Coalition of Ogaden Civil Societies paper to the hearing on the
Transcription
Coalition of Ogaden Civil Societies paper to the hearing on the
DEFE! ! ! ! "#$%&'&#(! #)! *+$,-(! "&.&%! /#0&-'&-1! 2$2-3! '#! '4-! 4-$3&(+!#(!'4-!*56789!:;!'4-!8<3#2-$(!=$3%&$>-('! *+$,-(! 8<3#2-$(1! "#>><(&'&-1?! *+$,-(! @#>-(A1! B-%&-)! 611#0&$'&#(! $(,!*+$,-(!8<3#2-$(!;#<'4!C(&#(! ! ! ! "#$%&'&#(!#)!*+$,-(!"&.&%!/#0&-'&-1! GHFIHDEFE! ! "*9J89J/! :$0K+3#<(, LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL M 5-#+3$24NLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL M 6!14#3'!4&1'#3N!#)!'4-!*+$,-( LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL M O<>$(!3&+4'1LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL P 8$3%&-3!Q&#%$'&#(1LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL P "<33-('!O<>$(!B&+4'!$R<1-1LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FE C(&.-31$%!=-3&#,&0!B-.&-SLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FG Q&#%$'&#(!#)!'4-!80#(#>&0!B&+4'1!#)!'4-!*+$,-(!2-#2%- LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FT C1&(+!)##,!$1!$!S-$2#(!#)!S$3LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FT U()3$1'3<0'<3-LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FI O-$%'4!$(,!-,<0$'&#( LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FI J4-!-(.&3#(>-('!$(,!#&%!0#>2$(&-1LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FI J4-!0#()%&0' LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FP !"#$%&#'(')*+,*%,$-%*".* LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FP !".%//"&01*'%&# LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FV 622-(,&W!U LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FX! 2%/1)'13,4(5#'6",7"816'%-,'&,95&*)1&0LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLL FX ! ! ! ! ! ! "*6YUJU*9!*Z!*56789!"UQUY!/*"U8JU8/!=6=8B!J*! JO8!O86BU95!*9!JO8!*56789!:;!JO8!8CB*=869!=6BYU6[89J! ! J4-!"#$%&'&#(!#)!*+$,-(!"&.&0!/#0&-'&-1!\"*"/]!'$K-1!'4&1!#22#3'<(&'N!'#!'4$(K!$(,!-W23-11! &'1!+3$'&'<,-!'#!Ms. Ana-Maria Gomes, MEP and her commendable team, who offered the Coalition of Ogaden Somali Communities the chance to present the plight of the Ogaden people to the European Parliament. COCS also takes this opportunity to thank the distinguished members of the European Parliament who took their valuable time to come to this hearing and listen to plea of the Ogaden people for justice and redress. COCS further thanks Mr. Mr. Marino Busdachin, chairman of the UNPO and the UNPO team for the support and help in making this event possible. ! "*6YUJU*9!*Z!*56789!"UQUY!/*"U8JU8/!=6=8B!J*! JO8!O86BU95!*9!JO8!*56789!:;!JO8!8CB*=869!=6BYU6[89J! ! :6"^5B*C97! 58*5B6=O;! *+$,-(! &1! '4-! ($>-! #)! '4-! ! '-33&'#3N! &(4$R&'-,! RN! /#>$%&1! <(,-3! 8'4&$(! #00<2$'&#(_!! ,-%&>&'-,! $'! '4-! 1#<'4! RN! '4-! ^-(N$! R#3,-3! R-'S--(! '4-! J#S(! #)! [#N$%-! $(,! [$(,-3$! \/<<)K$]_!$(,!8$1'!$(,!9#3'4`8$1'!RN!!/#>$%&$!)3#>!:-%-'`a$$S#!/<<)K$!b<(0'<3-!(-$3!7#%#S! '#!'4-!7b&R#<'&!R#3,-3_!RN!7b&R#<'&!&(!'4-!9#3'4_!'4-!6)$3!/'$'-!#)!8'4&$!&(!'4-!9#3'4!@-1'! $(,!*3#>&$!&(!'4-!@-1'!$(,!/#<'4!@-1'L!J4-!*+$,-(!&1!$3#<(,!MEE_!EEE!K>DL!J4-!0<33-('! 3-+&#($%! 0$2&'$%! &1! c&+b&+$L! J4-! '-33&'#3N! &1! ,&.&,-,! &('#! (&(-! 3-+&#(1`! /4&(&%-_! c&+b&+$_! 9#+#R_! c$3$3_! 7##%%#_! d#3$W$N_! /4$R--%-_! 6),4-3_! $(,! Y&&R$$(L! /<00-11&.-! 8'4&$(! +#.-3(>-('1! +$.-! ,&))-3-('! ($>-1! '#! '4-! '-33&'#3N! 3-)%-0'&(+! '4-! 2#%&'&0$%! >$04&($'&#(1! #)! '4$'! '&>-L! 7<3&(+! '4-! O$&%%-! /-%%$1&-! 2-3&#,! '4-! '-33&'#3N! S$1! ,&.&,-,! R-'S--(! '43--! 23#.&(0-1`! O$3$3+4-_! /&,$>$! $(,! :$%-L! 7<3&(+! '4-! [-(+&1'<! 83$_! '4-! [&,,%-! 2$3'! #)! '4-! *+$,-(! S$1! +&.-(!$(!$<'#(#>#<1!1'$'<1!$(,!($>-,!*+$,-(!B$1!5-1!$(,!'4-!"<33-('!3-+&>-!0#>R&(-,! >#1'!#)!'4-!*+$,-(!$(,!3-($>-,!&'!$1!J4-!/#>$%&!/'$'-!#)!8'4&$! J4-! *+$,-(! &1! $! 2%$'-$<_! S&'4! $(! -%-.$'&#(! $R#.-! 1-$! %-.-%! '4$'! +3$,<$%%N! 3&1-1! '#! '4-! "4-304-3! [#<('$&(1! &(! '4-! @-1'! $(,! $3#<(,! O$3$3! &(! '4-! (#3'4S-1'_! )$%%&(+! '#! $R#<'! GEE! >-'-31! $%#(+! '4-! 1#<'4-3(! %&>&'1! $(,! '4-! @-R&! /4-R-%%-! .$%%-NL! J4-! $3-$1! 4$.-! >&W-,! .-+-'$'&#(!3$(+&(+!)3#>!'4-!'->2-3$'-!'#!'4$'!#)!1-$1#($%!1->&`$3&,!+3$11%$(,L!J4-!*+$,-(! 4$1!'4-!R-1'!+3$11`%$(,!&(!'4-!O#3(!#)!6)3&0$!$(,!R#$1'1!'4-!4&+4-1'!%&.-1'#0K!2#2<%$'&#(!&(! 6)3&0$L!J4-!'-33&'#3N!3-0-&.-1!R-'S--(!VE!`!GME!>>!#)!3$&()$%%!$((<$%%N!+-''&(+!,3&-3!$1!'4-! /#>$%&! R#3,-3! &1! $223#$04-,L! J4-! %$(,10$2-! 0#(1&1'1! #)! ,-(1-! S##,%$(,_! 143<R! $(,! R<14! +3$11%$(,_!S##,-,!4&%%1!$(,!.-3N!)-3'&%-!$%%<.&$%!2%$&(1!'4$'!$3-!'4-!0$'04>-('!$3-$1!#)!)#<3! 3&.-31!$(,!0#<('%-11!@$,&1L!J4-!>$&(!3&.-31!$3-!'4-!/4$R-%%-_!'4-! @-R_!5$($%-!$(,!7$S#L! J4-!@-R_!5$($%-!$(,!7$S#!0#>R&(-!$'!7#%#S!'#!)#3>!'4-!c<R$!B&.-3!$1!&'!-('-31!/#>$%&$L!! 6!/O*BJ!OU/J*B;!*Z!JO8! *56789! :-)#3-! '4-! 0#%#(&$%! 103$>R%-! )#3! 6)3&0$! '4-! /#>$%&! 9$'&#(! 0#(1&1'-,! #)! %##1-! $%%&$(0-1! #)! 0#>><(&'&-1!$(,!1'$'-1!'4$'!&(4$R&'-,!'4-!.$1'!/#>$%&!2-(&(1<%$!1'3-'04&(+!)3#>!7b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e0#%#(&$%! &>2-3&$%! 8'4&$AL! J4-! *+$,-(! /#>$%&1!S4#!S-3-!'4-!>#1'!2#S-3)<%!$(,!S-%%!#3+$(&1-,!%#'!#)!'4-!/#>$%&1!>$,-!'4-!e)$'$%A! >&1'$K-! #)! 0#()3#('&(+! 