Answer Key Bad Worms - SchoolhouseTeachers.com

 All About Worms: The Bad Copyright © 2014. Rosemarie Pagano. All rights reserved. www.RobinBirdExplorer.com No part of this document or the related files may be reproduced or transmitted in any form, by any means (electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise) without the prior written permission of the author, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in reviews, excerpts and images made available for promotional uses, and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. The contents of this document and the related files may not be sold or redistributed in any manner. This published work may contain facts, views, opinions, statements, recommendations, hyperlinks, references, Web sites, advertisements, and other content and links or references to external sources (collectively, “Content”) not owned or controlled by the Rosemarie Pagano. This Content does not necessarily reflect the views, opinions, or recommendations of Rosemarie, and any reliance upon such Content is taken at the user’s sole risk. Rosemarie and the individual contributors have made reasonable efforts to include accurate, current, “family‐friendly” Content, but we make no warranties or representations as to the accuracy, safety, or value of Content contained, published, displayed, uploaded, downloaded, or distributed through or as part of this publication and assumes no liability or responsibility for the content of linked or referenced sources or for errors or omissions in Content. Users are advised that online content and the user’s experience may change during use or over time and are strongly advised to use discernment and wisdom when considering advice and recommendations made in this or any other published work. Rosemarie Pagano accepts no responsibility for the actions of third parties or for Content provided, uploaded, linked, or posted by third parties. Note to Parents: Remember that Internet site content can change overnight. Please check the sites that you plan to use before your child visits them in the study. Some of the videos in this study are hosted by YouTube and include Google ads that cannot be completely avoided. These ads can be hidden by clicking on the X in the upper‐right corner of the ad banner. Art work and design of Robin Bird, Explorer is due to the creative genius of Julian Iannino of Rockit Projects, Inc. Independent publishing services by Meredith Duke of Sweet Bee Pixels.
Introduction .................................................................................... 4 Outta Site Parasites ‐ Introduction.................................................. 5 These Tapeworms Don't Measure Up!............................................ 8 Flukapaloosa! The Festival of Flukes ............................................. 10 The "Not So" Merry‐Go‐Roundworms.......................................... 17 The "Not So" Merry‐Go‐Roundworms Go to the Dogs................. 23 The Leech Shriek ‐ A True Story .................................................... 28 Squirm Journal, Notes, and Activities ........................................... 31 3 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Hello Worm Amigos! Are you ready to get set and go on a “Worm Mission” that will take us all over the world? The next four lessons will take us into dangerous territory where we are going to expose the terrible lifestyles of the really bad worms. These aren’t just bad worms, they are horrible parasites that infect both humans and animals and cause serious diseases. Prepare to be shocked and amazed at what tiny worms with a bad attitude can do! Grab your Squirm Journal. Our magnifiers won’t help us because many of these parasites are microscopic. When they grow into adult worms they will be visible to the naked eye and, believe me, they are hideous! Don’t worry. We won’t be touching anything! RBW₂ P.S. I’m glad you’ve decided to come with me. These bad worms give me the creeps! 4 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Before we leap in and look at what lurks deep inside and causes big trouble, let’s define what a parasite is: “A parasite is an organism that obtains most or all of its need from another organism while living in or on that organism. The organism in or on which the parasite is living is called the host.”i
Here’s a shocker: "Scientists say that as many as 300,000 different kinds of worms live as parasites on animals with backbones (vertebrates), a group that includes people.”ii One of the most common parasites, that I experience all summer long, is the mosquito. Fleas and ticks are also common and live on the host. They are called Ectoparasites. I am an unwilling and itchy host! The second group lives in the host and are called Endoparasites. That’s the group we are going to be studying. We will break this group into three major Phlya (plural) called Helminths. These are “true worms.” A Phylum is “grouping together all classes of organisms that have the same body plan.”iii 5 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com } Annelida. (Segmented) Remember, these are the Good Worms! They are segmented and our beloved Lumbricus terrestris and Eisenia fetida fit in this group. The leeches are also members of this group. They are ectoparasites because they live on a host and suck blood. Worm Amigos, listen to this. I had an encounter with this yucky bad guy! Say what? Yup, stay tuned. We’ll talk more about this gang of bloodsuckers. } Nemathelminthes. (Thread like) These are Nematodes. Round Worms. They are elongated and unsegmented with a cylindrical body. They are everywhere! } Platyhelminthes. (Flat) These are the Cestodes. Tapeworms. They are elongated with a tape‐like body and lack a digestive tract. And the Trematodes. Flukes. They are flat and have suckers. 