15_LectureOutline - Napa Valley College

Transcription

Chapter
15
The Nervous
System:
The Brain and
Cranial Nerves
PowerPoint® Lecture Slides
prepared by Jason LaPres
North Harris College
Houston, Texas
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.,
publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Introduction
The brain is far more complex than the spinal
cord.
The brain contains roughly 20 billion neurons.
 Excitatory and inhibitory interactions among the
extensively interconnected neuronal pools ensure
that the response can vary to meet changing
circumstances.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
An Introduction to the Organization of the Brain
Figure 15.1 Major Divisions of the Brain
Figure 15.2a Ventricles of the Brain (Lateral View)
Figure 15.2b Ventricles of the Brain (Lateral View)
Figure 15.2c Ventricles of the Brain (Anterior View)
Figure 15.2d Ventricles of the Brain (Coronal Section)
Protection and Support of the Brain
 Protection, support, and nourishment of the
brain involves:
 Bones of the skull
 Cranial meninges
 Dura mater
 Arachnoid mater
 Pia mater
 Cerebrospinal fluid
 Blood–brain barrier
 Vessels of the cardiovascular system
Figure 15.3a Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges (Lateral View)
Figure 15.3b Relationships among the Brain, Cranium, and Meninges (Midsagittal View)
Figure 15.4a The Cranial Meninges
Figure 15.4b The Cranial Meninges
Figure 15.4c The Cranial Meninges
Figure 15.5 The Choroid Plexus and Blood–Brain Barrier
Figure 15.6 Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
 Blood Supply to the Brain
Figure 22.13a Arteries of the Neck and Head
 Blood supply to the brain
Figure 22.15a Arteries of the Brain (Inferior View)
 Blood supply to the brain
Figure 22.22a Major Veins of the Head and Neck (Lateral View)
 Blood Supply to the Brain
Figure 22.22b Venous Drainage of the Brain (Inferior view)
Figure 15.8 Hydrocephalus
This infant has severe hydrocephalus, a condition usually caused by impaired
circulation and removal of cerebrospinal fluid. CSF buildup leads to distortion of the
brain and enlargement of the cranium.
The Cerebrum
 The cerebrum is the largest, most superior portion of
the human brain.
 Each cerebral hemisphere receives sensory
information from and generates motor commands
to the opposite side of the body.
 The two hemispheres have some functional
differences, although anatomically they appear to
be identical.
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.7a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I (Superior View)
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.7b The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I (Anterior View)
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.7c The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part I (Posterior View)
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.9a The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part II (Lateral View of Intact Brain)
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.9b The Cerebral Hemispheres, Part II (The Left Cerebral Hemisphere)
The Cerebrum
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.10a The Central White Matter (Lateral View)
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.10b The Central White Matter (Anterior View)
The Cerebrum
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.11a The Basal Nuclei (Lateral View)
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.11b The Basal Nuclei (Horizonatal View, Dissected)
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.11d The Basal Nuclei (Frontal Section)
