCl Drillwater (bbl/bbl) Base fluid 0.83 0.81 0.77 KCl (lb/bbl) Water activity and cation exchange NA 18 NA NaCl (lb/bbl) Water activity and cation exchange NA NA 70 pH Alkalinity 8.5 – 9.5 8.5 – 9.5 8.5 – 9.5 HyPR-CAP (lb/bbl) Encapsulating polymer 3 3 3 80 HyPR-HIB (%) Shale and clay inhibitor 3 3 3 60 HyPR-DRL (%) Anti-accretion additive 2 – 3 2 – 3 2 – 3 CUMULUS CPG (%) Cloud point glycol 3 3 3 HYDRO-ZAN (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 1 – 2 1 – 2 1–2 HYDRO-STAR NF (lb/bbl) Filtration control 3 – 5 3 – 5 3–5 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) Weighting agent 91 79 41 10 1010 16 – 24 15 – 20 15 – 20 20 – 25 18 – 24 20 – 25 < 4 <4 <3 Utilising a blend of proprietary ammonium salts in combination with a low molecular weight, acrylic-based, encapsulating polymer and a newly developed clay accretion inhibitior, HyPR-DRILL delivers benefits normally associated only with non-aqueous fluids. LINEAR EXPANSION OF SHALE – HyPR-DRILL (6% KCI) PERCENT EXPANSION (%) Environmental awareness and the application of stricter regulations are, in many areas, restricting the discharge of cuttings contaminated with synthetic or mineral oilbased fluids. These restrictions present logistical and waste management costs, impact on installation design and may present significant health and safety concerns as large quantities of cuttings have to be handled and moved by crane and vessel. 120 100 40 20 0 0 1000 2000 3000 TIME (MINUTES) BENTONITE SBM PHPA / GLYCOL HyPR-DRILL PROPERTIES Density (lb/gal) Plastic Viscosity (cP) Yield Point (lb/100 ft ) 2 API Fluid Loss (cc/30 min) WATER-BASED SYSTEMS HYDRO-FOIL S8 is essentially a HYDRO-FOIL system which utilises 5 – 15% v/v sodium or potassium silicate solution to enhance inhibition and mechanical wellbore stability, particularly in highly fractured or unconsolidated formations. FEATURES AND BENEFITS •Excellent shale inhibition, exceeding that of any other type of water-based fluids. •Cheaper than glycol systems although maintenance additions are expected to be higher so this cost advantage can be eroded if the rig has poor solids control. •Good environmental properties for offshore applications. •Potential to seal micro-fractured shales. •Low corrosion rates. The main application for silicate fluids is the replacement of oil and synthetic fluids in difficult drilling applications, e.g. wells containing reactive claystones. Silicate fluids exhibit a very high degree of shale inhibition exceeding that of glycol fluids, however, they have a number of limitations which must be considered in fluid selection. MECHANISM OF SHALE STABILISATION When HYDRO-FOIL S8 mud filtrate and pore water mix, the alkalinity of the fluid filtrate is lowered from pH 12 resulting in the spontaneous precipitation of a silica gel at the near wellbore. Coupled with this, dissolved divalent cations in the pore fluid will precipitate silicate salts, e.g. calcium silicate. These precipitates, or gels, form a semi permeable membrane which prevents further fluid filtrate invasion and retards pore pressure transmission of the hydrostatic mud column to rock matrix. The wellbore and shale are thus “pressure isolated”. This latter phenomenon is critical in tectonically stressed and fractured shales, which require sufficient overbalance mud pressure to support the borehole from collapsing. The presence of solutes such as NaCl and KCl is synergistic, as solutes will balance the mud and shale activities to reduce the net flow of ions into the shale. The presence of K+ is useful as it will exchange for Ca++ and Mg++ at the clay surface, making these ions available to form precipitates. It should be noted that non-aqueous fluids cannot stabilise such fractured shales, as they are restricted from entering or invading the shales due to capillary threshold pressures, which are significant for intact shales with small pores but are negligible for shales with open fractures. Soluble silicates, however, have the ability to fill small cracks and pressure seal them. TABLE 4: TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A HYDRO-FOIL S8 SYSTEM PRODUCTFUNCTIONHYDRO-FOIL S8 HYDRO-FOIL S8 Drillwater (bbl/bbl) 0.74 0.65 KCl (lb/bbl)Water activity and cation exchange 30 25 Caustic Soda / Potash Alkalinity control to pH 12 – 12.5 to pH 12 – 12.5 Soda Ash Hardness control to < 400 mg/L to < 400 mg/L HYDRO-ZAN (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 0.75 – 1.0 0.75 – 1.25 HYDRO-PAC UL (lb/bbl) Fluid loss control 2.5 2.5 HYDRO-STAR CMS (lb/bbl) Fluid loss control 2.0 2.0 HYDRO-SIL S (v/v%) Shale stabilisation 11.0 9.0 OX-SCAV (lb/bbl) Oxygen scavenger 1.0 – 1.5 1.0 – 1.5 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) Weighting agent 155 340 Density (lb/gal) 12 15 Plastic Viscosity (cP) 20 – 30 25 – 35 Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) 15 – 25 20 – 30 Gels (lb/100 ft2) +/- 6/10 +/- 8/14 API Fluid Loss (cc/30 min) < 6 <6 pH 12 – 12.5 12 – 12.5 Base fluid PROPERTIES Note: HYDRO-SIL S liquor has an sg of 1.5 and contains 28.1% by weight of SiO2. SEALING OF MICRO-FRACTURED SHALES BY SILICATES Fracture Propagation Mp FLUID INGRESS Mp > Fp Non-inhibitive Fluid Mp = Fp = Mechanical Failure Silicate Gel / Precipitate Mp FLUID INGRESS Mp > Fp Mp HYDRO-FOIL S8 Fluid Mp = Fp = Mechanical Stability WATER-BASED SYSTEMS TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF HYPR-FOIL S8 WITH POTASSIUM SULPHATE PRODUCTCONCENTRATION operations. •Potential to seal micro-fractured shales. • Treated cuttings with potential to be used as fertiliser. • Lubricant offers significant improvement in lubricity of silicate fluids. • Low corrosion rates. HYDRO-ZAN (lb/bbl)1.5 HYDRO-PAC LV (lb/bbl)2.5 Intensive development has identitifed high-performing polymers to be used in the system to deliver excellent low end rheology and fluid loss. The treated cuttings and waste mud should yield soil material rich in potassium and nitrates which enhance plant growth without the introduction of potentially harmful contaminants. Sodium and chloride are excluded from the drilling fluids formation minimising their concentration in the drill cuttings. The fertiliser rich “soil” can be sold or given away to farmers or used for beneficial fill. Operators are presented with an opportunity for the reuse of drilling cuttings or disposed mud which essentially eliminates long term disposal liability and cost. PERCENT EXPANSION (%) HyPR-FOIL S8 is a high-performance silicate system wherein sodium and chloride ions have been replaced with potassium cations from carbonates, sulphates, acetates, nitrates and/ or hydroxides. Potentially harmful leachates are ultimately removed by precipitation as insoluble calcium salts. 