6 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Here’s an interesting word origin: The word “parasite” comes from the Greek word “parasitos” which was used to describe someone who got his meals in return for telling amusing stories at the dinner table.”iv Hosting a dinner party takes on a different meaning when you are the host and a tapeworm not only eats dinner, but has all its meal while living in your gut! That’s the Bad Worm we are going to study first! 7 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com If you are a host to an endoparasite you are the loser in this relationship. A host can be inconvenienced, but worse than that it can lead to disease and/or death. There is no question the tapeworm is an endoparasite. It lives in the host’s intestine, the preferred habitat, because it is totally dependent on the host to feed it. It has no mouth and no digestive tract of its own so whatever the host eats and digests is soaked up by the tapeworm. The nerve of this bad guy! Tapeworms form a flat uneven ribbon that has segments, but is not segmented like the earthworm. It has a head‐like structure called a scolex which attaches to the intestinal wall with hooks and suckers. From the scolex, proglottids are formed. The segments are uneven because the newly formed proglottids are smaller and immature closer to the scolex. As the tapeworm grows, the segments away from the scolex are maturing. The proglottids are self‐
contained units and hermaphroditic. They have both male and female reproductive organs and self‐fertilization occurs. In the final stage, the mature proglottid, filled with fertilized eggs, detaches and leaves the 8 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com intestines through fecal matter. The life cycle continues when an animal, like a cow or pig, ingests the eggs. “The best description of a tapeworm is a head followed by a string of reproductive organs.”v
Taenia saginata and Taenia solium are the most common tapeworms that infect humans. They make their way into our insides when we eat infected beef or pork. I discovered a fantastic website that illustrates the life cycle of Taenia. There is also a picture of a scolex! Take a look and let me know what you think. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/taeniasis/biology.html
Isn't that creepy and fascinating? I always make sure to eat properly cooked pork or beef! 9 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com The fluke (pronounced flook) is a parasitic flatworm and there is nothing funny about this trematodevi. It is related to the tapeworm and both belong to the Phylum Platyhelminth. Adult flukes have sucking disks that they use to latch onto their hosts. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle which protects them from being digested. There are liver, lung, intestinal flukes, plus the blood fluke which has hundreds of species. Flukes cause some of the most devastating diseases in humans and domestic animals. Whoa! That’s enough to freak me out, Worm Amigos! How about we lighten things up a bit before we buy a ticket to the Fluke Festival. By now you know I love word origins and am fascinated with the English language so, let’s take a look at the different definitions for fluke. 10 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Okay, let’s get down to business. Flukes have a mouth, gut, suckers and penetration glands that allow them to invade a host. The adult worm lives everywhere and in vertebrate animals. The life cycle is complex because there are several hosts. The parasite eggs from infected humans or animals reach freshwater areas such as lakes, ponds, and rice paddies through fecal matter. This happens because humans, oh ick!, defecate (poop) in the water. Some countries use human waste as a fertilizer. Now that the eggs have reached freshwater, they develop and hatch into a free swimming larval form called 11 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com a miracidium. They swim around until they encounter a certain species of freshwater snail. They respond to particular chemicals given off by the unlucky snail and then bore into it. Now the snail is the first intermediate host. Inside the snail, it will take several weeks for the miracidium to develop into cercariae. The cercariae develop into metacecariae and are released from the snail into the freshwater. Now, a susceptible second host is penetrated by the metacecariae. The secondary host can be freshwater fish, (metacecariae slink under the scales or bore into the muscles), freshwater crab or crayfish, or aquatic plants such as bamboo shoots and water chestnuts. The third definitive host can be a heron, egret, raccoon or other mammal that eats an infected fish. A human can become infected when they drink contaminated water or eat the edible aquatic plants and raw or undercooked fish. Now, in the third definitive host, the metacecariae travel in the blood stream to the heart, liver, brain, and other organs. They will develop into adult flukes that are hermaphroditic. Worms mate and the eggs pass in the feces to start the life cycle all over again. Phew! What a journey! Here are some of the flukes that infect humans: 1.
