Pueblo Fire Risk Assessment Document

Page Left Blank Intentionally
1
Written by:
Captain Will Gray
Captain Rick Potter
2
Table of Contents
1.
Introduction
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Purpose
Pueblo Fire Department History
Jurisdiction
Responsibilities
Topography
Demographics
Daily Population
Deployment Capabilities
Growth Trends
Automatic Mutual Aid Agreements
2.
Factors unique to Pueblo
3.
Risk Assessment Methodology
4.
Fire Risks
a. Fire/Still Low Risk
b. Structure Fire – Moderate Risk
c. Structure Fire – High Risk
5.
EMS Risks
6.
Hazmat Risks
a. Highway
b. Rail
c. Fixed Facilities
7.
Technical Rescue Risk
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Water Rescue
Confined Space Rescue
Trench Rescue
Extrication Rescue
Elevator Rescue
3
f. High Angle/Low Angle Rescue
g. Structure Collapse Rescue
h. Other Rescue
8.
Wildland Fire Risk
9.
ARFF Risks
10.
Weather Related Risk
11.
Conclusion
4
Chapter 1
Introduction
Purpose
The purpose of this document is to establish the various risks within the City of Pueblo and the
surrounding areas that the Pueblo Fire Department responds to. This document will attempt to
list, in detail, each specific risk and the response strategy that we will employ when faced by these
risks. It will also outline manpower, equipment, and training needs for each risk category.
History
The Pueblo Fire Department exists to provide a high level of firefighting and emergency response
services to the residents of the City of Pueblo. The department, with over 120 years of rich
history, currently has 140 highly trained men and women that make up the operational forces.
There are 7 members of the staff and administration that lead and support the operational
personnel. The department was the third fire department in the United States to unionize and was
awarded CFAI accreditation under Fire Chief Christopher P. Riley in August 2008. The department
responded to 17,035 calls for service in 2012. There were 11,769 calls for emergency medical
care or about 69% of the total calls. There were 165 moderate and high risk fire incidents and
1493 low risk fire incidents. Although the number of fire incidents only accounted for
approximately 9% of total calls, with moderate and high risk incidents accounting for less than
1%, these calls present a significantly higher risk to the persons, properties and the community as
a whole. The remaining 3608 calls varied from hazmat, technical rescue, airport rescue &
firefighting, and service calls.
Jurisdiction
The Pueblo Fire Department responds to all calls for assistance within the City of Pueblo. The City
of Pueblo currently covers 53.64 square miles. The department’s response area covers
approximately 58.08 square miles.
The department has divided the city into three categories: Urban, Rural, and Wilderness areas.
These categories are based on population density and accessibility. Nine stations located in the
city limits that are considered urban areas and one station located at the Pueblo Airport which is
considered a rural area. There are wilderness/undeveloped areas throughout the city limits.
Many of these areas are only accessible by foot or all-terrain vehicles. Patients have been
transported out of these locations by Flight for Life helicopters in the past when access was
difficult.
5
The department is responsible for the Pueblo Municipal Airport, which is located approximately
five miles east of the city limits. The airport has the capability of landing most commercial aircraft
and is an alternate landing area for Denver International Airport and Colorado Springs Airport. It
also is the home to Doss Aviation which is the initial flight training center for future pilots in the
United States Air Force. Doss provides this training for several hundred officers annually.
The Pueblo Industrial Park is located adjacent to the Pueblo Municipal Airport. The industrial
park has several manufacturing and distribution facilities located on the property. These facilities
include a 1.5 million square foot distribution center for Target, a large chemical company that
deals with large quantities of chemicals, and several other large industrial facilities. Some of the
chemical companies have chemists and/or rapid response teams to assist the department in
mitigating the incidents.
The two major roadways that go through the City of Pueblo are Interstate-25 and US Hwy 50.
Interstate-25 is a major north/south transportation route through the center of the United States.
It is also a transportation route for nuclear and other radioactive waste from the Department of
Energy that is heading to New Mexico for permanent storage. Highway 50 is also a major
transportation route from Virginia to California.
The Arkansas River and the Fountain creek also run through the city. The Arkansas River has flow
rates that vary from a couple of hundred feet per second to several thousand feet per second and
has a whitewater park within the city limit. The Fountain Creek also varies in flow greatly
depending on weather from the north and is often the source of pollution from sewage spills from
cities to the north.
Responsibilities
The Pueblo Fire Department is responsible for providing fire suppression, emergency medical
response, hazardous materials response, technical rescues, water rescues, wildland firefighting,
and various calls for assistance within the city limits of Pueblo. The total real property assessed
value was assessed at $6.863 Billion in 2012 according to the Pueblo County‘s Assessor’s office.
This includes: $4,247,783,000 residential, $1,157,070,000 commercial/industrial, $956,047,000
state assessed taxable properties, and $502,867,000 exempt properties such as schools and
churches. The department also conducts over 3600 fire prevention inspections annually on the
commercial and industrial structures within its jurisdiction.
Topography
The City of Pueblo is relatively flat, and is split in half by the Arkansas River. The city is situated at
4692 ft. above sea level. There are seven different bridges over the Arkansas River in the city
limits. The southern boundary of the Arkansas River has a bluff that ranges from about 50 to 80ft
tall. The Fountain Creek enters the City from the north and runs parallel to Interstate 25 until its
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confluence with the Arkansas River. The city also has a large amount of open space/wildland
areas that range from flat areas, to arroyos, to steep bluffs.
Demographics
The City of Pueblo had an estimated population in 2012 of 107,577 according to the U.S. Census
Bureau. The population is made up of 48.8% males and 51.2% Females. The median age is 36.5
years old. This is slightly higher than the Colorado and National average of 34.3 years old. Pueblo
County has a higher than average elderly population. Approximately 15.7% of the population was
65 years and older. The state average was 9.7% and the national average was 12.4%. The city is
also approximately 50% Hispanic and 45.2% White/Non-Hispanic, 2.1% Black, and 2.9% other. A
language other than English is spoken in 18.3% of the homes. Approximately 22.8% of the city’s
population was living below the poverty level in Pueblo in 2009. In 2009, The National Poverty
Center reported that 14.3% of all individuals in the United States were living below the poverty
level. The median household income for residents of Pueblo was $30,270 in 2009 compared to a
state median income of $55,430.
Daily Population
There has been rapid growth in several communities within 10 miles of the city limits. The total
population in Pueblo County is 159,063. Pueblo West currently has 29,637 residents and is
located about 7 miles west of Pueblo. The majority of the people work and shop in the City of
Pueblo. This affects the daily population of the city and increases the volume of calls for assistance
significantly. There are also several large events held within the city limits throughout the year.
The Colorado State Fair is an eleven-day expo that was attended by 517,140 in 2010. The National
High School Rodeo is also held annually at the Colorado State Fair grounds.
Deployment Capabilities
The Pueblo Fire Department currently has eight ALS engines and two ALS 61ft combination
engines. All engines are staffed by a minimum of three personnel. There is a 105 ft. aerial truck
that is staffed by a minimum of three personnel, a rescue/squad staffed by a minimum of two
personnel and two airport crash rescue trucks cross-staffed by Engine 10’s crew. There is a
hazardous materials truck with decontamination trailer, two brush trucks, and a brush tender
truck that are cross-staffed as needed. The department’s reserve fleet consists of four reserve
engines, one reserve aerial, two reserve squad trucks and several staff vehicles. All crewmembers
at Station 1 are hazardous materials technician level trained and cross-staff the hazardous
materials unit. Additionally several members of the department have been trained to the level of
hazmat highway and/or tank car specialists.
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Map of City by Fire Management Zones/Still Districts
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Growth Trends
Even with a relatively consistent population, the City has been building northward and southward.
This growth appears to be to accommodate the population increases within the county. Pueblo
has added a couple of large industrial and manufacturing companies over the past few years.
Vestas is a company that makes large windmills for power generation and is now located in the
southern industrial park. Comanche power plant has added a new generator that more than
doubled their capacity. The majority of the power generated by Comanche goes onto the national
grid which means that if there is a major incident at this facility the impact will reach beyond the
City of Pueblo. Black Hills Energy has recently completed a natural gas fired power generation
facility just north of the airport industrial park. This facility currently provides the majority of the
power for the City of Pueblo.
Current Automatic Reciprocal Aid Agreements
The Pueblo Fire Department has several reciprocal aid agreements with surrounding
communities. The agreements are broken into two categories: standard mutual aid and hazardous
materials responses.
The Standard Reciprocal Aid Agreements:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
Transportation Test Center, AAR
Pueblo Rural Fire Protection District
Pueblo West Metropolitan District
United States of America / Pueblo Army Depot
Rocky Mountain Steel / EVRAZ
West Metro Fire Protection District
The Pueblo County Reciprocal Hazardous Materials Incident Assistance Agreement:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
X.
Beulah Volunteer Fire Department
Boone Volunteer Fire Department
Rye Fire Protection District
Pueblo County Civil Defense
Colorado State Patrol
Pueblo County Sheriff Department
Pueblo Rural Fire Department
Pueblo West Volunteer Fire Department
Transportation Test Center, AAR
West Park Fire Districts
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Chapter 2
Factors Unique to Pueblo
There are several factors that are unique to the City of Pueblo and affect the way the Pueblo Fire
Department responds to emergencies. These factors must be identified and prepared for by the
department.
All Fire Management Zones (FMZ) have a diverse mix of occupancy types with the exception of
Station 10. All of the areas have residential occupancies mixed in with light commercial. Some of
the areas, such as the Union Ave business district and the Northern Avenue business district, have
commercial structures that were built at the turn of the century prior to modern building and fire
codes. Many of these structures have residential apartments above them that have had several
renovations done to them often creating large hidden voids that are unknown even to the current
owners. Most of these structures also share common walls and have common basements and
attics that are shared.
Pueblo also has the Comanche Power Generation Plant located in its boundaries. This power
generation facility supplies power to a large portion of the western US power grid. Comanche has
also recently completed an addition that more than doubled its capacity to 1,410 Mega Watts. Due
to annexation in 2009, the department is solely responsible for the fire protection and technical
rescue at this facility. The primary fire risk at this facility is a coal fire in the coal supply/conveyor
areas. The coal is the volatile Powder River Basin Coal out of Gillette, WY. The plant currently
burns approximately 1,520,000 lbs. /hr. when all three generators are working at full capacity.
Another factor that is unique to Pueblo is the location of the Colorado State Mental Health
Institute. The facility is located on 300 acres in the heart of Pueblo and houses approximately 478
patients with all levels of psychiatric problems. This includes a stand-alone forensic ward for the
criminally insane. The campus also is home to three of the Colorado Department of Corrections
facilities. The Facilities, La Vista Correctional Facility (women), San Carlos Correctional Facility
(special needs), and the Youth Offender System (Underage offenders), house a total of 1,075
inmates. San Carlos Correctional Facility has been approved for a 250-bed expansion that will
double the current capacity. This entire Colorado State Mental Health Institute campus requires
special treatment with the movement and/or evacuation of the residents. The institute also has a
labyrinth of tunnels that connect the various buildings. Additionally, all of these facilities are
located within a half mile of a large rail yard. In the event of train derailment or spill of hazardous
materials from a train, the residents of these facilities cannot self-evacuate due to their custody
levels. This would significantly increase the risk to these people and the responders trying to
evacuate them.
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Pueblo Dam is located six miles west of the City of Pueblo. The dam was built from 1970 to 1975
and was modified from 1998 to 2000. The total storage is 357,000-acre ft. at an elevation of
4,898.7ft. This structure poses a major risk to the city in the event of a failure of the dam. Studies
have shown that a catastrophic failure would result in several thousands of lives lost and major
infrastructure damage/loss. These projections are shown on the City of Pueblo Flood Plain map in
the administration.
Natural Gas Pipelines
Colorado Interstate Gas has high-pressure transmission lines that come into the City of Pueblo
from the north and south ends. The north end of the system, near Eva Baca Elementary School has
parallel 8-inch mains. The south end of the system at the EVRAZ steel mill meter station has a
single 16-inch main. The exact location of the pipes throughout the city, the system pressures and
total capacities are protected due to security concerns. Colorado Interstate Gas can be contacted
for specific details.
Terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction
Terrorism and weapons of mass destruction have become a larger risk since the attacks of
September 11, 2001. Pueblo is located in close proximity to Fort Carson Military Base, Peterson
Air Force Base and North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). All are located in
Colorado Springs, 45 miles to the north. The Pueblo Army Chemical Depot is located just east of
the city of Pueblo and is the location of a large amount of military munitions. Currently there are
approximately 780,078 shells with about 2,611 tons of mustard gas, a blister agent that is set for
destruction per an international treaty. The Department of Transportation Test Track is also
located within Pueblo County. All of these factors make terrorism a realistic risk for Pueblo and
Pueblo County. These potential risks are addressed in the Pueblo County Emergency Operations
Plan-Annex E – Terrorism.
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Chapter 3
Risk Assessment Methodology
The accreditation team obtained the data for this document from several sources. The response
data was all obtained from High Plains FireManager records management system (RMS), the
department’s current RMS. The statistical data was obtained from the following sources: the U.S.
Census Bureau, CityData Pueblo, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), Colorado State Patrol,
Burlington Northern Santa Fe (BNSF) Railroad, Colorado Department of Public Health, National
Wildfire Coordinating Group, National Weather Service, and the State of Colorado Division of
Emergency Management.
All of the response data that was extracted from the RMS was exported into an MS Excel
spreadsheet. The data was then sorted and analyzed by risk type and risk level. Tables, charts,
and graphs were then built based on the results of the analysis.
The draft document was then presented to the command staff for review and any additions the
chiefs determined were necessary to properly express the risks within the city. The document
was then sent to a member of the accreditation community from outside the department for
further review. A final review was conducted and any necessary changes were made.
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Chapter 4
Fire Risk
The department has experienced several large and historically significant fires over the last 100
years. Some of them were:





Holmes Hardware Company Fire on February 22, 1915. Holmes Hardware was one of
the largest hardware stores in the state.
Grand Opera House Fire on March 1, 1922. The entire department responded to this
fire. The outside temperature was 22 degrees below zero and the call came in at
1:15am.
Central Block Fire on August 29, 1953. The entire department responded. One fatality
was attributed to this fire. Total fire loss was $998,000.00, the most expensive in
Pueblo history up to that point.
Pueblo Ice & Cold Storage Fire on October 24, 2007. Thirty firefighters responded with
8 engine companies and two aerials. This was a 20,000 sq. ft. facility that was fully
involved when the alarm came in at 12:07am.
The Branch Inn Explosion & Fire on November 13, 2008. This explosion occurred as
the result of a natural gas leak under the structure over a period of time. The results
were the complete destruction of the bar and two adjoining buildings. One person
was killed and several were injured. (The ATF sent a national response team along
with members of Ft. Carson Fire’s Rescue Specialists, the FBI, FEMA’s Urban Search
and Rescue team - Colorado Task Force One and many other local responders.)
The City of Pueblo has a very diverse blend of structures that pose a fire risk. There are a large
number of homes that were built in the early 1900’s that have been converted into multifamily
apartments, several large modern homes with light weight construction, mixed occupancies that
contain small commercial stores on the first floor and residential apartment on the upper floors,
several multistory senior living facilities, various mixed industrial facilities, large commercial
businesses, and two large power plants with a possible third in the near future. In order to
address these risks as thoroughly as possible they will be broken into three separate categories:
Low risk fires, moderate risk fires (residential) and high risk fires (commercial/industrial).
There are residential occupancies located in every Fire Management Zone (FMZ) except in the
industrial complex located around the Pueblo Municipal Airport. This is a rural area that is
protected by Fire Station 10. The remainder of the city has a mix of residential, commercial,
assembly, industrial, educational, institutional (healthcare, detention & corrections), storage, and
special properties.
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Fire/Still – Low Risk (Single Company Response)
The department classifies any single company fire response as a fire/still – low risk. These
include: car fires, trash fires, grass fires, and any other small fire incidents.
Structure Fire – Moderate Risk (Structures with a risk score of below 46)
The city has 33,866 single family dwellings and about 3,500 commercial occupancies that are
classified as having a risk score below 46. The occupancies range from over 100 years old to
brand new structures. The fire loss in Structure Fire – Moderate Risk for 2012 was $2,173,586.00
or $20.20 per capita. This is lower than the regional (west) average of $24.80 and the national
average of $30.00 per capita for a city of comparable size according to the 2010 National Fire
Protection Agency fire loss statistics. The total pre-incident value of these structures was
$11,056,934.00. This equates to a real total property conservation value of $8,883,348.00 for
2012.
Structure Fire – High Risk (Structures with a risk score of 46 or higher)
The department strives to inspect every commercial and industrial occupancy on a regular basis.
Currently all high and moderate risk occupancies; multi-family housing, schools, hospitals, nursing
homes, and any state mandated inspections are conducted annually. The department plans to
increase the frequency of high risk occupancies with a fire flow of greater than 5,000gpm to twice
a year. The low risk occupancies are inspected every other year with half of them being conducted
each year. There are 3,792 assigned, inspectable multi-family dwellings, multistory senior living
facilities and commercial/industrial occupancies located in the City of Pueblo’s jurisdiction as of
2012.
The seven multistory senior living facilities are sprinkled, Type 1 construction buildings. They are
not facilities for residents that require medical/nursing around the clock care. They are operated
by the City of Pueblo Housing Authority.
The fire loss for structure fire – high risk for 2012 was $218,000.00. The total pre-incident value of
these structures was $16,300,000.00. This equates to a real total property conservation value of
$16,082,000.00.
32
29
27
1
9
4
23
2012 Occupancy Profile for City of Pueblo
24-hour care Nursing homes, 4 or more persons
Adult education center, college classroom
Aircraft hangar
Airport passenger terminal
Alcohol or substance abuse recovery center
Amusement center: indoor/outdoor
Assembly, other (Non-Specific)
14
24
15
1
5
38
63
3
5
1
2
525
124
7
59
7
22
8
1
3
42
4
1
12
16
1
86
13
1
38
31
1
2
1
32
2
12
10
3
141
4
3
49
Asylum, mental institution
Athletic or health club
Auditorium, concert hall
Ballroom, gymnasium
Bank
Bar or nightclub
Billiard center, pool hall
Boarding/rooming house, residential hotels
Bowling establishment
Bus station
Business office
Church, mosque, synagogue, temple, chapel
Clinic, clinic-type infirmary
Clinics, doctors’ offices, hemodialysis center, other
Clubhouse
Clubs, (Private Clubs, Meeting Halls), other
Communications center
Computer center
Construction site
Convenience store
Convention center, exhibition hall
Courthouse
Day care, in commercial property
Department or discount store
Detached residential garage
Doctor, dentist or oral surgeon office
Dormitory-type residence, other
Dump, sanitary landfill
Eating, drinking places, other
Educational, other (Non-Specific)
Electrical distribution
Electricity generating plant
Electronic amusement center
Elementary school, including kindergarten
Energy production plant, other
Fire station
Fixed-use recreation places, other
Flammable liquid distribution, flammable liquid pipeline
Food and beverage sales, grocery store
Funeral parlor (with or without chapel)
Gas distribution, gas pipeline
General retail, other
15
23
16
1
6
32
67
1
1
8
16
4
17
3
3
3
78
10
372
209
1
168
13
9
9
1
2
1
2
3
1
153
17
2
6
6
104
24
2
4
29
13
Health care, detention, & correction, other (Non-Specific)
High school/junior high school/middle school
Hospices
Hospital - medical or psychiatric
Hotel/motel, commercial
Household goods, sales, repairs
Ice rink: indoor, outdoor
Industrial plant yard – area
Industrial, utility, defense, ag., mining, other (NonSpecific)
Jail, prison (not juvenile)
Laboratory or science laboratory
Laundry, dry cleaning
Library
Live performance theater
Livestock production
Manufacturing, processing
Mental retardation/development disability facility
Mercantile, business, other (Non-Specific)
Motor vehicle or boat sales, services, repair
Movie theater
Multi-family residence (more than 2 families)
Museum
None
Office: veterinary or research
Oil or gas field
Outbuilding or shed
Outbuilding, protective shelter
Outside or special property, other (Non-Specific)
Parking garage, general vehicle
Passenger terminal, other
Personal service, including barber & beauty shops
Places of worship, funeral parlors, other
Police station
Post office or mailing firms
Preschool
Professional supplies, services
Public or government, other
Radio, television studio
Railroad yard
Recreational, hobby, toy, pet, garden, sporting goods
Reformatory, juvenile detention center
16
3
19
14
17
171
1
2
20
216
6
67
3
49
85
1
9
13
10
11
38
6
36
3792
Refrigerated storage
Residential board and care
Residential or self-storage units
Residential, other (Non-Specific)
Restaurant or cafeteria
Roller rink: indoor or outdoor
Schools, non-adult, other
Service station, gas station
Specialty shop
Stadium, arena
Storage, other (Non-Specific)
Swimming facility: indoor or outdoor
Textile, wearing apparel sales
Unable to classify
Undetermined (Not for Life Safety)
Utility or Distribution system, other
Vacant lot
Variable-use amusement, recreation places, other
Vehicle storage, other
Warehouse
Water utility
(blank)
The engine companies conduct the majority of the annual inspections that are located in their
FMZ. In 2012, 100% of the occupancy inspections assigned were inspected. In 2012 every
inspected structure had a completed hazard assessment, the department is in the process of
performing quality assurance reviews on the occupancy scores to ensure correctness.
As the inspections are entered into the Report Management System (RMS), a hazard assessment is
calculated. This hazard assessment considers the following factors when calculating a risk score:
1) Water Supply
2) Predominant Construction Type
3) NFPA Property Use
4) Number of Above Grade Floors
5) Height in Feet (from lowest point of vehicle access)
6) Presence of Below Grade Floors
7) Total Square Footage
8) Maximum Building Population (Occupancy Load if Assembly)
9) Automatic Sprinkler Systems
10)Fire Alarms Systems
17
11)Hazard of Contents
12)Hazardous Materials
13)Mobility of Occupants
14)Fire Department Access
15)Electrical Hazards
After these factors are totaled the risk score is assigned. The department defined the following
risk levels based on the hazard scores: a score of 1-30 indicates a low fire risk; a score of 31-45
indicates a moderate fire risk; and a score of 46 & up indicates a high fire risk.
For the 2012 inspection cycle the following was identified: 1,484 occupancies had a low fire risk
score given to them, 2,238 occupancies with a moderate fire risk, 70 occupancies with a high fire
risk score. Below is a list of the high fire risks.
Hazard
Score
Business Name
Comanche Power Plant
70
B K E P Materials LLC
63
Goodrich Co
62
CDOT Colo Dept Of Transportation
57
Comanche Power Plant/Maintenance Bldg
57
Pueblo County Sheriff's Jail
57
Parkview Medical Center (Hospital)
55
Summit Brick Plant
55
Vacant [former Alpha Beta packing plant]
55
Davis Mortuary
54
KMG Electronic Chemicals
54
Sweeny Feed Mill
54
Acorn Petroleum
53
Cliff Brice Stations
53
FRE Composites
53
St. Mary Corwin Hospital
53
Woodhaven Condos
53
Cimmaron Square Condominiums
52
Midwest Fabrication & Steel
52
RL Auto Supply
52
Belmont Square Apartments
51
Belmont Square Apartments
51
Belmont Square Apartments
CenturyLink
51
51
18
Horseshoe Lodge
51
La Dolce Vita Apartments
51
La Dolce Vita Apartments
51
St Leanders Church
51
Vestas- Surface Treatment Building
51
Advanced Auto Parts
50
Goodrich Co
50
Taylor Fence Co. Of Pueblo
50
Arkansas Valley Coop
49
Comanche Power Plant
49
Elks Lodge No. 90
49
Larry's Electric & Refrigeration
49
Wagner Rents
49
Artic Shooting Supply
48
Better Rate Transmissions
48
Broadway Arcade Apartments
48
Fresenius Medical Care
48
Mitchell Park Pool House
48
Plebian Pools
48
Pueblo Airport Fuel Farm
48
Vacant (former Earthgrain) Now Rampart Plumbing Su
48
1st Stop
47
Albany Event Center
47
All Care
47
All Phase Consulting LLC
47
Black Hills-Pueblo Airport Generating Station
47
Harding-Bulloch Jewellers
47
Pueblo Airport Generation Station (STG Unit #43
47
Pueblo Village Apartments
47
Tallman Oil
47
Vacant
47
Vacant Business (1st Floor)
47
Vacant Office Building & Theater
47
Vestas- Production Building
47
American Battery
46
Batteries Plus
46
Black Hills Energy generating plant
46
CDOT CSP Dispatch & Materials Lab
CMHIP Workforce Development / DFM Housekeeping
46
46
19
Comanche Power Plant
46
Mineral Palace Pool & Pump House
46
Park Place Condo Assn - Clubhouse
46
PCC Garage/yard Area Bldg #1 Quan-Hut
46
Premium Direct Care Provider
46
Premium Direct Care Providers
46
Quality Custom Woodwork
46
Special attention is given to the below occupancies. This was done for a couple of reasons:
1. There are significant threats that could involve a large population.
2. There are a significant amount of non-ambulatory persons
3. There are a significant hazards to responders
4. Loss of the facility would greatly impact the population of Pueblo.
The following are explanations of these risks:

Black Hills Natural Gas Power Generation Facility (risk value - 47) This facility is
located between the east side of the city and the industrial park at the airport. It is a new stateof-the-art natural gas power generation facility. This facility uses high quantities of
unodorized natural gas.

Black Hills Energy Generating Plant (risk value – 46) – This is a power generation
facility that presents three major hazards. The high voltage electricity, a large diameter
natural gas feed to the facility and as much as 300,000 gallons of diesel stored in a container
next to the structure.

St Mary Corwin Hospital (risk value – 53) – This structure is one of two hospital located
in the City of Pueblo. While this facility is fully sprinkled, it houses a large number of patients
and medical personnel. Many of the patients are in such poor health that they would require
special assistance evacuating in a fire. The hospital also has a large cancer center & radiology
department with nuclear medicine capabilities.

KMG Electronic Chemicals (risk value – 54) – 250 William White Blvd –This facility
refines, distills and distributes various chemicals and acids. The most serious acid that they
handle is hydrofluoric acid, one of the strongest and most corrosive acids known.

Parkview Hospital (risk value – 55) – This structure is one of two hospital located in the
City of Pueblo. While this facility is fully sprinkled, it houses a large number of patients and
medical personnel. Many of the patients are in such poor health that they would require
20
special assistance evacuating in a fire. The hospital also has a large radiology department with
nuclear medicine capabilities.

Comanche Power Generation Facility (risk value – 70) – This facility is a major coal
fired electrical generation plant that, when fully operational, produces 1470 Mega Watts of
electricity. A large amount of this electricity provides power to the western power grid. This
facility has smoke stacks that exceed 500 ft. tall with workers working at the 385ft level daily.
It also has over 100 permit required confined spaces.