0#%#(&$%&1>! $'! $(! -$3%N! 23->$'<3-! 1'$+-_! S4&%-! >#1'! 6)3&0$(1! S-3-! (#'! 1'3<++%&(+L! J4<1! '4-! *+$,-(! 2-#2%-! )$0-,! '4-! )<%%! S3$'4! #)! :3&'&14! 0#%#(&$%! 2#S-3! $(,! S-3-!,-0$2&'$'-,!)3#>!'4-!3-1'!#)!'4-!/#>$%&1!RN!+&.&(+!'4-&3!'-33&'#3N!'#!8'4&$L!6%'4#<+4! 8'4&$! S$1! $0f<&3&(+! $3>1! $(,! K(#S4#S! )3#>! :3&'$&(_! Z3$(0-! $(,! #'4-3! 8<3#2-$(! 0#<('3&-1! $(,! +-''&(+! 2#%&'&0$%! $(,! %-+$%! 1<22#3'! &(! $0f<&3&(+! *+$,-(! '-33&'#3N! &'! 0#<%,! (#'!! 0#(f<-3!*+$,-(!'-33&'#3N!#(!&'1!#S(!<('&%!:3&'$&(!,-)-$'-,!U'$%N!&(!@#3%,!@$3!UU_!,&1$3>&(+! '4-!*+$,-(!2-#2%-!$(,!'3$(1)-33&(+!'4-!*+$,-(!'-33&'#3N!'#!8'4&$!&(!'43--!1'$+-1`!FXTV_! FXMT!$(,!FXMIL!! 8'4&$_! &(1'-$,! #)! $0'&(+! 3-12#(1&R%N! $(,! ,-$%&(+! S&'4! '4-! *+$,-(! 2-#2%-! $1! 6)3&0$(! R3-'43-(1_!&>>-,&$'-%N!1'$3'-,!$!0$>2$&+(!#)!.-(+-$(0-1!$(,!1<223-11&#(!&(!'4-!*+$,-(L! O$&%%-! /-%%$1&-! R-%&-.-,! '4$'! 4&1! (-S! $3>N! $(,! $3>#<3! 0#<%,! )&($%%N! 1<R,<-! $(,! 1<Rb<+$'-! '4-!&(($'-!12&3&'!#)!)3--,#>!#)!'4-!/#>$%&!2-#2%-!$1!4-!,&,!'#!'4-!#'4-3!($'&#(1L!:<'!4-!S$1! (#'!$!+##,!1'<,-('!#)!4&1'#3N!$(,!,&,!(#'!'$K-!1'#0K!#)!'4-!S&(,1!#)!)3--,#>!&(!'4-!$&3L!Z3#>! '4$'!'&>-!#(S$3,1!'4-!*+$,-(!4$1!R--(!$!R$''%-!+3#<(,L!JS#!>$b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f<-1'-,!'4-!3&+4'!'#!1-%)`,-'-3>&($'&#(!$(,! 1#>-! 2$3%&$>-('$3&$(1! S-3-! K&%%-,_! S4&%-! >$(N! S-3-! -&'4-3! &>23&1#(-,! #3! )#30-,! '#! 3-%&(f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f<&3-,!(-S!$3>1!$(,!&'!1'$3'-,!1N1'->$'&0!)#3$N1!&('#! '4-!*+$,-(!&('-(,-,!'#!1<R,<-!$(,!0#(f<-3!'4-!*+$,-(!RN!14-$3!1$.$+-3N!$(,!&(4<>$(! ,-0&>$'&#(!#)!'4-!0&.&%&$(!2#2<%$'&#(L!J4-!S$3!03&>-1!0#>>&''-,!RN!'4-!0<33-('!3-+&>-!$3-! (#!,&))-3-('!'4$(!'4#1-!0#>>&''-,!RN!'4-&3!23-,-0-11#31_!'4-!0#%#(&$%!&>2-3&$%&1'!1'$'-L!! 86BYU8B!QU*Y6JU*9/! @-! 3-23#,<0-! &(! &'1! -('&3-'N! '4-! 3-%-.$('! 2$3'1! #)! '4-! 2$2-3! 6('&`"#%#(&$%&1>! $(,! "%$11! Z#3>$'&#(g!J4-!8$1'-3(!O#3(!#)!6)3&0$!R-)#3-!FXME!S3&''-(!RN!"4$3%-1!Y!5-14-K'-3!F! !U(!FVXD_!'4-!:3&'&14!"#(1<%!)#3!'4-!/#>$%&!"#$1'!=3#'-0'#3$'-!3-2#3'-,!'4$'g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nti-Colonialism and Class Formation: The Eastern Horn of Africa before 1950 Author: Charles L. Geshekter Source: The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1 (1985), pp. 1-32 SW!$!,/!/T" @2&" *1+#" 14" 02&" 813,0$)" 7&" .!**&/" 02$13%2" 01/!)" *&&5&/" 14" 3,3*3!#" $+82,&**="(&+,%"14"02&"$3//)"81#13$"*1".$&;!#&,0"+,"X!$!$"!,/"02&"6%!/&,9"@2&$&"7!*" 5382"83#0+;!0+1,"14"/213$$!"!,/"0$!8&*"14"!"#!$%&".1.3#!0+1,"(30",17",10"!";+##!%&"1$" !"*+%,"14"235!,+0)"7!*"01"(&"*&&,9"'##"2!/"4#&/"!0"02&"!..$1!82"14"02&"!$5)="?,17+,%" 4$15" (+00&$" &-.&$+&,8&" 02!0" 01" *0!)" (&2+,/" 7!*" 01" (&" $1((&/" !,/" .1**+(#)" ?+##&/=" 8&$0!+,#)"+##A0$&!0&/9" "U3,&"KK,/"SY&$#1%3(+T"O+,%+,%"02&+$"2!0&43#"*1,%*"14"53$/&$"!,/"$!.+,&"!,/"(&!$+,%" !#140"02&"0$1.2+&*"0!?&,""4$15"02&"(1/+&*"14"02&"3,41$03,!0&"O15!#+*"02&)"2!/"?+##&/9" X17" 2!0&43#" !,/" /+*%3*0+,%" +0" +*" 01" 02+,?" 14" 02&*&" ($30&*" 7+02" 02&+$" $+4#&*=" *2110+,%" /17,"02&*&".11$";+##!%&$*"721"8!,,10"/&4&,/"02&5*&#;&*9999"W&"8!,,10"2&#."02+,?+,%" 02!0" X9<9" Y1;&$,5&,0" 7+##" 2!$/#)" 7+*2" 3*" 01" 81,0+,3&" .!**+;&" *.&80!01$*" 14" 02+*" 21$$+(#&"8!$,!%&"%1+,%"1,"(&41$&"13$"&)&*9"" U3,&" KZ02" SY&$#1%3(+T" X!#0&/9" @2&" 8!5." 2&$&" ,17" $&*&5(#&*" !" %+%!,0+8" 4!$5)!$/" !40&$"02&"#!0&"$!+/+,%"&-.&/+A0+1,9"[100&/"!(130"!$&"*5!##"2&$/*"14"8!5&#*"+,"\!$+(!*" 999" ,35(&$#&**" 817*" !,/" *2&&." !,/" %1!0*9999" O0$+,%*" 14" $!7" 5&!0" 2!,%+,%" 1," #+,&*=" *0$&082&/"(&07&&,"02&"0&,0*"!,/"2!,/)"0$&&*"*217"02!0"02&"5&,"2!;&",17"%10".#&,0)" 14"411/9"" E1((1#/H*"*&,*&"14"130$!%&"$1*&"5!$?&/#)"/!)"()"/!)"3,0+#"1,"BB"U3#)"BCDB="72+#&"!0" X!,&5#&2"+,"02&"8&,0$!#"6%!/&,="2&"5!/&"02&"41##17+,%"&,0$)"+,"2+*"/+!$)J"" @2&" 21$$+(#&" #110+,%" 14" 02&" 4$+&,/#)" ;+##!%&*" %1&*" 1,9" @1/!)" 41$" *15&" 02$&&" 213$*" !" 81,*0!,0"*0$&!5"14"8!5&#*="817*="*2&&.="!,/"%1!0*".!**&/9"@2&"'()**+,+!,*"&*0+5!0&" 02&" ,35(&$" 14" 8!5&#*" !0" KDDD" !,/" .$1(!(#)" 2!#4" 02&" F&$" '3%!\" 0$+(&" +*" ,17" 815.#&0&#)" /&*0+030&9" :0" 5!?&*" 1,&H*" (#11/" (1+#" 01" *&&" *382" !" 8$+5&" .&$.&0$!0&/" ()" 02&*&" '()**+,+!,*" 721" *&0" 02&5*&#;&*" 3." !*" (&+,%" 1," !" .!$" 7+02" ]3$1.&!,",!0+1,*" !,/" 4+0"01"0$&!0" 7+02" 02&59" W2!0"7+##" (&" /1,&" 7+02" !##" 02&*&" 8!5&#*=" %11/,&**" 1,#)" ?,17*=" 41$" 02&)" !$&" 14" ,1" 3*&" +," '()**+,+!=" 02&" Q+,%" !,/" F!*" !#A$&!/)" .1**&**+,%" 0213*!,/*"41$"72+82"02&)"2!;&"#+00#&"3*&9"'##"02+*"8$3&#"!,/"(!$(!$13*"0$&!05&,0"72+82" 02&" O15!#+*" 3,/&$%1" !0" 02&" 2!,/*" 14" 02&" '()**+,+!,*" !,/" 72+82=" (&+,%" 3,!$5&/" S02!,?*" 01" 02&" G$+0+*2" Y1;&$,5&,0T" 02&)" 2!;&" 01" &,/3$&" 7+02130" !" 53$53$=" 7+##" *15&/!)"$&!80"1,"02&"2&!/*"14"02&"'()**+,+!,*9"O15&/!)"!"$&8?1,+,%"3."7+##"815&=" !,/" 7+02" 02&" O15!#+*" !$5&/" 02&" .1**+(+#+0)" 14" 02&" /17,4!##" 14" '()**+,+!" 713#/" (&" 7+02+," 02&" $!,%&" 14" .$!80+8!#" .1#+0+8*9" M1$" 02&" <1*#&5*" 721" 713#/" $3*2" &!%&$#)" 01" !$5*"01"&-0&$5+,!0&"02&+$"2!0&/"&,&5+&*"713#/"$3,"+,01"23%&"4+%3$&*9"',/"+4"&;&$"!" 7!$" 7!*" .1.3#!$=" 02+*" 1,&" 713#/" (&" *1P" :" 02+,?" &;&," 715&," !,/" 82+#/$&," 713#/=" +4" .&$5+00&/="%#!/#)"$+*?"02&+$"#+;&*"+,"*1"$+%20&13*"!"