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.11c The Basal Nuclei (Horizontal Section)
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.11e The Basal Nuclei (Frontal Section)
The Cerebrum
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.12a The Limbic System
The Cerebrum
Figure 15.12b The Limbic System
The Cerebrum
The Diencephalon
 The diencephalon connects the cerebrum to the
brain stem both structurally and
functionally.
 The functions that occur in the diencephalon
are almost exclusively subconscious.
 Epithalamus — controls the circadian rhythm
 Thalamus — relays information
 Hypothalamus — coordinates the nervous and
endocrine systems
The Diencephalon
Figure 15.15a Sectional Views of the Brain (Midsagittal Section)
The Diencephalon
Figure 15.15b Sectional Views of the Brain (Coronal Section)
The Diencephalon
Figure 15.16a The Diencephalon and Brain Stem (Lateral View)
The Diencephalon
Figure 15.13a The Thalamus
The Diencephalon
Figure 15.13b The Thalamus
The Diencephalon
The Diencephalon
Figure 15.14a The Hypothalamus (Midsagittal Section)
The Diencephalon
Figure 15.14b The Hypothalamus
The Diencephalon
The Mesencephalon
 The mesencephalon, or midbrain, is the most
superior portion of the brain stem.
 Nuclei coordinate visual and auditory reflexes.
 Corpora quadregemina
 Superior colliculi — visual
 Inferior colliculi — auditory
 Limbic system nuclei
 Coordinate involuntary movements of skeletal muscles
 Cerebral peduncles
 Nerve bundles to and from the brain/spinal cord
The Mesencephalon
Figure 15.16a The Diencephalon and Brain Stem (Lateral View)
The Mesencephalon
Figure 15.16b The Diencephalon and Brain Stem (Sagittal Section)
The Mesencephalon
Figure 15.16c The Diencephalon and Brain Stem (Posterior View)
The Mesencephalon
Figure 15.16d The Diencephalon and Brain Stem (Posterior View)
The Mesencephalon
Figure 15.17a The Mesencephalon (Transverse Section, Superior View)
The Mesencephalon
Figure 15.17b The Mesencephalon (Posterior View)
The Mesencephalon
The Pons
 The pons mainly functions:
 As a house for cranial nerve nuclei V, VI, VII, and
VIII
 To help regulate respiration
 To help coordinate involuntary skeletal muscle
movements and muscle tone
 In relaying information to and from the
brain/spinal cord
The Pons
Figure 15.18 The Pons
The Pons
The Cerebellum
 The cerebellum has two primary
functions:
 Adjusts the postural muscles of the body to
maintain balance
 Programs and fine-tunes voluntary and
involuntary movements
The Cerebellum
Figure 15.19a The Cerebellum (Posterior, Superior Surface)
The Cerebellum
Figure 15.19b The Cerebellum (Sagittal Section)
The Cerebellum
The Medulla Oblongata
 The medulla oblongata physically connects the
brain with the spinal cord.
It is so important that, if it is severely
compromised, the victim will likely die.
The medulla oblongata is a relay station, house
for cranial nerve nuclei, and most
importantly, controls visceral functions like
blood pressure, breathing, and heart rate.
Figure 15.20
M
Brain
Animation Review
The Brain
The Cranial Nerves
Cranial nerves are components of the
peripheral nervous system that connect to
the brain rather than to the spinal cord.
 Twelve pairs of cranial nerves
 Cranial nerves are numbered using Roman
numerals
Each cranial nerve attaches to the brain near the
associated sensory or motor nuclei
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.21a Origins of the Cranial Nerves
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.21b Origins of the Cranial Nerves
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.21c Origins of the Cranial Nerves (Superior View)
The Cranial Nerves
The Cranial Nerves
The Cranial Nerves
Olfactory Nerve (N I)




