Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used

BokSmart 2010
Summary chart of
Performance Enhancing
Drugs Used in Rugby
Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE ENHANCING DRUGS POTENTIALLY USED IN RUGBY
IMAGE
DRUG CLASS
Central
stimulants
Amphetamines,
ephedrine
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Ephedra
Stimulates exercise performance,
May increase time to
Somatic: Anxiety, tremor,
Prohibited by WADA
Ephadrine
euphoria, relieves fatigue, promotes
exhaustion by masking
tachycardia, hypertension
Ephadrine and
Pseudoephidrine
self confidence, muscle strength,
the physiological
& hyperthermia.
methylephadrine are
Methylephadrine
endurance, improved reaction times;
response to fatigue.
Myocardial infarction (heart
permitted at urine
Senephrine
enhance weight loss
Effective therapeutic dose
attacks reported). Anxiety,
concentrations less
14mg/70kg
aggressive behaviour &
than 10 micrograms/ml
paranoid psychoses.
Pseudoephidrine is
Caffeine
permitted at doses that
result in concentrations
of less than 150
micrograms per ml in
urine
1
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Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Caffeine
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Coffee
Caffeine may increase performance
More beneficial in
Anxiety, tremor, tachycardia
Permitted since 2009;
Red Bull
during submaximal steady-state
endurance sports where
and hypertension.
WADA will continue
Bioplus
aerobic exercise.
caffeine mobilizes fat stores
Insomnia.
monitoring the status
and encourages working
Increased gastric acid
of caffeine
muscles to use fat as an
production.
energy source, resulting in
High caffeine intake may
glycogen sparing.
accelerate bone loss.
Centrally, caffeine may
Combinations of caffeine
affect the rate of perceived
with other stimulants (eg,
exertion (RPE) and
ephedrine) have been
subjectively make athletes
linked to fatal events.
feel less tired.
Variations in caffeine
metabolism result in
differing individual
responses
2
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Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Stimulant
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Often included as a constituent
A prohibited stimulant, can
Energy stimulation,
Has been included as an
Prohibited in
in supplements together with
be obtained from both natural
increased metabolic rate,
ingredient in “party pills” for
competition
caffeine; may be listed as:
(Geranamine - a constituent of
triggering of fat release and
its stimulant effect;
Dimethylpentylamine,
flower oil) and synthetic sources.
capacity to reduce weight
Headache,
Forthan, Forthane,
Vasoconstrictor that can be
lightheadedness, nausea,
Floradrene, Geranamine,
administered by inhalation
mood swings and stroke
1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA),
or orally (Gernamine or
(in a party goer)have been
1,3-dimethylpentylamine,
Floradrene) to exert a nasal
reported as side effects
4-methyl-2-hexanamine,
decongestant effect
4-methyl-2-hexylamine and
2-amino-4-methylhexane
2
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Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Anabolic
Androgenic
Steroids
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
Prohibited
Testosterone esters
Increased muscle strength, power &
Potential significant
Physical
- Testosterone cypionate
speed. The side-effect of increased
positive effects on fat-free
Endocrine effects including
- Testosterone enanthate
aggression may also be perceived as
mass, muscle size and
testicular atrophy, sterility,
(Primoteston)
a benefit in competitive sport.
strength especially when
gynaecomastia in males;
combined with weights
virilization, hoarse voice,
training.
clitoral hypertrophy &
Testosterone derivates
Anabolic effects
amenorrhoea in women
- Methyltestosterone
include: increased
Somatic effects including
- Methandrostenolone
protein synthesis from
an unfavourable change in
(Dianabol)
amino acids, increased
cholesterol & lipid profile.