Liver fluke = Fasciola hepatica 2.
Lung fluke = Paragonimus westermani 3.
Intestinal fluke = Fasciolopsis buski 12 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Take a look at the life cycles of these flukes: Go ahead and explore. Take notes! } Liver flukes are in 50 countries and in all continents except Antarctica. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/fasciola/biology.html } Lung flukes are found all over Asia including China, the Philippines, Japan, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/paragonimus/biology.html } This is the largest intestinal fluke of humans. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/fasciolopsis/biology.html 13 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Hold on, Worm Amigo! Before we leave the exciting and creepy world of the Platyhelminths, I want to discuss the Schistosomes. I needed help in the pronunciation department with this word. Here it is: shis‐tuh‐sohms. These are blood flukes and they live in blood vessels. There are hundreds of species but we are going to focus on the three that affect humans: 1.
Schistosome mansoni (liver) 2.
Schistosome haematobium (bladder) 3.
Schistosome japonicum A unique feature of this group of flukes is that they aren’t hermaphrodites. They have separate male and female worms. The Schisosome needs two hosts to complete its life cycle. The first intermediate host is the freshwater snail. The cercariae (microscopic stage) burst out of the snail and swim in freshwater. The human host must be in water either bathing, washing clothes, or working in rice paddies in order to be exposed. Cercariae have a well‐
developed nervous system that is able to detect the trail a human leaves in the water. Our sebaceous glands (sweat) and different amino acids create a chemical mixture that is released when we go for a swim. It’s like they sniff us out! The cercariae, like Olympic swimmers, head right to our bodies and bore into unbroken skin. They attach with two suckers and look for a nearby hair follicle. This miniscule menace squeezes down the shaft of the follicle until it reaches the hair’s root. Now the parasite secretes digestive enzymes to enable it to get deep into our skin. They are really skin deep! This troublemaker now hangs out for 14 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com three days adjusting to its new life in a warm‐blooded host. Remember, this guy has been in fresh water so this is a big lifestyle shift. A human can also be infected by drinking contaminated water. Here the cercariae bore into the mouth and throat. Gag me! In the human host they are carried into the blood stream. They eventually, depending on the species, reach their permanent home which are the small veins around the intestine or bladder. They develop into adult worms and feed on red blood cells. The adult worms can live about 30 years! In China, in order to break up the Schistosome life cycle, major public health campaigns have been established to warn against eating freshwater snails. Also, they warn people not to urinate in the rivers. People affected with Schistosome might have eggs in their urine which will infect the snails. Blood flukes are found all over 2
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the world: Egypt, Africa, the Philippines, Japan, 3 3
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China, Middle East, and South America. They are not indigenous to North America because its life cycle depends on a certain snail. This snail doesn’t live in North America. Yeah! But, don’t get too excited. We’re not out of the woods yet. There is Schistosomes dermatis commonly known as “Swimmer’s Itch.” Birds and muskrats infect the fresh water lakes and ponds in North America. When a human swims in an infected lake the cercariae bore into the skin. They are 15 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com trapped in the skin and die. This will cause a prickly, itching sensation. Then in three days, pus‐filled patches will form. There can be swelling. Excessive scratching (how can you avoid it?) may cause an infection. The good news is this parasite doesn’t produce a permanent infection. That's the good news? Wow, we sure need some, because we’re not going to get any good news with our next Outta Site Parasite, the Roundworm. 16 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com The Phyla Nemathelminths is where the roundworms find their home. “Nemat” means threadlike which is where the name Nematode comes from. This group includes many parasitic species as well as nonparasitic. The nonparasitic species are “free‐living.” They live in soil, water, garbage dumps, and anywhere else you name, they are there. These microscopic baddies pollute water supplies and eat the roots of grass and crops. The parasitic nematodes can be found in intestines, blood, muscle, skin, the mouth, the eyes, the brain, the lung, the heart, the stomach, kidneys, the liver, and wherever else they can sneak in. 17 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Here’s a breakdown of what they’ve got going for them: } They have a tough outer covering called a cuticle. } Their muscle that runs the