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New opportunities for European
industrial SMEs as developers of
photonics
A Technology Roadmap for SMEs developing new
photonic devices
PhotonicRoadSME is funded by
the European Commission under
the 7th Framework Programme
2
Table of content
Table of content ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.
Executive summary ........................................................................................................... 7
2.
PhotonicRoadSME Roadmaps: A tool designed for SMEs’ innovation potential in the field
of photonics ............................................................................................................................... 9
2.1
What means „Roadmapping“ for SMEs? .................................................................................... 9
2.2
Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and value-chain ................................................... 10
2.3
SME developers Technology Roadmap: Main benefits ............................................................. 13
2.4
SMEs-developers roadmap structure: Guidelines to use the SME developers roadmap. ............ 13
2.4.1
Analysis of devices .................................................................................................................................... 14
2.4.2
Relevant fabrication technologies ............................................................................................................ 15
2.4.3
Related materials ...................................................................................................................................... 15
3.
Roadmaps for SMEs developing novel photonic devices and components for the ICT sector
17
3.1
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Data Transmission .................................... 17
3.1.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.2
Most relevant devices and components identified .................................................................................. 18
3.1.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Data Transmission ................................... 20
3.1.4
Fabrication technologies linked to these devices ..................................................................................... 21
3.1.5
Materials linked to these devices ............................................................................................................. 25
3.2
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Data Storage ............................................ 26
3.2.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 26
3.2.2
3.2.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Data Storage............................................ 27
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.3
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Signal Processing...................................... 30
3.3.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 30
3.3.2
3.3.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Signal Processing ..................................... 31
3
3.3.4
3.3.5
3.4
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Display Technologies ................................ 34
3.4.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 34
3.4.2
3.4.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Display Technologies ............................... 35
3.4.4
3.4.5
4.
Roadmaps for SMEs developing novel photonic devices and components for the Health &
Well-Being sector ..................................................................................................................... 39
4.1
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Diagnosis ................................................. 39
4.1.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 39
4.1.2
4.1.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Diagnosis ................................................. 42
4.1.4
4.1.5
4.2
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Prevention ............................................... 47
4.3
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Treatment / Laser surgery ........................ 47
4.3.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 47
4.3.2
4.3.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Treatment / Laser surgery ....................... 48
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.4
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Monitoring............................................... 50
4.4.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 50
4.4.2
4.4.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Monitoring ............................................... 51
4.4.4
4.4.5
5.
Roadmaps for SMEs developing novel photonic devices and components for the
Environment & Energy sector ................................................................................................... 54
5.1
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Environmental Monitoring and Sensing .... 54
5.1.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 54
4
5.1.2
5.1.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Environmental Monitoring and Sensing .. 56
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.2
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Energy saving and Lighting ....................... 59
5.2.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 59
5.2.2
5.2.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Energy saving and Lighting ...................... 61
5.2.4
5.2.5
5.3
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Lasers in manufacturing and Quality control
63
5.3.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 63
5.3.2
5.3.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Lasers in manufacturing and Quality
control
65
5.3.4
5.3.5
5.4
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Energy production .................................... 67
5.4.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 67
5.4.2
5.4.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Energy production ................................... 68
5.4.4
5.4.5
6.
Roadmaps for SMEs producing novel photonic devices and components for the Safety &
Security sector.......................................................................................................................... 70
6.1
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Detection, inspection and enforcement
technologies ..................................................................................................................................... 71
6.1.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 71
6.1.2
6.1.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Detection, inspection and enforcement
technologies .............................................................................................................................................................. 73
6.1.4
6.1.5
5
6.2
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Authentication and Identification ............. 77
6.2.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 77
6.2.2
6.2.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Authentication and Identification ............ 78
6.2.4
6.2.5
6.3
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Protective systems ................................... 80
6.3.1
6.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 80
Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Public safety............................................. 81
6.1.1
Overview ................................................................................................................................................... 81
6.1.2
6.1.3
Level of development of identified devices for developers in Public safety............................................. 82
6.1.4
6.1.5
7.
References ...................................................................................................................... 85
8.
Imprint ........................................................................................................................... 87
6
1. Executive summary
In the next ten years, scientific developments in the field of nanophotonics -as key driving force in photonicswill influence many different industrial branches. In these industrial sectors, many small and medium-sized
enterprises (SMEs) are involved as traditional suppliers, start-ups or developers of high tech products. In
order to remain competitive in these markets, SMEs have to integrate new results and developments in their
commercial vision for future applications and products.
th
The project PhotonicRoadSME, funded under the 7 Framework Programme of the European Commission,
aims at developing technology roadmaps to identify future Research & Technology Development (RTD)
strategies for European SMEs in the field of photonics within the next 5-15 years. These roadmaps identify
trends in research and development and associate them to products and applications, thus outlining their
technical and economical potential for problem solving.
Analysis of relevant international research and development results concerning nanophotonic materials,
novel photonic devices and components as well as related key fabrication technologies shall enable SMEs to
better react to these emerging requirements. These elements are core components of the roadmaps
developed within the framework of the project.
This roadmapping process facilitates SMEs decision-making as far as investment is concerned, and it
contributes to the design of successful business models in medium term.
The development of technology roadmaps in PhotonicRoadSME is expected to have not only a strategic
impact on RTD activities of SMEs active in photonics sectors, but it will also have further downstream
impacts. This is basically mentioned because through the development of novel products and technologies
SMEs will be able to remain competitive, thus securing the creation of new jobs.
Hence, this document is part of a series of three SME-type roadmaps, which complement the four sectorspecific roadmaps previously developed in the project.
Due to the different needs and objectives SMEs have depending on the place they occupy in the supply
chain is that PhotonicRoad distinguishes between three different types of SMEs, namely:
SME developers
SMEs producers
SMEs users
Although the present roadmap is focused on SME-type developers, all three roadmaps part of this series
should be read in conjunction, because they are complementary and only in that way it is possible to have a
complete overview of the analysis done.
All three SME-type roadmaps are based on the results of a European survey on more than 120 European
SMEs, the results of 9 R&D reports on different photonic material categories, more than 40 SMEs‟
technology audits performed in the photonics sector, 4 SWOT analyses in the industrial sectors “ICT”,
“Environment”, “Health & Well-Being”, and “Safety & Security” as well as interviews and workshops with
photonic experts from R&D and industry.
All data was collated in a database and then linked to a roadmapping tool, both developed within the
framework of PhotonicRoadSME. Thus, the information shaping the roadmap directly comes from the
7
database, which condenses information about more than 200 nanophotonic materials, novel photonic
devices and components as well as related fabrication technologies.
The aim of this roadmap is to provide SME developers a general overview on most relevant developments
of new photonic devices and components, materials and fabrication technologies that are expected to
play an important role in the evolution of the photonics field in the near future. The information presented is
related to four industrial sectors (ICT, Environment, Health & Well-Being, and Safety & Security) approached
by PhotonicRoadSME.
Last but not least, this roadmap does not pretend to be a scientific study nor it approaches photonics‟
technological aspects in detail. This document has been rather conceived as a practical and handy
reference guide aimed at helping SME developers to gain an insight on photonics. The ultimate goal of this
roadmap is, therefore, to enable SME developers to take the necessary strategic decisions for their own
development and consolidation in the market by having a comprehensive overview of the photonics
landscape.
In-depth technological details can be found in the four sector-specific Technology Roadmaps previously
published by PhotonicRoadSME.
PhotonicRoadSME consortium wishes you an interesting reading and hope that this document will help you
in your future development.
8
2. PhotonicRoadSME
Roadmaps:
A
tool
designed
for
SMEs’
innovation potential in the field of photonics
2.1 What means „Roadmapping“ for SMEs?
In the past few years the single word "roadmap" has surfaced as a popular metaphor for planning Science
and Technology (S&T) resources. The variant "roadmapping" is a new verb that describes the process of
roadmap development. The practice of roadmapping typically involves social mechanisms, and is both a
learning experience as well as a communication tool for roadmap participants.
1
Technology roadmaps are used in industry, government, and science to portray the structural and temporal
relationships among science, technology and applications. Roadmaps are then used as an aid tool in
decision-making in order to improve the coordination of activities and resources in complex and uncertain
environments. Nowadays, the specific uses of technology roadmaps include: technology strategy, planning
and
management;
technology
marketing;
enhancement
of
communications
among
researchers,
technologists, product managers, suppliers, users and other stakeholders; identification of gaps and
opportunities in technology programmes and identification of obstacles for a rapid and low-cost product
development. In the industry, managers also use roadmaps to identify high potential areas and accelerate
the technology transfer from science to market. Technology roadmapping (TRM) is thus placed within the
domain of strategic planning and foresight methods, being then perceived as a practical approach to deal
with the complex process of technological innovation.
The long-term competitiveness of a company depends mainly on its ability to establish a successful product
and market position. The latter is well connected to the way a company manages the hidden potential in its
existing technological capabilities. For a successful strategic technology management, it is important to
supply the persons on charge with effective methods and tools. In a sense, a technology roadmap points out
the different paths that lead to a certain goal. Company specific technology roadmaps offer then systematic
help to prepare the technologies that are essential in delivering a product in the future.
A company specific technology roadmap centres on technological goals and activities and the linking of
activities. In a broad sense, future technological development trends and future customer requirements are
equally considered.
In order to develop such company specific technology roadmaps, companies need information about the
future development of the relevant technologies, processes and components. Hence, PhotonicRoadSME‟s
SME-type roadmaps are constricted to deliver SMEs a general overview mainly focused on three aspects
inherent to photonics:
1. devices
2. fabrication technologies and,
3. materials
1
Schaller, Robert R., Technological Innovation in the Semiconductor Industry: A Case Study of the International Technology Roadmap
for Semiconductors (ITRS), PhD Dissertation, University of Maryland, 2004, p. 10
9
In this way, the main aim of the PhotonicRoadSME project is to make the necessary information available to
SMEs and to contribute to raising awareness and increase visibility on novel photonics developments.
Considering the above mentioned, there are two main features characterising this roadmap. It is market
oriented and technology driven.
Due to this approach innovative solutions and technologies, materialised in the concept “devices”, occupy
primacy in this roadmap. Nonetheless, since fabrication technologies and relevant materials are part of the
development process to produce devices, these are approached as well, but to a lesser extent and are not
the focus of the analysis, but rather a complement of it.
As mentioned before, this series of roadmaps are expected to serve as a practical reference to SMEs in
order to support them in their decision-making process and to help them seize their innovation potential and,
ultimately, to reach their core business objectives like, for instance:
remain competitive
be profitable
increase productivity
differentiate from competitors
increase market share
consolidate in the market
be innovative
explore niche markets
2.2 Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and value-chain
2
As confirmed by different studies , small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a key role in the
photonic field, since they represent the majority of enterprises in the EU and contribute to employment,
entrepreneurship and innovation.
Thus, considering that background information is that PhotonicRoadSME has developed three specific SMEtype roadmaps in order to provide guidance to SMEs either already working on photonics or interested on
integrating photonics solutions and innovations in their existing products or technologies.
As identified by PhotonicRoadSME, SMEs have specific priorities and particular interests in photonics
depending on various factors: their research and development (R&D) budget, cash flow, capacities and
infrastructure, and position in the supply chain.
Bearing this in mind, for the purposes of the SME-type roadmaps, PhotonicRoadSME distinguishes among
three types of SMEs:
SME developers of photonics applications have special interest in materials, devices and/or
fabrication technologies which are at the development level of “scientific result / technology
invention” or “laboratory prototype”. As these companies have their own research and development
2
Photonics 21 (Optech Consulting), “Photonics in Europe Economic Impact”, December 2007, p. 5
European Commission, Information Society and Media (Photonics Unit), “An overview of photonics innovation clusters and technology
platforms in Europe”, June 2010, p. 8
10
departments, they are interested in further developing and finding solutions. They are technology
driven and used to finding technological solutions. At the same time, they have the brain power,
equipment and potential for this type of work. SME developers work in close collaboration with SMEs
producers, for whom they supply or develop specific technologies and innovations.
SMEs Producers of photonics applications focus on materials, devices and/or fabrication
technologies which are at the “industrial demonstrator” or “industrialisation” level. SME producers
have a natural interest on “laboratory prototypes” and for that reason they normally work in close
coordination with SME developers. Conversely, some SMEs producers are -in some cases- also
SME developers. These companies are not interested in further developing photonics applications
but rather have competencies in the production and manufacturing. The focus moves away from
development technologies towards manufacturing technologies. Process knowledge and facilities
are the most important for them. On top of that these SMEs have a network of recipients and the
focus is moving towards customers (SMEs users) and providing them with components/devices they
need to integrate in their products.
SMEs Users of photonics may only be interested in materials, devices and/or fabrication
technologies which are at the “industrialisation” and “market entry” level. Despite the fact that they
are not particularly appealed to the R&D process of photonics, they do have an interest on potential
applications of new photonics technologies. SMEs users work close to market and are customer
oriented. In order to satisfy their own innovation necessities and fulfil their customers‟ demands and
thus deliver solutions to their problems, SMEs users normally keep close contact to SMEs
producers. Although in most of the cases SMEs users tend to purchase existing photonics materials
or devices which can be integrated into their processes and products (thus increases added value of
these), they sometimes require SMEs producers to fabricate specific photonics solutions for them.
