Portable Music - Nikhil R Katre

Technology and
Sustainable Development
Portable Music
Assessing sustainability of the system
Nikhil R. Katre
M.Des II, CPDM
5910-610-061-04941
Overview
Portable Music – Overview of Technology
Technology classification and morphology
Impact of portable music technology
Sustainable Development
– General view
– Sustainability in context of portable music
Kane’s Simulation of the system
– Overview of Kane’s simulation method
– Simulation results
Conclusion
2
Portable Music Technology
3
Portable Music – Historical perspective
Regency TR-1 (1954) : I.D.E.A. released the very first portable
transistor radio.
Sony Walkman (1979) : The original blue-and-silver
Walkman model TPS-L2 went on sale in Japan on July
1, 1979.
Sony Discman D-50 (1984) : As CDs overtook cassette
tapes in both sound quality and popularity, Sony saw the
need to update its popular Walkman line for a new
generation.
SaeHan / Eiger Labs ‘MPMan’ F10 (1997) : The very first solid
state commercial music player
Ref. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_player
http://technabob.com/blog/2007/02/08/a-brief-history-of-portable-media-players
4
Portable Music – Historical perspective…
Apple iPod (2001) : Apple Computer unveiled its 5GB hard drivebased iPod in October 2001.
Today’s Portable Music Player Scenario
Ref. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_player
http://technabob.com/blog/2007/02/08/a-brief-history-of-portable-media-players
5
Portable Music – The Technologies
Flash-based MP3 Players
– Solid state devices that hold digital audio files on internal or external
media, such as memory cards
– No moving parts - they are very resilient
– Commonly integrated into USB keydrives
– Relatively low-storage devices, commercially ranging from 128MB to
8GB.
– e.g. iPod Shuffle, music players in mobile phones
6
Portable Music – The Technologies…
Hard Drive based MP3 Players
– Read digital audio files from a hard drive
– Higher capacities, ranging from 1.5GB to 160GB, depending on the
hard drive technology .
– The Apple iPod, Creative Zen and Microsoft Zune are examples of
popular digital jukeboxes
7
Portable Music – The Technologies…
MP3 CD / DVD Players
– Devices that play CDs / DVDs
– includes both audio CDs and home-made data CDs containing MP3 or
other digital audio files
– e.g. Philips and Sony Discman
8
Battery Types
Nickel Cadmium Battery
– Nominal cell potential of 1.2 V
– Much higher energy density than lead acid batteries
– lower capacity than that of an equivalent alkaline cell, and costs
slightly more but reusable NiCd battery has a significantly
longer total lifetime
– Cadmium, being a heavy metal, can cause substantial pollution
when landfilled or incinerated.
Nickel Metal Hydride Battery
– Has a hydrogen-absorbing alloy for the anode instead of
cadmium
– Two to three times the capacity of an equivalent size NiCd
– NiMH batteries are less detrimental to the environment
than NiCd batteries
– Another issue is the environmental impact of nickel mines.
Ref. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Electric_batteries
9
Battery Types…
Lithium ion battery
– Nominal Cell Voltage 3.6 / 3.7 V
– One of the best energy-to-weight ratios, no memory effect, and
a slow loss of charge when not in use
– Can be formed into a wide variety of shapes and sizes
Lithium Ion Polymer Battery
– Nominal Cell Voltage 3.6 / 3.7 V
– Manufacturers can shape the battery almost however
they please
– Rate of self-discharge is much lower
Ref. : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Electric_batteries
10
Raw Materials
Plastics –mainly HIPS, ABS, and polyphenylene ether (PPE)
PCBs - manufactured by laminating dry film on clean copper
foil, supported on a fiberglass plate matrix. The film is
exposed with a film negative of the circuit board design, and
an etcher is used to remove unmasked copper foil from the
plate.
Solder metal (Lead and Tin)
Copper for wires and cables
Plastics and Cardboard for packaging
11
Applications of the technology
Music on the move
Personalized music - no disturbance to others
Recording important events in audio (news coverage,
recording of programs, speeches, lectures, etc)
Illegal recordings and spying
Music sharing and piracy
12
The System – A macro view
13
Technology classification
and morphology
14
Portable Music – Technology classification
DIMENSIONS
Knowledge Content or
Physical Entity
Other Features
FUNCTIONAL
CHARACTERISTICS
CONSIDERED UNDER EACH
DIMENSION
Source
Disciplines Involved
Industrial Category
Level of Technology
OPTIONS
* Obtained through Technology Transfer
* Multi-Disciplinary
* Manufacturing
* LEVEL 3: Considerable Process and
Product Know-how, Some Technology
Development, Use of Established
Techniques
* Product
* Embodied
* Generic
* Active
* Yes
* No
* New
* Consolidation
Product/Process Technology
Manifestation of Technology
Generic/Specific Technology
Active/Passive Technology
Is It a Systems Technology?