*0$3%%#&9KD" "M$15"02&"BLCD*"3,0+#"02&"#!0&"BCZD*="]02+1.+!,"0$11.*"*&#/15";&,03$&/"4!$"4$15"02&+$" 6%!/&,"%!$$+*1,*"&-8&.0"01"81,/380"2!.2!\!$/"$!+/*"01"8!.03$&"O15!#+"#+;&*018?"!*" 0$+(30&9">@2&"*1;&$&+%,0)"14"02&"]02+1.+!,*"1;&$"02&"O15!#+*"7!*"&-.$&**&/"82+&4#)"()" 5&!,*" 14" +,0&$5+00&,0" &-.&/+0+1,*=" ,10" 4!$" $&51;&/" 4$15" $!+/*=>" 7$10&" <!$%&$)" ^&$2!59" >O018?" 7!*" 0!?&," !*" 0$+(30&" 4$15" 02&" 51$&" !88&**+(#&" %$13.*=" 721" 02&$&3.1,"$!+/&/"02&+$",&!$&*0"O15!#+"&,&5+&*"+,"1$/&$"01"$&813."02&+$"#1**&*9"6,#)"+," BCRZ="72&,"02&"]02+1.+!,*"011?"02&",&+%2(1$+,%"Y&$#1%3(+"7!0&$"21#&*"999"813#/"02&" ]02+1.+!," %1;&$,5&,0" (&" *!+/" 01" 2!;&" 1883.+&/" 02&" 6%!/&,=" 0213%2" 2!$/#)" 01" (&" !/5+,+*0&$+,%"+09"" :," 02&" &!$#)" BCRD*=" E1#1,&#" S02&," <!I1$T" '9@9" E3$#&" *&$;&/" !#0&$,!0&#)" !*" !" G$+0+*2" 81,*3#!$" 144+8+!#" !,/" !" .1#+0+8!#" 144+8&$" 7+02" 02&" O15!#+#!,/" E!5&#" E1$.*9" >@2&" ]02+1.+!,*"2!;&"!#7!)*"2!/"!,"!830&"+,4&$+1$+0)"815.#&-"$&%!$/+,%"02&"6%!/&,=>"2&" $&8!##&/"+,"!,"+,0&$;+&7"*21$0#)"(&41$&"2+*"/&!02"+,"BCLB9">@2&)"/+/,H0"0!-"02&"6%!/&," ,1$5!##)P" 02&" Y1;&$,1$AY&,&$!#" 14" X!$!$" 713#/" %1" /17," 7+02" !" #!$%&" 41$8&" &;&$)" 02$&&" 1$" 413$" )&!$*" !,/" 81##&80" 0$+(30&=" 72+82" 5&!,0" *&+\+,%" 8!5&#*" !,/" 8!00#&9" G30" 02&)H;&" !#7!)*" *344&$&/" #1**&*" (&8!3*&" 02&" O15!#+*" 713#/" #&!/" 02&5" 1," 01" #13*)" 7!0&$"!,/" 02&," #&0"02&5" /+&" +," 02&" /&*&$09" O1" 02&)" !#7!)*" 7&,0" /17," 02&$&"7+02"!" ;&$)"*0$1,%"&*81$09" "E3$#&H*" .$+;!0&" 81$$&*.1,/&,8&" 5!?&*" +0" 8#&!$" 02!0" ]02+1.+!," !3021$+0+&*" 7&$&" 3,7+##+,%" &;&," 01" /+*83**" 7+02" 2+5" O15!#+" %$+&;!,8&*" !(130" !,+5!#" *&+\3$&*" +," 02&" 6%!/&,"!,/"7+02+,"G$+0+*2"O15!#+#!,/9">_!*0"7&&?="02&"'()**+,+!,"Y1;&$,5&,0"*&,0"!" .3,+0+;&" .!0$1#" !%!+,*0" *15&" .&1.#&" 1;&$" 02&" 7&*0" &,/" 14" 13$" O15!#+#!,/" (1$/&$" A" 02&)"?+##&/"!,/"(3$,0"&;&$)02+,%="BBB"5&,="715&,="!,/"82+#/$&,"7&$&"*210"$&%!$/#&**" 14"721"1$"72!0"02&)"7&$&9`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h-($S&!83$L! '4$+8!" W!082" S02&".$&83$*1$"01"X35!," F+%20*" W!082a*"'4$+8!" [+;+*+1,T" !,!#)\&/"]02+1.+!,"813,0&$A+,*3$%&,8)" 1.&$!0+1,*"+,"02+*".&$+1/"!,/"413,/"02!0"02&)"41##17&/"!"413$A.$1,%&/"!..$1!82J"+T"02&"41$8&/"/+*.#!8&5&,0"14" 5382"14"02&"8+;+#+!," .1.3#!0+1,"+,01"*2�&$*" !,/".$10&80&/";+##!%&*P" ++T" 5+#+0!$)"144&,*+;&*"!%!+,*0".&1.#&"!,/" &81,15+8" !**&0*" 130*+/&" 02&" *2�&$*P" +++T" 02&" *.1,*1$+,%" 14" +,*3$%&,0" %$13.*" !%!+,*0" 02&" WO_M" !,/" O15!#+" %1;&$,5&,0P"!,/" +;T"!00&5.0*"01".$1510&"02&"$&.!0$+!0+1," 14"$&43%&&*9KR" :,"[&8&5(&$"BCbC=" !",&7" ]02+1.+!," 5+#+0!$)"144&,*+;&="02+*"0+5&"+,8#3/+,%"O1;+&0"!/;+*1$*"!,/"E3(!,"0$11.*="c7!*"51$&"*.&8+4+8!##)"/+$&80&/"!%!+,*0" 02&".1.3#!0+1,a*"5&!,*"14"*3$;+;!#="+,8#3/+,%".1+*1,+,%"!,/"(15(+,%"7!0&$21#&*"!,/"5!82+,&"%3,,+,%"2&$/*"14" 8!00#&9`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b$&%! &(! c&+b&+$! $%#(-! '4-3-! $3-! >#3-! '4$(! )#<3! '4#<1$(,1! 0&.&%&$(! ,-'$&(--1L! J4-3-! $3-! 0#<('%-11! #'4-31!&(!>&%&'$3N!0$>21!$(,!12-0&$%!4#<1-1!&(!'#S(1!>$($+-,!RN!'4-!5-1'$2#`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`-,<0$'-,L! J4&1! &1! ,&3-0'! .&#%$'&#(! #)! '4-! 5-(-.$! 0#(.-('&#(1! 3-+$3,&(+! 23&1#(-3!#)!@$31L! J4-! )#%%#S&(+! 1$+$! &%%<1'3$'-1! '4-! &(4<>$(! $(,! 0$%%#<1! S$N1! '4-! 8'4&$(! 63>N! >-'-1! 0#%%-0'&.-!2<(&14>-('1!$+$&(1'!'4-!*+$,-(!0&.&%&$(!2#2<%$'&#(g! "I was taken away with two men, Hassan Abdi Abdullahi and Ahmed Gani Guled. First, they pulled ropes around the necks of the two men and pulled in opposite directions, and both fell down. They put me in a ditch while they were strangling the !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! D !4''2gHHSSSL43SL#3+H-(H3-2#3'1HDEEVHEIHFFH0#%%-0'&.-`2<(&14>-('! ! other two. One soldier tried to strangle me with the metal stick used for cleaning the gun [by pushing it down on my throat], but I twisted his finger until he released me. Then two other soldiers came and they put a rope around my neck and started pulling. That is the last thing I remember, until I woke up, still in the ditch. A naked body was on top of me, it was Ahmed Gani Guled, who was dead. I couldn't move out of the ditch until I was found by some women who came to the waterhole."3 – Ridwan Hassan-rage Sahid, October 30, 2007 S.+803$&"14"F+/7!,a*",&8?A"!..&,/+-":T" J4-! 2%&+4'! #)! 63,#! 14<+3&! &1! $(#'4-3! -W$>2%-! #)! 4#S! '4-! 8'4&$(! 63>N! .&#%$'-1! S&'4! &>2<(&'N!'4-!O<>$(!B&+4'1!#)!'4-!*+$,-(!2-#2%-L!! "6,"02&"U3#)"R="02&"#18!#"8155!,/&$"14"02&"'$5)"8!##&/"!"5&&0+,%"!,/"7!*"$!,/15#)" *&#&80+,%"!"715!,"!,/"!*?+,%"2&$"01"81,/&5,"6d_M"5&5(&$*"!,/"0&##"2+5"721"02&+$" 81##!(1$!01$*"7&$&"+,"02&"017,9"X&".+8?&/"'$/1"!,/"!*?&/"2&$"01"*.&!?9"O2&"01#/"2+5" 02!0" *2&" 7!*" !" 5102&$" 14" 4+;&" !,/" .$&%,!,0" !,/" 2!*" /+44+83#0)" &;&," *0!,/+,%" 02&$&" !,/"*2&"?,&7",102+,%"!(130"6d_M9""X&"*0!$0&/"*#!..+,%"2&$"!,/"1$/&$&/"1,&"14"02&" *1#/+&$*" 01" 0!?&" 2&$" 01" 02&" 8!5.9" @2&" *1#/+&$" *21;&/" 2&$" !#1,%" (&!0+,%" 2&$" 7+02" !" 02+8?"*0+8?9"O2&"7!*"!*?&/"01"*+0" +,"4$1,0"14"02&" 5!?&*2+40"144+8&"14"02&"8155!,/&$9" O2&" *0!)&/" 02&$&" 3,0+#" 02&" &;&,+,%" 7+02130" 411/"1$" 7!0&$9" @2&" %3!