The graph below illustrates the interplay of different SME types in the photonics market.
Figure 1: Interplay of different SME-types in the photonics market
11
Apart of the differentiation between different SME type -and as a second element of the analysis-,
PhotonicRoadSME distinguishes between five different technology life cycle stages. As mentioned above,
each SME type is interested or active in specific phases of the technology life cycle depending on their role
in the value chain:
1. Scientific results / technology invention (red colour) - the very first steps in the development
process. This is considered as true research and is often still in theory or in a test status.
2. Laboratory prototype (orange colour) - still within the research status, but moving from theoretical
calculations and evidence towards a proof in reality as tests are verified and results can be seen in
the laboratory.
3. Industrial demonstrator (yellow colour) - now results can be brought forward towards the industry.
The purely scientific results are being applied with first applications and can be introduced to
interested companies.
4. Industrialisation (green colour) - the development is starting to prove itself, the movement and
transition toward real-life applications is moving forward and the demand by industry is beginning to
increase.
5. Market
entry
(purple
colour)
-
the
final
stage
in
the
development
process.
The
technology/application is now ready available for the end consumer, probably still not everywhere
and at a rather higher price.
The matrix below (figure 1) brings both elements of analysis together and that way illustrates the technology
life cycle phases in which SMEs are active or interested according to their role in the value chain:
Figure 2: Relevant product development stages for the different SME types
12
2.3 SME developers Technology Roadmap: Main benefits
SME developers are at the start of the value chain. Their role is to pick up new discoveries from the lab to
the industry by developing new products which will later be produced by SME producers.
SME developers have a close link to the SMEs producers which will later upscale the development at the
industrial level. Considering this, the following table illustrates the different ways in which SMEs developers
can benefit this roadmap.
Table 1: SME developers roadmap – Main benefits
2.4 SMEs-developers roadmap structure: Guidelines to use the SME
developers roadmap.
This roadmap approaches four main industrial sectors, ICT, Environment & Energy, Health & Well-Being and
Safety & Security.
Since the above mentioned sectors are rather large, PhotonicRoadSME identified the four most relevant
sub-sectors of each of these and the analysis herein contained has been performed at that level.
13
Figure 3: PhotonicRoadSME industrial sectors and subsectors
In other words, the roadmap is formed by the analysis of sixteen sub-sectors. The first part of each subsector approaches an overview on the main technical aspects related to it and the main relevant aspects to
SME developers.
Moreover, each of sub-sector is analysed from three main perspectives:
a) analysis of devices
b) relevant related fabrication technologies and,
c) related materials
For practical purposes and in order to enable the reader to easily identify the information he is looking for,
the main results are presented in tabular arrays.
When relevant and appropriate there are explanatory texts approaching technical issues related to the
information contained in the tables. Cross references are also included and these are aimed linking the
information contained to other relevant sources of information, which could be interesting to the reader (e.g.
roadmaps for SME developers or SMEs users).
2.4.1
Analysis of devices
This section forms the core part of the roadmap and it delivers and in-depth overview of devices related to
the sub-sector at stake.
This section is based on the information collated in two tables. The first one corresponds to a list of devices
having achieved the level of maturity that makes them interesting to SME developers, namely they are still at
the “techical invention” (red colour) or “laboratory prototype” (orange colour) level of development.
This roadmap table shows the time scale foreseen for each device according to its level of development.
14
Level of development - dummy search
Technology
Invention
Legend :
Laboratory Prototype
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024
Dummy device 1
TI
Dummy device 2
TI
Dummy device 3
TI
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
LP
I
ID
ME
I
ME
Figure 4: Example of table
showing
the level
of development
of devices
TI
LP
ID
I
Dummy device 4
Dummy device 5
LP
Dummy device 6
LP
The
second
Dummy
device
7
ID
ID
I
ME
ME
I
ME
table lists the same devices and
LP this time
ID the Imain technical challenges
ME they can help SME
Dummy device 8
LP
ID
LP
ID
I
ME
developers to overcome and the main application LP
area(s) for each
deviceI are included.
ID
Dummy device 9
Dummy device 10
Dummy device 11
ID
New photonic
devices/components
identified
I
ME
ME
I
ME
Dummy device 12
ME
Novel / improved features helping to
overcome identified challenges for
SMEsdevelopers in given sector
Dummy device 1
Challenge 1
Challenge 2
Dummy device 2
Challenge 1
Challenge 3
Application domains concerned by the
device
Application 1
Application 1
Application 2
Figure 5: Example of table showing main challenges overcomes by the device and the main applications
2.4.2
Relevant fabrication technologies
The following section contains a list of relevant fabrication technologies. This is based on the devices listed
and all fabrication technologies part of the list are linked to the respective device they are relevant for.
Identified devices / components for SME-developers
in Subsector
Fabrication technologies linked
Fab 1
Fab 2
Device A
Fab 3
Fab 4
Device B
Fab 5
Figure 6: Example of table showing the main Fabrication technologies linkeds
2.4.3
Related materials
The last section entails a table collating materials related to the devices. The former are linked to the latter
and this enables the reader to easily understand the interdependencies existing.
Devices identified for
developers
Material category
Material 1
Material 2
Device A
Device B
Device C
Figure 7: Example of table showing the main materials linked to the devices
15
Once again, all SME type roadmaps are conceived as reader-friendly documents, practical, handy and easy
to understand.
For those readers interested in further technical detailed descriptions of devices, fabrication technologies or
materials, these can be found 4 industrial sector technology roadmaps.
Moreover, for those SME developers being at the same time producers or simply interested on devices,
which are at the “industrial demonstrator“ or “industrial” level of development, they are encouraged to take a
look at the SME developers roadmap. The same applies in the case of SME developers who would like to
have an insight on aspects related to SMEs users. All three documents are part of the same concept and
can be better understood if read in conjunction.
In the respective industrial sectors, these ones containing more data regarding the market, the technological
trends, as well as a detailed analysis of challenges and opportunities for photonics in the four sectors
analysed in the course of the project. Information is also available on the internet via the database of the
project or the PhotonicWiki area dedicated (both being free of charge).
16
3. Roadmaps for SMEs developing novel photonic devices and
components for the ICT sector
Photonics are at the heart of the ICT sector, mainly due to the already established and further growing
importance of optical communications. ICT sector encompasses all fields related to the transmission of
electrical and optical signals, storage and writing of data on physical supports, processing of the signal
(analysis, interpretation and manipulation) and also the field of displays, for home or professional
applications.
Another important feature of the ICT sector is that it has a direct impact in many other industrial sectors like
e.g. Environment, Safety & Security and Health & Well-Being. This mainly because in these sectors, optics
are needed to sense, communicate and store data.
Although considerable technological improvements have been achieved in the last years, there are still
issues that need to be attended. Thus, the main general challenges in ICT will be to improve all-optical
networks to avoid losses in conversion of signals, reduce power and energy consumption of components,
decrease costs of components and develop systems that are even faster in data rate and more reliable.
The first part of the analysis entails an overview concerning photonic devices which can offer solutions to
overcome the main challenges identified in ICT that SME-developers are facing.
In a second stage a timeline concerning the devices level of development is presented.
The third component of the analysis comprehends an overview of the fabrication technologies related to the
devices at stake.
The last section deals with the materials related to the devices.
In order to facilitate a better understanding and deliver a more illustrative overview, the analysis is presented
according to four related subsections: Data Transmission, Data Storage, Signal Processing and Display
technologies.
3.1 Main
challenges
and
opportunities
for
photonics
in
Data
Transmission
3.1.1
Overview
Data Transmission is a large field comprising all the applications allowing the good and high rate
transmission of optical and electrical signal, especially in voice and data communication. Concerning the use
of photonics in this subsector, the main applications that will benefit are optical transmitters, light sources,
modulators,
transmission
fibre,
optical
amplifiers,
wavelength
multiplexers
and
demultiplexers,
photodetectors and sensors. All these devices allow thus emission, propagation and reception of the signal,
as well as the conversion of the electrical signal into an optical signal and vice versa.
17
SME-developers are facing the challenge of having many large firms dominating the field of Data
Transmission mostly because applications are household mass production type and require a lot of parts
and investments to keep costs at low level. Most of the large producers are also developers leaving not
much room for SMEs. However, there are some smaller niche where according to the experts involved in the
project, there is still a potential for SMEs in Data Transmission : optical interconnectors, optical modulators
and photodetectors. In particular this concern the devices based on silicon photonics technology and lasers.
For these, a solution envisaged could be to stay in the shadow of big companies by developing products for
them.
Besides, thanks to the large number of R&D projects going on in Europe on the field of Data Transmission,
there is a quite large volume of research results for upscaling and further developments of new technologies.
Main challenges for SME-developers would then be to develop new devices/materials at low costs, to
miniaturize size and weight as well as to lower ernergy consumption and heat dissipation for a better
packaging of devices. In a general way, the improvement of performances in terms of modulation speed and
bandwidth are widely required by the market.
Finally, it is important to notice that all relevant devices concerning Data transmission identified in the course
of the project will all very soon be ready for the demonstration phase which means a high activity potential
for SME developers to take up mature developments expected by the market in 2013-2015.
Concerning the optical interconnects, a majority of devices are already available as prototypes. These ones
are able to provide better coupling properties as well as higher performances and transfer rate. Optical
modulators are also in a high development phase, allowing now better integration properties, better
modulation vbandwidth and speed of transmission. All these devices will play an important role in the way of
mixing optics with electrical systems. The tendancy is clearly to develop and progress on the road to alloptical networking (in conjunction with the field of Signal processing).
3.1.2
Most relevant devices and components identified
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Data Transmission identified in the course of the
project and which according to their development stage are relevant to SME-developers. It provides also
information concerning the main novel or improved features the devices or components have and which can
be useful to helping SMEs-developers to overcome their main challenges identified. The related application
domains give final shape to the table. These have been provided by PhotonicRoadSME experts.
18
New photonic
devices/components
identified
Deformable mirror array for
adaptive optics based on SOI
Ferrofluids with optical
properties based on
nanoparticles
SMEsdevelopers in Data Transmission
device
Arrayed waveguide grating
(AWG) (de)multiplexer based
on SOI
High performance (Narrower transmitted
beam; reduced signal fade)
Thermal stability
Low heat generation
Mechanical stability
High modulation bandwidth
Miniaturisation
High modulation speed/bandwidth, data
rate
Low optical losses
Compact and low weight devices
Wavelength ajustable
Fast response time
Low noise
Compact size
Miniaturisation
Prevent unwanted feedback
Highly reliable
Strong polarisation rotation
Circular dichroism
High modulation speed / bandwidth data
rate (ultra fast all-optical switches)
High modulation speed / bandwidth data
rate
Wavelength ajustable (large frequency
range of ~0.05-10 THz)
Miniaturisation
Higher performance (modulation and range
of wavelength)
Circuitry based on plasmonics
(waveguides etc.)
(Easy integration
aluminium)
Field effective transistors
based on nanotubes (NT)
Basis for digital integrated circuit
Grating couplers based on SOI
Better performance in term of coupling
Light sources based on
nanoparticles (NP)
Miniaturisation
High speed of transmission
nanotubes (NT)
Miniaturisation
High speed of transmission
Miniaturisation
Higher sensitivity
Frequency selective surfaces /
optical filters based on
metamaterials
Optical antennas based on
metamaterials
Optical isolators based on
metamaterials
Optical rotators based on
metamaterials
Optical switch based on
quantum dots (QD)
THz modulators based on
metamaterials
THz radiation sources based
on nanotubes (NT)
Microfluidics based photonic
crystal fibre (PCF)
Nano-lasers based on
plasmonics
Optical buffer based on SOI
microring resonators
Optical interconnects based on
nanotubes (NT)
Optical modulators using
forward biased p-i-n diodes
based on SOI
Optical modulators using GeSi
electro-absorption based on
SOI
Optical modulators using MOS
capacitors based on SOI
reversed biased pn junctions
based on SOI
when
based
on
Optical amplifiers
Optical modulators
Optical transmitters
Optical modulators
Photodetectors
Fast sensors for signal capture
Optical modulators
Optical modulators
Optical modulators
Optical modulators
Optical amplifiers
Optical amplifiers
Optical interconnects
WDM
Optical modulators
Photodetectors
WDM
Optical modulators
Miniaturisation
Better
performance
transmission rate
Miniaturisation
Better performance
in
terms
of
High modulation depth but low speed
Optical modulators
Low power consumption
Optical modulators
High modulation speed
Optical modulators
High device integration
Optical modulators
19
Higher sensitivity, but slow response
Compact size/handheld
(Easy and cheap fabrication by printing)
Higher sensitivity
High response time
High dynamic range
Relaxed fabrication tolerance compared to
AWG
High reliability/efficiency
Cost effective
High signalling speed
Low power dissipation
Photodetectors based on
organic transistors
Photodetectors enhanced by
plasmonics
Planar concave grating (PCG)
based on SOI
Quantum dot (QD) laser for
optical interconnects
THz radiation source based on
polymeric nanostructures /
photonic crystals
Photodetectors
Photodetectors
Adjustable wavelengths
Low noise and high efficiency for coupling,
while low power consumption
Polarisation insensitive gain
Miniaturisation/easy integration
Potentially low cost
High gain
Tuneable over a broad wavelength range
Vertical-cavity semiconductor
optical amplifier (VCSOA)
Waveguide amplifiers based
on quantum dots (QD)
Optical amplifiers
Optical amplifiers
Table 2: Main technical challenges overcome by devices identified for SME-developers (left column) and related application domains
(right column) in Data Transmission
3.1.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Data
Transmission
The following table collates an overview on the level of development of devices and components identified
for SMEs-developers related to Data Transmission. There are three main timeframes considered: short-term
(2009-2011), middle-term (2012-2014) and long-term (2015-2024).