200 RPM44 4 100 RPM29 2 6 RPM12 0 -2 0 1000 2000 3000 TIME (MINUTES) - SHOWS THAT ALL SILICATE SYSTEMS EXHIBIT EXCELLENT SHALE INHIBITION WITH < 10% SWELLING SOD. SILICATE & KCI CONTROL POT. SILICATE & POT. CARBONATE POT. SILICATE & POT. SULPHATE POT. SILICATE & POT. ACETATE 92.00 HYDRO FOIL S8 K2SO4 0.45 0.413 0.40 0.35 0.353 0.30 0.262 0.25 0.207 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 PV (cP)21 0.00 YP (lb/100 CH3CO2K MUD LUBRICITY COEFFICIENT OF HYPR-FOIL S8 SYSTEM WITH HYDRO-LUBE SL 3 RPM10 ft2)33 K2CO3 SILICATE SYSTEM Rheology- 300 RPM54 6 93.00 Potassium Hydroxide (lb/bbl)2 600 RPM75 8 94.00 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl)42 10 99.26 95.00 90.00 12 98.99 96.00 OX-SCAV (lb/bbl)1 Mud Weight (lb/gal)10.0 LINEAR EXPANSION OF SHALE COMPARING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SALT IN SILICATE MUD SYSTEM 98.76 97.00 91.00 AHR 16 HRS, 194 ºF 98.92 98.00 OPTA-STAR PLUS (lb/bbl)6 TYPICAL PROPERTIES The disposal of drilled cuttings, particularly in sensitive areas on land, poses significant environmental burdens and very high costs for disposal and site remediation. A low-cost method of treating cuttings and waste fluids producing a reusable material offers potentially significant savings, both financial and environmental. 99.00 HYDRO-SIL K (lb/bbl)38 Potassium Carbonate (lb/bbl)2 •Chloride-free, highly inhibitive fluid for environmentally sensitive land 100.00 Drillwater (bbl/bbl)0.82 Potassium Sulphate (lb/bbl)35 FEATURES AND BENEFITS SHALE RECOVERY COMPARING DIFFERENT TYPES OF SILICATE DRILLING FLUID SHALE RECOVERY (%) is a high-performance silicate system engineered and patented, to provide a sodium chloride free drilling fluid for sensitive environments and cuttings treatment, providing a recycling route for the cuttings thus minimising environmental impact. MUD LUBRICITY COEFICIENT HyPR-FOIL S8 DISTILLED WATER BASE BASE + 3% HYDRO -LUBE SL BASE + 5% HYDRO -LUBE SL Gel 10 sec (lb/100 ft2)9 Gel 10 min (lb/100 ft2)11 pH Mud12.1 Lubricity of the system, a traditional drawback with silicate systems, is readily improved with the addition of HYDROLUBE SL. API Filtrate (cc/30 min)4.0 pH Filtrate12.3 WATER-BASED SYSTEMS CORE HYDRO-THERM PRODUCTS HYDRO-THERM systems have proven effectiveness in hightemperature conditions and in the presence of contaminants, both in the field and in the laboratory. FEATURES AND BENEFITS •Thermal stability. •Flexibility that extends conventional systems beyond their normal limits. •Shale stability. •Excellent return permeability. •Reduce corrosion rates. •Lubricity. •Environmentally acceptable. •Economical. PRODUCT DESCRIPTION FUNCTION HYDRO THERM I AMPS / AM Copolymer HTHP Filtration Control HYDRO THERM II AMPS / AM Copolymer HTHP Filtration Control HYDRO THIN HT eflocculant & rheology stabiliser for D high-temperature environments Thermal Stability HYDRO LIG Lignite HTHP Filtration Control HYDRO SPERSE HT S ulphonated Copolymer – deflocculant & rheology stabiliser for high-temperature environments HTHP Filtration Control Deflocculant OX SCAV Oxygen scavenger Polymer Extender HYDRO POL Synthetic Copolymer HTHP Filtration Control HYDRO REZ Synthetic ResinHTHP Filtration Control & Rheology Stabiliser HYDRO THIN HT II eflocculant & rheology stabiliser for D high-temperature environments HYDRO SPERSE RS Sulphonated Copolymer HTHP Deflocculant & Rheology Stabiliser HYDRO CHECK Sulphonated CopolymerHTHP Deflocculant & Rheology Stabiliser HYDRAMINE HT Amine-based Corrosion Inhibitor Thermal Stability HTHP Corrosion Inhibitor TABLE 1: TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF THE HYDRO-THERM SYSTEM HYDRO-THERM is an extremely flexible, water-based drilling fluid system used when temperature, contaminants, and / or borehole instability make conventional systems impractical or uneconomical. HYDRO-THERM is primarily a synthetic polymer-based system that is stable to > 204 °C (400 °F). The use of the HYDRO-THERM products allow for the conversion of conventional mud systems e.g. HYDRO-FOIL systems, to a HYDRO-THERM HTHP drilling fluid without the need for complete displacement. The HYDRO-THERM system is successful because it minimises the reliance on the use of commercial bentonite for the control of the suspension and filtration. The system is composed of combinations of the products shown overleaf, and if required, on combination with third party specialist products dependent on pH, temperature and total hardness of the drilling fluid. PRODUCT FUNCTION HYDRO-THERM BHT= 176 ºC Freshwater Base fluid 0.44 KCI (lb/bbl) Water activity & cation exchange 8 Caustic Soda / Potash Alkalinity control 0.3 DRILL GEL (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 5 HYDRO-THERM II (lb/bbl) HTHP fluid loss 4 HYDRO-SPERSE HT (lb/bbl) Rheology stabiliser & deflocculant 2 OX-SCAV (lb/bbl) Oxygen scavenger 0.5 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) Weighting agent 492 PROPERTIES Density (lb/gal) 17.5 Plastic Viscosity (cP) 48 Yield Point (lb/100 ft ) 18 API Fluid Loss (cc/30 min) 4 HTHP Fluid Loss 300 ºF / 500 (cc/30 min) 20 2 WATER-BASED SYSTEMS COMPARATIVE RETURN PERMEABILITY DATA–MEDIUM PERM CORES (200-500 mD) mD 100 350 90 300 80 70 250 60 200 OPTA-FLO drill-in fluids are custom designed to provide minimal reservoir damage over a wide range of porosites and