$/*" &;&," $&43*&/" 2&$"01"*+0"+,"02&"*2!/&9" _!0&$"+,"02&"&;&,+,%="02&"*1#/+&$*"011?"2&$"01"02&"#18!#"*8211#="72+82"02&)"7!*"3*&/"!*" .$+*1," /3$+,%" 02&" ,+%209" :," 02&" /!)" 0+5&" 02&" .$+*1,&$*" 7&$&" ?&.0" !0" 02&" 8!5." #!,%3+*2+,%" !0" 02&" *3,=" (&+,%" 7!082&/" ()" 02&" %3!$/*=" !,/" 02&" 721#&" 81553,+0)" .!**+,%"()9"" '0",+%20="02&"*1#/+&$"01$03$&$*"713#/"41$8&"02&5A"2&$"!,/"RD"102&$".$+*1,&$*="51*0#)" 715&,"(30"7+02"4&7"5&,"!#*1="01"*0$+."!,/"02&,"5!$82"02&5"01"!".#!8&"(&2+,/"02&" 8!5.9" O2&" 713#/"(&" (&!0&," 7+02" 7+$&*=" 72+#&" ,!?&/9"'0"1,&"0+5&" 02&" *1#/+&$" !*?&/" 02&"102&$"5!#&"/&0!+,&&"01"/+%"!"*2!##17"%$!;&"!,/".30"2&$"+,*+/&"1$/&$+,%"2&$"01"*!)" 2&$" .$!)&$*" (&41$&" 2&" /&8!.+0!0&/" 2&$9" O2&" 4!+,0&/" !,/" #!0&$" 413,/" 2&$*" +," 02&" *8211#A.$+*1,9" O2&" 7!*" /+*1$+&,0&/" 41$" !" 72+#&" !,/" 0213%2" *2&" 7!*" /&!/9" @2&" 01$03$&$*" +,8#3/&/" 5&5(&$*" 14" 02&" #18!#" 5+#+0+!" 721" 011?" .!$0" +," 02&" (&!0+,%" !,/" !80&/" !*" 0$!,*#!01$*9" @2!0" &;&," !//&/" 01" 02&" *2!5+,%" 14" 02&" ;+80+5*" !*" 02&)" 7&$&" 4$15"02&"#18!#"!$&!"!,/"*0!,/+,%"+,"4$1,0"14"02&5",!?&/"7!*";&$)"235+#+!0+,%"'$/1" *!+/9"" '$/1"!#*1"7+0,&**&/"02&"$!.&"14"5!,)")13,%"715&,"+,"4$1,0"14"2&$9"O2&"7!*"#38?)" !,/"7!*",10"$!.&/"/3&"01"2&$"!/;!,8&/".$&%,!,8)9"6,&"14"02&"$!.&/"%+$#*"(+0"1,&"14" 02&"*1#/+&$*"!,/"*2&"7!*"0!?&,"01"02&"813,0$)*+/&"!,/"#!0&$"2&$"(1/)"7!*"413,/"*210" +,"02&"2&!/9" !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! G !4''2gHHSSSL43SL#3+H-(H(-S1HDEEVHEIHFDH-'4&$`$3>N`0#>>&'1`-W-0<'&#(1`'#3'<3-`$(,`3$2-`#+$,-(! '$/1" +*" 2+%2#)" 0$!35!0+*&/" !,/" 83$$&,0#)" $&83.&$!0+,%" +," !" *!4&" 2!;&," +," !" ,&+%2(13$+,%" 813,0$)9" " '40&$" '$/1a*" *01$)" 7!*" .3(#+*2&/=" *2&" $&8&+;&/" ,&7" 02$&!0*" 7!$,+,%" 2&$" 01" (&" e3+&0" 1$" 2&$" 4!5+#)" 5&5(&$*" 721" !$&" *0+##" (!8?" 713#/" 23$0" S*&&" '$/1a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f+##!%&*" !$&" (3$,&/" !,/" /&*&$0&/=" #18!#*" !$&" 4#&&+,%" 01" 02&" (3*2=" !,/" (!*+8" 2&!#02" ,&&/*"!$&"%1+,%"3,5&0"/3$+,%"81,4#+80"+,"]02+1.+!H*"6%!/&,"$&%+1,="`W&"413,/"!";&$)" .$&8!$+13*"*+03!0+1,"+,"!";&$)"2!$*2"&,;+$1,5&,0=>""<&/&8+,*"O!,*"M$1,0+&$&*H"S<OMT" ]02+1.+!"811$/+,!01$"_1$+*"[&"M+#+..+"*!+/"14"02&"%$13.H*"$&8&,0"!**&**5&,0"5+**+1,*"01" 02&"$&510&"$&%+1,"14"&!*0"]02+1.+!9"" c:"*!7"(3$,&/"130";+##!%&*9":"$&5&5(&$".!**+,%"!",35(&$"14";+##!%&*"02!0"7&$&"&5.0)" 102&$"02!,"02&"&#/&$#)"!,/"*+8?=>"]+#&&,"O?+,,+/&$="!**+*0!,0"811$/+,!01$"41$"]02+1.+!=" 01#/" 02&" ,&7*" 81,4&$&,8&" ;+!" !," :,0&$,&0" #+,?" 4$15" E!,!/!9" `W&" /+/,H0" .!**" 1,&" 8155&$8+!#";&2+8#&"999":"*!7"715&,"!,/"82+#/$&,"82!*&/"!7!)"S()"*1#/+&$*T"0$)+,%"01" 81##&80" 7!0&$" 4$15" 7&##*" 999" :" *!7" *5!##" %$13.*" 14" 5&," #+;+,%" +," 02&" (3*29>"""""""""" SF&30&$*"()"',/$&7"E!7021$,&="d!+$1(+P"@3&"Z"O&."KDDb="CJVR"Y<@TZ" J4-! O<>$(! B&+4'1! @$'04! \OB@]! 1'$'-,! &(! $! 3-0-('! 4-$3&(+! &(! '4-! C/6! 0#(+3-11&#($%! 0#>>&''--!#(!)#3-&+(!6))$&31!\ED!*0'#R-3!DEEP]!'4$'g!! !:," 02&" 6%!/&,=" 7&" 2!;&" /1835&,0&/" 5!**+;&" 8$+5&*" ()" 02&" ]02+1.+!," !$5)=" +,8#3/+,%"8+;+#+!,*"0!$%&0&/"+,0&,0+1,!##)P";+##!%&*" (3$,&/"01"02&"%$13,/"!*".!$0"14"!" 8!5.!+%," 14" 81##&80+;&" .3,+*25&,0P" .3(#+8" &-&830+1,*" 5&!,0" 01" 0&$$+4)" 1," #11?+,%" ;+##!%&$*P"$!5.!,0"*&-3!#";+1#&,8&"3*&/"!*"!"011#"14"7!$4!$&P"0213*!,/*"14"!$(+0$!$)" !$$&*0*" !,/" 7+/&*.$&!/" !,/" *15&0+5&*" /&!/#)" 01$03$&" !,/" (&!0+,%*" +," 5+#+0!$)" 83*01/)P" !" 235!,+0!$+!," !,/" 0$!/&" (#18?!/&" 1," 02&" &,0+$&" 81,4#+80" !$&!P" !,/" 23,/$&/*"14"0213*!,/*"14".&1.#&"41$8&/"!7!)"4$15"02&+$"215&*"!,/"/$+;&,"01"23,%&$" !,/"5!#,30$+0+1,9"V" ! ! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! T !4''2gHHSSSL3-<'-31L0#>H$3'&0%-H&,C/YETMTFVGPLi"OiLDTEE! M 4''2gHHSSSL43SL#3+H-(H(-S1HDEEPHFEHEFH-'4&$`$(,`1'$'-`,->#03$0N`-))-0'1`4<>$(`3&+4'1`$(,` 4<>$(&'$3&$(`0#(,&'&#(1`#+$,-(! ! J4-! C9! >&11&#(! '#! '4-! *+$,-(! &(! *0'#R-3! DEEP! )&(,&(+1! $(,! 3-0#>>-(,$'&#(1! 3-+$3,&(+! O<>$(!3&+4'1!.&#%$'&#(1!1'$'-,!#(!=3#'-0'&#(!$(,!O<>$(!B&+4'1!U11<-1!'4$'g! @2&" 5+**+1," $&8&+;&/" $&.1$0*" !,/" /+$&80" !8813,0*" 14" *&$+13*" ;+1#!0+1,*" 14" 235!," $+%20*="+,8#3/+,%"*3(*0!,0+;&".$10&80+1,"81,8&$,*"41$"02&"8+;+#+!,".1.3#!0+1,9":0"+*"02&" 5+**+1,a*" ;+&7*" 02!0" 02&*&" $&.1$0&/" 235!," $+%20*" 81,8&$,*" $&e3+$&" +,/&.&,/&,0" +,;&*0+%!0+1,g9G!*&/"1,"02&"+,41$5!0+1,"%!02&$&/"/3$+,%"02&"813$*&"14"02&"5+**+1,="!" *&.!$!0&"81553,+8!0+1,"1,".$10&80+1,"!,/"235!,"$+%20*"+**3&*"+*"(&+,%".$&.!$&/"()" 02&"hd"!,/"7+##"(&"*2!$&/"!,/"/+*83**&/"7+02"02&"%1;&$,5&,09i" *))&0-!#)!C9!O&+4!"#>>&11&#(-3!)#3!O<>$(!B&+4'1! :," KDDb=" 02&" O.&8+!#" F!..1$0&3$" 1," &-0$!I3/+8+!#=" *355!$)" 1$" !$(+0$!$)" &-&830+1,*" /$&7" !00&,0+1," 01" $&.1$0*" $&8&+;&/" 81,8&$,+,%" *&;&$!#" +,8+/&,0*" 14" *355!$)" &-&830+1,*"!##&%&/#)"8!$$+&/"130"()"*&83$+0)"41$8&*"+,"02&"6%!/&,"+,"02&"813$*&"14"02&" )&!$"KDDV9"":,"KDDC"hdE@"$&.1$0&/"02!0"!"h,+0&/"d!0+1,*"235!,+0!$+!,"!**&**5&,0" 5+**+1,"01"02&"O15!#+"F&%+1,"+,"KDDb"1(*&$;&/"02!0"02&"235!,"$+%20*"!,/".$10&80+1," *+03!0+1," 41$" 02&" 8+;+#+!," .1.3#!0+1," +," 02&"!$&!*"14" 5+#+0!$)" 1.&$!0+1," +,"02&"O15!#+" F&%+1,"7!*"!#!$5+,%"!,/"$&e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f<&3N! 0#>>&11&#(! #(! $%%-+-,! 4<>$(! 