Level of development - ICT / data transmission/ developer
Short-term
Timeline
2009
TI
Dynamic holography
TI
properties based on
nanoparticles
optical filters
metamaterials
Optical isolators based on
metamaterials
Optical rotators based on
metamaterials
Optical switch based on
quantum dots (QD)
THz modulators based on
metamaterials
THz radiation sources based on
nanotubes (NT)
plasmonics
Arrayed waveguide grating
(AWG) (de)multiplexer based on
(waveguides etc.)
Dispersive waveguides based
2010
Middle-term
2011
2012
LP
2013
2014
ID
LP
LP
TI
LP
TI
2017
2018
2019
I
ME
ID
I
ME
ID
I
ME
ID
I
ME
TI
LP
TI
LP
ID
I
ME
TI
LP
ID
I
ME
TI
LP
ID
LP
LP
ID
I
ME
I
I
ID
2022
ME
I
ID
2021
ME
I
ID
LP
2020
ME
ID
TI
2016
ID
LP
TI
2015
I
LP
TI
Long-term
ME
ME
I
ME
LP
ID
20
I
ME
2023
2024
on metamaterials
Field effective transistors based
on nanotubes (NT)
LP
nanoparticles (NP)
nanotubes (NT)
crystal fibre (PCF)
plasmonics
plasmonics
Optical filter based on photonic
crystals
Optical interconnects based on
nanotubes (NT)
forward biased p-i-n diodes
Optical modulators using GeSi
electro-absorption based on ...
Optical modulators using MOS
capacitors based on SOI
reversed biased pn junctions
based on SOI
Optical switches based on
nanotubes (NT)
organic transistors
plasmonics
based on SOI
optical interconnects
polymeric nanostructures / ...
Vertical-cavity semiconductor
optical amplifier (VCSOA)
Waveguide amplifiers based on
quantum dots (QD)
Legend :
Technology
Invention
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
I
ME
I
ME
I
I
ID
ME
I
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
ME
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
ID
LP
I
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
ID
I
LP
LP
LP
ME
ME
ID
ID
ID
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
Industrial Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 3: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Data Transmission - ICT
3.1.4
Fabrication technologies linked to these devices
The table below links the identified devices and components to related fabrication technologies which
already exist or are under development. As can be seen in the legend at the bottom of the table, the different
colours help to distinguish between the different levels of development of both, fabrication technologies and
devices / components (the absence of colour for a fabrication technology means that the information
regarding its level of development was not available).
21
Identified devices / components for SME-developers in
Data Transmission
Direct laser writing
Dry etching
Deformable mirror array for adaptive optics based on SOI
Electron beam lithography
EUV photolithography
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL)
Colloidal chemistry for nanoparticle synthesis
Ferrofluids with optical properties based on
nanoparticles (NP)
Linear coating devices
Sol-gel wet-chemical synthesis
Frequency selective surfaces / optical filters based on
metamaterials
Focused ion beam lithography
Optical antennas based on metamaterials
Optical isolators based on metamaterials
Optical rotators based on metamaterials
Direct nanoparticle deposition (DND)
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD)
Optical switch based on quantum dots (QD)
Metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy (MOVPE)
Micro-machining by ultrashort laser impulses
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE)
Spray pyrolysis
THz modulators based on metamaterials
THz radiation sources based on nanotubes (NT)
Carbon nanotube chemical vapor deposition (CNT-CVD)
Dry etching
Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) (de)multiplexer based
on SOI
SIMOX (Separation by IMplanted OXygen) process for
fabricating SOI wafers
Smart Cut™ process for fabricating SOI wafers
Deep-UV projection lithography for plasmonic nanostructures
22
Circuitry based on plasmonics (waveguides etc.)
Electron beam lithography for plasmonic nanostructures
Microcontact printing/soft lithography for plasmonic
nanostructures
Nanoimprint lithography for plasmonics nanostructures
Sputtering as deposition technology for plasmonic
nanostructures
Field effective transistors based on nanotubes (NT)
Hollow Swiss roll fabrication
Laser ablation
Dry etching
Dip coating process
Light sources based on nanoparticles (NP)
Light sources based on nanotubes (NT)
Not identified
Microfluidics based photonic crystal fibre (PCF)
Dip-pen lithography for plasmonic nanostructures
Focused ion beam milling for plasmonic nanostructures
Nano-lasers based on plasmonics
nanostructures
Thermal evaporation deposition for plasmonic nanostructures
Dry etching
Optical buffer based on SOI microring resonators
Optical interconnects based on nanotubes (NT)
Laser ablation
Optical modulators using forward biased p-i-n diodes
based on SOI
Dry etching
23
Dry etching
Optical modulators using GeSi electro-absorption based
on SOI
Dry etching
Optical modulators using MOS capacitors based on SOI
Dry etching
Optical modulators using reversed biased pn junctions
based on SOI
Photodetectors based on organic transistors
Not identified
nanostructures
Photodetectors enhanced by plasmonics
imprint lithography for plasmonics nanostructures
nanostructures
Planar concave grating (PCG) based on SOI
Quantum dot (QD) laser for optical interconnects
24
Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Spray pyrolysis
Dry etching
THz radiation source based on polymeric nanostructures
/ photonic crystals
Hot embossing
Laser ablation
Vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifier (VCSOA)
Reactive Ion Etching technology for OLEDs
Waveguide amplifiers based on quantum dots (QD)
Spray pyrolysis
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 4: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Data Transmission-ICT
(the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below the table)
3.1.5
Materials linked to these devices
The following table brings together the main materials relevant to the devices and components identified.
Like in previous tables the different colours serve to identify the level of development of devices and
components.
Material category
Devices identified for developers
Optical rotators
Optical antennas
Metamaterials
Frequency selective surfaces / optical filters
THz modulators
Optical isolators
Circuitry
Plasmonics
Nanolasers
Photodetectors
THz radiation sources
Nanotubes
Light sources
Nanoparticles
Ferrofluids with optical properties
Light sources
Optical switch
Quantum dots
Lasers
Waveguides amplifiers
25
Deformable mirror array for adaptive optics
Arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) (de)multiplexer
Grating couplers
SOI
Optical buffers
Optical modulator
Planar concave gratings
THz radiation source
Polymeric nanostructures
Fibres
Microfluidics
Organic transistors
Undefined material category
Legend :
Microfluidics
Photodetectors
Vertical-cavity semiconductor optical amplifier
(VCSOA)
Technology Invention
Table 5: Material categories related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Data Transmission-ICT
3.2 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Data Storage
3.2.1
Overview
By definition, Data Storage encompasses all the applications related to storage, from devices permitting to
write the data (lasers, laser diodes) on a support to the support itself (optical discs, memories, buffers). Many
opportunities exist in this filed for photonics to increase the amount of data stored.
As for Data Transmission, this market is dominated by large players, due to high amount of pieces needed
by users (obligation of mass production). Howerver, if most of these large firms are both developers and
producers, there are still opportunities for SME developers thanks to the the strong position of Europe in
terms of patents and R&D.
The main challenge for developers will be to increase storage capacity, rewrite-ability, and lifetime as well as
the access time. All of this has to be done in conjunction with a low and decreasing GB cost and an
improvement of the compatibility with existing electronic data storage formats. One of the main risk in this
field in general could be the emergence of too many new storage formats, leading thus to an absence of
compatibility and standardization. Players in the field have thus to work in close collaboration to take care of
the real needs of the market.
As for Data Transmission also, most relevant devices are in advanced level of laboratory development
leading to a market entry as early as 2012-2013 for some devices and therefore a strong potential of
demand from producers in the next few years. Moreover, due to the properties of the market, no application
can be considered as really interesting for SMEs.
26
3.2.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Data Storage identified in the course of the project and
which according to their development stage are relevant to SME-developers. It provides also information
concerning the main novel or improved features the devices or components have and which can be useful to
helping SMEs-developers to overcome their main challenges identified. The related application domains give
final shape to the table. These have been provided by PhotonicRoadSME experts.
New photonic
devices/components
identified
overcome identified challenges for SMEs
developers in Data Storage
device
metamaterials
Efficiency (lower the threshold of lasers)
High resolution data storage
Bandwidth modulation
Reliable
Laser diodes
Optical data storage based on
biological nanomaterials
High data storage capacity (50TB)
Optical discs
holographic concepts
Slow light application using
metamaterials
plasmonics
Optical data storage devices
based on plasmonics
Semiconductor all-optical
buffers
photonic crystals
High data storage capacity (3.9 TB)
High lifetime
Interchangeability/compatibility
with
existing systems
High durability
Stop and store function with unlimited
storage time
Better resolution data storage
Miniaturisation
Better efficiency in terms of localisation of
the source
Integration possible in switch and routers
Switch control
Fast
High storage capacity
High data rate
Multiple layers
Compactness
All optical
High rate
Potentially stop-and-store of photons
Optical discs
Optical buffer
Laser diodes
Optical buffers
Optical discs
Optical buffers
Optical buffers
Table 6: Main technical challenges overcome by devices identified for SME-developers (left column) and related application
domains (right column) in Data Storage-ICT
3.2.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Data Storage
for SMEs-developers related to Data storage. There are three main timeframes considered: short-term
27
Level of development - ICT /Data storage/ developer
Short-term
Timeline
2009
metamaterials
biological nanomaterials
holographic concepts
metamaterials
2010
TI
based on plasmonics
LP
TI
LP
TI
LP
LP
Technology
Invention
2014
ID
I
ID
ID
2016
2017
2018
2021
2022
2023
2024
ME
I
ME
ID
I
ME
I
I
ME
ME
ID
I
I
2020
I
I
ID
2019
ME
ID
LP
LP
2015
ID
ID
LP
LP
Long-term
2013
LP
Semiconductor all-optical buffers
Legend :
2012
TI
photonic crystals
Middle-term
2011
ME
ME
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 7: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Data Storage-ICT
3.2.4
Data Storage
metamaterials
Magnifying hyperlenses / superlenses based on
metamaterials
Not identified
Optical data storage based on biological nanomaterials
Optical data storage based on holographic concepts
Slow light application using metamaterials
Optical antennas based on nanotubes (NT)
28
Laser ablation
Dry etching
Optical buffer based on SOI microring resonators
Optical data storage devices based on plasmonics
nanostructures
nanostructures
Not identified
Dry etching
Slow light application using photonic crystals
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 8: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME-developers in the subsector Data Storage-ICT (the
colour represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below the table)
29
3.2.5
components.
Material category
Metamaterials
Magnifying hyperlenses / superlenses
Slow light applocation
Plasmonics
Nanotubes
Optical antennas
SOI
Optical buffers
Photonic crystals
Slow light application
Optical data storage based on biological
nanomaterials
Optical data storage based on holographic
concepts
Legend :
Table 9: Material categories related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Data Storage-ICT
3.3 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Signal Processing
3.3.1
Overview
Signal processing is defined as the analysis, interpretation and manipulation of the signal, being either
electrical or optical. This field encompasses thus all the applications allowing the treatment of the signal, like
waveguides, photodetectors and machine vision.
As for Data Transmission and Storage, the market is dominated by large firms. One application however
provides quite a good potential for SME developers, namely Machine vision. Indeed, unlike optical
modulators or amplifiers which require low cost, mass production market types and thus are valid only for big
companies, the field of machine vision is more application specific and requires the flexibility and adaptation
capacities of SMEs. The challenge for SME developers is to gather a large and wide know-how including
software, electronics and optics to be able to fulfill each specific requirements. In technical terms, the
challenge is also to increase the sensitivity of detectors and reduce the optical losses in particular in silicon
photonics, composing most of waveguides. This could be done in a soon future thanks to the strong R&D in
the field. Finally the speed of information processing, the power consumption of devices and the CMOS
compatibility are future challenges to overcome. As for the Data transmission subsector, the tendancy is
clearly to converge on all-optical networking.
30
Most devices identified by the project for the field are still in the early to mid-stages of development which
leads to high development potential at the moment (2010), in particular in the field of higher precision optical
waveguides with fewer losses and lower power consumption.