length of the body helps them locomote in a whip‐like way. } They have a nervous system that lets them sense where they are in the environment. } Their reproductive systems allows them to produce a lot of baby roundworms. } They have female and male worms. } They have an excretory system that removes metabolic waste. Let’s move on to the Big Bad Worms. Ascaris lumbricoides is the largest intestinal nematode infecting humans. The adult worms can get to WHOA! size. They range in length from eight to twelve inches and get as thick as a pencil. Worm Amigos, when a worm this size dies and passes in a bowel movement it can’t be ignored! This parasite is endemic (characteristic of a specific people or placevii), in many parts of the world, but is most prevalent in tropical and subtropical areas. The intensity of the infection can range with hundreds of worms infecting a single host. Get ready! You will be given the opportunity, as junior scientists, to watch surgeons open up the intestines of an infected patient and remove thousands of worms. 18 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Let’s first look at the life cycle: The life cycle takes about three months. Ascariasis, pronounced as‐ca‐
ri‐a‐sis (means being infected with the worms) starts when the eggs are accidentally swallowed. This happens when dirty hands, water or food (like salads), are contaminated by the feces of an infected human. This happens easily in areas where human feces are used as fertilizer. The larvae hatch from the eggs and burrow into the intestinal wall. Then they enter the blood stream and travel to the liver, heart, and lungs. In the lungs, the larvae travel to the trachea, esophagus, and small intestine. This is where they grow into adults. The adult female lays 200,000 eggs per day. The eggs are passed in the feces and the life cycle starts all over again. To get a better understanding of what is going on check out the lifestyle chart from the CDC. http://www.cdc.gov/para
sites/ascariasis/biology.html 19 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com People infected with Ascaris may not show any symptoms. There might be a cough due to the worms migrating through the body and into the lungs. Heavy infections can cause intestinal blockage. If you aren’t squeamish and curious just like a true junior scientist, I invite you to watch this amazing video of surgeons surgically removing a blockage caused by Ascaris in the intestines of a patient. Warning: don’t make the popcorn you will lose your appetite! You’ll see why. I was queasy but fascinated at the same time! The next nematode we’re going to study is Enterobium vermicularis, commonly known as Pinworm. This is the most common worm infection in the United States and Europe. It is estimated that 500 million people get infected per year; between 5 and 15% of the population harbor this parasite. Here’s how they roll: The adults live in the beginning of the large intestine (cecum). When the female worm is filled with eggs (approximately 11,000) she moves down to the rectum and comes out of the anus. She lays her eggs in the perianal region (the skin around the anus). She does this while the host sleeps; the body temperature is low and there is less movement. This causes itching in that very private perianal region. The eggs enter a new host through the mouth. 20 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com That means someone didn’t wash their hands before eating! Pinworm is the most contagious worm known to exist! It spreads person to person and a host can give it back to him or herself. Scratching this itch can get the eggs on the fingers. They can get under the fingernails. The host can re‐infect him or herself by putting dirty fingers in their mouth. That means someone didn’t wash their hands after they used the bathroom or scratched. Also, scratching, down there, scatters the eggs in the air which can be inhaled. Pinworm infestations can be seen in nursery schools and kindergartens. The student comes home from school and infects the entire family! The eggs get into everything; clothes, sheets, blankets and the even the bathtub where the infected person takes a bath. Whoever takes a bath, after the infected person, gets infected too! 21 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com The worms can be seen in the underwear and if the doctor looks at the perianal area. The doctor may perform the “Scotch Tape Test.” The sticky side of the tape is pressed against the anal skin and looked at under a microscope for pinworm eggs. They are difficult to get rid of because they are everywhere. The good news is Pinworm eggs aren’t very tough and can’t tolerate high temperatures. So, washing clothes and bedding in hot water and drying in a hot dryer will help to kill the eggs. There is also medication available. It is recommended the entire family gets treated at the same time. Also, good hygiene needs to be practiced. Taking showers instead of baths is recommended. Hand washing with soap and warm water after using the toilet, changing diapers, and before handling food is mandatory! Duh! Keep fingernails short and avoid biting nails. Don’t scratch the "area."