BKEP Materials, LLC (risk value – 63) – This facility produces asphalt. They have a
capacity of over 3,831,000 gallons of various chemicals that can be stored on site. These
chemicals include: Asphalt, Caustic Soda, Fuel Oil #2, and Sulfur (Molten). Additionally, this
facility is located next to Black Hills Energy Generating Plant and Acorn Petroleum. Both of
these facilities have over 100,000 gallons of fuel on site. If this facility were to be involved in a
large fire it is possible that all three of these facilities would become involved simultaneously.
These facilities are located in the center of the Union Ave Historic Business District.
Fire Flow Calculations for the Highest Fire Risk in each FMZ
The Pueblo Fire Department used the International Fire Code (IFC) 2009 Edition for calculating
fire flow needed at high risk structures and determining offensive vs. defensive attack. Bear in
mind that this is for a worst case scenario and that the on scene incident commander would make
the final decision on the strategy employed on any incident.
Station 1 – Parkview Medical Center – 500,000 sq. ft. – Type I/Type III – Sprinkled –
2000gpm needed for an offensive fire. This structure is an extensive hospital complex that covers
two city blocks. While the building is sprinkled, there is a large section of the original building that
is type III construction. Hazard score of 59.
Station 2 – Advanced Auto Parts – This is a 15,000 sq. ft. auto parts store – Type V – Nonsprinkled – 3,250gpm needed for an offensive fire. This building has good access. There is also a
significant amount of hazmat at this facility such as sulfuric acid in batteries and auto fluids.
Hazard score of 50.
Station 3 – Broadway Arcade – 63,000 sq. ft. – Type III – Non-sprinkled – 5250gpm needed
for an offensive fire. Because the large life safety risk (29 apartments in this building on the
second floor) and several access problems due to the buildings proximity to power lines and
adjacent buildings, this would require the largest response to a working structure fire of any
building in the city. This building has been preplanned more often than any other building in the
city and will most likely continue to be. Hazard score of 49.
21
Station 4 – St Mary Corwin Hospital – 812,701 sq. ft. – Type II – Sprinkled – This is a large
hospital complex on the south side of the city. This structure is considered high risk due to the
large patient population and the access issues. Hazard score of 53.
Station 5 – American Battery – 2,500 sq. ft. – Type III – Non-sprinkled – 1500gpm needed for
an offensive fire. Hazard Score of 46.
Station 6 – Comanche Power Plant – 1,000,000 + sq. ft. – Type II – Non-sprinkled – coal-fired
power generation facility. This facility uses a very volatile “Powder River Basin Coal” in the
furnaces. This coal spontaneously combusts when not used for an extended period of time. The
facility also has over 100 confined spaces and structures exceeding 450 feet in height. Hazard
score of 70.
Station 7 – Big Daddy’s Bowl – 35,148 sq. ft. – Type III – Non-sprinkled – 4000gpm needed
for an offensive fire. This building is a large bowling alley with a bowstring trussed roof. Any
offensive actions at this structure would be limited due to the roof construction. Hazard score of
39.
Station 8 – Woodhaven Condos – 24,000 sq. ft. – Type V – Non-sprinkled – 4250gpm needed
for an offensive fire. There is a large life safety risk and access. Hazard score of 48.
Station 9 – La Dolce Vita Apartment Complex – Two structures that are each 18,778 sq. ft. –
Type V – Non-sprinkled – 3,750gpm for an offensive fire in any of these apartments. There is
also very limited access to these structures and will require a long hand lay across a vacant field.
Hazard score of 50.
Station 10 – BF Goodrich – 34,500 sq. ft. – Type II – Non-sprinkled – 4000gpm needed for an
offensive fire. This facility manufactures carbon fiber aircraft brakes. The process involves the
use of large industrial ovens. Hazard score of 62.
22
Structure Fire Risk Summary
In summary, the main fire risk in Pueblo continues to be a moderate risk (residential) fire. These
are the most common type of structure fire and tend nationally to injure or kill the most people. In
2012 the department responded to structures fires spread out over different times of day and
days of week, however there appeared to be an increase in call volume between 5pm and 8pm
daily.
Low Risk



Fires in
Outbuildings/Sheds
Detached Residential
Garages
Dumpster/Trash Fires
Car/Vehicle Fires

High Risk
1 and 2 Family
Residential Structure
Fire


Low
Frequency
High
Frequency

Moderate Risk



23
Commercial Fires
Multi-family Residential
Structure Fires
Industrial Fires
Fire Involving Hazmat
Explosions
Chapter 5
EMS Risk
The Pueblo Fire Department responds to over 11,000 emergency medical service (EMS) calls
annually. These calls range from very minor injuries or illnesses to critical/life threatening
medical incidents. These incidents account for more than 69 percent of the calls for service by the
department. In order to respond to these calls appropriately it is important that the department
determine what factors affect the EMS call types and frequency. Below are some of these factors.
Elderly
As stated in Chapter 1, 14.4% of the population is 65yrs old or older. The state average was 9.7%
and the national average was 12.4%.
Diabetics (Overweight-Hispanic)
In 2007, the CDC showed that diabetes affected Hispanic Americans at a 5% higher rate at 26.1%
compared to Non-Hispanic White Americans at 21.1%.
Adult Diabetes Rates:
Adult Obesity Rates:
Pueblo: 7.0%
Colorado: 5.3%
Nationally: 7.8%
Pueblo: 23.3%
Colorado: 18.6%
Nationally: 26.6%
Mental Health (State Hospital & Spanish Peaks Mental Health)
All mental health patients discharged from the State Hospital are discharged into Pueblo County
regardless of where they originally came from.
Inpatient Population:
450 Colorado State Hospital – Approximately
Outpatient Population:
3,809 in Pueblo County
Indigent & Homeless Population
Pueblo County has a homeless population of 2,800 or 2.6% of the county. Additionally,
approximately 22.8% of the population is living at or below the poverty level according to CityData – 2009.
24
Uninsured and/or indigent
According to the Colorado Fiscal Policy Institute in 2008, 26% of the adult population (age 18 –
64) were without health insurance. This is considerably higher than the state (17%) and national
(14%) average. The indigent population is approximately 11.4% according to research conducted
by American Medical Response (Currently the sole provider of ambulance service in Pueblo).
While this is just one source, we believe that it gives a glance at the indigent population that we
are affected by in our daily service to the City of Pueblo.
Due to the high population of people with mental health problems, a large homeless population,
and a large number of people without health insurance, the department tends to be the primary
healthcare provider for these people. These people also tend to allow minor health issues become
more significant before seeking care. Below is a chart that lists the EMS calls by type that the
department responded to in 2012.
2012 EMS Calls by Nature of Problem
Nature
Unclassified medical problem
Fall
Automobile related accidents
Unconscious
Breathing difficulty
Heart problem/ chest pain
Seizure
Assault with injury
Abdominal pain
Diabetic problem
Overdose
Cardiac arrest
Back pain
Head injury
Stroke
Attempted suicide
Bleeding
Drunk party
Emotional problems
Broken Bone
Dizzy
Laceration
Allergies
Stabbing
Choking
25
Total
3167
1025
953
945
825
760
691
431
339
334
277
269
192
159
142
127
123
121
117
115
108
105
57
57
42
CO alarm with illness
Assist party
Bite wound
Shooting
Fever
Miscarriage
Taser removal
Child birth
Hanging
Pepper spray per PD request
Burn
Eye injury
Drowning
Electrocution
26
38
37
33
27
23
22
22
19
17
15
6
4
3
1
EMS Risk Summary
Based on the above information, EMS continues to be the largest demand for service for the
Pueblo Fire Department. The department responded to 11,769 EMS calls for service in 2012 or
32.2 calls per day. This is a high probability/low consequence event. Falls, unconscious,
diabetes and cardiovascular calls tend to be some of our most common calls. We believe that this
is due to the higher than average elderly, indigent, and overweight population. Pueblo also has a
large Hispanic population, which data shows have a 5% higher risk of diabetes.
Low Frequency
Less Than 50/Year
High Frequency
51+/year
Pueblo also responds to a large volume of calls that are the result of drug and/or alcohol abuse.
These calls are listed above as ETOH/Drug Overdose/Poisoning. This number is believed to be
much higher since the majority of the assault calls are the result of drug/alcohol abuse.
Low Patient Risk
Moderate Patient Risk









General Weakness
Neck/Back Pain
Abrasions & Lacerations
ETOH
Pain
Behavioral Problem
Syncope/Dizziness
Headache/Pain
Strain/sprain/dislocations








Respiratory Problem
Seizures
Abdominal Pain
Diabetic Problem
Nausea/Vomiting/Diarrhea
Fracture
Infection
Cardiac Dysrhythmia








Drug Overdose/Poisoning
Chest Pain
Unconscious/Altered LOC
Head Injury
Multiple Trauma
Cardiac Arrest
Stroke (CVA/TIA)
Choking/Airway
Obstruction

Nose Bleed (Epistaxis)







Ingestion
Dehydration
Blood Pressure
Bite/Sting
Palpitations
Eye Injury
GYN Problems