permeabilities, whilst at the same time providing an easily removable filtercake on drawdown that typically does not require breakers or acid clean-ups. FEATURES AND BENEFITS •Non-damaging – low skin values, high-return permeability. •Negligible lift-off pressures required – for rapid cleanup. •Ultra low-permeability filtercake – low leak off and stuck pipe mitigation. •Low friction factors. •Environmentally compliant. •Reduces remediation costs. •Works with any completion assembly. The system is custom designed for each individual reservoir and uses a range of high-quality components and design tools to facilitate the design process. One such tool is the “HyPRSIZER” software programme that allows the fluids engineer to optimise the concentration and particle size distribution of the bridging agent to ensure solids are deposited across the pore throats with minimum invasion yet seal off the reservoir with a thin, compact and resilient filtercake. The result – a system that provides strong benefits as a highperformance, non-damaging drill-in fluid that optimises production rates across a wide range of completion methods: • Open-hole gravel-pack or non-gravel-pack completions • Expandable slotted screen completions • Slotted and perforated liner completions •Cased-hole completions where hole cleaning or minimising 40 100 30 INITIAL PERMEABILITY TO OIL 20 RETURN PERMEABILITY @ 100 PSI 10 % RETURN PERM 50 0 Mud 1: OPTA-FLO Mud 2: OPTA-FLO Mud 3: Mud 4: COMPETITOR A COMPETITOR B 0 THE KEY PRODUCTS IN THE OPTA-FLO SYSTEM ARE; PRODUCT DESCRIPTION FUNCTION OPTA-VIS High clarity viscosifier Viscosity control OPTA-ZAN High clarity viscosifier Viscosity control OPTA-STAR PLUS Modified starch derivative Fluid loss control OPTA-CARB Custom sized calcium carbonate Bridging agent OPTA-ZYME S Enzyme Filtercake breaker RE-VERT Surfactant Emulsion prevention TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF AN OPTA-FLO SYSTEM PRODUCT FUNCTIONOPTA-FLO Drillwater (bbl/bbl) Base fluid 0.92 KCl (lb/bbl) Water activity and cation exchange 22.0 Performance can be enhanced with the addition of RE-VERT, a surfactant to aid in preventing emulsion formation. Caustic Soda / Potash Alkalinity control to pH 8.5 - 9.0 The use of an enzyme, OPTA-ZYME S, has proven highly beneficial, in post-drilling treatment to aid in filtercake removal and deliver enhanced production rates. OPTA-VIS (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 1.0 - 2.0 OPTA-STAR PLUS (lb/bbl) Fluid loss control 3.0 - 5.0 OPTA-CARB (lb/bbl) Bridging agent 30.0 - 50.0 Glutaraldehyde (gal/100 bbl) Biocide 3.0 - 5.0 The OPTA-FLO system is naturally lubricious, with the filtercake’s polymer coating imparting surface lubricity thus minimising torque and drag. This feature is especially critical in horizontal wells. The OPTA-FLO system’s non-damaging properties are evident both in the laboratory and when initial production field figures are compared to a reservoir’s anticipated production. EFFECTIVE BRIDGING OFF AT WELLBORE fluid invasion is critical The OPTA-FLO system has all the characteristics required of a high-performance drilling fluid. The system is shear thinning providing good hole-cleaning properties which can be adjusted, as needed, to meet specific wellbore requirements. OPTA-FLO formulations can be effectively designed in both low-density and high-density brines to achieve desired rheological properties. 50 150 Pore Throat Rock – Filtercake Interface Formation Matrix PROPERTIES Density (Ib/gal) 9.4 Plastic Viscosity (cP) 12 - 18 Yield Point (lb/100 ft ) 12 - 20 6 RPM Reading > 10 Brookfield Viscosity (cP) > 40,000 API Fluid Loss (cc/30 mins) < 4.0 2 External Filtercake WATER-BASED SYSTEMS RHEO-PLEX is a mixed metal oxide system that delivers a highly thixotropic (shear thinning) water-based fluid in an environmentally and cost-effective package. Annotation of the flow profile of RHEO-PLEX in the wellbore. Stationary, gelled layer of mud. FEATURES AND BENEFITS • Zero shear-stress at wall • Minimal dynamic fluid loss • Protects poorly consolidated or fractured formations • Helps prevent seepage losses • No erosion of wellbore •Exceptional hole cleaning. • Low torque and drag. • Low ECD’s. • Excellent solids removal efficiency. • Proactive lost circulation remedy whilst drilling. • Excellent HSE profile. • Cost effective. This unique rheological profile also exhibits extremely high and flat gels. These gels are very fragile, easily broken on start up of circulation, but are sufficient to suspend cuttings under static conditions. The system provides unsurpassed hole cleaning, even at very low circulating rates. The figure on the right shows the results of a test using a capillary viscometer to measure the pressure drop along a pipe at constant flow rate. The RHEO-PLEX system gave a lower pressure drop than the gel fluid, despite having a higher yield point. These correlates with reduced pump pressures seen in the field. Evidence for this flow profile comes from observations made on surface flowlines and from the occurrence of “negative” lag times (cuttings appear to reach the surface faster than they should). The ability of RHEO-PLEX to proactively control severe losses in fractured and vugular formations has been demonstrated time and again. RHEO-PLEX is capable of achieving this as its unique thixotropic rheology profile results in the fluid forming a gel in the fractures due to the low shear regime present. 