行動通訊產業的現況與 未來發展

Outlines
行動通訊產業的現況與
未來發展
•
•
•
•
The evolution of mobile phone system
Mobile operating system
Now market conditions
Future Development
Speaker: 林永昇
Date: 2011/02/21
1G
System evolution
• Analog telecommunications
• AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone
System)
• FDMA (Frequency-division
multiple access )
Motorola DynaTAC 8000X AMPS mobile phone
HSPA+
Source: http://www.analog.eet-china.com/ART_8800495349_2600004_NT_6db92856.HTM
GSM
2G/2.5G/2.75G
Family
2G
2.5/2.75G
GSM/3GPP
GSM
GPRS/EDGE
3GPP2
CdmaOne (IS-95)
CDMA2000
1xRTT (IS-2000)
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•
•
•
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Global System for Mobile Communications
Channel: TDMA & FDMA
Duplex: FDD
Modulation: GMSK
Voice codecs
– Enhanced Full Rate (EFR)
– Half Rate (HR)
1G 2G (Capacity, acoustic quality, security, etc.)
2G 2.5/2.75G?
• CSD (Circuit Switched Data)
– 9.6kbps
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
GSM bands
Band
Industry
name
Channel
(ARFCN)
UP link
frequency
DL link
frequency
GSM 850
GSM850
128 - 251
824-849
869-894
GSM 900
PGSM
EGSM
GSM1800
DCS
GSM1900
PCS
1-124
890-915
935-960
925-960
975 – 1023, 880-915
0-124
512 - 885 1710-1785 1805-1880
512 - 810
1850-1910 1930-1990
• Packet switch (PS)
• Services offered
–
–
–
–
"Always on" internet access
MMS (Multimedia messaging service)
WAP (wireless application protocol)
Point-to-point service: inter-networking with the
Internet (IP)
• GPRS are divided into three classes
– Class A, Class B, Class C
• Optimal max data rates 171.2kbps for DL
Blue is for Europe and red is for US
– Real: 21.4kbps(for CS-4)x4(slots)=85.6kbps
EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM
Evolution)
• Enhanced GPRS
(EGPRS)
• Optimal max
data rate
473.6kbps (59.2x8)
– Real: 59.2(for
MSC-9)x4(slots)
=236.8kbps
Coding and
modulation
scheme (MCS)
Bit Rate
(kbps/slot)
Modulation
MCS-1
8.80
GMSK
MCS-2
11.2
GMSK
MCS-3
14.8
GMSK
MCS-4
17.6
GMSK
MCS-5
22.4
8-PSK
MCS-6
29.6
8-PSK
MCS-7
44.8
8-PSK
MCS-8
54.4
8-PSK
MCS-9
59.2
8-PSK
cdmaOne (IS-95) and CDMA2000 1x (IS-2000)
• The first CDMA-based digital cellular standard
pioneered by Qualcomm
• Radio channels are 1.25MHz wide and Chip rate
of 1.2288Mcps
• 64kbps for cdmaOne and 153kbps for
CDMA2000 1x
Forward link Reverse link
IS-95
t QPSK)
CDMA2000 QPSK
1x
– Forward link (BS to MS) 869MHz to 894MHz
– Reverse link (MS to BS) 824MHz to 849MHz
Family
3G
3G transitional
3GPP
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
HSDPA is 3.5G
HSUPA is 3.75G
(HSPA)
3GPP2
CDMA2000 1xEVDO
EV-DO Rev. A
EV-DO Rev. B
• PCS band
– Forward link 1930MHz to 1990MHz
– Reverse link 1850MHz to 1910MHz
HPSK(Hybrid
PSK)
3G/3.5G/3.75G
cdmaOne and CDMA2000 1x bands
• Cellular band
(Dual)BPSK OQPSK(Offse
3GPP (3rd Generation
Partnership Project)
ITU (International
Telecommunication Union)
• The 3GPP is a collaboration between groups of
telecommunications associations, to make a
globally applicable third-generation (3G) mobile
phone system specification within the scope of the
IMT-2000 project of the ITU.
• 3GPP specifications are based on evolved GSM
specifications. 3GPP standardization encompasses
Radio, Core Network and Service architecture.
• The groups are the ETSI (Europe), ARIB/TTC
(Japan), CCSA (China), TTA (South Korea) and
ATIS (North America)
• The ITU is an agency of the United Nations
which regulates information and
communication technology issues.