3&+4'1! $R<1-1! &(! '4-! *+$,-(b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f<&3-,! S4-'4-3! 8'4&$! S$1! #2-(! '#! $(! &(,-2-(,-('! &('-3($'&#($%! >#(&'#3&(+! .&1&'! '#! '4-! 3-+&#(! '#! &(.-1'&+$'-! '4-1-! $%%-+$'&#(1! $(,! &11<-1! #)! 4<>$(&'$3&$(! $00-11_! $(,! .&1&'1! #)! $(N! 12-0&$%! 23#0-,<3-! >$(,$'-`4#%,-3LFE" /S-,-(! (#'-,! 3-2#3'1!#)!2-31#(1!4-%,!&(!0<1'#,N!)#3!<2!'#!)#<3!>#('41!R-)#3-!R-&(+!R3#<+4'!'#!0#<3'L!U'! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! I !B8=*BJ!*9!JO8!ZU97U95/!ZB*[!JO8!C9!OC[69UJ6BU69!6//8//[89J![U//U*9!J*!JO8!/*[6YU!B85U*9g! 8'4&$`!GE!6<+<1'!j!M!/-2'->R-3!DEEPL!/-2'->R-3!DEEP!C9! P !!4''2gHHSSSL#4043L#3+H89HOB:#,&-1HC=BH=$+-1HO&+4%&+4'1X7-0->R-3DEEX2>L$12W! V !UR&,L! X !4''2gHHSSSL#4043L#3+H89HOB:#,&-1HC=BH=$+-1HO&+4%&+4'1X7-0->R-3DEEX2>L$12W! FE !&R&,! 4#2-,! -))#3'1! '#! &>23#.-! 3-12-0'! )#3! 4<>$(! 3&+4'1! S&%%! -W'-(,! '#! 2#%&'&0$%! 23&1#(-31_! '4-! 0#('&(<-,!<1-!#)!'4-!,-$'4!2-($%'N_!$(,!'4-!1&'<$'&#(!&(!'4-!/#>$%&!3-+&#(LFF! 8'4&$! 3-12#(,-,! '#! '4-! 0#(0-3(1! #)! '4-! 8<3#2-$(! $(,! C/6! 1'$'-1! S&'4! $33#+$(0-! $(,! <''-3!,&13-+$3,!$(,!&11<-,!'4&1!'-31-!3-12#(1-!3-+$3,&(+!'4-!*+$,-(g!! '*"$&%!$/*"6%!/&,="02&"/&#&%!0+1,",10&/"02!0"]02+1.+!"2!*"8!$$+&/"130"+0*"17,"+,;&*0+%!0+1,=" 72+#&"02&"130815&"02&$&14" 5!)",10"(&" 01"02&"#+?+,%" 14"021*&"721"/&*+$&/" !" /+44&$&,0"$&*3#09" @2&"/&#&%!0+1,"*0!0&/"02!0",1"*1;&$&+%,"*0!0&"2!*"!,"1(#+%!0+1,"01"&*0!(#+*2"!,"+,0&$,!0+1,!#" 8155+**+1,"14"&,e3+$)9BK" QU*Y6JU*9!*Z!JO8!8"*9*[U"!BU5OJ/!*Z!JO8!*56789!=8*=Y8! J4-! *+$,-(! 2-#2%-! 4$,! R--(! 23$0'&0&(+! 1&(0-! &>>->#3&$%! '&>-1! >&W-,! $+3#`2$1'#3$%! -0#(#>N! 1<22%->-('-,! RN! '3$,-! '43#<+4! (-&+4R#<3&(+! /#>$%&$L! J4-3-! S$1! $%S$N1! $! R$%$(0-! R-'S--(! '4-! (--,1! #)! '4-! /#0&-'N! $(,! '4-! $R&%&'N! #)! %$(,! '#! 1<1'$&(! 1<04! $(! -0#(#>&0! $0'&.&'NL! U(! '4-! -$3%N! (&(-'--('4! 0-('<3N! '4-! *+$,-(! S$1! 23#12-3#<1! $(,! 1-%)` 1<1'$&(&(+L! J4-! *+$,-(! -W2#3'-,! )##,_! %&.-1'#0K_! 3-1&(1_! 4&,-1! $(,! #'4-3! -W#'&0! 23#,<0'1! 1<04!$1!#1'3&04!-++1!$(,!)-$'4-31L!:<'!<()#3'<($'-%N!1&(0-!'4-!8'4&$(!#00<2$'&#(!#)!'4-! *+$,-(_!'4-!(#3>$%!)%#S!#)!-0#(#>&0!$0'&.&'N!$(,!'3$,-!4$1!R--(!1-.-3-%N!,&13<2'-,!RN!'4-! $3'&)&0&$%! &>2#1&'&#(! #)! R#<(,$3&-1! $(,! &(&>&0$%! >$3+&($%&1$'&#(! 2#%&0&-1! #)! 1<00-11&.-! 8'4&$(!+#.-3(>-('1L! !6%'4#<+4!'4&1!4$1!$%S$N1!R--(!'4-!0$1-_!'4-!0<33-('!3-+&>-!#)![-%-1!h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b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b#3! '#S(1! $(,! '##K! '4-! 3-12#(1&R&%&'N! #)! ,&1'3&R<'&(+! )##,! '43#<+4! 1-0<3&'N` &()-1'-,! +#.-3(>-('! ,-2$3'>-('1! $(,! ->R$3K-,! #(! <1&(+! $&,! R#'4! $1! $! 2#%&'&0$%! $(,! $! >&%&'&$!3-03<&'>-('!'##%L!!/-%-0'&.-!,&1'3&R<'&#(!#)!)##,!-(1<3-,!'4$'!#(%N!'4#1-!%#N$%!'#!'4-! 3-+&>-!3-0-&.-,!)##,!3$'&#(1!,-12&'-!R-&(+!)3#>!&('-3($'&#($%!,#(#31L!8'4&$!&1!<1&(+!)##,! $1!$!S-$2#(!#)!S$3!$(,!&1!1N1'->$'&0$%%N!1'$3.&(+!'4-!*+$,-(!2-#2%-L!6!C^!R$1-,!JQ!03-S! )3#>!"4$((-%!Z#<3!$(,!b#<3($%&1'!c#($'4$(!B<+>$(!3-2#3'-,!$R#<'!'4-!4#33&)&0!1&'<$'&#(!'4-! *+$,-(!0&.&%&$(1!S-3-!1<Rb-0'-,!'#!RN!3-2#3'&(+!'4$'g! @2&"8$+*+*"+*"!0"+0*"51*0"71$$)+,%"+,"02&";!*0"/&*&$0*"14"02&"6%!/&,"$&%+1,="72&$&"02&" hda*" W1$#/" M11/" ^$1%$!55&" SWM^T" *!)*" +," !" 81,4+/&,0+!#" !#&$0" 01" /1,1$*" 02!0" +0" +*" $&8&+;+,%"c+,8$&!*+,%"$&.1$0*"14"23,%&$A$&#!0&/"51$0!#+0)`9"'(130"071"5+##+1,".&1.#&" !$&" !0" $+*?" 3,0+#" 02&" 5!+," $!+,*" 4!##" ,&-0" *.$+,%" j" +4" 02&)" 4!##" !0" !##9" @2&" 6%!/&," +*" ]02+1.+!a*" (+%%&*0" !,/" 51*0" $&510&" *0!0&9" d15!/+8" 0$+(&*" 02&$&" !$&" $&*1$0+,%" 01" &!0+,%"/&!/"#&!;&*"!,/"8!803*"4$3+0"01"*3$;+;&"02&"71$*0"/$13%20"*+,8&"02&"4!5+,&*"14" BCLZALV="72&,"!,"&*0+5!0&/"1,&"5+##+1,"]02+1.+!,*"/+&/g"'"07&,0)A5+#&"0$&?"1,"4110" +,01" 02&" (3*2" $&;&!#&/" 5&/+!&;!#" 53/A230" ;+##!%&*=" 72&$&" &02,+8" O15!#+" 2&$/*5&," *!)"02!0"02&+$"82+#/$&,"2!;&"/+&/"!40&$"&!0+,%".1+*1,13*"(3/*"4$15"0$&&*="41$"#!8?"14" !,)02+,%"&#*&"01"&!09"602&$*"*!)"02!0"02&)"/&.&,/"1,"8!5&#"5+#?"!,/"5&!0"(&8!3*&" 8!00#&="*2&&."!,/"%1!0*"2!;&".&$+*2&/"+,"02&+$"0213*!,/*g@2&"WM^"2!*"01#/"/1,1$*" 02!0" +0"(#!5&*" ]02+1.+!a*" c/&#!)*" +," $&81%,+*+,%" 02&" &-0&,0"14" ,&&/`" 41$" 8!3*+,%" 02&" $!.+/" /&.#&0+1,"14" &-+*0+,%" 411/" *018?*9" G30" !" E2!,,&#" Z" d&7*" +,;&*0+%!0+1," 01,+%20" 8#!+5*"02!0"02&"!$5)"2!*"7+022&#/"411/"4$15";+##!%&*"+,"02&"6%!/&,"/&#+(&$!0&#)"!*" .!$0" 14" !" c*81$82&/" &!$02`" .1#+8)" !%!+,*0" *&.!$!0+*0" $&(&#*" 14" 02&" 6%!/&," d!0+1,!#" _+(&$!0+1,"M$1,0"S6d_MT9"BR" X&$/*5&," +," ;+##!%&*" !#51*0" 815.#&0&#)" 830" 144" 4$15" 02&" 130*+/&" 71$#/" *!+/" 02!0" 5!,)"14"02&+$"!,+5!#*"2!/"(&&,"?+##&/"()"]02+1.+!,"*1#/+&$*="721"!#*1"/&.$+;&/"02&5" 14"7!0&$9"cW&"7!#?"41$"&+%20"213$*"01"81##&80"7!0&$=`"*!+/"'(/+="!";+##!%&$"!(130"02$&&" 213$*" 4$15" U+I+%!=" 02&" $&%+1,!#" 8!.+0!#9" c@2&," 02&" 5+#+0!$)" 0!?&" 02&" 7!0&$" 4$15" 3*9" @2&)" *!)" 02&" $&(&#*" .!**" 02$13%2" 13$" ;+##!%&*" !,/" 02!0" 7&" %+;&" 02&5" *3..#+&*9" G30" 72!0" 8!," 7&" %+;&k" W&" !$&" /)+,%" 14" 23,%&$9" W&" 2!;&" ,102+,%" 01" %+;&" 01" 13$" 17," 82+#/$&,9`"BZ" X17&;&$="!"81,4+/&,0+!#"+,;&*0+%!0+1,"()"hO'+/="02&"hO"Y1;&$,5&,0a*"/+*!*0&$"$&#+&4" !%&,8)="815.#!+,&/"+,"<!$82"02!0"c#+0&$!##)"23,/$&/*"14"!$&!