3.3.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Signal processing identified in the course of the project
and which according to their development stage are relevant to SME-developers. It provides also information
New photonic
devices/components
identified
properties based on
nanoparticles ...
in Signal Processing
Optical modulators
Low heat generation
Magnifying hyperlenses /
superlenses based on
metamaterials
metamaterials
(waveguides etc.)
on metamaterials
organic transistors
based on SOI
device
Optical amplifiers
High resolution image
Precision of measuring / image acquisition
(fine detail)
Fast response time
Low noise
Compact size
Machine vision
Photodetectors
Optical waveguides
Low optical losses
Photodetectors/multipliers
Low optical losses
High transfer rate/speed
Compactness
Control of dispersion
High sensitivity
Compactness
Low optical losses
Compactness
Optical waveguides
Photodetectors
Optical waveguides
Table 10: Main technical challenges overcome by devices identified for SME- developers (left column) and related application
domains (right column) in Signal Processing-ICT
3.3.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Signal
Processing
for SMEs-developers related to Signal processing. There are three main timeframes considered: short-term
31
Level of development - ICT / signal processing/ developer
Short-term
Middle-term
Long-term
Timeline
2009
properties based on
nanoparticles
metamaterials
metamaterials
(waveguides etc.)
on metamaterials
organic transistors
based on SOI
Legend :
Technology
Invention
2010
TI
2011
2012
2013
LP
TI
ID
LP
TI
LP
LP
ID
2014
2017
2018
2019
I
ME
ID
I
ME
I
ID
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
ME
ID
ME
ID
ID
LP
2016
I
LP
LP
2015
I
I
ME
ME
I
ME
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 11: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Signal Processing-ICT
3.3.4
Signal processing
Ferrofluids with optical properties based on
nanoparticles (NP)
metamaterials
Circuitry based on plasmonics (waveguides etc.)
32
nanostructures
nanostructures
Dispersive waveguides based on metamaterials
Not identified
Planar concave grating (PCG) based on SOI
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 12: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Signal Processing-ICT
(the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below the table)
3.3.5
components.
Material category
Metamaterials
Optical antennas
Dispersive waveguides
Plasmonics
Circuitry
Nanoparticles
Ferrofluids with optical properties
SOI
Planar concave grating
Organic transistors
Legend :
Photodetectors
Table 13: Material categories related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Signal Processing-ICT
33
3.4 Main
challenges
and
opportunities
for
photonics
in
Display
Technologies
3.4.1
Overview
The field of Display Technologies is actually dominated by Asia, whether it comes to developers of displays
or developers both being part of the large producing firms and their suppliers. In the field, Europe was and
has the potential to become once again a global driver thanks to its high capacities and know-how. However,
Asian firms are more concentrated on mass production displays for household applications where both
development and production costs are at stake. European SMEs have yet another area to explore which is
the field of “professional‟ or „specific‟ displays. For instance, the experts in this project consider that laser
projection displays and 3D displays are the two higher potential applications for SMEs from early
development on. First the market is more specific and secondly it requires a wide know-how to integrate all
the technologies and subsystems (such as electronics, softwares…). The situation seems thus to be good
for European SMEs, at least if the R&D investments go up in the coming years.
The main technical challenges are the elimination of specles, but also to get faster response-time, higher
lifetime of components/devices, more compact and/or thinner/lighter as well as flexible displays, and low
power-consumption displays. Health risks of materials used are also a big issue (radiations, recycling…).
As stated before, some applications like laser projection and 3D displays could become very interesting and
affordable fileds for SMEs in the near future. Laser projection, and also pico-projection systems (e.g for
application on cell phones), will certainly see the improvement of the colour gamut available, in parallel with
a better development of green laser diodes. Concerning 3D displays, the field has a huge potential, but not
necessarily in terms of photonic solutions. One of the main challenge in the field will be to develop eye and
head movements tracking systems in order to switch images from holographic to stereoscopic vue and viceversa. That measn further development of hardwares and softwares able to adapt also images to the viewing
angle.
Apart of this, the field will also see the improvement of the LEDs and OLEDs-based displays, mainly through
the enhancement of light extraction properties, brightness of the reflexion coatings, the lifetime and reliability
of devices… Size of the screens is also a field of improvement, especially for the field of OLEDs displays.
Most of devices indentified here will no longer stay in the development phase. Most of the R&D efforts are
concentrated on flexible displays and OLEDs where Europe has a leading expertise.
3.4.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Display technologies identified in the course of the
34
New photonic
devices/components
identified
in Display Technologies
optical filters based on ...
High reflection coating
Enhance the light extraction
Lower the threshold of lasers
Thinner and lighter displays
LEDs/OLEDs enhanced by
plasmonics
Higher brightness
nanoparticles (NP)
Better lifetime and reliability
Better brightness possible
High speed colour fastness
ultrasmall optoelectronics devices
inexpensive mass production of white
LEDs
Miniaturisation (thickness)
High brightness
Colour tuneable
Large area
High power efficiency
device
Laser projection
LED displays
OLED displays
Transparent displays
OLED displays
LED displays
nanotubes (NT)
OLEDs for lighting with
improved efficiency
LED displays
LED displays
Pico Projectors
Light sources
LED displays
plasmonics
High lifetime and reliability
Better brightness
Organic light emitting field
effect transistors (OLEFETs)
For low-cost, large area electronic products
OLED displays
displays and laser projection
Compact device
Good colour gamut
Pico projectors
OLED displays
Laser projection
domains (right column) in Display technologies-ICT
3.4.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Display
Technologies
for SMEs-developers related to Display Technologies. There are three main timeframes considered: shortterm (2009-2011), middle-term (2012-2014) and long-term (2015-2024).
35
Level of development - ICT / display technologies/ developer
Short-term
Middle-term
Long-term
Timeline
2009
metamaterials
Field effective transistors based on
nanotubes
LEDs/OLEDs enhanced by
plasmonics
nanoparticles
Light sources based on nanotubes
OLEDs for lighting with improved
efficiency
plasmonics
Organic light emitting field effect
transistors (OLEFETs)
Quantum dot laser for displays and
laser projection
Legend :
2010
2011
TI
LP
LP
LP
ID
2014
ID
I
2015
2016
2017
LP
ID
2018
2019
LP
ID
ID
2023
2024
ME
ME
I
ID
2022
ME
I
LP
2021
ME
I
ID
2020
ME
I
ID
LP
2013
I
ID
LP
LP
2012
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 15: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Display technologies-ICT
3.4.4
Display Technologies
metamaterials
Laser ablation
Chemical synthesis (bottom-up approach) for generation of
plasmonic nanostructures
LEDs/OLEDs enhanced by plasmonics
doctor blading technology for OLEDs
36
nanostructures
Reactive Ion Etching technology for OLEDs
Spincoating technology for OLEDs
nanostructures
vacuum sublimation technology for OLEDs
Dip coating process
dip coating technology for OLEDs
OLEDs for lighting with improved efficiency
inkjet printing technology for OLEDs
screen printing technology for OLEDs
Optical antennas based on plasmonics
Organic light emitting field effect transistors (OLEFETs)
Quantum dot (QD) laser for displays and laser projection
Spray pyrolysis
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 16: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Display technologies ICT (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below the table)
37
3.4.5
components.
Material category
Metamaterials
LEDs/OLEDs
Plasmonics
Optical antennas
Nanotubes
Light sources
Nanoparticles
Light sources
Quantum dots
lasers
OLEDs
Legend :
Field effect transistors
Table 17: Material categories related to devices identified for SME-developers in the subsector Display technologies-ICT
38
components for the Health & Well-Being sector
Optic and photonic have already had a big influence on the development of the Health & Well-Being field,
thanks e.g. to the progress made in the development of the microscopes.
The Health & Well-being sector encompasses medical diagnosis and therapy, but also comprises lifesciences and biotechnology aspects. Today optical technologies are not only important for imaging
techniques, but also for treatment, therapeutics and chemical diagnosis. Photonics will improve biomedical
measurements, diagnostics and treatment, thus leading to a highly efficient and customised
personal/individual healthcare. They will also provide early diagnostics that will permit rather preventing than
curing diseases and lead to smaller, cheaper and disposable devices.
Challenges for photonics in the Health & Well-being sector are mainly social acceptance and cost
effectiveness of products and systems. Biocompatibility is also a big issue in order to avoid adverse effects.
For reliable diagnostics, novel biolabels and markers or label-free techniques have to be developed with high
depth and spatial resolution.
The following analysis of the main challenges and photonic solutions in Health & Well-Being for SMEdevelopers will be based on a subdivision in four areas: Diagnosis, Prevention, Treatment & Laser surgery
and Monitoring.
4.1 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Diagnosis
4.1.1
Overview
The subsector Diagnosis deals with the detection of illness or sickness with the help of biological/chemical
analysis and imaging techniques (morphological analysis). Different fields can be considered in this
subsector and lots of different tools are used, like biosensors/biolabels for molecular analyses, x-ray imaging
techniques, Optical coherence tomography, microscopy…
SMEs in the field of Diagnosis are facing a big market, essentially because of the highly evolving field and
the important needs and requirement of users and end-customers (detection of cancer, ageing society…).
This opens very interesting opportunities in terms of market share. The main problem in Europe is that the
cost factor and cost of access limit this market, because the European policy is more on a system of health
for all than on an excellence system. This implies that European customers want cheaper, faster and lighter
devices and equipments. However, the lack of standardisation in terms of European insurance systems
renders the overview of the overall market difficult for SMEs.
On the positive side however, SME developers can benefit from the wide European R&D efforts and
expertise in the field of diagnosis. There are several new technologies emerging at the moment, but many
large companies involved. One challenge for SME developers is to cooperate with these big players for the
development of new devices, but also for the access to patented technologies and licencing issues.
39
According to the experts involved in the project, optical biosensors, optical coherence tomography and
capsule endoscopy offer the largest R&D opportunities for SME developers. Indeed, there are a lot of
different elements and associated technologies (software, materials…) which needs to be assemble and that
require the flexibility that larger firms do not have. Also, there is a big demand for the development of new
test-stripes (e.g cancer markers…) that represent a reel opportunity for SMEs in the field.
On a technical aspect the main challenges are more related to biology than photonics properties (e.g.
immobilization of probes…) and to the clinical approval which is very much time and money consuming for
SMEs. A specific attention has also to be taken on the costs of the developed components, as well as on the
biocompatibility of the materials used, especially for in vivo sensors and markers.
Many of the devices in the Diagnosis sub-sector are in the laboratory scale stage of development for another
2 years which provides a lot of cooperation and research opportunities for SME developers (see table
below).
4.1.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Diagnosis identified in the course of the project and
New photonic
devices/components
identified
Biolabels based on quantum
dots (QD) for single-molecule
detection
metamaterials
metamaterials
SMEs-developpers in Diagnosis
Sensitivity Resolution (better photostability
and brightness)
Biocompatibilty
Single molecule detection
Retinal screening
Higher sentivity, reliability
Optical biochips and biosensors
High resolution of pictures
Leaving out eye drops
Microscopy
Non harmful imaging procedures
Miniaturisation of devices / handheld
OLED based biosensors
Miniaturisation / non invasive (OLED as
minitaturised light source)
Biosensors based on fibres
Biolabels
High resolution of pictures
Near infrared (NIR) emitter
based on OLEDs
metamaterials
Sensors based on
metamaterials
Bio sensors based on SOI
device
Retinal screening
Dental imaging
Otical biopsy/tumour detection
Miniaturisation / non invasive (nanometer
scale light spots)
Enhanced sensivity, relatiability
Sensitivity and reliability
Fast measurements
Miniaturisation
Multi-analyse capable
Optical biochips/biosensors
Optical biochips/biosensor
40
Real-time measurement possible
Biosensors based on
nanotubes (NT)
Biosensors based on
photonic crystals
Field emission x-ray source
Fast measurement
Nanoscale
Miniaturisation
Non invasive (Glucose monitoring)
Real-time and fast measurement
Smaller devices
Cheaper
High resolution
Optical biochips/biosensor
X-ray imaging and Computer Tomography
Grating based interferometer
for X-ray and neutron phase
contrast imaging
High resolution
radiation doses
nanotubes (NT)
Improved light source
Permit better resolution images
Miniaturisation
Endoscopy
Magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) probes based on
nanotubes (NT)
High sensitivity and resolution
Miniaturisation (nanoscalar size)
Biolabels and nanophosphors
MEMS mirror for endoscopic
OCT (EOCT)
Fast and reliable
Combination of diagnostic and treatment
High sensitivity and resolution
and
contrast
at
low
X-ray imaging and Computer Tomography
Optical biopsy/tumour detection
Endoscopy
Optical coherence Tomography
crystal fibre (PCF)
Near-field techniques based on
plasmonics
improved efficiency
nanotubes (NT)
plasmonics
Optical filter based on
photonic crystals
Miniaturisation
Fast and reliable (real-time and short
reaction time)
High sensitivity
Improved
image
resolution
and
performances
High intensity of light
Low energy consumption
Microscopy
Pulse oximetry
Enhanced sensitivity
Miniaturisation
Better wavelength filtration
Photodetectors based on SOI
Polarization-sensitive optical
coherence tomography (PSOCT)
High sensitivity and spatial resolution
Non-harmful
application in OCT
Higher resolution and penetration depth
Quantum dot (QD) lasers for
biomedical applications
Less power consuming
Miniaturisation (compared to conventional
lasers)
Improved localisation of light
Reliability
photonic crystals
Sensitivity at the nanoscale
Implantable device
Low energy consuming
High sensitivity
photonic crystals
Optical biopsy/tumour detection
Microscopy
Pulse oximetry
Better sensitivity
Miniaturised devices
Less power consuming
Penetrate several millimetre of tissues
Safer and less invasive
3D imaging
Dental imaging
Optical Coherence Tomography
Retinal screening
Microscopy
Optical biopsy and tumour detection
Breath gas diagnostic
Optical tumour detection
Dental Imaging
domains (right column) in Diagnosis-Health & Well-Being
41
4.1.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Diagnosis
for SMEs-developers related to Diagnosis. There are three main timeframes considered: short-term (20092011), middle-term (2012-2014) and long-term (2015-2024).