Is it an Infratechnology?
New/Obsolete Technology?
Stage
Geographic or Socio-Economic
Scale
* Planetary/Global
Relevance/Impact
* Social
* Economic
* Environmental
* Political
* Legal
* Historical
* Strategic
Organizational Scale
* Global/Multinational
Sector of Deployment
* Industry (Secondary)
Functional Deployment
* Resources Exploration
* Manufacturing/Processing
* R&D and Design
* Entertainment
Ref. : www.techmotivator.iitm.ac.in
15
Portable Music – Morphological analysis
Dimension
Main Dimensions
Sub-Dimension
Music Player
Functional Characteristic
Under Each Dimension
Device
Memory / Music Storage
Size of Player
Shape
Weight
Materials
Memory Capacity
Colours
Video Playback Capability
FM Radio
Screen
Speaker
Controls
Recording Capability
PC Connectivity
Options
Mobile Phone
USB Music Player Disc Man
Hard Drive
Flash Memory
CD/DVD
Different Sizes
Different Shapes
Different Weights
Plastics and Electronic PCBs
Low
Medium
High
Different Colours
Yes
No
No
Mono
Stereo
No
LCD - Monochrome LCD - Colour
No
Mono
Stereo
Buttons
Membrane switch Touch Screen
No
Mono Mic
Stereo Mic
USB
Intra red
Bluetooth
Cassette Player
External
Voice Command
External Mic
Ref. : www.techmotivator.iitm.ac.in
16
Portable Music – Morphological analysis…
Dimension
M a in Dimensions
Sub-Dimension
Battery
Headphone s
Head Band
Speakers
Wires
Connecting Jack
Functional Characteristic
Under Each Dim ension
Option s
Type of Battery
Battery life
Battery Size
Battery Shape
Battery Weight
Energy Density
Whether Rechargeable
Charging time
Lithium ion / poly
High
Low
Different Shapes
Low
Low
Yes
Low
Ni Cd
Medium
Medium
NiMH
Low
High
Medium
Medium
No
Medium
High
High
Headphone type
Size
Weight
Noise Cancellation
Connection
Material
Position
Magnet
Speaker Size
Material
Material
Playback Controls
Colours
In Ear
Different Sizes
Different Weights
Yes
Wires
Metal + Plastic
Over the head
AlNiCo
Small
Copper
SS
No
Different Colours
On Ear Type 1
On Ear Type 2
No
Wireless
Flexible plastic
Behind neck
Neodymium
Medium
OFC
Gold Plated
Yes
Others
High
No headband
Large
Ref. : www.techmotivator.iitm.ac.in
17
Impact of portable music technology
18
Impact of introduction of portable music
New market segment created
Sony Walkman (1979) and Apple iPod (2001) revolutionized
the portable music industry
Ever increasing demand for portable media products
Product accessories market emerged
19
Social Impact
Music while driving
– Using portable media players while driving increases the risk of
accident due to distraction
– However, listening to audio media does not affect driving performance
significantly Ref. http://viscog.cs.drexel.edu/publications/CHI07.pdf
Social Interaction
– Frequent users of Portable Audio Technology are found to have more
social loneliness than less frequent users
Ref. SOCIAL DISTANCE AND LONELINESS AS THEY RELATE TO HEADPHONES USED WITH PORTABLE AUDIO
TECHNOLOGY - Robert Morrison Crane
(http://dscholar.humboldt.edu:8080/dspace/bitstream/2148/28/1/social%2520distance%2520and%2520loneliness%2520as%252
0they%2520relate%2520to%2520headphones%2520used%2520with%2520portable%2520audio%2520technology.pdf )
20
Social Impact…
Community Activities
– Some professional DJs say they're waiting for technology that would
enable them to perform on a single portable player all the creative
mixing and "scratching" they do with vinyl albums.