What’s the theme
here? WASH YOUR
HANDS! Oh, yeah pass the soap. http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/pinwo
rm/treatment.html 22 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Have you checked out the life cycles of the bad worms? There are so many parasites to study and we’ve only “scratched” (oops!) the surface. Animals are also susceptible to the many species of parasites: bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and worms. Farmers work hard to prevent and treat the many varieties that can attack farm animals. Tapeworms, flukes, and roundworms can invade the organs and muscles. There are several parasites that concern responsible pet owners. Dirofilaria immitis, is a roundworm, commonly known as Heartworm and effects the health of dogs and cats. I took a photo of my two best girlfriends, Rixie and Hazel. I make sure to protect them because there are parasites, both the "endo" and "ecto", that can make them very sick. In addition to the flea and tick (ectoparasites) medication, I give them a monthly tablet to protect them from getting 23 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Heartworm, a definite endoparasite. I learned a lot about this nasty roundworm and, its equally nasty partner in crime, the mosquito. There are several species of mosquito that do their dirty work and help inject the larvae of the roundworm into a dog’s system. This carrier of parasites is called a “vector.” When the mosquito “bites” it is really piercing the dog’s skin as if he were injected with a hypodermic needle. Only female mosquitoes bite and before she sucks up blood for herself, she injects, into the site, a liquid from her salivary gland. This liquid keeps the blood from coagulating (clotting) in her mouth parts and clogging it up. The roundworm lives in this fluid! So, now the larvae is injected into the dog who becomes the host. The American Heartworm Society has an informative website with a beautiful animated video that shows the life cycle of the Heartworm. Don’t miss it. Click the button to the right to watch the video.
That concludes our "Not So" Merry‐Go‐Roundworm ride. We zeroed in on the parasites that attack humans and their best friends. Our next and final stop, in our introduction to Outta Site Parasites, will be to meet the Loopy Leeches! 24 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Leeches are icky, really icky, but worth discussing because, believe it or not, they are members of my favorite group of helminths, the Annelida. Let me give you some interesting and unique facts about them. There is also a not‐to‐be‐missed video where Dr. Mark Siddall, a biologist, raves about them. He thinks they are beautiful! He reminds me of my own passion for earthworms. I am not a big fan of leeches and, at the end of this study, I will share with you my “Leech Shriek” story. Okay, let’s see what the leech is all about: } Leeches are segmented like earthworms but their head end (anterior) is smaller than their tail end (posterior). } Leeches have 10 eyes and can range in size from 2.5 inches to, the largest found in South America, 12 inches! } Leeches are hermaphroditic like earthworms and reproduce the same way. When the eggs hatch from the cocoon they are tiny leeches. } Like the earthworm, the leech also has sensitive skin cells that give them information about their environment. Some leeches can sense whether something is warm or cold. This helps them know what to 25 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com feed on. Some species feed on warm‐blooded mammals (myself included) and some prefer fish and turtles. There are certain species that like snails and insects. } There are suckers under their bodies that help them move and feed. A large sucker is found under the tail end and a smaller one is under the head end. } The leech uses the sucker around its mouth to grip the animal’s skin. It uses a chemical to numb the area. The leech cuts the skin and then uses another chemical to keep the blood flowing so it can suck up the blood. As it fills up on the blood, the leeches’ body gets bigger; up to six to eight times bigger. They can then go without feeding for up to a year. } Leeches are the only annelid that doesn’t have bristles, remember the “setae” that helps the earthworm move? Well, leeches use their suckers to crawl forward. The leech grips onto something with the big sucker and then it stretches forward to grip something with the smaller front sucker. Next, it swings forward to make a loop (loopy like the inchworm) with its body and grips again with it bigger, tail‐end sucker. Leeches can’t move backwards so they better not forget anything! 26 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com } Fresh water leeches are excellent swimmers and live under stones, plants, and logs. They can detect movement and vibrations in the water. } There are land dwelling leeches that like moist habitats. They live in Southeast Asia, Australia, and South America. Commonly seen in rainforests, there are also the species that live in dryer climates that burrow into the ground. } Leeches are ectoparasites, but unlike the mosquito, they don’t spread disease. That’s very nice of them considering that all the parasites we’ve studied, plus thousands of others, do! The first fourteen minutes of this episode of Nova Science NOW! talks about the leech. It’s really interesting, especially the use of leeches for microsurgery. We’ll talk more about them in All About Yucky Worms. Worm Amigos, that’s going to end our study of the Bad Worms. What did you think? They were all really bad! Oh, I almost forgot, you are eagerly waiting to read about my leech encounter. Turn the page for my chilling “Leech Shriek" story. 