Level of development - Health and Wellbeing/Diagnosis/Developer
Timeline
dots for single-molecule
detection
metamaterials
metamaterials
based on OLEDs
Short-term
2009 2010 2011
TI
metamaterials
Sensors based on
metamaterials
Biosensors based on
nanotubes
Biosensors based on
photonic crystals
Grating based interferometer
for X-ray and neutron phase
contrast imaging
nanotubes
MEMS mirror for endoscopic
OCT
crystal fibre (PCF)
Near-field techniques based on
plasmonics
improved efficiency
nanotubes (NT)
plasmonics
Optical filters based on
photonic crystals
ID
LP
LP
TI
LP
TI
LP
TI
LP
TI
ID
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
ME
ID
ID
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
LP
ID
LP
ME
I
ID
LP
ME
I
ID
LP
ID
I
ME
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
LP
LP
ID
LP
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
ID
ID
2021
ME
ID
ID
LP
Long-term
2019 2020
2018
ME
ID
LP
2017
I
ID
LP
LP
2016
I
ID
TI
2015
I
ID
TI
coherence tomography
application in OCT
photonic crystals
LP
TI
Middle-term
2012 2013 2014
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
ID
42
I
ME
2022
2023
2024
polymeric nanostructures
Legend :
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 19: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Diagnosis-Health & Well-Being
4.1.4
Diagnosis
Dip coating process
Hybrid Vapour Phase Epitaxy (HVPE)
Biolabels based on quantum dots (QD) for singlemolecule detection
Spray pyrolysis
Dry etching
metamaterials
metamaterials
Near infrared (NIR) emitter based on OLEDs
43
Sensors based on metamaterials
Dry etching
Bio sensors based on SOI microring resonators
Laser ablation
Biosensors based on nanotubes (NT)
Dry etching
Biosensors based on polymeric nanostructures /
photonic crystals
Hot embossing
Laser ablation
Field emission x-ray source based on nanotubes (NT)
Not identified
Grating based interferometer for X-ray and neutron phase
contrast imaging
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) probes based on
nanotubes (NT)
Not identified
MEMS mirror for endoscopic OCT (EOCT)
Not identified
Near-field techniques based on plasmonics
nanostructures
Laser ablation
44
Dry etching
Optical filter based on photonic crystals
EUV photolithographyFocused ion beam lithography
Not identified
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT)
Quantum dot (QD) laser for application in OCT
Spray pyrolysis
Quantum dot (QD) lasers for biomedical applications
Spray pyrolysis
Dry etching
Dry etching
Hot embossing
/ photonic crystals
Laser ablation
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 20: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME-developers in the subsector Diagnosis-Health & WellBeing (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below the table)
45
4.1.5
components.
Material category
Optical antennas
Metamaterials
sensors
Plasmonics
Near-field techniques
Biosensors
Light sources
Nanotubes
Magnetic resonance imaging probes
Optical antennas
Biolabels
Quantum dots
lasers
Bio sensors
SOI
Deformable mirror array
Photodetectors
Biosensors
Fibres
Microfluidics
OLED
bisosensors
Microfluidics
Optical filters
Polymeric nanostructures/
Photonic crystals
Biosensors
Grating based interferometer for X-ray and neutron
phase contrast imaging
MEMS mirror for endoscopic OCT (EOCT)
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence
tomography (PS-OCT)
Legend :
Table 21: Material categories related to devices identified for SME-users in the subsector Diagnosis-Health & Well-Being
46
4.2 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Prevention
Prevention subsector was defined as the protection of skin and eyes. This implies the fields of sunscreens
and protective coatings for glasses and sunglasses.
The market is dominated by large players, in particular in the field of glass. There could be opportunities in
future developments in the field of foils and glasses for houses applications (in conjunction with the
Environment & Energy sector). There is currently no relevant device for developers identified in the database
for the subsector Prevention. However, it is possible to state that the flexibility and adaptation properties of
glasses will be a major issue in the near future, and that the development of new coatings will be a major
driver to achieve this. Also, the possible adverse effects of the new nanomaterials used will have to be
studied and minimized, especially for the applications related to sunscreens.
4.3 Main
challenges
and
opportunities
for
photonics
in
Treatment / Laser surgery
4.3.1
Overview
Treatment is defined as the remediation of a health problem, following a diagnosis, by removing the cause of
the disease or sickness or by treating/alleviating the associated symptoms with the help of drugs, therapy or
surgery. Optics/photonics contributes to this field mainly for targeted drug delivery, photodynamic therapy,
laser surgery (tissue-ablation or tattoo removal) …
As for the subsector Diagnosis and even if US are near behind, European SME developers can benefit from
a strong European R&D particularly in the field of lasers.
According to the experts involved in the project, SME developers have also real opportunities in the field of
novel materials for targeted treatments, e.g. for photodynamic therapy. However clinical approval requires a
high investment in terms of time and costs which means that SME developers need often to cooperate with
large (pharmaceutical) companies. Other issues like health risks of some new nanomaterials need also to be
tackled first. The main challenges for this field are mainly to reduce the invasability of treatment methods and
to improve their sensitivity. The specific targeting is also abig issue to assure the avoidance of possible
adverse effects of molecules used.
Additionaly, there is also a quite strong demand in terms of development for laser surgery with new
wavelengths / power range and new guided optics for laser beams. The main challenges here for developers
are miniaturisation, precision and effectiveness of laser sources and devices.
Most of the devices identified by the project are still in very early stage which provides quite large
opportunities for SME developers.
47
4.3.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Treatmetn/Laser surgery identified in the course of the
New photonic
devices/components
identified
overcome identified challenges for SMEdevelopers in Treatment / Laser surgery
device
Effective, precise and minimally invasive
High power density
Precise cutting / ablation quality
Reliability of the laser
Specific targeting of the cancer cells
Improvement of treatment parameters
No global toxicity of photosensitizers
Photosensitizers show local toxicity only
after illumination
IR surgical knife based on
quantum dot (QD) laser
Photodynamic therapy
Microfluidics based
photonic crystal fibre (PCF)
Specific targeting possible
Quantum dot (QD) lasers
for biomedical applications
Precision and minimally invasive
High power
Reliability
Laser ablation/surgery
Photodynamic therapy (PDT)
Laser ablation/surgery
domains (right column) in Treatment and Laser surgery - Health & Well-Being
4.3.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Treatment /
Laser surgery
for SMEs-developers related to Treatmetn/Laser surgery. There are three main timeframes considered:
short-term (2009-2011), middle-term (2012-2014) and long-term (2015-2024).
Level of development - Health and Wellbeing/Treatment/Developer
Short-term
Timeline
2009
IR surgical knife based on
quantum dot (QD) laser
Microfluidics based
photonic crystal fibre (PCF)
Legend :
2010
2011
2012
TI
LP
TI
LP
LP
LP
Middle-term
ID
ID
2013
Long-term
2014
2015
ID
ID
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
I
2022
2023
2024
ME
I
I
2021
ME
ME
I
ME
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 23: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Treatment and Laser surgery-Health &
Well-Being
48
4.3.4
Treatment / Laser Surgery
IR surgical knife based on quantum dot (QD) laser
Spray pyrolysis
Not identified
Photodynamic therapy based on nanotubes (NT)
Not identified
Quantum dot (QD) lasers for biomedical applications
Spray pyrolysis
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 24: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME-developers in the subsector Treatment and Laser
surgery - Health & Well-Being (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below the
table)
4.3.5
components.
Material category
Nanotubes
Photodynamic therapy device
lasers
Quantum dots
IR surgical knife laser
Photonic crystals and fibres
Legend :
Microfluidics
Table 25: Material categories related to devices identified for SME-developers in the subsector Treatment and Laser surgery Health & Well-Being
49
4.4 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Monitoring
4.4.1
Overview
Monitoring is dealing with all the fields and devices allowing to follow the vital signs or metabolic activity of a
patient either in the hospital (e.g after a surgery) or at home. Development of remote monitoring devices
(tele-medicine) could be a good way to answer to one of the general challenges of the Health sector, which
is the reduction of the time spent by a patient in the hospital.
Requirements of the subsector are very similar to the ones of the Diagnosis subsector. The main challenge
for developers will be the improvement of the access to the clinical trials, which are at the moment too much
time and money consuming for SMEs and require thus often cooperation with larger companies. In this only
the European policy could help to improve the situation faced by SMEs. Same problem also concern the
access to patented technologies and licencing.
Technical challenges are more on the side of miniaturisation of devices but also lower energy consumption.
Indeed several monitoring applications require now patient to carry the monitoring device for a long time and
not necessarily in hospital facilities, requiring thus stand-alone devices with a high reliability. There is actually
a development of the filed in the direction of tele-medicine / e-health. But this can cause problems in terms of
public acceptance.
Experts involved in the project have considered that biosensors offer the largest opportunities for SME
developers as well as capsule endoscopy. In the first category, many devices identified are still in the early
stage of development for another 2 years which creates immediate opportunities for SME developers.
4.4.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Monitoring identified in the course of the project and
New photonic
devices/components
identified
overcome identified challenges for SMEdevelopers in Monitoring
Higher sentivity, reliability
Miniaturised (compact light source)
metamaterials
Sensors based on
metamaterials
plasmonics
Miniaturisation / non invasive (nanometer
scale light spots)
device
Biosensors
Enhanced sensivity, relatiability
Enhanced efficiency
Higher spatial detection accuracy
Fast measurements
Miniaturisation
50
Glucose monitoring
Biosensors
Biosensors
senior & infants monitoring
Biosensors
Biosensors
Fast measurement
Nanoscale
Miniaturisation
Non invasive (Glucose monitoring)
Miniaturisation
Fast and reliable (real-time and short
reaction time)
High sensitivity
Biosensors based on
nanotubes (NT)
Biosensors based on
photonic crystals
crystal fibre (PCF)
nanotubes (NT)
plasmonics
Biosensors
Glucose monitoring
Biosensors
Biosensors
Sensitivity at the nanoscale
Biosensors
Enhanced sensitivity
Miniaturisation
Implantable device
Low energy consuming
High sensitivity
Biosensors
senior & infants monitoring
Blood gas monitoring
domains (right column) in Monitoring-Health & Well-Being
4.4.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Monitoring
for SMEs-developers related to Monitoring. There are three main timeframes considered: short-term (20092011), middle-term (2012-2014) and long-term (2015-2024).
Level of development - Monitoring/ developer
Short term
Middle term
Long term
Timeline
2009
2010
metamaterials
TI
TI
metamaterials
Sensors based on
metamaterials
Biosensors based on
nanotubes (NT)
Biosensors based on polymeric
nanostructures / photonic
crystals
crystal fibre (PCF)
nanotubes (NT)
plasmonics
Legend :
Technology
Invention
TI
2011
2012
2013
2014
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
TI
LP
ID
ID
LP
LP
ID
LP
I
ME
ID
I
2021
2022
2023
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
2020
ME
I
ID
ID
2019
ME
ID
LP
2018
ME
ID
LP
2017
I
ID
LP
2016
I
LP
LP
2015
ME
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 27: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Monitoring-Health & Well-Being
51
2024
4.4.4
Monitoring
metamaterials
Dry etching
Laser ablation
Dry etching
photonic crystals
Hot embossing
Laser ablation
Not identified
52
Laser ablation
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 28: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME-developers in the subsector Monitoring-Health & WellBeing (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below the table)
4.4.5
components.
Material category
Sensors
Metamaterials
Optical antennas
Biosensors
Nanotubes
Optical antennas
Biosensors
SOI
Photodetectors
Photonic crystals
Biosensors
Microfluidics
Biosensors
Fibres
Microfluidics
OLEDs
Plasmonics
Legend :
Biosensors
Optical antennas
Table 29: Material categories related to devices identified for SME-developers in the subsector Monitoring-Health & Well-Being
53
components for the Environment & Energy sector
The environmental industry has emerged in the 1970s when we became aware of deterioration in both global
and local environmental pollution due to human activities. The market environment has then changed very
quickly and, since the beginning of the twenty-first century, has expanded with the appearance of "clean"
products and technologies, in most sectors of the economy. The specificity of this market lies in the fact that
its emergence and growth depend heavily on public intervention, through regulatory and tariff policies. The
awareness of environmental issues, despite still strong opposition, led more proactive policies, which have
recently experienced acceleration with the green stimulus plans.
The optical and photonic applications are positioned mainly on issues of analysis and control measures for
monitoring the environmental properties, lighting management (light sources, light guides…), energy
production from collected light (solar panels). One additional field could be considered, which is the
improvement of manufacturing processes, via the use of lasers and controls allowing to speed up and render
processes more efficient.
The main challenges for the application of photonics materials in the Environment & Energy sector are the
improvement of the efficiency, the reliability, the safety and the lifetime of the devices as well as the
reduction of costs.