Primary function: special sensory (smell)
Origin: receptors of olfactory epithelium
Passes through: cribriform plate of ethmoid
Destination: olfactory bulbs
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.22 The Olfactory Nerve
The Cranial Nerves
The Optic Nerve (N II)




Primary function: special sensory (vision)
Origin: retina of eye
Passes through: optic canal of sphenoid
Destination: diencephalon by way of the optic
chiasm
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.23 The Optic Nerve
The Cranial Nerves
The Oculomotor Nerve (N III)




Primary function: motor, eye movements
Origin: mesencephalon
Passes through: superior orbital fissure of sphenoid
Destination:
 Somatic motor: superior, inferior, and medial rectus
muscles; the inferior oblique muscle; the levator
palpebrae superioris muscle
 Visceral motor: intrinsic eye muscles
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.24 Cranial Nerves Controlling the Extra-Ocular Muscles
The Cranial Nerves
The Trochlear Nerve (N IV)




Origin: mesencephalon
Destination: superior oblique muscle
The Cranial Nerves
The Cranial Nerves
The Trigeminal Nerve (N V)
 Primary function: Mixed (sensory and motor)
 Ophthalmic and maxillary branches sensory
 Mandibular branch mixed
 Origin:
 Ophthalmic branch (sensory): orbital structures, nasal
cavity, skin of forehead, superior eyelid, eyebrow, and
part of the nose
 Maxillary branch (sensory): inferior eyelid, upper lip,
gums, and teeth; cheek; nose, palate, and part of the
pharynx
 Mandibular branch (mixed): sensory from lower gums,
teeth, and lips; palate and tongue (part); motor from
motor nuclei of pons
The Cranial Nerves
The Trigeminal Nerve (N V)
 Passes through:
 Ophthalmic branch through superior orbital fissure
 Maxillary branch through foramen rotundum
 Mandibular branch through foramen ovale
 Destination:
 Ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular branches to
sensory nuclei in the pons
 Mandibular branch also innervates muscles of
mastication
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.25 The Trigeminal Nerve
The Cranial Nerves
The Abducens Nerve (N VI)




Origin: pons
Destination: lateral rectus muscle
The Cranial Nerves
The Cranial Nerves
The Facial Nerve (N VII)
 Primary function: mixed (sensory and motor)
 Origin:
 Sensory from taste receptors on anterior two thirds of tongue
 Motor from motor nuclei of pons
 Passes through: internal acoustic meatus of temporal bone,
along facial canal to reach stylomastoid foramen
 Destination:
 Sensory to sensory nuclei of pons
 Somatic motor: muscles of facial expression
 Visceral motor: lacrimal (tear) gland and nasal mucous glands via
pterygopalatine ganglion; submandibular and sublingual salivary
glands via submandibular ganglion
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.26a The Facial Nerve
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.26b The Facial Nerve
The Cranial Nerves
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve (N VIII)
 Primary function: special sensory: balance and
equilibrium (vestibular branch) and hearing
(cochlear branch)
 Origin: receptors of the inner ear (vestibule and
cochlea)
 Passes through: internal acoustic meatus of the
temporal bone
 Destination: vestibular and cochlear nuclei of pons
and medulla oblongata
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.27 The Vestibulocochlear Nerve
The Cranial Nerves
The Glossopharyngeal Nerve (N IX)
 Origin:
 Sensory from posterior one third of the tongue, part of the pharynx
and palate, the carotid arteries of the neck
 Motor from motor nuclei of medulla oblongata
 Passes through: jugular foramen between occipital and
temporal bones
 Destination:
 Sensory fibers to sensory nuclei of medulla oblongata
 Somatic motor: pharyngeal muscles involved in swallowing
 Visceral motor: parotid salivary gland, after synapsing in the otic
ganglion
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.28 The Glossopharyngeal Nerve
The Cranial Nerves
The Vagus Nerve (N X)
 Origin:
 Visceral sensory from pharynx (part), auricle, external acoustic
meatus, diaphragm, and visceral organs in thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities
 Visceral motor from motor nuclei in the medulla oblongata
 Passes through: jugular foramen between occipital and
temporal bones
 Destination:
 Sensory fibers to sensory nuclei and autonomic centers of medulla
oblongata
 Somatic motor to muscles of the palate and pharynx
 Visceral motor to respiratory, cardiovascular, and digestive organs
in the thoracic and abdominal cavities.
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.29 The Vagus Nerve
The Cranial Nerves
The Accessory Nerve (N XI)
 Primary function: motor
 Origin: motor nuclei of spinal cord and medulla
oblongata
 Passes through: jugular foramen between occipital
and temporal bones
 Destination:
 Internal branch innervates voluntary muscles of palate,
pharynx, and larynx
 External branch controls sternocleidomastoid and
trapezius muscles
The Cranial Nerves
The Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)
 Primary function: motor, tongue movements
 Origin: motor nuclei of the medulla oblongata
 Passes through: hypoglossal canal of occipital
bone
 Destination: muscles of the tongue
The Cranial Nerves
Figure 15.30 The Accessory and Hypoglossal Nerves
The Cranial Nerves

15_LectureOutline - Napa Valley College

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