• IMT-2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000) (3G)
– Used band is on 2000MHz and data rate is
about 2Mbps
• IMT-Advanced (4G)
– Low mobility for 1Gbps and high mobility for
100Mbps
Source: http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/partnership/
Source: http://www.3gpp.org/LTE
3GPP standards released
Version
Released
Air interface
Data rate
Released 99
2000 Q1
WCDMA
DL:384kbps
UL:384kbps
Released 5
2002 Q1
HSDPA
DL:14.4Mbps
UL:384kbps
Released 6
2004 Q4
HSUPA
DL:14.4Mbps
UL:5.76Mbps
Released 7
2007 Q4
HSPA+(ph1)
DL:42Mbps
UL:11Mbps
Released 8
Frozen Dec 2008
HSPA+(ph2)
DL:42Mbps
UL:22Mbps
Released 8
2008 Q4
LTE
DL:300Mbps
UL:75Mbps
Released 9
In progress
LTE Advanced
DL:1Gbps
UL:500Mbps
3GPP2 (3rd Generation
Partnership Project 2)
• The 3GPP2 is a collaboration between
telecommunications associations to make a
globally applicable 3G mobile phone system
specification within the scope of the ITU's IMT2000 project. In practice, 3GPP2 is the
standardization group for CDMA2000, the set of
3G standards based on earlier 2G CDMA
technology.
• The participating associations are ARIB/TTC
(Japan), CCSA (China), TIA (North America) and
TTA (South Korea).
Source: http://www.3gpp2.org/
WCDMA
• Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
• CS and PS domain
• Radio channels are 5MHz wide and Chip
rate of 3.84Mcps, FDD
• QPSK (max data rates are 384kbps)
• Multiuser detection and smart antennas can
be used to increase capacity and coverage.
• soft handoff (handover), softer handoff and
hard handoff.
WCDMA bands
Band
UL frequency
(MHz)
DL frequency
(MHz)
Industry name
Regions
I (1)
1920 to 1980
2110 to 2170
IMT
Japan, Europe, Asia
II (2)
1850 to 1910
1930 to 1990
PCS
Canada, United
States, Latin
America
III (3)
1710 to 1785
1805 to 1880
DCS
Europe, China
IV (4)
1710 to 1755
2110 to 2155
AWS
Canada, US, Latin
America
V (5)
824 to 849
869 to 894
GSM850
Canada, US,
Australia
VI (6)
830 to 840
875 to 885
UMTS800
Japan
VII (7)
2500 to 2570
2620 to 2690
UMTS2600
Europe
VIII (8)
880 to 915
925 to 960
EGSM
Europe, China
TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous CDMA)
• It is developed by Chinese Academy of
Telecommunications Technology (CATT) (大唐
電信) on China
– 3GPP released 4
– Duplex: TDD
• This reduces the number of users in each timeslot, which
reduces the implementation complexity of multiuser
detection and beamforming schemes, but the noncontinuous transmission also reduces coverage (because of
the higher peak power needed), mobility (because of lower
power control frequency) and complicates radio resource
management algorithms.
HSDPA
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•
•
•
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
PS domain
Adaptive modulation and coding (16QAM)
HS-DSCH channel (High-Speed Downlink
Shared Channel)
• Fast packet scheduling
• HARQ (Hybrid automatic repeat-request)
HSDPA (cont.)
HSUPA
Category
HS-DSCH
Modulation
DL data rate (Mbps)
1
5
QPSK and 16-QAM
1.2
2
5
QPSK and 16-QAM
1.2
3
5
QPSK and 16-QAM
1.8
4
5
QPSK and 16-QAM
1.8
5
5
QPSK and 16-QAM
3.6
6
5
QPSK and 16-QAM
3.6
3
1.46
7
10
QPSK and 16-QAM
7.2
4
2.93
8
10
QPSK and 16-QAM
7.2
5
2.00
9
15
QPSK and 16-QAM
10.1
6
5.76
10
15
QPSK and 16-QAM
14
7
11.5
3G/3.5G/3.75G
Family
3GPP
3GPP2
3G
WCDMA
TD-SCDMA
CDMA2000 1xEVDO
3G transitional
HSDPA is 3.5G
HSUPA is 3.75G
(HSPA)
EV-DO Rev. A
EV-DO Rev. B
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High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
PS domain
E-DCH (Enhanced dedicated channel)
Category
UL data rate (Mbps)
QPSK
1
0.73
HARQ
2
1.46
CDMA2000 1x-EVDO
• EvolutionData
Optimized
or
EvolutionData only
(BW=1.25M
Hz)
DRC Index
Modulation
DL data rate (kbps)
1
QPSK
38.4
2
QPSK
76.8
3
QPSK
153.6
4
QPSK
307.2
5
QPSK
307.2
6
QPSK
614.4
7
QPSK
614.4
8
8PSK
921.6
9
QPSK
1228.8
10
16QAM
1228.8
11
8PSK
1843.2
12
16QAM
2457.6
3.9G/4G
EV-DO Rev. A and EV-DO Rev. B
• Rev. A
DRC Index
Modulation
DL data rate (kbps)
13
16QAM
1536
14
16QAM
3072
• Rev. B has data rate 4.9xN Mbps for DL (N
is the number of 1.25 MHz chunks of
spectrum used. Not yet deployed.)