The following analysis devoted to main challenges in photonics for SME-developers in the Environment &
Energy sector will consider 4 subsectors: Environmental monitoring and sensing, Energy saving & Lighting,
Energy production and Lasers in manufacturing & Quality control.
5.1 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Environmental
Monitoring and Sensing
5.1.1
Overview
Monitoring and sensing the environment aims mainly at controlling the properties and quality of our
surrounding environment (e.g. air or water pollution). This subsector encompasses thus many different
applications with the common point that is the use of sensors, detectors or imaging techniques. The main
applications considered during the project for this subsector are remote sensing/LIDAR, optical sensors,
trace-gas monitoring aerial and space imaging, spectroscopy and thermal imaging.
A tremendous market is here available, composed in majority of many niche markets really affordable for
SMEs due to the large amount of possible applications. New materials are now available for integration into
industrialised products which can potentially provide a good correlation between the environmental impact
and the quality of measurement.
A great challenge for SME developers is the improvement of collabotation between them and system
integrators at the early stage of development. The absence of this kind of interaction lead often to complex
54
systems those are both difficult and costly to produce. There is a lot of development still required in this area.
Other challenges are more technical and concern mainly the efficiency/sensitivity, life time, size and
measurement‟s speed of devices. As well, automated and stand-alone devices might be developed in order
to allow continous monitoring (in correlation with the field of Energy production, e.g energy harvesting).
The main conclusion of the analysis of the field by experts involved in the project is that spectroscopy
consists in an area with high potential for SMEs due to the specific know-how required to produce such
components. Setting up specific sensors also provide an application with high potential for development due
to the large number of parameters to be measured and the different technologies that have to be integrated.
Most devices identified for the field are entering the demonstrator stage soon and the focus for SME
developers should first be on new type of optical snesors using materials technologies such as quantum
dots, metamaterials or nanotubes for biological or chemical sensing.
5.1.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Environmental monitoring and sensing identified in the
course of the project and which according to their development stage are relevant to SME-developers. It
provides also information concerning the main novel or improved features the devices or components have
and which can be useful to helping SMEs-developers to overcome their main challenges identified. The
related application domains give final shape to the table. These have been provided by PhotonicRoadSME
experts.
New
photonic
devices/components
identified
overcome identified challenges for SMEdevelopers in Environmental Monitoring
device
and sensing
dots for single-molecule
detection
Fabrication repeatability control (depends
on technology)
Miniaturisation (from 5 to 500 nm)
Fast real-time measurements (from ps to
ms time region)
Toxicity control (depends on materials)
metamaterials
Tuneability
More sensitive
Sensors based on
metamaterials
on nanotubes
Optical sensors
Imagers in space
Multi- and hyper spectral imaging
Optical sensors
Fabrication repeatability control
Miniaturisation
Fast real-time
Fabrication repeatability control (depends
on technology)
Miniaturisation (from 10 nm to 10 mm)
Fast real-time measurements
Toxicity control (depends on materials)
Fabrication control
Miniaturisation
55
Optical sensors
Optical sensors
Spectroscopy
Optical sensors
Fast real-time measurement
Biosensors based on
nanotubes (NT)
Biosensors based on
photonic crystals
Chemo-sensors based on
fibres
nanoparticles (NP)
quantum dots (QD)
crystal fibre (PCF)
nanotubes (NT)
organic transistors
photonic crystals
Fabrication control
Miniaturisation
Fabrication control
Miniaturisation
Toxicity control
Reliability
Fabrication control
Miniaturisation
Fabrication control
Toxicity control
Miniaturisation and flexibility
High sensitivity
Nanoscale
Potentially low-cost
High resolution
Miniaturisation (handheld device)
Embedded device
Low energy consumption and high
sensitivity
Fast start-up time
Easy and cheap fabrication (by printing)
Optical sensors
Optical sensors
Optical sensors
Thermal imaging
Optical sensors
Optical sensors
Optical sensors
Optical sensors
Spectroscopy
Thermal imaging
Miniaturisation of devices
Optical sensors
Table 30: Main challenges identified for SME-developers (left column) and related application domains (right column) of
devices in Environmental monitoring and sensing-Environment & Energy
5.1.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Environmental
Monitoring and Sensing
for SMEs-developers related to Environmental monitoring and sensing. There are three main timeframes
considered: short-term (2009-2011), middle-term (2012-2014) and long-term (2015-2024).
Level of development - Environment / environmental monitoring / sensing / developer
Short-term
Timeline
2009
Biolabels based on quantum dots
for single-molecule detection
metamaterials
2011
TI
TI
nanotubes
TI
LP
Biosensors based on nanotubes
nanostructures / photonic crystals
2010
2012
2013
LP
Long-term
2014
ID
LP
ID
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
I
2020
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
TI
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
ID
ID
I
I
ME
ME
ID
I
I
ME
ME
56
2021
ME
TI
LP
LP
Middle-term
2022
2023
2024
Chemo-sensors based on fibres
nanoparticles
Chemo-sensors based on quantum
dots
crystal fibre
nanotubes
Photodetectors based on organic
transistors
photonic crystals
Legend :
LP
ID
LP
I
ID
LP
I
ID
LP
ID
LP
ME
I
ME
I
ME
ID
LP
LP
ME
I
ID
ID
ME
I
ME
I
ME
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 31: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Environmental monitoring and sensingEnvironment & Energy
5.1.4
Environmental Monitoring and Sensing
Dip coating process
Biolabels based on quantum dots (QD) for singlemolecule detection
Spray pyrolysis
Steinbeis-Europa-ZentrumDry etching
metamaterials
Laser ablation
57
Dry etching
Biosensors based on polymeric nanostructures / photonic
crystals
Hot embossing
Laser ablation
Laser ablation
Dip coating process
Chemo-sensors based on nanoparticles (NP)
Dip coating process
Metalorganic chemical
vapor deposition (MOCVD)
Chemo-sensors based on quantum dots (QD)
Spray pyrolysis
Not identified
Laser ablation
Not identified
Dry etching
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Laboratory
Prototype
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 32: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Environmental
monitoring and sensing-Environment & Energy (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the
legend below the table)
58
5.1.5
components.
Material category
Sensors
Metamaterials
Bio sensors
Nanotubes
Optical antennas
Nanoparticles
Chemo-sensors
Biolabels
Quantum dots
Chemo-sensors
SOI
Deformable mirror array for adaptive optics
Bio sensors
Fibres
Chemo-sensors
Microfluidics
Organic transistors
Photodetectors
Bio sensors
Photonic crystals
Microfluidics
Legend :
Table 33: Material categories related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Environmental monitoring and
sensing-Environment & Energy
5.2 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Energy saving
and Lighting
5.2.1
Overview
Energy saving is by definition involving all the technologies allowing us to use less energy for the activities of
our everyday life. In terms of photonics, it involves mainly lighting technologies (lighting sources, light guides
for lighting management…). But other fields like more efficient displays, thermal measurement by optical
technologies (for energy-efficient building e.g.) are also involved. Displays will not be entirely treated here,
but for more information, readers can refer to the section dealing with Display technologies in the ICT sector.
Lighting industry is a wide area with numerous players, where Europe has a leading position. Moreover, this
is a growing market, notably since the appearance of the LEDs (inorganic and organic) and because light is
used in many other fields than for ambient lighting.
59
Lighting management provides great opportunities for SME developers, particularly in the field of smart films.
One of the main development could be to set up a new system able to collect the light during day and store it
in order to be used at dawn and at night when not much light is required.
Besides, SME developers have on one hand to take into account the comfort and adaptation to the users in
terms of efficiency and on the other hand to respect the recycling issues given by the legislation. This implies
a good choice of the materials used for the products and a work in close collaboration with the producers
and users (e.g designers o light integrators).
Main improvements that could be given or provided by developers concern mainly the efficiency, lifetime,
size, as well as the energy consumption of devices. A special care could also be taken on the effiency of the
colour gamut, the form of the light, the maintenance issues (complexity of systems), the toxicity of the
components and the thermal management.
Lots of novel light sources are today available for these purposes. The majority of relevant components
identified for SME-developers during the course of the project will help to produce better and more efficient
inorganic LEDs. Many devices are in the early to advanced development stage and almost ready for the
demonstrato phase, creating thus immediate opportunities for SME developers. Providing cheaper
technologies in new LED/OLED lighting will be critical for an earlier acceptance by the luminary market.
Some efforts are however to be taken on OLEDs before they become mature enough for the market. It is
also important to nore here that these new light sources will not consist in a replacement market, but rather
on a renewal market of lighting systems, where a new way of lighting has to be invented.
5.2.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Energy saving and lighting identified in the course of
the project and which according to their development stage are relevant to SME-developers. It provides also
New
photonic
devices/components
identified
metamaterials
nanoparticles (NP)
overcome identified challenges for SMEdevelopers in Energy saving and Lighting
Stable high efficiency and colour of the
light (depends on the technology)
High reproduction of colours
Optimise efficiency of LEDs
High contrast ratio
Permit high resolution
High efficiency and colour
Long life
Reproducibility of colours
High brightness
60
device
More efficient lighting point sources
Lighting sources
Paper-like electronics
Lighting sources
Long life
High brightness
Mass production of white LEDs
Fully integrated system
Long life
Flexibility
High brightness
High brightness
Nanoscale
High brightness
Low-cost and large area
Miniaturisation (handheld device)
Embedded device
Low energy consumption and high
sensitivity
Fast start-up time
nanotubes (NT)
improved efficiency
nanotubes (NT)
Organic light emitting field
effect transistors (OLEFETs)
organic transistors
Lighting sources
Lighting sources
Lighting sources
Lighting sources
Thermal imaging
domains (right column) Energy saving & Lighting - Environment & Energy
5.2.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Energy saving
and Lighting
for SMEs-developers related to Energy saving and lighting. There are three main timeframes considered:
short-term (2009-2011), middle-term (2012-2014) and long-term (2015-2024).
Level of development - Environment / energy saving and lighting/ developer
Short-term
Timeline
2009
metamaterials
Field effective transistors based
on nanotubes (NT)
nanoparticles
Light sources based on nanotubes
OLEDs for lighting with improved
efficiency
nanotubes (NT)
Organic light emitting field effect
transistors (OLEFETs)
transistors
Legend :
2010
Middle-term
2011
TI
LP
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
2012
ID
Long-term
2013
2014
ID
I
2015
2016
2017
2018
I
2019
2022
2023
2024
ME
ME
I
ME
I
ME
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
2021
ME
I
LP
2020
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Tabe 35: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Energy saving & Lighting -Environment &
Energy
61
5.2.4
Energy Saving and Lighting
metamaterials
Laser ablation
SDip coating process
Laser ablation
Legend :
Organic light emitting field effect transistors (OLEFETs)
Not identified
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 36: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Energy saving &
Lighting-Environment & Energy (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below
the table)
62
5.2.5
components.
Material category
Metamaterials
Nanotubes
Nanoparticles
Organic transistors
OLEDs
Legend :
Optical antennas
Light sources
Light sources
Photodetectors
Field effect transistors
Technology Invention Laboratory Prototype
Table 37: Material categories related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Energy saving & Lighting Environment & Energy
5.3 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Lasers in
manufacturing and Quality control
5.3.1
Overview
Lasers in manufacturing and Quality control encompasse all the applications willing to improve the
manufacturing processes in terms of efficiency and control. Lasers can be used in several domains for
cutting, welding, forming… of materials and various sources of lasers are now available with different
wavelengths for all applications. In this field, rapid prototyping (3D printing of polymers with lasers) is in big
expansion because of the “gain of time it allows” to make prototypes. Concerning Quality control the field is
mainly represented by metrology sensors that can be integrated or not in machine vision systems.
In the field of lasers, Europe has a large and leading R&D activity which can highly benefit SME-developers
by giving them lots of development opportunities. The experts in the project have highlighted the field of laser
micromanufacturing as an area where SME developers can bring a lot of inputs due to the large
development efforts needed. The main challenges are the increase of laser power and resolution, the
decrease of the costs of components and systems, and the possibility to use them with 3D materials. The
reliability of materials and laser sources is also a big issue as they have to be used in a continous way for
24h production. In this field, the further development of nanolasers could be a great opportunity for SMEs
(see table below).
In terms of Quality Control, the most interesting application will certainly be the machine vision. Many
photodetectors devices and imaging systems like e.g OCT or THz sources are at the moment still in the
laboratory stage for another 2 to 3 years and provide excellent opportunities for SME developers. The main
challenges here are the size reduction of systems and the improvement of the sensitivity and the stability.
63
5.3.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Lasers in manufacturing and Quality control identified
in the course of the project and which according to their development stage are relevant to SME-developers.
It provides also information concerning the main novel or improved features the devices or components have
experts.
New photonic
devices/components
identified
overcome identified challenges for SMEdevelopers in Lasers in manufacturing
device
and Quality control
metamaterials
metamaterials
metamaterials
Sensors based on
metamaterials
fibres
plasmonics
organic transistors
coherence tomography (PSOCT)
photonic crystals
Lower the threshold of lasers
Enhancement of modulation bandwidth
Lasers in manufacturing
High sensitivity (depends on technology)
Cameras and machine vision
High sensitivity (depends on technology)
Metrology sensors
More stable than conventional sensors
High reliability
Better localisation of the laser source
New fabrication mean for metamaterials
Good for nano-lithography (high resolution)
High sensitivity
Fabrication easy and cheap
Miniaturisation
Non destructive
Better performances
Metrology sensors
Lasers in manufacturing
Metrology sensors
High sensitivity
domains (right column) in Lasers in manufacturing & Quality control-Environment & Energy
64
5.3.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Lasers in
manufacturing and Quality control
for SMEs-developers related to Lasers in manufacturing and Quality control. There are three main
timeframes considered: short-term (2009-2011), middle-term (2012-2014) and long-term (2015-2024).