*"9"9"9"2!;&",&+02&$"(&&," !**&**&/",1$"$&8&+;&/"!,)"411/"!**+*0!,8&`="7+02"c.1.3#!0+1,*"7&"5&0"0&$$1$+*&/"()" 02&"+,!(+#+0)"01"!88&**"411/`9"c@2+*"*+03!0+1,"713#/"(&"*2!5&43#"+,"!,)"102&$"813,0$)=`" !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! FG !4''2gHHSSSL'&>-1#(%&(-L0#L<KH'#%H(-S1HS#3%,H$)3&0$H$3'&0%-TPPIEIDL-0-! FT !4''2gHHSSSL'&>-1#(%&(-L0#L<KH'#%H(-S1HS#3%,H$)3&0$H$3'&0%-TPPIEIDL-0-! 02&"$&.1$0"81,8#3/&*9"c@2&"hO"Y1;&$,5&,0"8!,,10"+,"%11/"81,*8+&,8&"!##17"02&"411/" 1.&$!0+1,"01"81,0+,3&"+,"+0*"83$$&,0"5!,+4&*0!0+1,9`"BV" U9ZB6/JBC"JCB8! 8'4&$! 1N1'->$'&0$%%N! K-2'!'4-! *+$,-(! <(,-3,-.-%#2-,L! U(! 0#>2$3&1#(! '#! #'4-3! $3-$1! &(! '4-!3-+&#(_!&'!S#<%,!R-!-W2-0'-,!'4$'!'4-!*+$,-(!S#<%,!R-!$'!2$3!S&'4!&'1!(-&+4R#<31_!R<'! <()#3'<($'-%N! >#1'! #)! '4-! *+$,-(! ,#-1! (#'! 4$.-! -%-0'3&0&'N_! 3<((&(+! S$'-3! #3! $(N! >-$(&(+)<%! 1-3.&0-! '4$'! '4-! >#,-3(! S#3%,! -(b#N1L! J4-! >#1'! R$1&0! #)! 1-3.&0-1! $3-! %$0K&(+L! J4-3-!$3-!)-S!4#12&'$%1!'4$'!0$'-3!>#1'%N!'#!'4-!(--,1!#)!'4-!>&%&'$3N!+$33&1#(!'#S(!$(,!$3-! (#'!$00-11&R%-!RN!>#1'!#)!'4-!3<3$%!2#2<%$'&#(L!J4-3-!&1!#(-!>$b#3!3#$,!'4$'!+#-1!'43#<+4! '4-!0-('3-!#)!'4-!'-33&'#3N! _!R<&%'! RN!'4-!U'$%&$(1! ,<3&(+!@#3%,!@$3!UU_!$(,!-.-(!'4$'!&1!(#'! 2$.-,L!=<R%&0!'3$(12#3'!&1!(#(-W&1'-('!$(,!>#1'!#)!'4-!2-#2%-!,#!'4-&3!R<1&(-11!#(!)##'!$(,! $! )-S! %<0KN! #(-1! >$N! +-'! $! 3&,-! #(! '4-! R$0K! #)! $! %#33N! )<%%! #)! +##,1L! 8.-(! (#S! '4#1-! $3-! 4$>2-3-,!RN!'4-!%#(+!,-%$N1!&>2#1-,!RN!'4-!8'4&$(!63>N!$(,!0$(!+#!#(0-!-.-3N!>#('4_! #(%N!RN!0#(.#NL![&%%&#(1!#)!,#%%$31!$3-!-$3`>$3K-,!)#3!,-.-%#2>-('!&(!'4-!3-+&#(!'#!2%$0$'-! &('-3($'&#($%! ,#(#31_! R<'! >#1'! #)! &'! &1! ,&.-3'-,! '#! '4-! $3>N! $(,! '4-! 3-1'! &1! 1&24#(-,! #))! '43#<+4! 0#33<2'&#(L! 6(#'4-3! 2%#N! '4-! 3-+&>-! <1-1! &1!'#! R%$>-! '4-! %#0$%! $,>&(&1'3$'&#(! )#3! %$0K!#)!0$2$0&'N!$(,!'4-!+-(-3$%!&(1-0<3&'N!03-$'-,!RN!&'1!23$0'&0-1!&(!'4-!*+$,-(L! O86YJO!697!87C"6JU*9! Y-11!'4$(!Dk!#)!104##%!$+-!04&%,3-(!+#!'#!104##%!&(!'4-!*+$,-(L!!6%'4#<+4!'4-!%&'-3$0N!3$'-! )#3! 8'4&$! &1! $R#<'! TDk_! '4$'! #)! '4-! *+$,-(! &1! %-11! '4$(! FEkL! ! @#>-(! $3-! '4-! >#1'! <(,-323&.&%-+-,! $(,! 104##%! $''-(,$(0-! &1! $%>#1'! (#(-W&1'-('! -W0-2'! &(! )-S! '#S(1_! S4-3-! R#N1! #<'! (<>R-3! +&3%1! RN! $! )$0'#3! #)! FE! '#! FL! [#3-! '4$(! XMk! #)! $%%! R&3'41! #00<3! #<'1&,-! 4#12&'$%1!S&'4!'3$,&'&#($%!>&,`S&.-1!$1!'4-3-!$3-!#(%N!)-S!4#12&'$%1!$(,!'4-3-!&1!23$0'&0$%%N! (#!$('-!#3!2#1'($'$%!0$3-!)#3!>#'4-31!$(,!04&%,3-(L![#1'!#)!'4-!04&%,3-(!&(!'4-!3<3$%!$3-$1! (-.-3!+-'!.$00&($'&#(1!$(,!,&1-$1-1!1<04!$1!J:!$(,!2#%&#!$3-!.-3N!0#>>#(L![#1'!2-#2%-!+#! '#!/#>$%&$!'#!+-'!4-$%'4!1-3.&0-1!#3!-,<0$'&#(L!J4-3-!4$.-!R--(!3-0-('!$''->2'1!'#!0#.-3!<2! '4-! 0%-$3! ,&12$3&'N! R-'S--(! #'4-3! 2$3'! #)! 8'4&$! $(,! '4-! *+$,-(L! 6)'-3! &('-3($'&#($%! $''-('&#(! S$1! )#0<1-,! #(! '4-! *+$,-(_! '4-! 8'4&$(! 3-+&>-! R<&%'! $! C(&.-31&'N! &(! c&+b&+$_! S4&%-!'4-3-!$3-!(#!$,-f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b#3!K&(,%-3!#)!'4-!0<33-('!0#()%&0'L!8'4&$!&1!$%1#!<1&(+!'4-! #&%!0$3,!$1!$(!&()%<-(0-!'#!-('&0-!@-1'-3(!0#>2$(&-1!'#!,-)-(,!&'!$+$&(1'!0-(1<3-!)3#>!'4-! ,->#03$'&0! S#3%,L! J4-! *+$,-(! (--,! 23#'-0'&(+! $+$&(1'! '4-1-! >$04&($'&#(1! )3#>! '4-! &('-3($'&#($%! 0#>><(&'NL! J4-! -0#%#+N! #)! '4-! *+$,-(! &1! .-3N! )3$+&%-! $(,! $(N! ,$>$+-! S&%%! 4$.-!$!,-.$1'$'&(+!-))-0'!#(!'4-!6+3#`2$1'#3$%!S$N!#)!%&)-!'4$'!1<1'$&(1!'4-!*+$,-(!2-#2%-L! J4-!0<33-('!0%&>$'-!04$(+-!&1!$%3-$,N!1'3$&(&(+!'4-!1N1'->!$(,!,3#<+4'1!$3-!+-''&(+!>#3-! )3-f<-('L!U)!'4-!3-1#<30-1!#)!'4-!*+$,-(!$3-!-W2%#&'-,!&(!$!(#(`1<1'$&($R%-!$(,!4$24$l$3,! S$N_! '4-! 3-1<%'! S#<%,! R-! 0$'$1'3#24&0L! J4-! 0<33-('! 3<14! '#! '4-! *+$,-(! RN! #&%! 0#>2$(&-1! S&'4#<'!$,-f<$'-!1$)-+<$3,1!$(,!3-+$3,1!#)!'4-!3&+4'1!#)!'4-!*+$,-(!2-#2%-!&1!$!.&#%$'&#(!#)! &('-3($'&#($%! %$S! 3-+$3,&(+! '4-! 3&+4'1! #)! $! 1'$'-%-11! <(23#'-0'-,! 2-#2%-! $(,! &1! $! 0#('3$.-('&#(!#)!'4-!-0#(#>&0!$(,!1#0&$%!3&+4'1!#)!'4-!*+$,-(!/#>$%&1!$1!1'$'-,!&(!'4-!C9! 04$3'-3L!! JO8!"*9ZYU"J! U(!'4-!C9!3-2#3'!#)!DEEP_!'4-!>&11&#(!1'$'-,!'4$'_!m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l&(+!/#>$%&$!R-0$<1-!#)! '4-!*+$,-(!$(,!<(%-11!$!b<1'!$(,!$,-f<$'-!1#%<'&#(!&1!)#<(,!)#3!'4-!*+$,-(_!8'4&$!S&%%! (#'!%-'!$!/#>$%&$!1'$'-!'#!R-!3--1'$R%&14-,!'4$'!>$N!1<22#3'!'4-!/#>$%&1!&(!'4-!*+$,-(L!J4-! 0#()%&0'!&(!'4-!*+$,-(!$%1#!$))-0'1!83&'3-$_!7b&R#<'&_!^-(N$_!/<,$(!$(,!$1!)$3!$1!;->-(L!J4-! 23#R%->1!#)!3-)<+--1_!3-)#<%->-('_!$(,!1<12&0&#(!#)!1<22#3'!$%%!4$.-!$!K(#0K!#))!-))-0'!#(! -.-3N!1'$'-!&(!'4-!B-+&#(L!! , , !:29;<2=7=>?@,?;,9!;?:A?, J4-! R$1&0! 23&(0&2%-1! #)! 3-12#(1&R&%&'N! '#! 23#'-0'! 1'$'-1! '4$'! e! /'$'-! "#$%&%'()*+! ',-.'%"! &%"-#)"'/'.'*+0!1)2!*3%!-&',1&+!&%"-#)"'/'.'*+!4#&!*3%!-&#*%5*'#)!#4!'*"!-%#-.%!.'%"!6'*3!*3%! "*1*%!'*"%.4AL!:<'!e73%&%!1!-#-8.1*'#)!'"!"844%&')(!"%&'#8"!31&,0!1"!1!&%"8.*!#4!')*%&)1.!61&0! ')"8&(%)5+0!&%-&%""'#)!#&!"*1*%!41'.8&%0!1)2!*3%!"*1*%!')!98%"*'#)!'"!8)6'..')(!#&!8)1/.%!*#! 31.*!#&!1$%&*!'*0!*3%!-&')5'-.%!#4!)#):')*%&$%)*'#)!+'%.2"!*#!*3%!')*%&)1*'#)1.!&%"-#)"'/'.'*+! *#!