- Fluoxymesterone
appetite, increased bone
Cardiovascular effects,
(Halotestin)
remodeling and growth,
cardiomyopathy,
- Boldenone undecylenate
and stimulation of bone
hypertension & sudden
(Equipoise)
marrow, which increases
cardiac death hepatic
the production of red
complications – cholestasis,
Nandrolone derivates
blood cells; stimulate
peliosis, adenomas ;
- Nandrolone decanoate
the formation of muscles
premature closure of
(Deca-Durabolin)
cells and hence cause
epiphyseal growth plates in
- Ethylestrenol
an increase in the size of
adolescents
(Maxibolin, Orabolin)
skeletal muscles leading to
- Trenbolone
increased strength.
- Testosterone propionate
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Neuropsychiatric
Irritability
Dihydrotestosterone derivates
Hyperactivity
- Oxandrolone (Anavar)
Aggression
- Stanozolol (Winstrol)
Depression
- Oxymetholone (Anadrol)
Delusions
Increased euphoria, energy
Tetrahydrogestinone (THG)
& sexual arousal; effects
exacerbated by alcohol
• Other anabolic agents (eg,
desbuterol,
androgen-receptor modulators)
3
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Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Hormone
antagonists and
modulators
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
• Aromatase inhibitors (eg,
Anti-oestrogenic agents are used
None as a performance-
Headache, nausea, skin
anastrozole, letrozole)
predominantly to counter the
enhancing agent.
rash and impotence in
oestrogenic side-effects of anabolic
May decrease side-effects
men. In both sexes, joint
• Selective oestrogen-receptor
androgens, particularly aromatizable
of anabolic-androgen use
pains, muscle cramps and
modulators (eg, tamoxifen)
steroids.
such as gynaecomastia
hot flushes.
(male breast development),
Less often blood clots,
• Other antioestrogenic
fat build-up and fluid
strokes, uterine cancer and
substances (eg, clomiphene)
retention.
cataracts.
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Prohibited
• Agents modifying myostatin
functions (eg, myostatin
inhibitors)
4
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Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Steroid
Precursors
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
Androstenedione and
Increase testosterone
Little evidence of any
Oestrogenic effects
Dehydroepiandrosterone
and lean muscle
meaningful increase
such as gynaecomastia.
(DHEA)10-
mass
in testosterone levels,
Reduced HDL (protective)
strength gains or alteration
cholesterol
13
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Prohibited
in body composition.
5
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Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Human growth
hormone
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
Jintropin
Increase muscle
Research is limited and
Gigantism in younger
Somatropinne HgH
protein synthesis
shows mixed results.
athletes, acromegaly
HgH 30000
and strength; decreased body fat;
Probable increases in lean
in adult athletes,
Secretagougue-One
prevention of muscle and tendon
mass, reduction in fat
hypothyroidism,
Rejuevenation
tears; improved recovery
and enhanced strength
cardiomyopathy,
especially when combined
cardiac failure,
with anabolic androgens.
hypercholesterolemia,
Anabolic effects on
ischemic heart disease,
connective tissue may aid
myopathies, arthralgia,
recovery from training and
carpal tunnel syndrome,
competition.
diabetes, impotence,
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Prohibited
osteoporosis, menstrual
irregularities in women,
CJB (creutzfeldt-jakob
disease or mad cow
disease possible when the
hGH is maintained from
cadavers) oedema, needle
contamination (hepatitis
and HIV/AIDS).
6
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Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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β-2-agonists
• All β-2-agonists including
their D and L isomers
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
Salbutamol, Salmeterol,
Perceived benefit on breathing
Oral administration of
Tremor, nervousness,
Inhalation of most
Terbutaline, Eformoterol
efficiency, oxygen delivery and
salbutamol has shown
headache, muscle
β-2-agonists requires a
performance in athletes
improvements in muscle
cramps, dry mouth,
therapeutic-use
strength and endurance.
and palpitations. Other
exemption
symptoms may be
Salbutamol is permitted
Inhaled agents show no
tachycardia (rapid heart
without a TUE and only
benefit in non-asthmatics.
rate), arrhythmias, flushing,
a declaration of use
myocardial ischaemia, and
at testing for doses
disturbances of sleep and
less than 1 600 mg/24
behaviour.
hours and under urine
concentrations of 1 000
Rarely occurring, but of
nanograms per ml.
importance, are allergic
reactions of paradoxical
Salmeterol is also
bronchospasm, urticaria,
permtted without a
angioedema, hypotension,
TUE.
and collapse, whilst
7
high doses may cause
Oral & injectable
hypokalaemia (low
administration are
potassium levels),
prohibited.