Level of development - Environment / lasers in manufacturing and quality control/ developer
Short-term
Timeline
2009
metamaterials
metamaterials
metamaterials
Legend :
2012
LP
TI
LP
TI
LP
TI
LP
2013
2014
ID
I
2015
2016
2017
2018
ID
I
ME
ID
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
ME
ME
I
ME
I
ID
ME
I
ID
ID
2019
I
ID
LP
LP
Long-term
ID
LP
LP
transistors
coherence tomography
polymeric nanostructures
2011
TI
2010
Middle-term
ME
I
ME
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 39: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Lasers in manufacturing & Quality
control-Environment & Energy
5.3.4
Lasers in manufacturing and Quality control
metamaterials
metamaterials
65
Laser ablation
nanostructures
Not identified
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PSOCT)
Not identified
Dry etching
/ photonic crystals
Hot embossing
Laser ablation
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 40: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Lasers in manufacturing
& Quality control-Environment & Energy (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend
below the table)
5.3.5
components.
Material category
Optical antennas
Metamaterials
Sensors
Plasmonics
Nano-lasers
66
Photonic crystals
Organic transistors
Photodetectors
Fibres
Chemosensors
Polarization-sensitive optical coherence
tomography
Undefined
Legend :
Table 41: Material categories related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Lasers in manufacturing &
Quality control-Environment & Energy
5.4 Main
challenges
and
opportunities
for
photonics
in
Energy
production
5.4.1
Overview
In terms of photonic technologies, Energy production is dealing with the gathering of the solar energy by the
way of specific materials embedded in solar panels to transform this one in electrical energy. (Another way
could be to use the existing biomass to collect this energy and produce a new one by the mean of
photosynthesis.) This field is a highly technical one, mainly due to the complexity level of devices.
There are similarities with the Lighting subsector according to the technologies used. The main problem is
the high cost of materials embedding as well as the toxicity of the materials used. This means that SME
developers have to work with larger firms.
Besides, most of the devices identified in the project are photovoltaïc solar cells which are now close to the
industrialization stage. Concerning this particular field, the main challenges are more in the recycling issues
of the materials, the energy conversion efficiency (avoid losses during AC/DC conversion) as well as the
lifetime of devices. Moreover, development and research are still needed in terms of energy (electrical)
storage solutions. New R&D area involving nanomaterials like nanoparticles, nanotubes or plasmonics, also
provide opportunities for SME developers in the short term.
Finally, according to the experts involved in the project, there is a whole area of development concerning
what they call energy harvesting, which means using the energy sources around (e.g. photosynthesis, heat,
…), store it and use it to self-power devices. Unfortunately no device has been identified in this field.
Unfortunately, noe devices have been identified during the project for SME-developers.
67
5.4.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Energy production identified in the course of the
New photonic
devices/components
identified
overcome identified challenges for SMEdevelopers in Energy production
nanotubes (NT)
Tailor light-matter
nanoscale
plasmonics
Enhanced absorption
interaction
in
device
the
Photovoltaics/solar cells
Long lifetime
Improved performances (3% power
conversion)
Stable in air
Low cost (printable)
Long lifetime
Cost reduction
Better efficiency (3D capture possible)
Long lifetime
Absorption enhanced
Solar cells based on
nanoparticles (NP)
nanotubes (NT)
Solar cells enhanced by
plasmonics
domains (right column) in Energy production-Environment & Energy
5.4.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Energy
production
for SMEs-developers related to Energy production. There are three main timeframes considered: short-term
Level of development - Environment/ Energy production/ developer
Short-term
Timeline
2009
2010
2011
nanotubes
plasmonics
nanoparticles
LP
Solar cells based on nanotubes
LP
ID
Solar cells enhanced by
plasmonics
LP
ID
Legend :
Middle-term
LP
2012
2013
ID
ID
LP
2014
Long-term
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
I
ME
I
ME
ID
I
I
2021
2022
2023
2024
ME
ME
I
2020
ME
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 43: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Energy production-Environment & Energy
68
5.4.4
Energy production
Laser ablation
Dip coating process
Solar cells based on nanoparticles (NP)
Solar cells based on nanotubes (NT)
Chemical synthesis (bottom-up approach) for generation of
plasmonic nanostructures
Dip coating process
Solar cells enhanced by plasmonics
nanostructures
nanostructures
Thermal evaporation deposition for plasmonic
nanostructures
Legend :
Technology
Industrial
69
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Invention
Demonstrator
Table 44: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Energy production-Environment &
Energy (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below the table)
5.4.5
components.
Material category
Optical antennas
Nanotubes
Solar cells
Optical antennas
Plasmonics
Solar cells
Nanoparticles
Legend :
Solar cells
Table 45: Material categories related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Energy productionEnvironment & Energy
6. Roadmaps for SMEs producing novel photonic devices and
components for the Safety & Security sector
Safety & Security involve all the applications aiming at protecting people against international harm
(Security) and/or against accidental harm (Safety). The sector has an old history, mainly due to the fact that
major advances are coming from the defence area. Although big groups are already well installed on this
market, the sector is perfectly suited for SMEs, mainly because of the small production scales and market
volumes. However, it stays difficult for SMEs to handle the 3 different kinds of customers in this market:
civilian customers, large companies (in terms of subcontracting) and governmental and public customers
(hardly affordable for SMEs because of the slow payment process). Moreover Safety & Security is a highly
evolving field due to the fact that it is regulation driven.
Optics and photonics in Safety & Security will mainly have an impact on applications where sensing,
detection and imaging systems are used. It will therefore be useful for detection of threats and inspection
technologies (video surveillance, luggage‟s scanning in airports…), authentication and identification
processes like biometric systems for face recognition, and systems for protection (automated vision
systems). One other big domain of application for photonic technologies is the public safety encompassing
the protection of pedestrian and drivers-assistance, as well as illumination processes.
Through this high importance of sensors in the field, main challenges in Safety & Security will mainly be an
improvement of the sensitivity, the resolution of detection and imaging systems. For instance, night-vision
70
systems are becoming more and more important for safety. Moreover, miniaturisation of sensors as well as
the development of contactless measurement technologies will help to further improve the field.
The following analysis devoted to main challenges in photonics for SME-developers in the Safety & Security
sector will consider 4 subsectors: Detection, Inspection and Enforcing technologies, Authentication and
Identification, Protective systems and Public safety.
6.1 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Detection,
inspection and enforcement technologies
6.1.1
Overview
Photonic technologies influence this subsector mainly through the properties of optical sensors. Most of them
are then used to detect biological or chemical agents in air or water. Photodetectors for VIS, UV, IR, NIR and
even now THz wavelengths have also a high importance for the field and are used in many imaging
technologies to scan hazardous objects (e.g. luggage-scanning in airports) or video-surveillance applications
(superposition of different spectrum to a conventional image).
One of the main opportunities for SME-developers is the development of bio- and chemo-sensors. However,
there can still be a danger for them because of the high investment needed to produce them (especially for
QD based sensors). In imaging technologies, the field of spectroscopy is probably the most interesting for
SME-developers, mainly because they have the knowledge on all the necessary pieces for the systems.
A big challenge for SME developers will be to increase sensitivity, reduce the size and emission power as
well as to speed up the measurement process while providing even better resolution. Moreover, as these
sensors have most of the times to be used in hazardous and/or harsh environments, they have to be remotecontrolled and resistant/independent to external conditions. In this way, the field can learn from other sector
like Environment or ICT, even if the technology transfer is rather limited due to the predominance of defense
applications.
According to the experts involved in the project, another area of high interest for SME developers is the field
of cameras and night vision. For instance, THz imaging offers great potential for SME developers as it is yet
in the early stage and is bound to replace old x-rays systems. 3D cameras also offer big opportunities, not
only in terms of photonic solutions. Future developments will consist in tracking movements without markers,
as well as direct 3D hardwares (in conjunction with the ICT sector).
All the devices identified in the project for developers in this field are in the early stage of development,
meaning opportunities for SME for the next 2-3 years.
71
6.1.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Detection, inspection and enforcement technologies
identified in the course of the project and which according to their development stage are relevant to SMEdevelopers. It provides also information concerning the main novel or improved features the devices or
components have and which can be useful to helping SMEs-developers to overcome their main challenges
identified. The related application domains give final shape to the table. These have been provided by
PhotonicRoadSME experts.
New photonic
devices/components
identified
overcome identified challenges for SMEdevelopers in Detection, inspection and
device
enforcement technologies
based on OLEDs
metamaterials
Sensors based on
metamaterials
on nanotubes (NT)
on plasmonics
Biosensors based on
nanotubes (NT)
Biosensors based on
photonic crystals
fibres
nanoparticles (NP)
quantum dots (QD)
crystal fibre (PCF)
nanotubes (NT)
Sensitivity – resolution (more sensitive
sensors)
Fast / real time
High sensitivity and resolution (Sufficient
for buried objects)
Miniaturisation (Nanometre scale light
spots, enhance signal to noise ratio)
Fast / real-time (speed improved)
High sensitivity and resolution (Micro- and
millimetre wave imaging; better signal to
noise ratio)
Sensitivity
/
Resiolution
(enhanced
sensitivity)
Fast / real-time (possible)
High sensitivity and resolution (Detection in
strong magnetic fields; large frequency
range)
High
sensitivity
and/or
resolution
(Penetrate plastic and cardboard)
Bio and chemo-sensors
Imaging technologies
Miniaturisation
High sensitivity and/or resolution
Multi-analyte capable
Multi-analyte capable (different diameters)
Bio-and Chemosensors
Better sensitivity
Good reliability (less sensitive to heat and
vibrations)
Compactness (when packaged)
Good sensitivity
Compactness of sensor
Fast imaging
High resolution
Miniaturisation
Non-harmful
(function
temperature)
High sensitivity
Nanometer scale precision
at
room
Nanoscale
72
High sensitivity
Miniaturisation (lightweight and thin if
printed)
Cheap (if printed)
High sensitivity
Compactness
organic transistors
photonic crystals
photonic crystals
Miniaturisation of sensors
Non-harmful
domains (right column) in Detection, inspection and enforcing technologies-Safety & Security
6.1.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Detection,
inspection and enforcement technologies
for SMEs-developers related to Detection, inspection and enforcement technologies. There are three main
timeframes considered: short-term (2009-2011), middle-term (2012-2014) and long-term (2015-2024).
Level of development - Detection/ Inspection/ Enforcing Technology/ developer
Short term
Timeline
2009
metamaterials
based on OLEDs
metamaterials
Sensors based on
metamaterials
nanotubes (NT)
plasmonics
2010
Middle term
2011
2012
TI
LP
TI
LP
TI
LP
2013
2014
ID
I
ID
TI
LP
ID
Biosensors based on nanotubes
LP
2019
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
ID
I
ME
ID
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
ID
LP
I
ID
LP
ME
ID
ID
LP
LP
ME
I
LP
ID
I
I
ID
2022
ME
LP
LP
2021
ME
nanostructures / photonic
crystals
nanoparticles (NP)
quantum dots (QD)
crystal fibre (PCF)
nanotubes (NT)
organic transistors
2020
ME
I
ID
ID
2018
ME
LP
LP
2017
I
TI
ID
2016
I
LP
LP
2015
ID
ID
TI
Long term
ME
ME
I
ME
I
73
ME
2023
2024
LP
photonic crystals
photonic crystals
Legend :
LP
ID
ID
I
ME
I
ME
LP
ID
I
ME
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 47: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Detection, inspection and enforcing
technologies-Safety & Security
6.1.4
Detection, inspection and enforcement technologies
metamaterials
nanostructures
THz radiation sources based on plasmonics
nanostructures
74
Dry etching
Laser ablation
Dry etching
photonic crystals
Hot embossing
Laser ablation
Laser ablation
Dip coating process
Chemo-sensors based on nanoparticles (NP)
Dip coating process
Chemo-sensors based on quantum dots (QD)
Spray pyrolysis
Field emission x-ray source based on nanotubes (NT)
Not identified
Laser ablation
no
Dry etching
75
Dry etching
/ photonic crystals
Hot embossing
Laser ablation
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 48: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Detection, inspection
and enforcing technologies-Safety & Security (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the
legend below the table)
6.1.5
components.