70 8.75 psi 60 YP = 65 40 20 Soda Ash Alkalinity control to < 400 mg/l hardness DRILL GEL UA (lb/bbl) Viscosifier 8.0 – 12.0 RHEO-PLEX (lb/bbl) Complexing agent 0.8 – 1.2 HYDRO-STAR CMS (lb/bbl) Fluid loss control 3.0 – 5.0 Caustic Soda pH control to pH 10.5 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl) Weighting agent 192 35 – 40 10 6 RPM Reading 20 – 30 9 Gels (lb/100 ft2) 20 / 30 API Fluid Loss (cc/30 min) <8 3 2 1 10 0 0.85 Yield Point (lb/100 ft2) 4 3.5 psi Base fluid 15 – 20 5 30 Drillwater (bbl/bbl) Plastic Viscosity (cP) 7 6 YP = 45 RHEO-PLEX 12 8 50 FUNCTION Density (lb/gal) PRESSURE DROP ALONG PIPE FOR A CONVENTIONAL GEL FLUID VS. RHEO-PLEX 80 PRODUCT PROPERTIES Pressure (psi) • Milling operations • Drilling fractured and vugular lost-circulation zones • Stabilising unconsolidated formations • Coiled tubing drilling • High-angle and horizontal wells RHEO-PLEX is a third generation of Mixed-Metal Oxide (MMO) products engineered to provide the cost-effective performance of the mixed-metal hydroxides used in past years. Unlike its predecessors, however, the RHEO-PLEX system delivers an enhanced rheological profile and stability in a package that is easy to design, mix and maintain. Yield point (lbm/100 ft2) The system exhibits a unique rheological profile that makes it ideal for a wide variety of applicatons, such as: TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A RHEO-PLEX SYSTEM GEL MUD RHEO-PLEX SYSTEM 0 WATER-BASED SYSTEMS DRILLING FLUIDS NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS Our non-aqueous drilling fluid systems are designed for demanding applications, including those requiring a high degree of inhibition and thermal stability. Our range has solutions specially designed for technically challenging, yet costconscious applications to deliver optimum performance in conventional and unconventional drilling applications. CONFI-DRILL Invert Emulsion Drilling Fluids systems have long been the preferred system of many operators for providing excellent borehole stability under extreme drilling conditions. FEATURES AND BENEFITS •Increased rate of penetration, reducing overall well cost. •Provides excellent wellbore stability while drilling through reactive shales. •Maximise lubricity for drilling high-angle, extended reach and horizontal TYPICAL BASE FLUID PROPERTIES BASE FLUID DENSITY (SG) KV @ 40 ºC CST FLASH POINT ºC POUR POINT ºC LTMO 0.80 +/- 2.0 > 85 < -10 LP 0.78 +/- 2.5 > 110 4 -10 LAO 0.78 +/- 2.5 > 110 < -10 IO 0.79 +/- 3.6 > 125 < -10 CORE CONFI-DRILL SYSTEM COMPONENTS PRODUCT FUNCTION GENERIC CHEMISTRY CONFI-GEL Viscosifier Organophilic bentonite •Prevents formation related problems such as bit balling, heaving gumbo CONFI-GEL HT Viscosifier Organophilic hectorite •The ability to choose low base fluid to water ratios to reduce formulation CONFI-MUL P Primary emulsifier Primary emulsifier CONFI-MUL S Secondary emulsifier Secondary emulsifier CONFI-TROL Fluid loss controller Gilsonite CONFI-SEAL Fluid loss controller Organophilic lignite CONFI-MOD Low end rheology modifier Dimer / Trimer acid CONFI-COAT Wetting agent Surfactant DRILL-BAR Weighting agent Barite wells. •Provides low fluid loss as well as the best available filtercake to reduce the potential for differential sticking. and blinding of shale shaker screens. cost and environmental impact. •Excellent temperature and contamination stability. •Flexible choice of base fluid allows compliance with Environmental Regulations worldwide. •Superior return permeability results, ensuring minimal formation damage. •Provides excellent hole cleaning characteristics. •Wide range of drilling fluid properties and densities to suit various drilling requirements. •Generates less waste than water-based fluid systems. TYPICAL FORMULATIONS AND PROPERTIES OF A CONFI-DRILL SYSTEM WITH A LINEAR PARAFFIN PRODUCT The CONFI-DRILL invert emulsion system consists of three phases: non-aqueous, brine and solids phase. The most important parts of the system, however, are the emulsifying chemicals designed to create and maintain the invert emulsion. The system can be formulated using various base fluids, including Low Toxicity Mineral Oil (LTMO), Linear Paraffin (LP), Linear Alpha Olefin (LAO) and Internal Olefin (IO). This system has excellent rheological and filtration characteristics which are easily modified to meet changing temperature and pressure conditions. TYPICAL WELL COST COMPARISON USING CONFI-DRILL VS. INHIBITIVE WBM $ CONFI-DRILL is an invert emulsion system, the composition of which can be tailored to meet environmental regulations and performance criteria. CONFI-DRILL is a very stable invert emulsion synthetic drilling fluid, selected because of its great flexibility in meeting changing drilling conditions. 10.5 MILLION PROPERTIESDYNAMIC AGING 16 HOURS @ 250 ºF Linear Paraffin (bbl/bbl)0.60 Density (lb/gal)10 Drillwater (lb/bbl)0.21 PV (cP)30 Calcium Chloride (lb/bbl)24 YP (lb/100 ft )19 CONFI-MUL P (lb/bbl) 5–7 6 RPM11 CONFI-MUL S (lb/bbl) 3–5 ES (Volts)978 CONFI-GEL (lb/bbl) 8 – 10 OWR75:25 CONFI-TROL (lb/bbl) 6–8 Excess Lime (lb/bbl)2 Lime (lb/bbl) 6–8 HTHP (500 psi, 250 ºF) 2 < 4.0 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl)116 5 MILLION CONFI-DRILL CONFI-DRILL WBM NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS CORE CONFI-DENSE SYSTEM COMPONENTS CONFI-DENSE PRODUCT FUNCTION GENERIC CHEMISTRY CONFI GEL HT Organophilic hectorite Viscosifier CONFI GEL XHT Organophilic attapulgite Viscosifier CONFI MUL HT Primary emulsifier HT emulsifier CONFI TROL F Proprietary blend HT fluid loss controller CONFI TROL HT HT softening point gilsonite HT fluid loss controller CONFI TROL XHT Synthetic polymer HT fluid loss controller CONFI SEAL Organophilic lignite Fluid loss controller CONFI RM Dimer / Trimer acid Low end rheology modifier DRILL BAR Barite Weighting agent DRILL BAR XP 4.4 SG Barite Weighting agent CONFI MUL XHT Primary emulsifier XHT emulsifier • Highly inhibitive. • Stable to temperatures above 400 ºF (204 ºC). •Exhibits minimal density differentiation (syneresis) under dynamic and CONFI TEC HT Secondary emulsifier HT emulsifier CONFI TEC XHT Secondary emulsifier XHT emulsifier CONFI MOD HT Polymeric viscosifierHT viscosifier and low end rheology modifier CONFI RM HT Polymeric viscosifierHT viscosifier and low end rheology modifier •Can be weighted to densities above 18.5 lb/gal using barite or CONFI MOD XHT Polymeric viscosifierXHT viscosifier and low end rheology modifier CONFI RM XHT Polymeric viscosifierXHT viscosifier and low end rheology modifier • Superior HT filtration control. • Thin filtercake