HSPA+ (HSPA Evolution)
• MIMO (multiple-input and multiple-output)
• 64QAM
• 42Mbps for DL and 22Mbps for UL by 2x2
MIMO
Downlink UE categories
Source: http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/file/1MA111_2E.pdf
Source: http://www.3gpp.org/LTE
Family
3.9G
4G
3GPP
HSPA+,
LTE
LTE
Advanced
3GPP2
UMB
None
WiMAX
IEEE
802.16e
IEEE
802.16m
LTE (Long Term Evolution)
• LTE supports flexible bandwidths from 1.4 MHz to
20MHz and supports both FDD and TDD (TD-LTE)
• OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
in DL and SC-FDMA (Single Carrier FDMA) in UL
• 2x2, 4x4 MIMO and Up to 300 Mbps for DL and 75 Mbps
for UL (BW=20MHz)
• Supports QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM in both DL and UL
• Supports interworking with 3GPP, 3GPP2 and WiMAX
• Supports packet-switched traffic only
Uplink UE categories
Source: http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/file/1MA111_2E.pdf
Source: http://www.3gpp.org/LTE
LTE FDD bands
• Band 1, 3, 7, 13 are
tested for GCF.
• Band 4, 13, 17 are
tested for PTCRB.
Source:
http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/lt
e_overview.pdf
LTE TDD bands
• Band 38 and 40 are tested for GCF.
Source:
http://www.ericsson.com/res/docs/whitepapers/lt
e_overview.pdf
LTE Advanced
• 100 Mbit/s for high mobility and 1 Gbit/s
for low mobility on DL
• 500 Mbit/s for low mobility on UL
• Flexible bandwidths up to 100MHz
• Hybrid OFDMA and SC-FDMA in UL
• In progress…
UMB
• Ultra Mobile Broadband
• In November 2008, Qualcomm announced
it was ending development of the
technology, favoring LTE instead.
Source: http://www.3gpp.org/LTE-Advanced
WiMAX (802.16e, 802.16m)
• Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave
Access.
• It is similar to Wi-Fi but it can also permit
usage at much greater distances.
• Advanced Air Interface with data rates of
100 Mbit/s mobile & 1 Gbit/s fixed
• HTC and Sprint Nextel released the
WiMAX enabled mobile phone on March
23, 2010.
Source: http://topnews.ae/content/23919-dedicated-wimax-intel-support-lte
Source: http://insideit.wordpress.com/2008/02/19/wimax-forum-bahas-sertifikasi-frekuensi-700-mhz/
Outlines
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The evolution of mobile phone system
Mobile operating system
Now market conditions
Future Development
Mobile operating systems
Windows Mobile
Symbian
Windows
Phone 7
iphone OS
BlackBerry
OS
Android
Developer
Symbian
Foundation
Microsoft
Apple Inc.
Research In
Motion (RIM)
Open Handset
Alliance
Programmed
C++
C++
C, C++,
Objective-C
C++
C, C++, Java
OS family
Embedded
operating
systems
Windows CE
Mac OS
X/Unix-like
Mobile
operating
systems
Linux
Source model
open
closed
Closed source
(with open
source
components)
closed
open
Kernel type
Microkernel
Windows CE
6.0 R3/7.0
hybrid
Hybrid (Darwin)
Java based
Monolithic
(modified
Linux kernel)
Windows Mobile
6.1
Windows Mobile
6.5
Windows Phone 7
Released date
2008/04/01
2009/05/11
2010/11/8
Kernel vesion
Windows CE 5.2
Windows CE
5.2/6.0
Windows CE 6.0
R3/7.0 hybrid
Pocket PC
(Without Mobile
Phone)
Pocket
PC (With
Windows Mobile
6.1 Classic
N/A
N/A
Windows Mobile
6.1 Professional
Windows Mobile
6.5 Professional
N/A
Windows Mobile
6.1 Standard
Windows Mobile
6.5 Standard
N/A
Mobile Phone)
Smartphone
(Without Touch
Screen)
• Windows Mobile 6.x would NOT be upgradeable to WP7.
• Get WM logo after Hopper test is passed.
Windows Mobile (cont.)
WM 6.5.1 today
Android versions
Versions
Features & Improved
1.5 (Cupcake) Based on Linux
Kernel 2.6.27
2009/4/30 released.
•A new soft-keyboard with text-prediction
•Bluetooth A2DP and AVRCP support
•Uploading videos to YouTube and pictures to Picasa
directly from the phone
1.6 (Donut) Based on Linux
Kernel 2.6.29
2009/9/15 released.