27 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com One summer when I was 9 I spent two weeks with my Uncle Bill and Aunt Marie. They lived in a white house nestled in the remote North Woods of Wisconsin. I was eager to explore the snowmobile path behind their house, but Uncle Bill stopped me. “You’ll need this,” he said as he handed me a wooden cane with a large nail at the end of it. “It’s a bear stick, nice and sharp.” I gulped and my heart raced. I had heard the raccoons raid the garbage cans at night, but ... “Bears?” “Have fun.” Uncle Bill had a strange sense of humor. He waved as I headed down the dirt trail darkened by the dense pine trees. It felt a bit cooler, but all I could think about was how much I was missing my mom and dad in Chicago. This was also before I got, Rixie, my nature walk companion. My ears rang with the buzzing of mosquitoes large enough to ride side saddle. I think they say the mosquito is Wisconsin’s state bird! Not only that, I swatted the aggressive deer flies that bit chunks off my arms and legs. All of a sudden, the bushes rattled. There was a loud crack. I jumped. Was that a growl or a roar? I dropped the bear stick and ran as fast as my Keds would take me. There was Uncle Bill at the end of the path. I grabbed him and wouldn’t let go. I couldn’t stop crying. “I heard noises,” I said as I buried my face in his plaid shirt. “I lost the bear stick.” 28 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Uncle Bill took out a white handkerchief and wiped my face. He kissed my forehead, his scratchy, black beard grazed my cheek. “Come on,” he led me to his huge, black Cadillac, which I named the “Batmobile,” and opened the door. The maroon leather front seat was covered with Aunt Marie’s musty, old black mink coat. “Get in. I’ve got a surprise.” Uncle Bill stopped at Lake Couderac Beach and encouraged me to jump in fully dressed. “I don’t want to get Aunt Marie’s fur cover all wet.” “Don’t worry. It’s dead anyway.” Uncle Bill opened the glove compartment and took out a Morton’s salt shaker. “What’s that for, hard boiled eggs? He shook his head and laughed, “No, but you might need it.” I couldn’t think for what reason I would need a salt shaker. I hated hard‐boiled eggs. I took off my Keds and swam out in the frigid lake expecting to see ice cubes floating on the surface. Lake Couderac was crystal clear and I could see my feet. The lake bottom was covered with smooth stones in shades of grey, cream and rusty brown. When I turned a pale shade of blue I came out of the water. Uncle Bill opened the salt shaker. “Don’t panic, Robin.” I looked down at a small, shiny black worm on my ankle. I stopped shivering and let out a bloodcurdling shriek, “WAH!” “Come here, honey. It’s a leech,” Uncle Bill sprinkled salt on it and the leech dropped off. “They live under the stones.” 29 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com He gave me his handkerchief to wipe off the drop of blood. “Uncle Bill, was that the surprise?” “No, sweetie, no,” He sat me on the front seat, dripping wet and buckled my seatbelt. He put his hand on my shoulder. I was shaking. “I am going to take you somewhere special. After the exciting day you’ve had, I’ve got just what you need.” Uncle Bill pulled up to the ice cream parlor in town. He held the door open for me, “Order anything you want.” I sat on a shiny red stool at the counter, water dripping on the linoleum floor. “I’d like a Black Cow.” “A Black Cow?” Uncle Bill laughed. “What’s that?” He watched as the waitress scooped two balls of vanilla ice cream in a tall frosted glass and filled it with foamy root beer. She then placed a long silver spoon and a straw on a blue paper napkin. Uncle Bill licked his lips and rubbed his hands together. “That’s what I want. Make it a double!” i
The Parasites We Humans Harbor page 17 Parasite Collectors page 5 iii
Dictionary.com iv
The Parasites We Humans Harbor page 10 v
The Parasites We Harbor page 126 vi
dictionary.com vii
dictionary.com
ii
30 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Squirm Notes
Outta Site Parasites are everywhere! This week we were introduced to the tapeworm. Let’s hope we’ll never have to “measure” one! Define Host, Endoparasites, and Ectoparasites. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Name the 3 major groups (true worms) that are in the Phlya Helminths. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Our beloved Annelida group has one bad guy. Name it and is it “endo” or “ecto?” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Tapeworms are true endoparasites. Explain how they survive and where is their “preferred habitat?” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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In the tapeworm, what is the head‐like structure that attaches itself to the intestinal wall? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Describe proglottids. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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32 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Squirm Notes Flukes! Their complex life cycles don’t stop them from infecting humans and animals all over the world. I’m all fluked out! Name the three structures that allow flukes to invade a host. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Who is the first unlucky host in the life cycle? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Name the “free swimming larval form.” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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What 4 flukes did we study? Where do they invade in the human body? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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What is an unique feature of the Schisotosomes? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Name the 2 hosts needed to complete the Schistosome’s life cycle. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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What 2 warnings have been given to people in China? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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Why don’t blood flukes live in North America? Which species of fluke does live in North America? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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33 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Squirm Notes The “ickiness” factor was high especially if you watched the Ascaris video. I skipped eating spaghetti this week! Name 4 of the features of the roundworms. ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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How big can Ascaris lumbricoides get? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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What does “ascariasis” mean? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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The adult female ascaris can lay how many eggs? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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What is the most common worm infection in Europe and the United States? Give both the common and scientific name. ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________
Why would a doctor perform the “Scotch Tape Test?” ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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What is a vector? Who is the vector that carries the larvae of Dirofilaria immitis? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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34 www.RobinBirdExplorer.com Squirm Notes Leeches rate high on the “ick‐o‐meter”, but they have some unique qualities that are beneficial to the medical community. Name 3 characteristics Leeches share with the earthworms. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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What don’t they have that helps earthworms move? _____________________________________________________________________________________
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Are leeches endo or ecto parasites? _____________________________________________________________________________________
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Name three regions in the world where land dwelling leeches live. _____________________________________________________________________________________
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In fresh water, where do these excellent swimmers live? ________________________________________________________________________
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Answer Key Bad Worms Outta Site Parasites! 1. The organism in (endoparasite) or on (ectoparasite) which the parasite is living = the Host. 2. Annelida, Nemathelminthes, Platyhelminthes. 3. Leech. Ectoparasite. 4. Preferred habitat is the intestine. Whatever the host eats and digests is soaked up by the tapeworm. 5. Scolex. 6. Self‐contained unit and hermaphroditic. Flukes! 1. Mouth, gut, sucker (penetration gland). 2. Freshwater snail. 3. Miracidium 4. Liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, lung fluke Paragonimus westermanii, intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski 5. Not hermaphroditic. 6. 2 hosts: Snails and humans. 7. Don’t urinate in the water and don’t eat freshwater snails. 8. The particular species of freshwater snail is not found in the U.S. North America has Schistosomes dermatis. High Ickiness Factor! 1. Tough cuticle, muscle that allows them to move in a whip‐like way, nervous system, female and male worms, excretory system. 2. 8 to 12 inches long and thick as a pencil. 3. Being infected with Ascaris worms. 4. 200,000/day. 5. Enterobium vermicularis. Pinworm. 6. Helps to determine if a patient has a Pinworm infection. 7. Carrier of parasites. Mosquito. Leeches! 1. Segmented, hermaphroditic, sensitive skin cells. 2. Setae. 3. Ectoparasites. 4. Southeast Asia, Australia, South America. 5. Under stones, logs, plants. 2XWWD6LWH3DUDVLWHV
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