to reduce differential sticking tendency. CONFI TROL FHT Organophilic lignite HT fluid loss controller CONFI TROL L Proprietary blend HT fluid loss controller CONFI TROL EHT Proprietary blend XHT fluid loss controller is designed to provide emulsion and rheology stability beyond the temperature limits of standard CONFI-DRILL emulsion systems. FEATURES AND BENEFITS static conditions (barite sag). alternative weight materials such as ilmenite, haematite or micromax. TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A CONFI-DENSE SYSTEM Increasing demand for drilling deviated HTHP wells has resulted in the development of an HTHP non-aqueous drilling fluid with unique suspension properties to avoid commonly observed density differentiations under extreme conditions. The CONFI-DENSE system is stable to temperatures above 400 °F and exhibits minimal density differentiation under dynamic and static conditions. The system can be weighted to densities above 18.5 lb/gal (SG 2.20) using API barite, or alternative weight materials including HyPR-BAR (fine grind barite), NANO-BAR a proprietary, non sag, alternative weight material with a minimum SG of 4.35, Haematite or Micromax. The potential for barite sag can be a major concern issue with non-aqueous fluids particularly in directional wells with inclinations > 30° and mud weights > 12.0 lb/gal, a potential which, if not addressed, can lead to critical well control issues especially in HTHP wells. This potential is exacerbated at the highest inclinations, 60° – 75° in long tangent ERD wells and where thinning of the fluid occurs due to high temperatures and pressures. PRODUCT PARTICLE SIZE AND SHAPE COMPARISON OF MICROMAX VS. API BARITE Iso-Paraffin (bbl/bbl)0.48 Drillwater (bbl/bbl)0.05 Calcium Chloride (lb/bbl)7 CONFI-MUL HT (lb/bbl) 4–6 CONFI-TROL F (lb/bbl) 5–6 CONFI-GEL HT (lb/bbl) 2–4 CONFI-TROL HT (lb/bbl) 4–8 Lime (lb/bbl)10 Calcium Carbonate (lb/bbl)20 CONFI-DENSE is typically maintained with an O/W range of 85/15 - 90/10 and is specifically designed for use with commonly available synthetic base fluids. Static barite sag tests with CONFI-DENSE show excellent results that fall well within the sag factor criteria specified by major oil companies. CONFI-DENSE also exhibits very low amounts of supernatant oil (syneresis) in samples aged both static and dynamically. Field tests demonstrate that the laboratory formulation properties further improve during drilling conditions as drill solids are incorporated into the system combined with the shear from the drilling operation. CONFI-DENSE Rev Dust (lb/bbl)30 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl)493 PROPERTIESDYNAMIC AGING 16 HOURS @ 350 ºF Density (lb/gal)17.5 A simple sag factor measurement has been developed to conveniently express the degree of settling, with CONFIDENSE results being well within the acceptable range of 0.50 – 0.53. Calculated as follows: Sag factor = p bot (p bot + p top) Where: p top = Maximum density (top), g/cc p bot = Maximum density (bottom), g/cc Recent developments include the use of alternative different particle size weighting materials such as fine grind barite, HyPR-BAR, NANO-BAR, an alternative 4.35 SG weight material, fine grind Haematite and Micromax, shown on previous page, to deliver reduced sag potential and ECD values. CONFI-DENSE is field proven in areas including Malaysia and Thailand giving our customers exceptional HTHP drilling performance. PV (cP)49 Micromax Barite 20 microns YP (lb/100 ft2)18 6 RPM8 ES (Volts)1655 OWR90:10 Excess Lime (lb/bbl)4 HTHP (500 psi, 350 ºF) < 2.0 NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS CORE CONFI-DEEP SYSTEM COMPONENTS PRESMOD is capable of providing a full suite of hydraulics simulations including: FEATURES AND BENEFITS • Highly inhibitive. •Flat rheological behaviour to provide efficient hole cleaning under the in temperature, pressure and wellbore ballooning. PRESMOD can be utilised both in the office for planning and monitoring and on the rig for real time application and decision making. AFTER HOT ROLL @ 200 ºF for 16 hours 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 temperature and pressures experienced in deep water applications. •Contributes to reduced losses as inefficient ECD peaks due to poor hole cleaning are eliminated. 40 ºF 70 ºF TEMP (DEG ºF) 120 ºF 150 ºF CONFI-DEEP + 25 ppb rev dust + 5 lb/bbc cemet CONFI-DEEP = 40 ppb rev dust + 20% (v/v) seawater alternative liquid viscosifiers from our product portfolio. RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES CHARACTERISTICS With our extensive involvement in deepwater drilling operations, to 1500m water depth, Scomi Oiltools is able to formulate customised deepwater drilling fluid systems to meet customer-specific well requirements. Scomi Oiltools uses a state-of-the-art temperature and pressure simulator, PRESMOD, for deepwater and HTHP hydraulics prediction. yp (lb/100 ft2) / 6 rpm reading AFTER HOT ROLL @ 200 ºF for 16 hours Conventional invert drilling fluids address cold water issues by lowering the viscosity at surface temperature in order to achieve a decreased overall rheological profile to counter the increased rheological profile under cold temperature conditions, i.e. at the seafloor. This approach will give lower ECD when encountering cold temperatures, however as a consequence, what often results is poor hole cleaning, barite sag and other downhole drilling problems related to a greatly reduced low rheological profile under bottom hole static and circulating temperatures. Conversely, adjusting the rheology upwards to compensate for higher BHT will lead to high ECD and excessive gel strengths producing pressure spikes that can break down the formation and promote lost circulation. 