-&#*%5*;<=. The Ethiopian government has clearly violated its claim to sovereignty over the Ogaden by systematically engaging in acts tantamount to War Crimes in the Ogaden and inflicting serious harm to the Ogaden civilian population. By not only failing to carry out its primary responsibility to protect the Ogaden people, but actively violating the Human rights of the Ogaden, the Ogaden Civil Societies believe that it is time that the international community forcefully intervene in the Ogaden., , !:A;BB:<C4?=;<2, J4-!"#$%&'&#(!#)!*+$,-(!"&.&%!/#0&-'&-1!\"*"/]!3-0#>>-(,1!$(,!3-f<-1'1!)3#>!'4-!8<3#2-$(! =$3%&$>-('!'4-!Z#%%#S&(+g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`<2! '#!'4-!3-0#>>-(,$'&#(!#)!'4-!C9!$(,!4#%,!$00#<('$R%-!'4#1-!S4#!4$.-!0#>>&''-,! @$3!"3&>-1!&(!'4-!*+$,-(L! GL /<22#3'!$(!&('-3($'&#($%%N!>#(&'#3-,!$(,!,->&%&'$3&l-,!4<>$(&'$3&$(!$&,!0#33&,#3!&(!*+$,-(! 1#! '4$'! $&,! &1! (#! %#(+-3! <1-,! $1! $! 2#%&'&0$%! S-$2#(! RN! '4-! 8'4&$(! 3-+&>-! $+$&(1'! '4-! 2-#2%-!#)!*+$,-(L! TL /<22#3'! '4-! "#$%&'&#(! #)! *+$,-(! "&.&%! /#0&-'&-1! &(! #3,-3! '#! R<&%,! '4-&3! 0$2$0&'N! )#3! 4-%2&(+! *+$,-(! 8<3#2-$(1! R-0#>-! S-%%`&('-+3$'-,! &(! 8<3#2-! $(,! $%1#! 2%$N&(+! 0#(1'3<0'&.-!3#%-1!&(!'4-!*+$,-(!! ML /'#2! 8'4&$(! $(,! /#>$%&! @$3%#3,1! 3-(,&'&#(! #)! B-)<+--1! )3#>! (-&+4R#<3&(+! 0#<('3&-1L! ! ?8",A%1)'*'%&,%D,;E10"&,A'6'),2%.'"*'"#,%D,:5-%$", !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! FI !4''2gHHSSSL&0&11`0&&1-L+0L0$H2,)H"#>>&11&#(`B-2#3'L2,)! 6==897Ua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m6R,&! J--31#n! S$1! 4$(,-,! #.-3! '#! 8'4&$(! 1-0<3&'NL!! 6(#'4-3!23&1#(-3!,&-,!S4&%-!&(!0<1'#,NL!!6(!-%,-3%N!>$(!)3#>!=<('%$(,!S$1!$33-1'-,!RN!=<('%$(,!$<'4#3&'&-1! $)'-3!4-!2<R%&0%N!03&'&0&l-,!'4-!+#.-3(>-('L! J4&1!&1!(#'!'4-!)&31'!'&>-!=<('%$(,!$<'4#3&'&-1!4$.-!4$3$11-,_!'#3'<3-,_!K&%%-,_!$(,!4$(,-,!#.-3!>-(!#)!*+$,-(&! #3&+&(! '#! 8'4&$(! 1-0<3&'NL! ! *.-3! $! N-$3! $+#_! 'S#! 1-(! >->R-31! #)! '4-! *+$,-(! 9$'&#($%! Y&R-3$'&#(! Z3#('! \*9YZ]! S-3-! 4$(,-,! #.-3! '#! 8'4&$(! 1-0<3&'N! RN! $! =<('%$(,! >&(&1'-3L! ! J4-N! 0$>-_! S&'4! '4-! 2-3>&11&#(! #)! =<('%$(,!$<'4#3&'&-1_!'#!,&10<11!'4-!><3,-3!#)!$(!-%,-3L! U(!c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`9#.->R-3_!U!>-'!$+$&(!S&'4!'4-!=3-1&,-('!#)!=<('%$(,!$(,!4&1!U('-3![&(&1'-3!&(!^-(N$!'#!<3+-!'4->! '#!3-%-$1-!'4-!'43--!>-(!1'&%%!&(!,-'-('&#(!&(!=<('%$(,L!6+$&(_!4-!2%-,+-,!'#!)&(,!S$N1!'#!2$3,#(!'4-!23&1#(-31L!! U(!)$0'_!=<('%$(,!$<'4#3&'&-1!$3-!(#S!'43-$'-(&(+!(#(`=<('%$(,!/#>$%&1!'#!%-$.-!1#>-!$3-$1!S&'4&(!TV!4#<31L! U!1'3#(+%N!0#(,->(!'4&1!$R<1&.-!$(,!,&0'$'#3&$%!R-4$.!$(,!,->$(,!'4-!&>>-,&$'-!3-%-$1-!#)!'4-!23&1#(-31L!!U! $%1#! 0$%%! )#3! '4#1-! 3-12#(1&R%-! )#3! '4-! K&%%&(+! #)! '4-! 23&1#(-3! $(,! &('&>&,$'&#(! #)! *+$,-(&1! '#! R-! 4-%,! $00#<('$R%-_! &(0%<,&(+! 1-(! #))&0&$%1! S4#! $<'4#3&l-,! '4-1-! >-$1<3-1L! ! Z$&%<3-! '#! $0'! f<&0K%N! #(! '4&1! >$''-3! S&%%!4$.-!1-3&#<1!0#(1-f<-(0-1L! "#2N3&+4'!o!DEEX!C(&'-,!/'$'-1!"#(+3-11L!6%%!3&+4'1!3-1-3.-,L!7&1'3&R<'-,!RN!6%%6)3&0$!5%#R$%![-,&$! 4''2gHH$%%$)3&0$L0#>H1'#3&-1HDEEXFFDFEEEFL4'>%! 6 ==897Ua! UU`! YU/J!*Z!96[8/!*Z!B8ZC588/!B8Z*CY8[89J!J*! 8 JOU*=U6 `! 9*J!8aO6C/JUQ8 FP! !"#$%&'%()*+,-%.,'/),,%.,'&/0,1,-$%$&%2$3"&4"*% % 5&6% 5*1,% 7*$,% 8&/-$9:;<9,*% &==/4*$"&-% ;<=>"??" 383'8$" " #$*$/#% !" #$%""&'()*+,-".+!"" !//0" " F" #$%"&'()*+,-"#%"G+*-D8" !//0" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" ;<=>"383'8$" " @8*8+98("+AB8$" !!"D8+$9"-4" E$-924" H" #$%"&,38("#2,+38(""I+$J)'-" " !//0" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" ;<=>"??" 383'8$" " @8*8+98("+AB8$"C" D8+$9"-4"E$-924" K" #$%"L)9)A"68$9-";**2M" !//0" C" #$%"&'(-4+9-$"&M"#),)38(" FOOP" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" $8A)788" 0" #$%"6+$--$"#2,+38("""N22*"""""""""""" FOOP" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" $8A)788" S" #9%"<-32"T+(8*"5T27D+$:"" FOOP" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" $8A)788" P" ""#$%""U++(""6+D'8"""1++,-(" FOOP" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" $8A)788" /" #$%"T+9,--$"1,%"?+'()*+,-%"""""""""" FOOP" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" $8A)788" !O" #$%"#+,+(""#;,+38("""" FOOP" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" $8A)788" !!" #9%">-$(29+"V+3+"N,)47+*8"" FOOP" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" $8A)788" !F" "#$%"&'(-"<+9-$"&,38(" FOOP" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" !H" #$%"U,+(+$"&'(-"N-(9+4" FOOS" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" !K" #$%"1,%"#2,+38("1,%"&*-%"""" FOOS" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" !C" ""#$%"V+M,+$"1,%"T+9,--$%" FOOS" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" !0" #$%"#2,+38("&M"&(84%" FOOS" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" !S" #$%"#),)38("&'(-"&+$" FOOS" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" !P" "#$%"&,38("N22*"#2,+38("""" FOOS" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" !