OB Patients
Allergic Reaction
Penetrating Trauma
GI Bleed
Burns
Hyperthermia
Hypothermia
Drowning/Near-Drowning
Shock
27
High Patient Risk
Chapter 6
Hazmat Risk
The City of Pueblo and the department face several Hazmat risks from three main sources:
Highway, Rail, and fixed facilities.
Highway Risk
As stated earlier the city has two major highways that bisect the city: US Highway 50 and
Interstate 25. Both of these highways are used for the shipment of hazardous materials. The
Colorado State Patrol conducts regular flow studies to monitor the amount of hazmat traveling
through the region by road.
Rail Risk
The city has a large rail yard that also runs through the center of the city. The two main rail
companies that transit through Pueblo are Union Pacific Railroad and Burlington Northern &
Santa Fe Railway. They transport a wide variety of chemicals from hazard classes 2-9.
In 2009, the BNSF Railway transported a wide range of chemicals through Pueblo by rail. Below is
a list of the chemicals and the number of loaded cars that carried them:
Liquefied Petroleum Gas - 4969 Cars
Alcohols – N.O.S. – 4831 Cars
Various Fuels – 11,687 Cars
Various Acids – 3684 Cars
Phenol–Molten - Poisons – 5 Cars
Molten Sulfur & Other Heated Substances – 19,017 Cars
Sodium Hydroxide – 808 Cars
Various Other Flammable Liquids – 4198 Cars
Anhydrous Ammonia – 1482 Cars
Ammonium Nitrate – 392 Cars
Radioactive Materials – Excepted Package – 3 Cars
Other Chemical Cars – 1105 Cars
28
In addition to the above list Union Pacific transports similar commodities annually. Excel Energy
also owns and operates 4 trains that continuously travel between Gillette, Wyoming and the
Comanche Power Plant in Pueblo delivering as many as 125 cars of Powder River Basin Coal to the
plant daily.
29
Fixed Facilities
The following hazardous materials fixed facilities chemical quantities were reported to the
Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment on 02/22/2010.
KMG Chemicals– In excess of the following: 100,000 lbs. of sulfuric acid, 100,000 lbs. of hydrogen
peroxide, 100,000 lbs. of anhydrous ammonia, 100,000 lbs. nitric acid, 100,000 lbs. of phosphoric
acid, 100,000 lbs. of ammonium fluoride, 100,000 lbs. of hydrofluoric acid 49%, 100,000 lbs. of
acetic acid, 100,000 lbs. of hydrochloric acid, and 100,000 lbs. of ethylene glycol. – This facility has
the only response team of any of the fixed facilities. They have 6 Hazmat Incident Commanders
and 35 40-hour Hazwoper trained personnel. They also have the following resources: Chemists,
11 SCBA’s, and 4 level A suits.
Chemical Marketing Concepts – This facility has 26,000 lbs. of mixed corrosives and flammables.
The company does not have any response capabilities.
Excel Energy Comanche Power Plant – In excess of the following: 25,000 gallons of aqueous
ammonia, 2,500 gallons of liquid bleach, 400 tons of lime, 15,000 gallons of sulfuric acid, 12,000
gallons of hydrogen (compressed), 700 gallons of hydrochloric acid 35%, 2,500 gallons or
propane, 3,000 gallons of diesel fuel, and 400 gallons of gasoline. All personnel at Comanche are
trained to the awareness level of hazardous waste operations (Hazwoper). The facility has 4
chemists and 2 labs on site but they do not have a response team.
Acorn Petroleum – In excess of the following: 100,000 lbs. of diesel and 10,000 lbs. of gasoline.
Also large quantities of lube oil in 55 gallon drums. The company does not have any response
capabilities.
BKEP Materials, LLC – In excess of the following: 100,000 lbs. of anionic emulsifier #4, 10,000
lbs. of anionic soap solution, 10,000,000 lbs. of asphalt cement, 1,000,000 lbs. of asphalt emulsion,
100,000 lbs. of asphalt modifier, 100,000 lbs. of diesel fuel #2, 10,000 lbs. of heat transfer oil,
100,000 lbs. of polymer #1, 100,000 lbs. of polymer #2, 100,000 lbs. of sodium hydroxide (caustic
soda), 10,000 lbs. of sulfur, and 10,000 lbs. of tall oil #8. The company does not have any response
capabilities.
DiIorio Wastewater Treatment Plant – This facility has 5 tons of chlorine in 1 ton cylinders and
3 tons of sulfur dioxide also in 1 ton cylinders. They also have 3 chemists on site but do not have
and emergency response team.
Whitlock Water Treatment Plant – This facility has up to 28 1-ton chlorine cylinders on site
along with 14,000 gallons of anhydrous ammonia. They have 4 chemists available for consultation
but do not have any emergency response capabilities.
30
Black Hills Pueblo Power Plant – In excess of the following: 1,000,000 lbs. of diesel, 100 lbs. of
sulfuric acid, and 10,000 lbs. of turbine oil. The company does not have any response capabilities.
Cliff Brice Petroleum – In excess of the following: 100,000 lbs. of diesel, 100,000 lbs. of fuel oil,
100,000 lbs. gasoline, and 10,000 lbs. of mintrex solvent. The company does not have any
response capabilities.
BF Goodrich Company - In excess of the following: 10,000 lbs. of ethane, 10,000 lbs. hydrotreated
distillate, 10,000 lbs. of nitrogen, 100,000 lbs. of polyacrylonitrile, 10,000 lbs. of propane, and
1,000 lbs. of sulfuric acid. The company does not have any response capabilities.
Mar Gas Propane – In excess of 100,000 lbs. of propane. The company does not have any
response capabilities.
Tallman Oil Company – In excess of the following: 100,000 lbs. of diesel, 100,000 lbs. of gasoline,
100,000 lbs. of motor oils, and 10,000 lbs. of hydraulic oil. The company does not have any
response capabilities.
Trane Company – In excess of the following: 100,000 lbs. of aluminum, 10,000 lbs. of argon,
10,000 lbs. of carbon dioxide, 10,000 lbs. of chlorodifluoromethane, 10,000 lbs. of chromium,
100,000 lbs. of copper, 10,000 lbs. of lead, 100,000 lbs. of manganese, 100,000 lbs. of nickel metal,
10,000 lbs. of nitrogen, 10,000 lbs. of oxygen, 10,000 lbs. of propane, 10,000 lbs. of sulfuric acid,
and 10,000 lbs. of tetrafluorethylene. The company does not have any response capabilities.
31
Hazmat Risk Summary
The primary hazmat risk in Pueblo is small fuel/oil/antifreeze spills and leaks from auto related
incidents and CO alarms. Pueblo’s roadways and railways are major transportation routes for a
large variety of chemicals ranging from fuel to hydrofluoric acid to radioactive waste. Most of
these transport vehicles are designed to withstand collisions and therefore reduce the risk of a
large scale event in our jurisdiction. However, due to the potential and proximity to large
populations of residents, the department is equipped and trained to respond to and mitigate these
types of incidents also.
Low Risk
High
Frequency



Small Fuel/Oil Spill
(less than 5 gallons)
Antifreeze Leak (less
than 5 gallons)
CO Alarms
Moderate Risk


Low
Frequency





High Risk
Natural Gas Leak
(Outside)
Residential Natural Gas
Leak (Inside)
Hazmat Fixed Facilities
Incident
Large Fuel/Oil Spills
Chemical Spills/Leaks
Meth Labs
Radioactive WIPP
Shipments
32