40 Primary emulsifier cDEEP-MOD Flat rheology modifier cDEEP-RM Secondary viscosifier cDEEP-TROLFluid loss control additive cDEEP-THINThinner for flat rheology system CONFI-MUL SARheology modifier for newly mixed fluids in LMP TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF A CONFI-DEEP SYSTEM FUNCTION BASE FLUID (bbl/bbl)0.61 CONFI-MUL SA (lb/bbl) 1–3 cDEEP-MUL (lb/bbl) 7 – 11 cDEEP-RM (lb/bbl) 0.5 – 2 cDEEP-TROL (lb/bbl) 2–5 cDEEP-MOD (lb/bbl) 1–4 Lime (lb/bbl)8.0 Calcium Chloride (lb/bbl)27.0 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl)153.0 PROPERTIESDYNAMIC AGING 16 HOURS @ 350 ºF Density (lb/gal)10.5 35 PV (cP)22 30 25 YP (lb/100 ft2)25 20 6 RPM18 15 10 ES (Volts)1055 5 0 cDEEP-MUL Fresh Water (bbl/bbl)0.2 CONFI-DEEP + 40 ppb rev dust •Reduced clay content allows optimised viscosity profiles with FUNCTION PRODUCT NAME CONFI-DEEP SYSTEM STABILITY yp (lb/100 ft2) CONFI-DEEP is an engineered synthetic-based fluid which, unlike the conventional invert emulsion drilling fluid systems, has a stable flat rheology for deepwater drilling environments. The system, which utilises low pour point base fluids, represents a new generation in non-aqueous drilling fluids technology by providing rheology properties, yield point, low shear rates and gel strengths, that are consistent over a wide range of temperatures. • Static and dynamic temperature profiles. • Dynamic down hole rheological profiling. • ECD, ESD projections over time and temperature. •Prediction of pit volume changes with time due to changes PRODUCT NAME 40 ºF 70 ºF 120 ºF 150 ºF TEMP (DEG ºF) OWR75:25 Excess Lime (lb/bbl)3 #01-SBM YP CONFI-DEEP YP #01-SBM 6 RPM CONFI-DEEP 6 RPM HTHP (500 psi, 225 ºF) < 2.0 Drilling fluids formulated with the CONFI-DEEP technology are designed to minimise the downhole losses normally associated with deepwater drilling. CONFI-DEEP achieves this with the use of an enhanced rheological modifier thus minimising the use of organophilic clay in the formulation. The result is a fluid system which has exceptional low end rheological characteristics over a wide temperature range, thereby promoting hole cleaning, whilst minimising ECD, surge and swab pressures. NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS CORE OPTA-VERT SYSTEM COMPONENTS OPTA-VERT drill-in fluids are custom designed to provide minimal reservoir damage over a wide range of porosities and permeabilities, whilst at the same time providing an easily removable filtercake on drawdown. FEATURES AND BENEFITS • Non-damaging – low skin values, high return permeability. •Negligible lift-off pressures required – for rapid cleanup. • Ultra-low-permeability filtercake – low leak off and stuck pipe mitigation. • Highly inhibitive. • Low friction factors. • Reduced remediation costs. PRODUCT FUNCTION GENERIC CHEMISTRY CONFI-MUL P Primary emulsifier Primary emulsifier CONFI-MUL S Secondary emulsifier Secondary emulsifier CONFI-GEL / CONFI-GEL HT Viscosifier Organophilic bentonite CONFI-MOD Low end rheology modifier Dimer / Trimer acid OPTA-CARB Custom sized bridging agent Calcium carbonate OPTA-MUL 2 in 1 emulsifier for low mud weighting Primary and secondary emulsifier TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF AN OPTA-VERT SYSTEM PRODUCT BASE OPTA-VERT PROPERTIESDYNAMIC AGING 16 HOURS @ 275 ºF FLUID0.65 Density (lb/gal)9.1 Drillwater (bbl/bbl)0.12 PV (cP)26 Calcium Chloride (lb/bbl)15 YP (lb/100 ft2)21 CONFI-MUL P (lb/bbl) 6–8 6 RPM13 CONFI-MUL S (lb/bbl) 3–4 ES (Volts)1040 CONFI-GEL (lb/bbl) 4–6 OWR85:15 CONFI-GEL HT (lb/bbl) 2–4 Excess Lime (lb/bbl)4 CONFI-TROL HT (lb/bbl) 6–8 HTHP (500 psi, 275 ºF) <4 Lime (lb/bbl)10 The system is custom designed for each individual reservoir and uses a range of high-quality components and design tools to facilitate the design process. One such tool is the HyPR-SIZER software programme that allows the fluids engineer to optimise the concentration and particle size distribution of the bridging agent to ensure solids are deposited across the pore throats with minimum invasion, while sealing off the reservoir with a thin, compact and resilient filtercake. OPTA-VERT is recommended for reservoir drill-in and coring applications with a raised potential for problems, e.g. emulsion blocking, associated with water-based drill-in fluids. Problems minimised by OPTA-VERT include: • Wellbore instability caused by hydratable shales above The result – a system that provides strong benefits as a high-performance, non-damaging drill-in fluid that optimises production rates across a wide range of completion methods: • Open-hole gravel-pack or non-gravel-pack completions • Expandable slotted screen completions • Slotted or perforated liner completions • Cased-hole completions where hole cleaning or minimising fluid invasion is critical The OPTA-VERT system delivers all of the characteristics required of a drilling fluid being highly inhibitive and ideally suited to drilling interbedded reservoirs with shale. The OPTA-VERT system is naturally lubricious making it an ideal choice for horizontal wells. •Fluid instability related to high bottom hole The OPTA-VERT system’s non-damaging properties are evident both in the laboratory and in the field when initial production figures are compared to the reservoir’s anticipated production. •Excessive torque and drag related to high-angle and EMULSION BLOCKING IN A RESERVOIR or interbedded with reservoir sands temperatures extended reach drilling OPTA-CARB (Ib/bbl) 10 – 55 (As required) RETURN PERMEABILITY FOR THREE OPTA-VERT FORMULATIONS AGAINST +/- 1000 md CLASHACH SANDSTONE OPERATIONAL PORE VOLUME SEQUENCE (cc) FILTRATE LOSS BASE OIL ON APPLYING PERM (md) THE DRILLING MUD (ml) OIL PERMEABILITY AFTER DRAWDOWN AT 800 PSI (md) (% CHANGE ON BASE PERM) 11.2 lb/gal 11.657 OPTA-VERT (Sample A) drilling mud followed by drawdown to dead crude oil 5.117 935 (0.439 PV) 813 (-13.0%) 11.2 lb/gal 9.792 OPTA-VERT (Sample B) drilling mud followed by drawdown to dead crude oil 4.432 984 (0.453 PV) 935 (-4.98%) 11.2 lb/gal 11.568 OPTA-VERT (Sample C) drilling mud followed by drawdown to dead crude oil 3.923 947 (0.339 PV) 900 (-4.96%) NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS EXTRA-VERT is a synthetic invert emulsion drilling fluid based on non-toxic, biodegradable ester