•An improved Android Market experience
•Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO,
802.1x, VPNs, and a text-to-speech engine
2.0 / 2.1 (Éclair) Based on
Linux Kernel 2.6.29
2010/1/12 released.
•New Browser UI and HTML5 support
•Microsoft Exchange Server by Exchange ActiveSync
2.5 support
•Bluetooth 2.1
•Live Wallpapers
WM 6.5.3 today
Windows Phone 7
Get Google approved after CTS test is passed.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history
Android versions
Versions
Features & Improved
2.2 (Froyo) Based on Linux Kernel
2.6.32
2010/5/20 released.
•Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript
engine into the Browser application
•Adobe Flash 10.1 support
2.3 / 2.4 (Gingerbread) Based on Linux
Kernel 2.6.35
2010/12/6 released for 2.3.
•Support for Near Field Communication
3.0 (Honeycomb)
2011/1/26 released
•Optimized tablet support with a new
user interface
Ice Cream Sandwich
a combination of 2.3 Gingerbread and 3.0
Honeycomb in to a "cohesive whole",
with a possible release in mid-2011
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Android_version_history
Mobile Applications store
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App Store
BlackBerry App World
Nokia Ovi Store
Google Android Market
• Microsoft Marketplace
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/App_Store
Outlines
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Worldwide Mobile phone sales in 2010
The evolution of mobile phone system
Mobile operating system
Now market conditions
Future Development
Source: Gartner (Feb. 2011)
Source: http://www.zdnet.com.tw/news/hardware/0,2000085676,20148926,00.htm
Worldwide mobile OS sales in 2010
ARM-based VS x86-based
ARM-based
Chipset
System
integrators
x86-based
Qualcomm, TI, Intel, AMD
Samsung,
nVIDIA,
Broadcom,
freescale
Nokia, HTC,
HP, acer, Dell,
Apple,
ASUS, Lenovo
Samsung, LG,
RIM
Source: Gartner (Feb. 2011)
Source: http://www.zdnet.com.tw/news/hardware/0,2000085676,20148926,00.htm
Outlines
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•
•
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The evolution of mobile phone system
Mobile operating system
Now market conditions
Future Development
Who is mobile broadband standard?
• LTE and LTE advanced
• HSPA+
• WiMAX
Smartphone OS
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•
•
•
Android
iphone OS
BlackBerry OS
SymbianWindows phone 7
手機市場新潮流
• 超低價格
– Feature phone and smartphone
• 智慧型, 薄型化, 觸控型裝置當道
• 螢幕尺寸越來越多元
– 3吋? 4吋? 5吋?
• MeeGo? (developing)
• 豐富多元化的多媒體資訊
– Intel's Moblin and Nokia's Maemo
Reference
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Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
3GPP, http://www.3gpp.org
3GPP2, http://www.3gpp2.org/
ITU, http://www.itu.int/en/pages/default.aspx
Rohde & Schwarz, http://www2.rohde-schwarz.com/
ERICSSON, http://www.ericsson.com
http://www.zdnet.com.tw/news/hardware/0,2000085676,20148926,00.
htm
http://insideit.wordpress.com/2008/02/19/wimax-forum-bahassertifikasi-frekuensi-700-mhz
http://topnews.ae/content/23919-dedicated-wimax-intel-support-lte
http://www.analog.eetchina.com/ART_8800495349_2600004_NT_6db92856.HTM
Handset department
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PM (project manager)/Sales
ID (Industrial design)
ME (mechanism)
UI (user interface)/Application
Voice/Data call,
UI
Protocol
SMS, MMS…
Driver (HW and RF) and Tools
Protocol
HW and RF
LCDM, Keypad, Camera…
Antenna
HW Driver
RF Driver
Testing
QA (quality assurance)
PE (product engineer)
HW
RF
Q&A
Thanks for your participation !
Handset certification
• CE mark 歐盟
• FCC (Federal Communications Commission) 聯邦通信委員會
• IC (United States Intelligence Community) 加拿大
• GCF (Global Certification Forum)
• PTCRB (PCS Type Certification Review Board)
• IOT (InterOperability test)
– Ericsson
– AT&T
– NTT docomo
• NCC (National Communications Commission)
Handset Manufacturer in Taiwan
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BenQ (明基電通) Qisda (佳世達)
HTC (宏達國際電子)/鉅瞻
奇美通訊/Foxconn(富士康)/鴻海
ASUS(華碩)/和碩聯合
Compal (華寶)/仁寶
Arima (華冠)
Quanta (廣達)
GSmart(集嘉通訊)/技嘉
啟碁
MediaTek (聯發科)