Commercial Natural Gas
Leak (Inside)
Hazmat Rail Incident
Hazmat Fires
Hazmat Highway
Incident
Chapter 7
Technical Rescue Risk
Water Rescue Risk
Street Flooding
A significant threat to the City of Pueblo is the Pueblo Dam on the Arkansas River located just west
of the city limits. The total storage is 357,000-acre ft. at an elevation of 4,898.7ft. A vulnerability
assessment for the Pueblo Dam was published on September 22, 1999. The assessment stated
that a breach in the dam would result in the property damage to thousands of homes and
businesses in excess of several hundred million dollars. It would also result in a great loss of life.
In the event of a catastrophic dam failure, the water levels are projected to reach the 500-year
flood level. This document is protected due to Homeland security and specific values are not
available to the public. A copy of the document is kept in a secure location within the Emergency
Operations Center.
Swift Water Rescue
There are three moving bodies of water through the city: the Arkansas River, Fountain Creek, and
the Bessemer Ditch that pose a swift water risk to our residents. The largest potential exists in the
Arkansas River which runs through the center of the City.
The Arkansas River exits the Pueblo Reservoir approximately six miles west of town and flows
west to east through the City and divides the City in two. The Fountain Creek merges with the
Arkansas River at the southeast corner of the City. The river is actively used for recreation. A
nature trail runs from the reservoir following the river through the entire city. Bicyclist, runners,
and walkers actively use the trail. The river also has two low head dams and a popular white
water kayak course. These features have trapped victims in the past and caused several people to
venture beyond their skill level leading to several rescues and a few recoveries. Historically
Pueblo has had several large floods that affected the city and its residents. The 1921 flood of the
Arkansas River caused $19,000,000 in property damage and caused the known deaths of 120
people. There were also 142 people that were unaccounted for.
The Fountain Creek flows south from Colorado Springs into Pueblo and flows north to south. The
Fountain is normally a shallow flowing waterway, but during heavy upstream storms the Creek
can become a very dangerous, swift moving body of water that causes significant damage to the
areas around it. The 1965 flood on the Fountain Creek did not result in any deaths; however it
caused $3,706,000 in property damage. And in the spring of 1999, a large storm moving through
the southern part of the state caused major flooding in the Fountain Creek. This flooding began to
33
erode streets and land around the Pueblo Mall and the local Target department store. The
flooding was stopped at the foundation wall of the Target store by an emergency response of
excavators and heavy equipment operators. The President declared Pueblo County a flood
disaster as a result of this storm. Parts of Pueblo’s downtown business district lie directly within
the historic floodplain of the Fountain. The mean annual flow of Fountain Creek is greater than
196 cubic feet per second. This will increase greatly in the coming years, to as much as 573 cubic
feet per second, as the City of Colorado Springs to the north begins exchanging water that will be
taken from the Pueblo Reservoir and returned to the Arkansas River via the Fountain Creek.
The Bessemer Ditch is a canal that runs through the west part of the City and supplies water to
local farmers. This canal tends to be a low, slow moving body of water throughout the winter
months but rises significantly from spring through fall. It runs along several residential streets
and is normally protected only by a chain-link fence. The majority of incidents in the Bessemer
Ditch have been vehicles that have driven into it. Due to the slow current and relatively shallow
water, 3-6 feet, these accidents usually result in little if any injury to the victims and only minor
environmental issues.
Lakes and Ponds
There are nine lakes or ponds of various sizes within the City of Pueblo and a manmade river walk
downtown. Two of these ponds, which are located in City Park, along with Lake Minnequa are in
close proximity to residential areas. Additionally, Lake Minnequa is the focal point of a new
recreation area that will serve the south end of the city. All of the lakes and ponds present
possible ice rescue and drowning scenarios due to their popularity.
Confined Space Risk
There are several areas that pose confined space risk throughout the City of Pueblo. The largest of
these is Comanche Power Generation Plant. This facility currently has over 100 confined spaces
that require permits for entry. Some of these spaces have small entry points that immediately
drop in excess of 70 ft. to the floor below. The facility also has places where the entry point is 16
inches in diameter. Due to the fact that this is a power generation facility many of the confined
spaces have high voltage lines that also run through the confined spaces.
There is currently one other older power plant located downtown and a new natural gas power
plant under construction northwest of the Pueblo Airport that will have similar confined spaces.
Trench Rescue Risk
There is regular trench work performed throughout the city by the city streets department and by
road, highway, and utility contractors. These trenches vary in depth and length. Many of these
companies have a first response team but the primary trench rescue responsibilities fall to the
department.
34
The City of Colorado Springs is currently constructing a 60 inch water supply line from the Pueblo
Reservoir into the Colorado Springs, approximately 40 miles to the north. This pipe will transport
approximately 40 million gallons of water daily. The pipeline construction involves trenches with
depths in excess of 10 feet and is projected to be completed in 2014.
Extrication Risk
Auto Extrication
Motor vehicle accidents with entrapment have historically been the most common technical
rescue for the department. These accidents commonly involve two or more passenger vehicles
and tend to occur along Pueblo Blvd, Hwy 50, and Interstate 25. The department has an engine
company on the north and south end of the city with hydraulic extrication tools (Hurst) on the
units. There is also a set on both the heavy rescue and the truck company which both respond out
of Station 1.
Heavy Equipment Extrication
Heavy equipment extrication rescues are rare occurrences. The city has annexed in two large
power generation facilities in the last few years which may increase the number of these types of
calls. There are also several large industrial plants in the region that have requested assistance for
injuries from heavy equipment.
Elevator Rescue Risk
The main elevator rescue calls the department responds to are for people stuck in elevators
between floors. These are typically handled by the first due units. These incidents happen on a
regular basis and typically have not resulted in any injuries. Weather has a significant effect on
the number and frequency of these incidents due to power outages.
High Angle / Low Angle Risk
The main high angle risks that are faced by the department are located at the local power plants
and in the light towers located in the BNSF rail yard. The superstructure of the Comanche Power
Plant exceeds 350ft in many places and the towers vary in height from 485ft to over 500ft.
Environmental engineers work at the 385ft level of the stacks regularly while taking
environmental readings. The elevators that travel to the top of these stacks have failed in the past
requiring the workers to climb down the attached ladders.
35
Structural Collapse Rescue Risk
The city has a large amount of unreinforced masonry buildings located throughout its boundaries.
The majority of these buildings are located in the downtown area, around the Union Ave business
district and along the Northern Ave business district.
Unreinforced Masonry (URM) is a very brittle material and does not perform well when the
structure sustains damage. Walls are constructed with a thickness of three or more bricks laid
long way, side by side, five or six layers high (courses), and then a layer is placed with the bricks at
90 degrees, and so on. These building techniques date back as far as the 1700’s in parts of the U.S.
The strength of these buildings is highly dependent on the mortar strength.
Decorative veneers also pose a significant risk of collapse. These veneers were often laid up with
building paper between them and the URM wall, and were anchored with wire or galvanized ties.
The ties normally corrode away within 20 years or so, leaving a heavy brick face that is susceptible
to collapse when subjected to a lateral load. The Pueblo Fire Department experienced a collapse
of an URM front wall in the Union Ave Historic District within the last 10 years. The collapse
caused significant damage to vehicles near the building but fortunately did not injure any people.
The Pueblo Fire Department also responded to another building collapse as the result of a natural
gas explosion on November 13, 2008. The Branch Inn, a local bar, was totally destroyed in the
explosion which also destroyed and adjacent building and significantly damaged another. One
person was killed in this collapse and two others were trapped in the rubble. The gas explosion is
believed to be the result of a faulty splice placed in the natural gas line decades ago. The risk of
this occurring again in the future continues to exist due to the fact that similar splices were used
for years throughout the city.
Chieftain Photo by Bryan Kelsen
36
Technical Rescue Risk Summary
The primary technical rescue risk for the department is auto extrication. The department
responds to several calls of this nature on an annual basis. These incidents would be classified as
a high frequency/moderate risk event. This is primarily because of the limited number of
people involved. The department also responds to several swiftwater rescue calls each year. Most
of these calls occur in the city’s white water park in the river and at one of the two low head dams.
Low
Frequency
High
Frequency
Low Risk

Elevator Rescue
Moderate Risk

Auto Extrication



Confined Space Rescue
High/Low Angle Rescue
Trench Rescue
37
High/Special Risk


Structural Collapse
Swiftwater Rescue
Chapter 8
WILDLAND FIRE RISK
Wildland Fires
The City of Pueblo has a large area of undeveloped land within the city limits. There is
approximately 22,560 acres of unimproved land, nearly 63 percent of the city, which would be
classified as wildland. These areas range from the large open areas of prairie grasses within
Pueblo Motor Sports Park and around the edges of the City to the wide areas of mixed grasses and
timber along the banks of the Fountain Creek and Arkansas River. Many of these areas surround
residential and commercial properties. In order to better assess the wildland fire risk the
following factors need to be examined: Fuel types, topography, fire weather and urban interface
concerns.
Fuel Types
The National Wildfire Coordinating Group (NWCG) break wildland fuels into 13 fuel groups or
models. These models are based on vegetation type: Grass (Models 1-3), Shrub (Models 4-7),
Timber Litter (Models 8-10), and Logging Slash (Models 11-13). The primary fuel models found
within the City of Pueblo are Models 1-6. These models are described below:
Fuel Model 1 – (1 foot deep) Fire spread is governed by the fine herbaceous fuels that have
cured or are nearly cured. Fires are surface fires that move rapidly through cured grass
and associated material. Very little shrub or timber is present, generally less than onethird of the area.
Grasslands and savanna are represented along with stubble, grass-tundra, and grass-shrub
combinations that meet the above area constraint. Annual and perennial grasses are
included in this fuel model.
Fuel Model 2 – (1 foot deep) Fire spread is primarily through the fine herbaceous fuels,
either curing or dead. These are surface fires where the herbaceous material, besides litter
and dead-down stemwood from the open shrub or timber overstory, contribute to the fire
intensity. Open shrub lands and pine stands or scrub oak stands that cover 1/3 to 2/3 of
the area may generally fit this model but may include clumps of fuels that generate higher
intensities and may produce firebrands. Some pinon-juniper may be in this model.
Fuel Model 3 – (2.5 feet deep) Fires in this fuel are the most intense of the grass group and
display high rates of spread under the influence of wind. The fire may be driven into the
upper heights of the grass stand by the wind and cross over standing water. Stands are tall,
38
averaging about 3 feet, but considerable variation may occur. Approximately one-third or
more of the stand is considered dead or cured and maintains the fire.
Fuel Model 4 – (6 feet deep) Fire intensity and fast spreading fires involve the foliage and
live and dead fine woody materials in the crowns of a nearly continuous secondary
overstory. Examples are stands of mature shrub, 6 or more feet tall, such as California
mixed chaparral, the high pocosins along the east coast, the pine barrens of New Jersey or
the closed jack pine stands of the north-central states. Besides flammable foliage, there is
dead woody material in the stand that significantly contributes to the fire intensity. There
may be also a deep litter layer that confounds suppression efforts.
Fuel Model 5 – (2 feet deep) Fire is generally carried in the surface fuels made up of litter
cast by the shrubs and the grasses or forbs in the understory. Fires are generally not very
intense as surface fuel loads are light, the shrubs are young with little dead material, and
the foliage contains little volatile material. Shrubs are generally not tall, but nearly cover
the entire area. Young, green stands with little or no deadwood, such as laurel, vine maple,
alder, or even chaparral, manzanita, or chemise are examples. As the shrub fuel moisture
drops, consider using a Fuel Model 6.
Fuel Model 6 – (2.5 feet deep) Fires carry through the shrub layer where the foliage is
more flammable than fuel model 5, but require moderate winds (>8mi/h) at midflame
height. Fire will drop to the ground at low wind speeds or openings in the stand. Shrubs
are older, but not as tall as shrub types of model 4, nor do they contain as much fuel as
model 4. A broad range of shrub conditions is covered by this model. Typical examples
include intermediate stands of chemise, chaparral, oak brush, low pocosins, Alaskan spruce
taiga, and shrub tundra. Cured hardwood slash can be considered. Pinon-juniper shrub
lands may fit, but may over predict rate of spread except at high winds (20 mi/h at the 20
ft. level).
Fire behavior is significantly different between fuel models. Fire in the Grass Models (1-3)
typically produces the following: Rapid burnout, low intensity, rate of spread of 2,300 to 6,600
feet per hour, and flame lengths up to twelve feet. Fires in the shrub models (4-6) typically have
rates of spread between 1,188 to 4,950 feet per hour and flame lengths of 4 to 19 feet.
Fire Weather
Pueblo has historically had extremely hot summers with a low relative humidity (RH). The
summer temperatures regularly reach 100 degrees with an RH below 20%. These conditions
coupled with the high winds that are common in our area, especially during approaching
thunderstorms, create “red flag” conditions. Red flag warnings are issued when fire danger is
extreme. These warnings occur throughout the warmer months in Pueblo.
39
Urban Interface
The primary urban interface risk within the City of Pueblo is located on the bluffs on the south
side of the Arkansas River and along Pueblo Blvd. in the vicinity of Lake Minnequa. These hillsides
and bluffs are covered with tall grasses and heavy brush such as oak brush. There are several
homes that sit in among this brush and would be severely threatened in the case of a wildfire in
these areas.
Wildland/Urban Interface Fire Risk Summary
The primary wildland fire risk that the department encounters are small grass fires of less than 1
acre. These fires are typically not threatening residential or commercial structures. These fires
are usually handled by the primary responding engine. If these fires show any potential to grow,
the brush truck is dispatched. Additional units can be requested by the assistant chief on duty or
any of the responding company officers.
Low
Frequency
High
Frequency
Low Risk