chemistry. FEATURES AND BENEFITS • Excellent wellbore stability and cuttings integrity. •Low environmental impact – suitable for discharge in most offshore waters. •Formulated with high-quality products specifically selected for COMPARATIVE LUBRICITY COEFFICIENTS FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF DRILLING FLUID SYSTEMS TYPICAL FORMULATION AND PROPERTIES OF AN EXTRA-VERT SYSTEM • • The system is intrinsically lubricious. • Non-damaging to sensitive reservoirs. • Increased protection against stuck pipe. DRILLING FLUID SYSTEM LUBRICITY COEFFICIENT PRODUCT an ester-base fluid. Promotes high rates of penetration and reduced drilling days. This base fluid is produced specifically for synthetic drilling fluid applications as an environmentally safe alternative to both traditional and synthetic oil-based drilling fluid systems. EXTRA-VERT is formulated with emulsifiers, rheology modifiers and surfactants which exhibit low toxicity and high biodegradability. The EXTRA-VERT system is temperature stable to > 160 ºC (320 ºF) and can be formulated to densities greater than 1.92 sg (16.0 lb/gal). The EXTRA-VERT system conforms to current legislation in the majority of worldwide locations including the Gulf of Mexico (EPA). EXTRA-VERT is a viable alternative where traditional invert emulsion systems are precluded from use by environmental regulations and operators must consider the expense of alternative waste disposal technologies such as cutting re-injection and ship to shore. EXTRA-VERT is inherently lubricious due to the ester-base fluid and provides extremely low torque and drag in deviated and extended reach wells. EXTRA-VERT is readily formulated with non-chloride salts for use in land operations. HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 Field Mud0.27 HYDRO-FOIL GEN 1 & LUBRI-GREEN0.18 EXTRA-VERT Ester OMC 586 (bbl/bbl)0.53 Drillwater (bbl/bbl)0.26 Sodium Formate (lb/bbl)25 CONFI-MUL P (lb/bbl) 1–3 CONFI-DRILL (IO)0.19 CONFI-MUL S (lb/bbl) 3–5 CONFI-DRILL (LMO)0.21 CONFI-GEL (lb/bbl) 4–6 EXTRA-VERT0.15 CONFI-TROL (lb/bbl) 4–6 Lime (lb/bbl)1 DRILL-BAR (lb/bbl)82 PROPERTIESDYNAMIC AGING 16 HOURS @ 225 ºF Density (lb/gal)9.5 PV (cP)27 YP (lb/100 ft )15 6 RPM7 ES (Volts)500 OWR70:30 Excess Lime (lb/bbl)2 HTHP (500 psi, 225 ºF) < 4.0 NON-AQUEOUS SYSTEMS DRILLING FLUIDS ENGINEERING SUPPORT SOFTWARE Our range of drilling fluids engineering support software are designed to help the upstream oil and gas industry convert information into useful knowledge for improved decision-making while minimising risks. With the combination of our proprietary software HyPR-FORM and HyPR-CALC as well as licensed software including Drillbench Presmod, KMC Crystal Maze, HyDRA-FLASH and HyPR-SIZER, we are well-equipped to deliver the necessary tools you need to plan, execute and analyse a variety of well types. HyPR-FORM is a superior software application that brings a dramatic new level of rig site technical excellence to our customers worldwide through comprehensive data management and reporting. It is a fluids reporting software designed to assist drilling fluid engineers in setting up a well, recording mud data, tracking inventory and creating daily and end-of-well reports. FEATURES AND BENEFITS • • Concise, high-quality reports. • Extensive product database creation. • Planned and actual data comparison. • End of well analysis and graphics. • Well data transfer capabilities. Standardised data gathering and reports. A technology innovation by the Scomi Oiltools Software Design Team, HyPRFORM has powerful reporting and graphing capabilities. It allows users to create various reports based on daily, interval, whole well or even time-based reports. HyPR-FORM is used to capture and filter technical data easily. It is very user-friendly, easy to use and contains all the engineering calculations normally used while drilling wells. It allows users to input well data efficiently and effectively through visual daily mud report presentation. Product Concentration Well Details HyPR-FORM also paves the way towards the creation of a central data repository system. This will help us identify and implement best practices and allow us to make timely and powerful decisions, to continue to help our customers to the next level. Well Classification Rig Setup Set Mud Property Target Pit Setup Fluid Properties Solid Control Setup Inventory & Volume Management Reports available include: • Cost Summary and Detail Reports – list of products, quantity and cost. • Fluid Property Report – fluid property targets and test results such as density, temperature, viscosity, PV, YP, etc. • HSE Report – HSE KPIs, activities and observation cards. • Hydraulics Report – depth and fluid details, pressure losses, bit and hole Pumps & Bits Calculation Mud Losses Hole Geometry Inventory & Cost Summary Receive & Backload Products hydralics, hole cleanning and ECD. • Oil on Cutting Report – mud density, sample cutting’s test results such as weight, volume etc. • Product Concentration Report – list of product and their concentration. • P roduct Reconciliation Report – initial, received, returned, used, balance and total product details. • Volume Report – volume of products used, losses encountered, received, returned, etc. • Well KPI – cost performance, fluid targets, HSE and other KPIs. ENGINEERING SUPPORT SOFTWARE HyPR-CALC is a comprehensive drilling hydraulics programme to assist the user in all aspects of the circulation system including pressure management and wellbore stability. It incorporates fluid displacement simulation, surge and swab calculations, mud rheology modeling, ECD and HTHP rheological properties and density. HYPR-CALC GRAPH AND TABULAR REPORTS Circulation Hydraulic Hydrostatic Pressure Frictional Pressure Loss FEATURES AND BENEFITS • Fluid displacement simulation. • HTHP mud rheological properties and density. • Constant or sin cycle drillstring eccentricity. • Pressure, velocity, flow type, and cutting accumulation prediction. • Surface pressure loss calculation. • Surge / Swab calculation. • Tracking in-situ properties of circulating fluid. • Survey data or well trajectory planning. • 3D well trajectory plot. • Formation temperature and pressure by gradient or measured points. 