/" #$%"W$)$"#2,+38("&'(-""""""""" FOOS" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" FO" "#$%"&'(-"T8((8*""&'(-"""" FOOS" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" F!" #$%"1,%"#2,+38(8(""&'()**+,-" T)(,J+'+D" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" FF" #$%#+,+3)(""&'(-"T+$$8" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" FH" &3+$"6)998-4""&'()*+,-""""" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" FK" #9%"1,+39+"G+99+4" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" FC" #$%"6+9,-"&,38("N,-X-9" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" F0" #$%"&'(-"<++9-$"" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" FS" #$%"=+97+*22*"6+99+4"Y-(22$"" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" FP" #$%"&,38("1-D+(" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" F/" #$%"&'()*+,-"1+,-(" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" HO" #$"#2,+38("#2,+3)("-*Z+X+98" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ! 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" NJ-'2)B-" $8A)788" @8*8+98("+AB8$"C" D8+$9"-4"E$-924" N-8("-4" (8B84B-24" "N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" H!" #$%"6+99+4""&'(-"Z+$8" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" HF" #$%"&,38("#2,+38("(,8$8" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" HH" #$%"U+3-*"&,38("<+9-$" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" HK" #$%"#2,+3)(".+$2D+$8" FOO/" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+" $8A)788" HC" #$%"6)998-4"&,38("&D($)9" !//0" NJ-'2)B-" $8A)788" !//0" NJ-'2)B-" !//0" NJ-'2)B-" H0" #$%"Q*3-"&,38(" HS" #$%"&'(-[+(-$"N+,-$" HP" #$%"&'(-Z+$-3"6)998-4"6+99+4" " !//0" NJ-'2)B-" H/" #$%"6--9"#)98"V+3+" " FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" KO" #$%"&,38("#2,+32)("6)998-4" " FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" K!" #$%"&'()**+,-"&,38("&[-'" " FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" KF" &'()**+,-"I+4-"&*-" FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" KH" &'(-+]-]"#),)38(" FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" KK" &'()**+,-"&,38("#2,+38(" FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" KC" L)9)A"#2,+38("&(+4" FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" K0" &9+("#2,+38("&'()**+,-" FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" KS" T+9,-"#2,+38("6+99+4" FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" KP" #2,+38("#2,+38(" FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" K/" &'(-$+,3+4"6+$8("&*+Z-" FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" CO" I889,";*+(" FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" C!" &4M+$"1,8-Z," FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" CF" &$+'"I+$M+," FOOC" 123+*-*+4(56+$78-9+:" CH" Abdinur Mohamed Soyan" FOOP" E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:" $8A)788" $8A)788" $8A)788" $8A)788" $8A)788" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N8B+-48("-4" QB,-2R-+" N-9+RR8+$8(" N-9+RR8+$8(" N-9+RR8+$8(" N-9+RR8+$8(" N8+B,"'D" \2$B)$8" 6+$78-9+"E$-924" N8+B,"'D" \2$B)$8" 6+$78-9+"E$-924" @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+" @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! @8A)788" U-**8("-4" QB,-2R-+! Q?"";<=>" N8B84B-24" QB,-2R-+" !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! FP !4''2gHHSSSL<(2#L#3+H&>$+-1HDEFEi23-1&,-(0NH#+$,-(i&('-3.-('&#(L2,)! CK" Dire Afi Elmi," CC" Abdullahi Ali Mohamed" C0" Farah Good" CS" Omar Sheikh Mohamoud" CP" Abdiyare Haybe Omar" C/" : Abdinur Siyad Ismail" 0O" Abdi Hassan Yusuf also known as Terso ??";<=>" N8B84B-24" QB,-2R-+! $8A)788" N8B84B-24" QB,-2R-+! FOOP! E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:! FOOP! E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:! FOOP! E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:! $8A)788! N8B84B-24" QB,-2R-+! FOOP! E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:! $8A)788! N8B84B-24" QB,-2R-+! FOOP! E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:! $8A)788! N8B84B-24" QB,-2R-+! FOOP! E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:! $8A)788! N-8("'D"B2$B)$8" T29+92" FOO/" E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:! $8A)788! N8B84B-24" QB,-2R-+" N-8("'D"B2$B)$8" 0!" Abdullahi Hassan Ali 0F" Faseh Atab Olad 0H" Muhumed Sheikh Badri 0K" Abdi Mohamed Deq 0C" Mr. Bashir Ahmed Makhtal 0P" ! Bisharo Wacdi FOO/" E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:! $8A)788! T29+92" FOO/! E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:! $8A)788! N8B84B-24" QB,-2R-+" FOO/! E)4B*+4(5I+$2M8:! $8A)788! N8B84B-24" QB,-2R-+! FOO/! E)4B*+4("5I+$2M8:! $8A)788! N8B84B-24" QB,-2R-+! FOOS" U84D+" $8A)78" N8B84B-24"-4" QB,-2R-+" FO!O" 123+*-*+4(" $8A)788" \2$B)$8("-4"+" 9R8X-+*"98X)$-BD" ,2)98"-4"V-7J-7+" 622-(,&W!UUU`!B&,S$(!=&0'<3-1! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 622-(,&W!UQ!j63,#!/4<+3&!=&0'<3-1! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! 6==897Ua!Q`!* 56789! *UY!:Y*"^/! ! ! !
Similar documents
pages 1 - Kidderminster Footwear
EM Tan/Brown Zebra PU 1 TM White/Black Zebra PU 1 1 - 3x8 - 1 2 4 4 2 1 14 pairs
More informationDie BUCHSTAVIER - Das Dosierte Leben
Das Dosierte Leben Das Avant-Avantgarde-Magazin 16. Jahrgang
More informationx dx
G'J%&' %*9 x = B $ ;$% '.9:'-&)-*,&H''''''''''''''''''''''''' # %*9 x "B $ ;$% x # ;$% x'dx G'K$)'7"6,*#6('$",H'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' # "%*9 x $ %*9 x ;$% x # ;$% x'dx PQ6...
More information