Grasses – Contained
within residential lots
Moderate Risk

Grasses – Less than 1
acre (Fuel models 1-3)

Grasses– Greater than 1
acre (Fuel models 1-3)
River Bottom Fires
(Fuel models 1-6)

High Risk




40
Bluffs along Arkansas River
(Fuel Models 1-6)
Prairies around El Camino
(Fuel models 1-3)
Prairies around city limits
(Fuel models 1-3)
Chapter 9
Aircraft Rescue & Firefighting Risk
Introduction
The City of Pueblo Fire Department provides aircraft rescue and firefighting (ARFF) services for
the Pueblo Memorial Airport located approximately 5 miles east of the city of Pueblo. The Pueblo
Memorial Airport is a medium sized general and commercial aviation airport; it is certified as a
Class I airport by the Federal Aviation Administration. Under the regulations of this certification
the airport is allowed scheduled operations of medium air carrier aircraft. This allows the airport
to handle regularly scheduled aircraft to 126 feet in length, with approximately 120 to 175
passengers. Also under this certification the airport is required to maintain ARFF capabilities to
an Index B level. The Pueblo Air Traffic Control Tower is among the busiest in Colorado and ranks
in the top 100 nationally for operations handled per year.
Scheduled air passenger service is provided by Great Lakes Airlines which code shares with
United Airlines for service to Denver International Airport. Due to the airport’s close proximity to
several correctional facilities the airport is used by the United States Marshall Service’s Convict Air
Transport Service several times throughout the year.
41
The largest user of the Pueblo Memorial Airport is DOSS Aviation which operates the U.S. Air Force
initial flight screening program. DOSS will begin training the Predator drone pilots which will add
significantly to the number of annual sorties. The school currently processes approximately 2,220
candidates annually, with these candidates staying in dormitory type housing on the airport.
DOSS Aviation flies, in excess of 45,000, sorties per year at the airport. In addition they have
recently added night operations to the school’s curriculum.
In addition, the airports favorable location, close to both Denver International and Colorado
Springs Municipal airports, makes it an excellent location for flights experiencing delays and
ground holds due to weather at the afore mentioned airports. Pueblo Memorial Airport is
favorable in deteriorating weather conditions due to it having a 10,500 foot east-west runway,
something lacking at other Front Range airports. This runway (designation 8L/26R) can handle
most, if not all, planes flown by both civilian and military fleets. From the period January 2010 to
January 2011 the Pueblo Memorial Airport handled 84 diverted flights. Most of these diverted
flights being the Boeing 737 and Airbus 300 series aircraft. Recently Great Lakes Aviation
procured a larger deicer truck for their use in de-icing diverted aircraft; they are actively
marketing this to carriers currently serving Denver and Colorado Springs, citing favorable
weather when the other airports are delayed for weather. This could possibly lead to an increase
in the number of diverted aircraft into the airport.
The airport is also a training site for short field nighttime landing operations for the U.S. Air Force
and other branches of the military. A large number of military flights train at the Pueblo Airport
throughout the year.
The Pueblo Memorial Airport has recently undergone several capital improvement projects with
more planned well in the near future, all these improvements are aimed at increasing the usage
and the safety of the airport. Along with the planned growth of the airport will come more usage
and more risk exposure on the airfield.
The US Army is currently in negotiations with Pueblo to house up to thirty attack helicopters at
the Pueblo Memorial Airport.
Aviation Specific Risk
While aviation is an inherently safe mode of travel and commerce it does pose some very unique
risks to the firefighting community. The firefighting community has responded to these risks with
advents in both technology and tactics. As the field of aviation evolves so must the fire service,
identifying these changes are paramount to the safety of the fire service and the general public.
Many aircraft have standard equipment that can be hazardous if not dealt with properly. Hazards
that exist normally can become even more dangerous in an emergency situation. Familiarization
with these hazards is of extreme importance.
42
Fuels
All powered aircraft can hold considerable quantities of fuel on board. These fuels may be found
in wing tanks and auxiliary tanks in the fuselage. There are two main types of fuel commonly used
at the Pueblo Memorial Airport.
Aviation Gasoline
Aviation gasoline also commonly known as AVGAS and 100LL is an extremely volatile
flammable liquid. The flash point of 100LL is about -49°F; it will give off sufficient vapors
in any weather condition to form an ignitable mixture in the air, near the surface of the
liquid. The vapor flammability limits in air are between one and seven percent; flame
spread from 100LL is between 700 and 800 fpm. Auto ignition occurs between 825° and
960°F. The current capacity of 100LL storage at the airport fuel farm is 60,000 gallons.
Jet- A Fuel
Jet-A fuel is a kerosene-grade fuel used as a fuel in turbine engines. It carries a military
fuels designation of JP-5. The flash point of Jet-A is between 45° and 95°F, depending on
the mixture. It will mix with air above the flash point and become flammable when the fuel
air mixture is just less than one percent. The upper flammability limit is just over 5 percent
in air. Auto ignition temperatures range from 440° to 475°F with a flame spread rate less
than 100 fpm. The current capacity of Jet A storage at the airport fuel farm is 200,000
gallons.
Vehicle Fuels
In addition the fuel farm has 600 gallons of unleaded gasoline and 1,200 gallons of diesel
fuel at any one time. This fuel is only dispensed into vehicles at the fuel farm and is not
placed in mobile fuel delivery apparatus.
In the event of a fuel leak both on the airfield or within the tank-farm facility itself the ARFF
units assigned to Station 10 would respond and request other assistance as needed. The
assistance would come from units in other stations including the assistance of the
department hazardous materials team.
Tires and Wheels
Due to the need to conserve weight in aircraft frequently the wheels on landing gear assemblies
are made from magnesium and can become overheated and ignite upon landing. Due to the nature
of the wheel construction and the metals used, powdered extinguishing agents are essential on the
apparatus.
Tire and wheel events would be handled by a response of the ARFF units from Station 10, along
with the response of the assistant chief, two engines, rescue/squad and a truck. Each apparatus
43
stationed at Station 10 is equipped with dry chemical systems and extinguishers that could handle
these events. Additionally fans from the rescue/squad or truck could be utilized for the cooling of
hot wheel events.
Ballistic Recovery Systems (BRS)
Many modern aircraft, and some modified older aircraft are fitted with on-board parachute
recovery systems. These systems are rocket propelled and deploy at over 100mph within 1/10th
of a second, leading to severe injury or death to anyone in its path. Due to this BRS equipped
aircraft should have the BRS disarmed immediately.
To address advents in technology, all personnel assigned to ARFF duty along with the second in
engine companies are trained monthly on ARFF topics as required by the FAA.
Composites
Many of today’s aircraft are built using composites and other lightweight materials. This is to
reduce weight of the aircraft thus increasing its fuel economy and performance. When these
composites are exposed to fire as in a post-crash incident, toxins can be released as a by-product
of the combustion. In addition cutting or fracturing composite skin panels may release hazardous
dusts and micro-fibers. Familiarization with aircraft and the recognizing of composites is of
extreme importance to firefighter safety.
To address advents in technology all personnel assigned to ARFF duty along with the second in
engine companies are trained monthly on ARFF topics as required by the FAA.
Threatened Aircraft
A threatened aircraft would include those that have been hijacked during flight or those that have
a bomb threat to them. In these situations the aircraft would be allowed to land and then
instructed to taxi to park at taxiway C5, this is in the northwestern corner of the airfield. In the
event of a bomb threat without hijacking the passengers will be deplaned and taken at least 500
feet from aircraft involved.
As can be seen by the above, the Pueblo Fire Department has plans in place to deal with these
unique hazards of the aviation industry and the airfield itself.
Aircraft Incidents
It is a commonly accepted risk to assume the first arriving ARFF vehicles at an incident involving
large amounts of fire will attack the fire with turrets from the trucks; no manpower is deployed for
interior firefighting. The theory is to extinguish the fire before the flames penetrate the fuselage;
it has been shown, however, this penetration occurs in less than one minute in aviation fires. By
meeting the current FAA guidelines of a three minute response, showing extinguishing agent to
44
the mid-point of the longest runway a fire would penetrate the fuselage two minutes prior to
arrival of the ARFF apparatus. It is important to note this time is from the time of incident and
includes notification by the control tower to the fire station, thus making the placements of
stations a priority in emergency planning for the airfield. There is a current call for change to this
standard making the three minute response to any point on the airfield; this is a recommended
change from the commercial and general aviation communities nationwide and could have wide
impact on the ARFF community.
45
Common Aircraft at Pueblo Memorial Airport
Beechcraft 1900
No. Of Engines:
2
Aircraft Type:
Turbo Prop
Passenger Capacity (Max):
19
Cruising Speed (MPH):
303
Payload Capacity (in Lbs.):
Wingspan:
Length:
Height:
4000
54.5
57.9
14.9
Takeoff Weight (in Lbs.):
Cabin Type:
Fuel Capacity Pounds
15245
Pressurized
4,484
Fuel Capacity Gallons
660
46
Airbus 320 Series
No. Of Engines:
Aircraft Type:
Jet
Passenger Capacity
(Max):
Passenger Capacity
(Min):
Payload Capacity
(in Lbs.):
Wingspan:
Length:
Takeoff Weight (in
Lbs.):
Body Type:
Cabin Type:
Pressurized
Fuel Capacity
Pounds
Fuel Capacity
Gallons
2
179
164
45,686
111
123
77,000
53,233
7,840
47
Boeing 737
No. Of Engines:
Aircraft Type:
Jet
Passenger Capacity
(Max):
Passenger Capacity
(Min):
Cruising Speed
(MPH):
Payload Capacity
(in Lbs.):
Wingspan:
Length:
Takeoff Weight (in
Lbs.):
Cabin Type:
Pressurized
Fuel Capacity
Pounds
Fuel Capacity
Gallons
2
189
108
577
29,093
93
94
130,000
46,681
6,875
48
McDonnell Douglas MD-80 Series
No. Of Engines:
2
Aircraft Type:
Jet
Passenger Capacity
(Max):
172
Passenger Capacity
(Min):
137
Cruising Speed
(MPH):
576
Wingspan:
107
Length:
147
Height:
29
Takeoff Weight (in
Lbs.):
140,000
Body Type:
Cabin Type:
Pressurized
Fuel Capacity
39,654
Pounds
Fuel Capacity
Gallons
5,840
49
Lockheed C-130
No. Of Engines:
Aircraft Type:
Turbo-prop
Passenger Capacity
(Max):
Passenger Capacity
(Min):
N/A
Cruising Speed
(MPH):
Wingspan:
Length:
Height:
Takeoff Weight (in
Lbs.):
Cabin Type:
Pressurized
Fuel Capacity
Pounds
Fuel Capacity
Gallons
4
92
374
133
97
38
155,000
60,000
8,836
50
Bombardier CRJ-700
No. Of Engines:
Aircraft Type:
Jet
Passenger Capacity
(Max):
Passenger Capacity
(Min):
Cruising Speed
(MPH):
Wingspan:
Length:
Height:
Takeoff Weight (in
Lbs.):
Cabin Type:
Pressurized
Fuel Capacity
Pounds
Fuel Capacity
Gallons
2
78
2
515
76
106
25
75,000
19,450
2,865
51
ARFF Risk Summary
The majority of the air traffic in Pueblo is currently general aviation related. The city does have
daily commercial commuter aircraft traffic. There are three flights daily with service to Denver
International Airport. The US military also uses the airport for training. These are much larger
aircraft and would have greater consequences to the community. However, there are significantly
more general aviation operations daily. Many of these operations are conducted by DOSS
Aviation, a flight school that provides initial flight screening for the Air Force.
Low Frequency
Operations
High Frequency
Operations
Low Risk
1-15 Passengers