3D Wellbore View Surge / Swab Sensitivity Analysis HyPR-CALC takes into account all the considerations below in its design calculations: • Corrected bottom hole pressure prediction • Downhole rheology and density corrected for temperature and pressure • Pressure surge due to drillstring movement • Tool joints effects •Drillstring rotation and eccentricity especially in deviated / HyPR-CALC, a technology innovation by the Scomi Oiltools Software Design Team, has been used for over 5 years in all parts of the world including Africa, Asia, Europe and Latin America. Q Design Under Reaming Fluid Displacement HyPR-CALC incorporates state-of-the-art visualisation technology that goes beyond mere presentation. The various 2D / 3D graphs and tabular reports allow users to efficiently and accurately perform design calculations through visual and animated schematics. horizontal section • Dynamic fluid temperature profiling • Fluid displacements •Hydraulics calculation options using Herschel-Buckley, Bingham Plastic, Newtonian & Power Law model ENGINEERING SUPPORT SOFTWARE GRTC GLOBAL RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY CENTRE is the Global Research & Technology Centre for Scomi Oiltools. Established in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, the centre is ISO 9001 certified, and provides state-of-the-art facilities for R&D, training and QAQC, as well as operational technical support for our global operations. Our cell R&D centres are also in Houston, USA for drilling waste management. Our activities and services include: • Research & Development •Training •QAQC • Technical Support Services Powered by innovation RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT The flow of technology and information among people, enterprises and institutions is key to an innovative process, and lends to the interaction which turns ideas into a process, product or service. As an advocate of such holistic solutions, Scomi Oiltools harnesses the power of innovation to generate value for our clients. To meet customer-focused research challenges in drilling fluids and drilling waste management, the team at GRTC integrates business-driven projects with value-added technical consultancy and laboratory services. At GRTC, we have extensive facilities for research and development, technical services, quality assurance quality control and industrial training. Our laboratories also provide technical support, including troubleshooting services, and training for our global operations. At GRTC we train our engineers in basic, advanced and intensive courses in drilling fluids. A curriculum for drilling waste management is included to further prepare our engineers to approach the entire drilling process in a more holistic manner. GRTC is also open to our key customers where training may be customised for their technical personnel. The magnitude and complexity of oil and gas exploration and development require us to work closely with our co-researchers to ensure that we meet the exacting industry requirements for high-performance water-based fluids, flat rheology nonaqueous fluids for deepwater drilling and non-damaging reservoir drilling fluids. Furthermore, our collaborative projects with customers and universities extend our ability to resolve a regionally limited problem or develop broad strategic capabilities. GLOBAL RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY CENTRE TECHNICAL SERVICES TRAINING CENTRE Our advisory personnel provide technical assistance and specific expertise in the application of drilling fluids technology for wellbore construction and productivity optimisation on location. These include: Our employees are essential to the company’s future growth and success. Naturally, we are fully committed to developing capable, confident and competent employees, with an emphasis placed on the continuous upgrade and development of skills and competencies. • Development of new fluids technologies. • Design, modification and adaptation of fluid systems. • Problem-solving and troubleshooting. • Recommendations of products and solutions. • Transfers of technology. • Collection and management of performance data. • Guidance on technical product line training. • Communication with the drilling industry, institutions, and professional bodies. We also hone and develop the skills of our clients’ personnel worldwide. To date, we have trained over 400 chemists, technologists and engineers from over 20 countries as drilling fluid technologists. In addition, we have conducted advanced seminars, software training and drilling fluids operations management training for hundreds of personnel. Apart from our customised courses, we also have computer training facilities and a dedicated training laboratory with all the equipment a drilling fluid technologist may encounter offshore or onshore. Trainees are also introduced to advanced analytical and software tools as well as specialised equipment for specialty jobs. QAQC To maintain the quality and performance at GRTC, we employ a team of QAQC professionals who use state-of-the-art equipment to regularly perform random checks and productspecific testing to ensure that our products comply with industry-certified standards. The team also manages our ISO certification. GLOBAL RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY CENTRE WATER-BASED SYSTEMS www.scomioiltools.com.my Asia Middle East Americas West Africa T T T T +603 7717 3000 +9714 8838 236 +1281 260 6016 +234 803 402 8010 F F F F +603 7728 5202 +9714 8838 920 +1281 260 6969 +1832 550 2582 Terms & conditions apply. Please refer to www.scomigroup.com.my/t&c for further information. Copyright® 2013 Scomi Oilfield Limited (Bermuda). All Rights Reserved. BRCDF-Rev0613 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]