Material category
Optical antennas
Metamaterials
Sensors
Bio sensors
Nanotubes
Optical antennas
Chemo-sensors
Nanoparticles
Chemo-sensors
Quantum dots
Chemo-sensors
Photodetectors
SOI
Bio sensors
Bio sensors
Fibres
Chemo-sensors
Microfluidics
Bio sensors
Photonic crystals
Microfluidics
OLEDs
Organic transitors
Plasmonics
Photodetectors
76
Legend :
Table 49: Material categories related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Detection, inspection and
enforcing technologies-Safety & Security
6.2 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Authentication
and Identification
6.2.1
Overview
Authentication is the process of checking the information against single, previously identified entity. On the
contrary Identification requires that the verifier (human or computer) check the information against a
database of known entities to detect uniquely a given entity. In the both cases, entities to detect are either
objects or persons. Photonic technologies help mainly in both processes by the use of specific
photodetectors, semi-conductors or machine-vision systems, leading often to biometric applications. Both
processes involve also the use of security markers for e.g. packages identification or used in the anticounterfeiting area.
There is a huge demand for new products in this field in particular using photodetectors which could mean
opportunities for SME developers. However the experts involved in the project have warned that there are
high investments required, meaning that SME developers would have to work with larger players. Main
improvements rely mainly on responsiveness/speed of the sensors and on the biometric properties.
The development of Security markers (in particular for anti-counterfeiting purpose) has been also highlighted
as one of the best opportunites for SMEs. Because of its constant evolution this field requires a broad range
of new technological solutions which is more adapted to SMEs than to larger group. According to this, the
main challenges are to keep these new devices to small size and with a high degree of integration into
already existing products. The cost of devices is not so much of a challenge, because usually products
bearing such markers are high-value products.
Most of the devices, identified in the project however are close to the industrialisation stage (2011) and the
potential for developers is to work closely with SME producers to provide them even more flexible products
(e.g. wider emission wavelenghts).
6.2.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Authentication and Identification identified in the
course of the project and which according to their development stage are relevant to SME-developers. It
provides also information concerning the main novel or improved features the devices or components have
experts.
77
New photonic
devices/components
identified
overcome identified challenges for SMEdevelopers in Authentication and
identification
metamaterials
metamaterials
device
High resolution: image resolution, spatial
resolution (Resolution far below the
diffraction limit)
Fast response time
Low noise
Small size
High radiation efficiency
Integration possibility
Small sized devices
Multiple emission wavelength
Easy integration
High sensitivity and responsivity
Compactness
Small sized devices (incorporated in ink)
Multiple emission wavelength
Easy integration
High number of distinct codes
Security marks / labels based
on metamaterials
nanotubes (NT)
organic transistors
Security marks / labes based
on quantum dots (QD)
Machine vision
Photodetectors
Markers and labels
Markers and labels
Photodetectors
Markers and labels
domains (right column) in Authentication and identification-Safety & Security
6.2.3 Level
of
development
of
identified
devices
for
developers
in
Authentication and Identification
for SMEs-developers related to Authentication and identification. There are three main timeframes
considered: short-term (2009-2011), middle-term (2012-2014) and long-term (2015-2024).
Level of development - Authentication/ Identification/ developer
Short-term
Timeline
2009
metamaterials
metamaterials
Security marks / labels
based on metamaterials
nanotubes (NT)
organic transistors
Security marks / labes
based on quantum dots
(QD)
Legend :
2010
2012
2013
LP
ID
I
ME
ID
I
ME
LP
TI
LP
ID
LP
Technology
Invention
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
ME
I
ID
ID
2014
I
ID
LP
LP
Long-term
2011
TI
TI
Middle-term
ME
I
ME
I
ME
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 51: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Authentication and identification -Safety
& Security
78
6.2.4
Authentification& Identification
metamaterials
Security marks / labels based on metamaterials
Laser ablation
Not identified
Dip coating process
Security marks / labes based on quantum dots (QD)
Spray pyrolysis
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 52: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Authentication and
identification - Safety & Security (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below
the table)
79
6.2.5
components.
Material category
Metamaterials
Security marks / labels
Optical antennas
Optical antennas
Nanotubes
Quantum dots
Organic transitors
Legend :
Security marks / labes
Photodetectors
Table 53: Material categories related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Authentication and
identification-Safety & Security
6.3 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Protective
systems
6.3.1
Overview
Definition given to Protective systems during the project was mainly oriented through the computer assisted
vision and night-vision, cognitive systems. Photonic technologies take part of this subsector mainly through
the expansion of the photodetectors features. However, this field has also close relationships with the ICT
sector, especially Data transmission and Signal processing (please refer to the corresponding parts in this
Roadmap). The knowledge transfer from other fields is thus very high, as well as the number of possible
applications. The main problem here is the complexity of such systems involving multiple fields. Moreover,
while the market seems to be ready to absorb the technology, the risk of non-acceptance by final users is
high because the systems are non-natural ones.
According to the experts involved in the project, there is a high potential for SMEs and developers in
particuler in the field of night vision systems. The main challenges for them will be to improve the
interoperability of systems, reduce their complexity (requiring multiple knowledge), as well as increase the
degree of automatisation. There is still quite a few years before the devices identified in this project reach the
market.
Unfortunately, no devices were identified for SME developers at the moment.
80
6.1 Main challenges and opportunities for photonics in Public safety
6.1.1
Overview
This subsector is particularly hard to handle because of the close relations it has with the other subsectors in
Safety & Security. In a general definition, Public safety deals with the protection of public spaces and
civilians. But for this reason, it involves technologies necessary for detection, inspection, identification and
systems for protection. To simplify the problem, we have chosen to consider in this subsector only the
applications related to pedestrian and driver protection as well as applications using light for illumination of
public spaces and signage.
The market attractiveness of Public Safety is increasing with the high amount of possible applications and
the fact that citizens are less willing to consider risks as natural facts of life. For this reason, the civilian
market begin to be more and more interesting. However, the lack of common strategy for safety at the
European level could lead to a development of a large amount of niche markets restricted to only few of
countries. Also, the low rate of knowledge transfer can be a risk, mainly due to the fact that most applications
are coming from the defense area.
End users in this market are mostly public authorities dealing with larger companies. However there are
some opportunies for SME developers to provide their R&D know-how to these big firms. The main
challenge is thus to maintain the costs low by developing devices which are easy to produce.
Once again, the field of night vision e.g. for driver assistance offers quite a few opportunities of development
for SMEs, mainly through new photodetectors. As well, lighting equipment (see ICT sector), particularly LEDs
and OLEDs devices in the last stage of development are interesting for signage applications for pedestrian
protection.
6.1.2
The table below summarises all devices in the field of Puclic safety identified in the course of the project and
81
New photonic
devices/components
identified
overcome identified challenges for SMEdevelopers in Public safety
metamaterials
based on OLEDs
LEDs and OLEDs for lighting and signage
High brightness / High efficiency
High resolution/Readable
distances
metamaterials
fibres
nanotubes (NT)
improved efficiency
organic transistors
device
from
longer
Pedestrian and driver protection
High resolution/Readable from longer
distances
High brightness /high efficiency
High resolution/Readable from longer
distances
Operation over a wide temperature
spectrum
High reliability
Compactness
Inexpensive mass production of white
LEDs
High brightness
Flexibility and compact
Colour-tuneable
High sensitivity
Easy and cheap fabrication by printing
Compactness
High reliability/stability
High sensitivity
domains (right column) in Public safety-Safety & Security
6.1.3 Level of development of identified devices for developers in Public safety
for SMEs-developers related to Public safety. There are three main timeframes considered: short-term
Level of development – Public safety/ developer
Short-term
Timeline
2009
metamaterials
metamaterials
based on OLEDs
metamaterials
fibres
nanotubes (NT)
improved efficiency
2010
Middle-term
2011
TI
LP
TI
LP
TI
LP
LP
ID
LP
ID
LP
ID
ID
Long-term
2013
2014
ID
I
2015
2016
2017
2018
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ME
I
ID
2020
ME
ID
ID
2019
ME
I
LP
TI
LP
2012
ME
I
ME
82
2021
2022
2023
2024
organic transistors
Legend :
LP
ID
I
ME
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 55: Level of development of devices identified for developers in the subsector Public safety-Safety & Security
6.1.4
Public safety
metamaterials
metamaterials
Laser ablation
Not identified
Legend :
Technology
Invention
Industrial
Demonstrator
83
Industrialisation
Market Entry
Table 56: Fabrication technologies related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Public safety-Safety &
Security (the colour of the cell represents the level of development, as explained in the legend below the table)
6.1.5
components.
Material category
Metamaterials
Optical antennas
Nanotubes
Light sources
SOI
Photodetectors
Fibres
Chemo-sensors
OLEDs
Organic transistors
Legend :
Photodetectors
Table 57: Material categories related to devices identified for SME- developers in the subsector Public safety-Safety & Security
84
7. References
Scientific publications, articles and reports
1
www.photonics.com
2
Photonics21 ETP, “Strategic Research Agenda”, April 2006
3
Photonics21 ETP, Workgroup 1, Information and Communication
4
Photonics21 ETP, Second strategic research agenda in photonics: “Lighting the way ahead”, January 2010
Experts interviewed
1
Dr Andreas Ehrhardt, Photonics BW, Germany
2
Prof Dr Alfred Meixner, Nano-Optics Group, Universität Tübingen, Germany
3
Prof Dr Marian Marciniak, National Institute of Telecommunications, Poland
4
Prof Dr Przemyslaw Deren, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
5
Prof Dr Witold Lojkowski, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
6
Prof Dr Pentti Karioja, VTT Technical Research Center, Finland
7
Dr Tapio Niemi, VTT Technical Research Center, Finland
8
Dr Luis Martí, Nanophotonics Technology Center, Spain
9
Dr Guillermo Sánchez, Asociacion Industrial de Optica, Color e Imagen, Spain
10
Dr Sebastián Pantoja, DAS Photonics, Spain
11
Dr Cédric Louis, Nano-h, France
12
Dr Armin Lambrecht, Fraunhofer Institut für Physikalische Messtechnik (IPM), Germany
13
Dr Michal Leszczynski, TopGaN, Poland
14
José Antonio Ramos, Asociacion Industrial de Optica, Color e Imagen, Spain
15
Winfried Bentz, Bentz Consulting, Germany
16
Dr Laurent Haas, EyeNetics, France
17
Steffan Gold, Viaoptic, Germany
18
Dr Markku Känsäkoski, VTT Technical Research Center, Finland
19
Prof Dr Harald Giessen, Department of Physics, Universität Stuttgart, Germany
20
Dr Antoine Kevorkian, Teem Photonics, France
21
Prof Dr Costas Soukoulis, Physics Department, Iowa State University, USA
22
Prof Dr Ekaterina Shamonina, Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies, Universtiät ErlangenNürnberg, Germany
23
Dr Oskar Painter, Department of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, USA
24
Dr Anders Kristensen, Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
25
Prof Dr Manfred Bayer, Department of Experimental Physics IIa, Universität Dortmund, Germany
26
Prof Dr Jørn M. Hvam, DTU Fotonik, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, Denmark
27
Prof Dr Arafy Aly, University of Zaragoza, Spain
28
Dr Georg von Freymann, Institute of Nanotechnology, KIT, Germany
29
Prof Dr Martin Kristensen, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus Universiteit, Denmark
30
Prof Dr Peter Vukusic, School of Physics, University of Exeter, United Kingdom
31
Prof Dr Volker Sick, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, USA
32
Prof Dr Paul French, Department of Physics, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
33
Prof Dr Alexei Semenov, Deutsches Luft- und Raumfahrtzentrum, Germany
34
Prof Dr Susanna Orlic, Institute of Optics, Technische Universität Berlin, Germany
85
35
Dr habil H.-J. Eisler, Lichttechnisches Institut (LTI), KIT, Germany
36
Prof Dr Alicia Larena, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain
37
Prof Dr Ulrich Fischer-Hirchert, University of Hartz and CEO of HarzOptics GmbH, Germany
86
8. Imprint
This Technology Roadmap was made in connection with the European project “Development of Advanced
Technology Roadmaps in Photonics and Industrial Adaptation to SMEs” (“PhotonicRoadSME”). The project
was funded by the European Community under the “Seventh Framework” Programme (Grant Agreement No
224572).
Authors:
Laurent Volle,
Chambre Régionale de Commerce et d’Industrie de Bourgogne, France
Dr. Anthony Salingre, Eduardo Herrmann, Dr. Jonathan Loeffler
Steinbeis-Europa-Zentrum, Germany
The following persons have contributed to this report as partners in the project:
Dirk Kalinowski (OptecNet e. V. Deutschland, Germany)
David Vitale, Sylvain Gras, Dr. Serge Valette, Marc Derien (Association pôle Optique Rhône-Alpes, France)
Isabel Ferrando Garrido, Paula Subirats, Elena Boronat (Asociacion Industrial de Optica, Color e Imagen,
Spain)
Jouko Strand, Ari Alatossava (Micropolis Ltd., Finland)
Swen König (Universität Karlsruhe - Karlsruhe School of Optics and Photonics, Germany)
Prof. Dr. Witold Lojkowski (High Pressure Research Center of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland)
Prof. Dr. Eusebio Bernabeu, Dr. José-Maria Rico Garcia (Universidad de Complutense de Madrid, Spain)
Contact of project co-ordinator:
Dr. Jonathan Loeffler
e-mail: [email protected]
Steinbeis-Europa-Zentrum
Erbprinzenstraße 4-12, 76133 Karlsruhe
Germany
The authors are responsible for the content. All rights reserved except those agreed by contract.
No part of this publication may be translated or reproduced in any form or by any means without prior
permission of the authors
Version: October 2010
87
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