General Aviation
Military Flights
DOSS Aviation
Moderate Risk
16-50 Passengers

Great Lakes Aviation

Military Heavy Lift
Aircraft
High Risk
51 Passengers & up



52
U.S. Marshal Prisoner Air
Transport – “Conair”
Diverted Aircraft from
COS and DIA
Armed Military Aircraft
Chapter 10
Weather Related Risk
Winter Storms and Blizzards
Pueblo is vulnerable to major winter storms. The city averages 31 inches of snowfall annually,
however in the winter of 1989 to 1990 69.6 inches of snow fell. On November 14, 1985 sixteen
inches of snow fell. The snowfall along with the high winds causes blizzard conditions at times.
The last large blizzard in Pueblo occurred in 1997. This storm dropped large amounts of snow
and produced drifts that were several feet tall. This caused traffic to almost totally cease.
Winds
The City of Pueblo is subjected to winds throughout the year. Many of the wind events have gusts
in excess of 70 mph. The winds cause downed power lines and downed trees/branches
throughout the city. The downed lines in turn cause power failures which tend to create false fire
alarms and stuck elevators. These winds severely affect the Wildland fire risk in addition to
damaging structures and trees.
53
Severe Thunderstorms
The City of Pueblo has several severe thunderstorms every year with varied amounts of rain,
damaging winds, hailstones from pea size to occasionally golf ball and softball size, and frequent
cloud to ground lightning strikes. Seven people have been injured and one killed by lightning
strikes in the last twenty years. According to Colorado State Hazard Mitigation Plan, Wind and
Hail hazards are a moderate hazard for Pueblo.
54
Tornado
Pueblo is considered a low hazard risk for tornados. Historically tornadoes have been relatively
infrequent in Pueblo County and have not struck urbanized areas. The tornados that have
occurred in Pueblo County have been relatively small, weak and short-lived. (Excerpt from Pueblo
County Emergency Operations Plan – Annex B – Tornado/Thunderstorm)
Source of above three maps was Natural Hazard Risk Assessment for the State of Colorado by:
Hazard Mitigation & Vulnerability Assessment Class
University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center
In support of:
Colorado State Hazard Mitigation Plan, 2004
State of Colorado, Division of Emergency Management
Severe Rains/Flooding
Pueblo experiences rain storms annually that produce large amount of water over a short period
of time. This has resulted in several incidences of street flooding. This flooding has caused entire
intersections to be covered with six feet of water or more. These situations typically resolve
themselves over time as soon as the heavy rain subsides. The primary risk resulting from these
incidents is water rescues from submerged cars, people trapped on top of submerged cars and
people swept into storm drains. Pueblo has been susceptible to floods in the past with a series
major floods of which the Great Flood of 1921was the biggest.
Drought
The city has been dealing with drought conditions for several years. The entire region, including
Pueblo County, is listed as being in a D3-Extreme Drought by the U.S. Drought Monitor. This
55
indicates that there is “major crop or pasture losses; extreme fire danger; and widespread water
shortages or restrictions. The results of the drought conditions can be seen in the Waldo Canyon
Fire which occurred about forty miles north of Pueblo in June 2012. This wildfire was the most
destructive wildfire in Colorado history killing two people, destroying 346 homes, and consuming
over 15,000 acres of land.
56
Weather Related Risk Summary
The most common weather related incidents in Pueblo are severe thunderstorms, drought, high
wind events, and hail storms. These events are outside of our control for prevention, however we
are able to train and equip for the responses. These events typically affect a large portion of the
city when they occur. Damage is typically downed electrical lines, downed trees, localized street
flooding, and hail damage to house roofs and vehicles. The power lines down create power
failures throughout the city which in turn increase the number of fire alarms and elevator rescues.
Low
Frequency
High
Frequency
Low Risk
Weather Event
Moderate Risk
Weather Event




Hail Storms
Severe Thunderstorm
High Wind Events
Drought


Winter Storm/Blizzards
Severe Rains/Flooding
57
High Risk
Weather Event

Tornado
Chapter 11
CONCLUSION
Overall Risk Analysis Summary
The primary risks that the Pueblo Fire Department face are EMS calls and single-family residential
structure fires (Structure Fire – Moderate Risk). In 2012, there were approximately 11,769 EMS
calls. This was approximately 69% of the total calls for service. This is considered a low risk /
high occurrence event. The time of day that most of the EMS calls occurred was from 11:00 am to
7:00 pm.
The risk analysis process will be an on-going process into the future. All structures are continually
being analyzed for fire risk during the annual inspection cycles.
There were several moderate risk/low occurrence and high risk/low occurrence risks that were
identified. These risks have planned responses for and are often included in the multi-agency
county disaster drills. These risks will continue to be monitored for any changes.
58
Low Risk


Basic Life Support EMS
Wildfire - Grasses – 1
Acre or less
High Frequency








Fires in Outbuildings or
Sheds
Fires in Detached
Residential Garages
Dumpster/Trash Fires
Car/Vehicle Fires
Elevator Rescue
Small Fuel/Oil Spill
(Less than 5 Gallons)
Antifreeze Spill (Less
than 5 Gallons)
CO Alarms
Moderate Risk











Advanced Life Support
EMS
EMS – Auto Accident w/
Injuries
Residential Structure
Fire
Hail Storms
Severe Thunderstorm
High Wind Events
Auto Extrication
Natural Gas Leak
(Outside)
Residential Natural Gas
Leak (Inside)
Wildfire – Grasses –
(Greater than 1 acre)
Aircraft Crash/Fire –
Low Frequency
Small Aircraft (6 passengers
of less)












High Risk
Confined Space Rescue
High/Low Angle Rescue
Winter Storm/Blizzards
Severe Rains/Flooding
Trench Rescue
Heavy Equipment
Extrication
Hazmat Fixed Facilities
Incident
Large Fuel/Oil Spills
Chemical Spills/Leaks
Meth Labs
Radioactive WIPP
Shipments Incidents
Commercial Natural Gas
Leak (Inside)
59












Multi-Family Residential
Structure Fires
Commercial Structure
Fire
Industrial Fires
Hazmat Risk Highway
Hazmat Risk Rail
Fire Involving Hazmat
Structural Collapse
Swiftwater Rescue
Aircraft Crash/Fire –
Commercial, Prisoner
Transport or Military
Aircraft
Tornado
Explosions
Wildfire/Urban Interface
– Aberdeen Bluffs Area