Copyright BokSmart © 2010
Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Clenbuterol
EXAMPLE
Spiropent, Prontovent, Novegam,
Clenasma, Broncoterol
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
Strength gain & fat burning
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Prohibited
β2 agonist used in asthma;
Increased heart
also may increase muscle
rate, tremors, muscle
hypertrophy & strength
cramps,
and increase lipolysis
palpitations, insomnia,
nervousness, and
headaches
8
Copyright BokSmart © 2010
Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Diuretics and
other masking
agents
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
Diuretics:
Used as masking agents to dilute the
None. Diuretics may
Diuretics may alter sodium,
Lasix (furosemide)
presence of performance-enhancing
impair performance by
potassium & calcium
Bumex (bumetanide)
agents in the urine.
causing muscle weakness,
concentrations, cause
cramping and lethargy.
muscle weakness, cramps,
• Diuretics
Hydrodiuril (hydrochorothiazide)
• Epitestosterone
Midamor (amiloride)
• Probenecid
Epitestosterone:
• α-reductase inhibitors
(eg, fi nasteride, plasma
Probenecid:
expanders)
Benemid
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Prohibited
lethargy, gout, arrhythmias,
Epitestosterone is an
nausea, vomiting and
inactive epimer of
depression.
testosterone.
Probenecid may worsen a
gout attack, cause gastritis
and increase the risk of
kidney stones.
9
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Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Erythropoietin
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Prohibited
Epogen
Increase oxygen delivery to tissues
Effectively promotes
Significant and
Epotin
and improves endurance ability.
red cell survival
dangerous Hypertension,
Betapoeitin
through inhibiting cell
polycythaemic disorders,
Remipoeitin
apoptosis; also promotes
thromboembolism, CVAs,
Shanpoeitin
angiogenesis.
myocardial infarction.
Epokine
NeoRecormon
10
Copyright BokSmart © 2010
Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Sodium
bicarbonate
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
Bicarbonate of soda
Increased buffering
Effective in
Mostly gastrointestinal
Baking soda
capacity of acid improves ability to
high intensity exercise by
including nausea, vomiting
Cooking soda
perform maximal exercise.
buffering muscle-produced
and diarrhoea.
Bread soda
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Legal
acid; used at doses of 2030g in 500ml or more of
water.
11
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Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Narcotic
analgesics
EXAMPLE
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
Pethidine
Allows extension of exercise
Morphine
performance
Codeine (e.g. Stopayne)
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
Not necessarily ergogenic
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Harmful if used to allow
Codeine is legal.
participation of an athlete
Derivatives of
with a severe injury.
morphine & heroine are
Short term – respiratory
prohibited.
depression, nausea,
drowsiness
Long term – tolerance &
addiction.
12
Copyright BokSmart © 2010
Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
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DRUG CLASS
Thyroid
Hormone
EXAMPLE
Eltroxin
POSTULATED
PERFORMANCE
ENHANCING
EFFECTS
EVIDENCE OF
EFFECTIVENESS
ADVERSE
EFFECTS
WADA
LEGAL
STATUS
Permitted
Enhances effect of anabolic agents;
Paucity of research in
Heart palpitations,
offsets effects of hypocaloric diet
athletic context; contra-
agitation, shortness of
indicated
breath, irregular
heartbeat, sweating,
nausea, irritability, tremors,
restlessness,
and headaches
13
Copyright BokSmart © 2010
Summary Chart of Performance Enhancing Drugs Used in Rugby
Copyright BokSmart © 2010