– Interpersonal music sharing with technologies such as Bluetooth, WiFi,
IrDA
– Downloading music from the internet – online purchase, P2P sharing,
illegal downloading (Piracy)
21
Health Impact of Portable Music
Negative Impact of Music
– All combinations of headphones/earphones and CD players are capable
of generating potentially harmful sound levels
– Risk of permanent damage to hearing ability due to prolonged exposure
to loud sound emitted by headphones / earphones
– Infections of the ear canal due to prolonged usage of headphones
– There is evidence that noise can lead to psychiatric disorders
– When human beings are exposed to high noise levels, the blood vessels
constrict and muscles tense.
Ref. http://www.hearingreview.com/issues/articles/2006-03_08.asp
22
Health Impact of Portable Music…
Positive Impact of Music
– Listening to music would prime the activation of those areas of the
brain which are concerned with spatial reasoning
– Even during the course of working, light music improves efficiency
– Music therapy is one of the most effective ways of controlling
emotions, and curing various ailments
Ref. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozart_effect
http://ayurveda-foryou.com/music/music.html
http://library.thinkquest.org/C0114820/artistic/music.php3
23
Economic Impact
PMP/MP3 player market to grow to 275 mn units by 2011
27.9 mn Americans to have music phones by year-end 2007
150.2 mn Flash-equipped MP3 players to sell in 2011
Demand for portable MP3 players is booming, as more and
more consumers get acquainted with their stylish form
factors and digital audio functionality
24
Environmental Impact
Resources utilised for production and sale of PMPs
– Raw materials used
– Other resources like land
Energy used during the life cycle of the product
– Embodied Energy – During mfg. and sales of the product
– Energy required for functioning of the product
Disposal of e-waste generated due to Portable Music Players
– Issues with recycling of PCBs, batteries, plastic parts
25
Sustainable Development
26
Sustainable development
A system or process is said to be sustainable if it can be continued
indefinitely, without depleting any of the material or energy resources
required to keep it running
Ref.: Monto M, L. S. Ganesh and Koshy Varghese. Sustainability and Human Settlements – Fundamental Issues, Modelling and Simulations.
Sage Publications, New Delhi (2005).
27
Sustainability in context of portable music
The level of Raw materials and energy sources available will not be affected
in any ways
All the materials generated as waste and by-products due to
manufacturing, distribution, use and disposal of portable media players
can be reclaimed and put to use over and over again (Cradle to cradle
approach)
The ecological balance and the environment shall not be affected in any way
The average level of health (both physical and mental) of the people in the
society (listeners, employees of mfg. and supporting industries and people
in direct or indirect contact with the system) is maintained
The economy of the nation / world as a whole improves (GNP)
28
Kane’s Simulation of the system
29
Music Player
Music Player
Environment
No of Listeners
Social Interaction
No. of Employees
Attentiveness
Social Status of listener
Social Status of employee
Noise Induced Hearing Disorders
Trends
Time Spent on music
No of accidents (end user related)
Music Piracy
Occupational Health Hazards
Poor Working Conditions
Human Population
No. of players mfg / sold
No. of players discarded
Features
Economy
Society
System Variables
Lithium Type Battery
Non Lithium Type Battery
Convenience of use
Power Consumption of the player
In Ear Headphone
On Ear Headphone
Petroleum Resources used
Raw Materials
Air Pollution
Land Pollution
Mfg. and supporting industries
Recycling Industries
Supply chain
Gross National Product
Profit to Music companies
= Key Variables (Indicators for sustainability)
30
Kane’s simulation method
System variables are bounded above and below so they can be rescaled to
the range zero to one
A variable increases or decreases according to whether the net impact of
the other variables is positive or negative
A variable’s response to a given impact decreases to zero as that variable
approaches its upper or lower bound
All other things being equal, a variable will produce greater impact on the
system as it grows larger
Complex interactions are described by a looped network of binary
interactions
31
Kane’s simulation – Key variables
Kane's Simulation of the System
No of Listeners
Social Interaction
1.2
Noise Induced Hearing Disorders
1
Time Spent on music
No of accidents (end user
related)
0.8
In Ear Headphone
On Ear Headphone
0.6
Petroleum Resources used
0.4
Raw Materials
Air Pollution
0.2
Land Pollution
Recycling Industries
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Time (Years)
Gross National Product
32
Kane’s Simulation
Kane's Simulation of the System
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Time (Years)
33
Conclusion
If the current state of the system continues in the future
also, then the resulting conditions in the society will render
the system unsustainable
– Increasing pollution levels, depletion of Petroleum resources, negative
impact on health will be the result
Although the technology has already caused irreversible
changes to the society, environment and economy, an
attempt can be made to minimize any further impact
34
Thank You !